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The New High Mountain Locality Ein Qinia with Charophytes in the Northern Israel

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The New High Mountain Locality Ein Qinia with Charophytes in the Northern Israel Universal Journal of Plant Science 3(5): 109-119, 2015 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujps.2015.030503 The New High Mountain Locality Ein Qinia with Charophytes in the Northern Israel Sophia Barinova1,* , Roman Romanov2 1Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel 2Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Copyright © 2015 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract First study of new locality the Ein Qinia high in which charophyte algae can be identified. The mountain pool with charophyte algae in the Golan Heights charophytes (Charales, Streptophyta) are macroscopic region of Israel has been implemented for revealing of algal autotrophic algae. The thalli of these algae are one of the diversity and ecological assessment of the water object largest among algae of continental water ecosystems. The environment by chemistry and bio-indication methods. very distinctive feature of charophyte thallus is it very Altogether forty two species of algae including one of them regular morphology due to repeating of nearly identical parts. macro-algae Chara gymnophylla A.Braun were revealed. Charophytes easily colonize habitats in new water bodies as Chara, Spirogyra and Oedogonium with attached diatoms well as ones formed as result of disturbance. They are and greens were found in massive growth in the studied pool. well-known as pioneer plants i.e. key species in first stages Bio-indication and chemical variables characterize the pool of succession subsequently replaced by angiosperms or environment as fresh, low alkaline, with low organic filamentous algae especially as a result of eutrophication. In polluted waters, Class II-III of water quality. Water inhabit temporal water bodies charophytes are ephemeral or in other by forty two taxa of algae and cyanobacteria from five words meteoric in appearance. Several species mostly largest taxonomic divisions. Community prefers eutrophic state of ones are perennial and may form communities which are the water and photosynthetic type of nutrition. Species most stable in clear deep stratifying lakes [3]. The composition change from Spirogyra-dominated in charophytes may be very important components of 2008-2009 to Oedogonium-dominated in 2012. Index vegetation in several types of water bodies and may be used Saprobity S fluctuated between 0.86 and 1.71 whereas Index as a bio-indicator of ecosystem state, water quality, and WESI was very high, always above the 1.0 that reflect high ecosystem recovery and reservoir management efficiency. self-purification capacity of the pool ecosystem. We can Diversity of this group in the Eastern Mediterranean is recommend the Ein Qinia pool for monitoring of natural studied in initial stage [2]. The most important localities can aquatic object in the Golan Heights as reference site, and be found in the mountain areas because especially it can be Chara gymnophylla as climatic indicator of sunlight interesting in the Upper Jordan River basin, which placed in intensity. two different slopes of the Jordan Rift Valley [4, 5]. Keywords Charophytes, Ecology, Bio-indication, Pool, Israel is partly situated in the eastern part of the Golan Heights, Israel Mediterranean region and partly within African-Eurasian Dry Zone [6]. Its territory contains several regions with diverse environmental features within its relatively small area. Based on this environmental diversity, we can assume the great diversity of algae of continental water bodies of 1. Introduction Israel and in particular charophytes. The history of the study Freshwater algae distribution is related to the altitude of its of Israel charophytes has been recently described [2], and we habitats as can be seen in the recent references [1]. Altitude continue finding of new existing localities of charophytes also plays the major role in historical species diversity that hitherto not been detected. Close related regions, such as forming process of the charophyte macroalgae [2]. The Turkey, also give us charophyte algae new localities that we charophytes prefer alkaline water environments, which form studied in respect of species diversity and bio-indication of on the carbonates that are widely distributed in the studied its environment [7, 8]. region. Therefore, the Eastern Mediterranean environment The aim of present study is to identify of charophytes and gives us more chances to find new, unstudied aquatic objects microscopic algae diversity that studied firstly for this new 110 The New High Mountain Locality Ein Qinia with Charophytes in the Northern Israel locality in Israel, and to assess the pool environment by determined with “Handheld Refractometers X-Series bio-indication methods on the base of revealed algal Sodium Chloride” with three repetitions. The concentration community and water chemistry. of N-NO3 was measured with HANNA HI 93728 with five repetitions. Index saprobity s was calculated according to [14]. Index 2. Materials and Methods of aquatic ecosystem sustainable was calculated according to [11, 15] as (1): 2.1. Sampling and Laboratory Studies WESI = Rank S / Rank N-NO3. (1) Material for this study comes from eighth living and Where: Rank S – rank of water quality on the Sladeček’s eighth fixed algological samples, fourteen samples of indices of saprobity; Rank N-NO – rank of water quality on charophytes and eighth samples of water that were collected 3 the nitric-nitrogen concentration (Table 1). during four field trips in April 2008, January and April 2009, If WESI is equal to or larger than 1, the photosynthetic and March 2012 in the Ein Qinia artificial pool. We have level is positively correlated with the level of nitrate more trips to the site but pool was empty, and we collect concentration. If the WESI is less than 1, the photosynthesis samples only when it was watered. We also studied material is suppressed presumably according to toxic disturbance from the Tel Aviv University herbarium that collected by Dr. [11]. Yaakov Lipkin in August 1967 from the Ein Kunie (Ein Qinia) without coordinates. Algological samples were collected by scratching and 2.2. Description of the Study Site scooping, placed in 15 ml plastic tubes, and partly fixed with 3% neutral formaldehyde solution, as well as partly not fixed The Ein Qinia artificial pool is placed in the left slope of and transported to the laboratory in the ice box. the Wadi Shatr spring the right tributary of the Saