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Archaeological Excavations in Saffron Walden, Essex, 2013

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Archaeological Excavations in Saffron Walden, Essex, 2013 Archaeological Excavations in Saffron Walden, Essex, 2013 Carenza Lewis and Catherine Ranson ii Archaeological excavations in Saffron Walden, Essex, 2013 Carenza Lewis and Catherine Ranson Access Cambridge Archaeology McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3ER 01223 761518 [email protected] www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk iii iv Contents 1 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 1 2 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 ALL OUR STORIES, CONNECTED COMMUNITIES AND CAMBRIDGE COMMUNITY HERITAGE ........... 2 2.2 SAFFRON WALDEN MUSEUM .................................................................................................... 2 2.3 ACCESS CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGY (ACA) ............................................................................. 3 3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED OUTCOMES .................................................................... 4 3.1 AIMS ....................................................................................................................................... 4 3.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 4 3.3 DESIRED OUTCOMES ............................................................................................................... 4 4 METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................... 6 4.1 TRIAL TRENCH EXCAVATION .................................................................................................... 6 4.2 ON-SITE FINDS IDENTIFICATION AND RETENTION ....................................................................... 6 4.3 ON-SITE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUPERVISION ................................................................................ 6 4.4 TRENCH CLOSING AND BACKFILLING ........................................................................................ 6 4.5 RECORDING ............................................................................................................................ 7 4.6 FINDS PROCESSING AND RECORDING ....................................................................................... 7 4.6.1 Finds appropriate for recording, analysis, reporting, retention and curation ................ 7 4.6.2 Finds appropriate for disposal after recording and reporting ........................................ 7 4.6.3 Legal ownership of finds ............................................................................................... 8 4.6.4 Curation of Archaeological Finds .................................................................................. 8 5 LOCATION ................................................................................................................................... 9 6 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 12 7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...................................................... 13 7.1 PREHISTORIC PERIOD ............................................................................................................ 13 7.2 ROMAN PERIOD ..................................................................................................................... 15 7.3 ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD ......................................................................................................... 16 7.4 MEDIEVAL PERIOD ................................................................................................................. 17 7.5 POST-MEDIEVAL AND LATER PERIODS .................................................................................... 19 7.6 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE OUTER BAILEY DITCH ................................... 20 8 RESULTS OF THE EXCAVATIONS ON SAFFRON WALDEN COMMON .............................. 22 8.1 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY .......................................................................................................... 22 8.2 TRENCH 1 ............................................................................................................................. 24 8.3 TRENCH 2 ............................................................................................................................. 28 8.4 TRENCH 2 EXTENSION ........................................................................................................... 32 9 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 34 9.1 PERIGLACIAL ERA .................................................................................................................. 34 9.2 PREHISTORIC PERIOD ............................................................................................................ 34 9.3 ROMAN PERIOD ..................................................................................................................... 34 9.4 ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD .......................................................................................................... 34 9.5 MEDIEVAL PERIOD ................................................................................................................. 35 10 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 40 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 41 12 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................ 42 13 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 43 13.1 POTTERY REPORTS – PAUL BLINKHORN ................................................................................. 43 13.2 SMALL FINDS – MARY CHESTER-KADWELL .................................................................................I 13.3 FAUNAL REMAINS - VIDA RAJKOVAČA ...................................................................................... III v 13.4 WORKED FLINT – LAWRENCE BILLINGTON ................................................................................ V 13.5 OTHER FINDS – CATHERINE RANSON ....................................................................................... VI List of Figures Figure 1: Map of England with close up insert of East Anglia and the town of Saffron Walden highlighted in red. (Map courtesy of Digimap) ...................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Extent of the Saffron Walden conservation area (Map courtesy of Digimap). .................... 10 Figure 3: Saffron Walden, showing excavation sites mentioned in the text and the inferred lines of the innner and out bailey ditches (dashed lines). .............................................................................. 21 Figure 4: Results of ground penetrating radar survey conducted in 2013. ......................................... 22 Figure 5: Trenches excavated in 2013 on Saffron Walden Common. The area of geophysical survey shown in grey with the line of the outer castle bailey ditch indicated by geophysical survey and confirmed by excavation shown as a dashed line. ............................................................................. 23 Figure 6: Plan of Trench 1 ................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 7: Photograph of Trench 1 before excavation showing ditch flanked by periglacial features . 25 Figure 8: South facing section through F.1, Trench 1 ........................................................................ 26 Figure 9: North facing section through F.1, Trench 1 ......................................................................... 26 Figure 10: South facing section through F.1, Trench 1 ...................................................................... 27 Figure 11: North facing section through F.1, Trench 1 ....................................................................... 27 Figure 12: Plan of Trench 2 ................................................................................................................ 29 Figure 13: West facing section through F.2, Trench 2 ........................................................................ 30 Figure 14: East facing section through F.2, Trench 2 ......................................................................... 30 Figure 15: Photograph of west facing section through F.2, Trench 2 ................................................. 31 Figure 16: A selection of the small finds from Trench 2 spoil heap .................................................... 31 Figure 17: South facing section through periglacial features in the extension to trench 2 ................. 32 Figure 18: Photograph of south facing section through periglacial features in extension of Trench 233 Figure 19: Saffron Walden showing the location of excavations revealing sections of the castle/town ditches mentioned in this report, and the reconstructed lines of the ditches around the 12th century castle and 13th century town ..............................................................................................................
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