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ST. MARY's, SAFFRON WALDEN Ahistory Andguide by Dr. Kenneth Dixon

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ST. MARY's, SAFFRON WALDEN Ahistory Andguide by Dr. Kenneth Dixon ST. MARY'S, SAFFRON WALDEN A history andguide by Dr. Kenneth Dixon compiled and edited by Hamish Walker ·~~.4: ST. MARY'S, SAFFRON WALDEN A history and guide by Dr. Kenneth Dixon compiled and edited by Hamisn VIalker original iliustrations by Peter Naylor All profits on the sale of this book will be given to the 2000 Restoration Appeal Fund. ~ How lovely is thy dwelling place oLord ofHosts! My soul longs, yea, faints, For the courts of the Lord; My heart and flesh sing for joy To the living God. Even the sparrow finds a home And the swallow a nest for herself Where she may iay her young; At thy altars, 0 Lord of hosts, My King and my God. Blessed are those who dwell in thy house, Ever singing thy praise! It is a great privilege to be able to serve and worship God in such wonderful surroundings. For centuries St. Mary's Church has stood overlooking the town of Saffron Walden, witnessing to God's presence and, through the magnificence of its structure, giving glory to His holy name. As well as being a witness and a place of worship, St. Mary's serves the community in many other ways. It is open every day for prayer and quiet for all those who need it, it is used for civic occasions and concerts, and it also attracts thousands of visitors to The Monogram of our town. Throughout its history, church members and the the Blessed Virgin people of the town have endeavoured to care for the building to ensure that its beauty and glory will be enjoyed by future The letters of the name 'Maria' are evident in this ancient symbol. generations. It is, therefore, fitting that this History and Guide is A crown was sometimes placed over the monogram by mediaeval being sold in aid of the 2000 Restoration Appeal. artists. I hope you will enjoy reading it as much as I have and that, like me, you will be inspired to look afresh at the splendour that surrounds us in the church. My sincere thanks to Ken Dixon and Hamish Walker and all who have contributed to this book. Duncan Green Rector of Saffron Walden January 2000 i ;~"j w· Trt:arnt" y'Ht:i!lifiil:iWttf!!t'b !l:t1trTnqM;~"" ;b~';;. CONTENTS EDITOR'S FOREWORD Foreword by the Rector of Saffron Walden 1 First, a disclaimer: this booklet is meant for the congregation of 51. Marj's and for the interested vfsitor. It is not intended for the Editor's Foreword 2 serious student of church architecture or history and, as a consequence, we have not cluttered up the text with references to Part 1 - The History of the Church Building our sources - some of which anyway are the useful 'hearsay', Earlier Churches '7. anathema to the true historian! The 'acknowledgements' at the The present church - the early years 9 end list the principal SOUl ces used in preparing the work but 1530 - 1600 13 speciai tribute must be paid, and grateful thanks given, to the 1600 - 1750 14 Rev. Joy Russell-Smith both for original research and for careful 1750-1850 16 checking of facts in the book, particularly those relating to the 1850 - 2000 19 early years. Ken Dixon and I take full responsibility fer any errors still remaining. Part 2 - A Guide to the Church The Tower 25 During my spell as Editor of the Parish Magazine from 1992 to The Nave 29 1997, I published many articles by Ken about aspects of the The South Aisle 33 architecture of the church or its history. I spoke to him, The South Chapel 37 therefore, to get his permission to republish those articles in The Chance! 39 book form to satisfy many requests which I had had, when acting The North Chapel 41 as a guide to the church, for a book bringing together all the The North Aisle 43 different facts, theories and stories about the history of St. The Exterior 45 Mary's - to find that he had already collected most of them together, plus other information, in a dissertation he had Appendices produced as an entry for the Mary Whiteman prize offered every 1. The Brasses in the North Aisle other year by the Town Library Society. 2. Stained Glass in the North Aisle 3. North Wall Carvings in the end what we now have is rnostly based on Ken's paper, with 4. North Chapel East Window additional material culled from other sources, linked in what we 5. The Organ hope is a helpful format for the non-specialist reader. 6. Some Visitors' Questions Answered 7. The Guild of the Holy Trinity 8. The Friends of the Church 9. The Kneelers Acknowledgments HAMISH WALKER Tailpiece The Saffron Walden Cockatrice January 2000 r Illustrations by Peter Naylor Page Tower and Lantern c., 784 6 (after etching by William Robinson) Tower and spire c., 850 24 (a.."'f+'H \..~! !!\.!!-vli+hcaraph 11 h"VJ Charles_l I __ IMirkoc'... " 1'... 1 loJoJ) St. Mary's from the south 28 Carved boss in nave (John Wastell?) 32 PART 1 Door to south porch 36 St. Mary the Virgin 38 South aisle roof looking east 44 The history of the church building Gargoyle on parapet of south roof 48 Other iliustrations Pian of the church 22 Scallop shells. symbol of St. James the Greater 35 Brass of a lady (c., 480) SO Fish acrostic 62 .Armorial of the Holy Trinity 64 Adapted basic kneeler design 66 (from the original by Diana Rolf) Cockatrice 69 (from Essex Libraries Victorian Studies Centre) • ,J.1 ::s r .. \ tl" ,\\il EARLIER CHURCHES I : r( , , The Saxon period We know nothing of any churches in Walden before the Norman 1,1. Conquest but an earlier historian suggested that 'by AD 700 a church - probably a small wooden structure - stood on the ridge'. 1'~l"ii .!,~, This is now thought unlikely however. A considerable Saxon i ,,'SI I , ' ~i settlement was sited in the Slade valley to the south-west of the I ~! j h~\\, town and the discovery in 1876 of a large Saxon cemetery on the / it.- i~' 'l '1 ty.fi~ ~ Gibson Estate with skeletons dating back to at least the 9th ~~- century argues that there would probably have been a church, ;. l almost certainly of wooden construction, in that area rather than jJ I'. ", ;l>, id '. ,<I ,~I i:; ;;~\\ J i some distance away on the other side of the valley ....,hich was not IVI "' ,'; I,,'I;,~,': f ~'l,',' l,~'I' '~'(' deveioped until the castle was built in the i 2th century. ';" i';",/;{:,, ,j ;, I '1 }"/:'~'"" I I I .. ' : ' , r'. i"1 "".i.,~-: .'f" ,;' 1,,/, 1" ',' 'f'".. r:,',"y _,t· The Norman period f~~l:Ai\;L ,.~ ~ ~ "11 Domesday Book (begun in 1085) does not record a church here but this is true of many places in Domesday which probably did 'tIL~~;~i-~ '\~J have a church at that time. It is highly iikely that there wouid ~'j;f'. have been a church of some sort on such an important manor as this. The earliest written reference to a church in Wa!den appears in the foundation Charter of Walden Abbey (see below), dated between 1139 and 1143. By this charter Geoffrey de Mandeville (grandson of the Geoffrey who had come over with WilJiam the Conqueror) gave to his foundation 'the church of Walden' (and about eighteen others), 220 acres of land at Walden, and a mill. Where 'the church of Walden' was sited is not recorded but the castle on Bury Hill was probably built between 1125 and 1141 and would almost certainly have included a chapel within the bailey, which at that time extended from the common to the other side of the High Street. Whether this was 'the church of Walden' or whether a Saxon church was referred to is not known but what is certain is that when the Howard vault at the east end of the present church was closed up in 1860, evidence of Norman remains were discovered inside. It is worth remembering that the castle itself fell into disrepair in about 1160. 7 ,i --, Iiolk .'.•" ,,'.c.•' ,,,,,·A Walden Abbey fabric of the Abbey church and it was this church which was It may be of interest here to record briefly the history of the consecrated on St. Mark's day in 1258, as recorded in the Abbey. In 1136 (or thereabouts) Geoffrey de Mandeville Chronicles of Walden Abbey. At some point in the early 13th assembled the Bishops of London, Ely and Norwich down by the century, when the outer defences of the castle had been Cam where the Slade flows into it and a cemetery there was demolished, a new parish church was erected on Bury Hill. The consecrated by them. 'William of Luffield' was recruited as the arcades of the present chancel and the arches to the north and first Prior and a handful of monks built a small dwelling and south chapels are 'Early English Gothic', the dominant style of the formed et community dedicated to 'God, St. Mary and the blessed 12505. The carvings at the east end of the north aisle are .Apostle James'. They observed the Rule of St. Benedict. 'Decorated Gothic', the style usually dated to the first half of the 14th century, although these carvings are later than this ­ 'Reginald', the second Prior, was appointed in 1164 and was a possibly even as late as the early 15th century. The chancel man of both ability and influence - he had previously served in arches and these carvings are the only parts of the earlier the royal government.
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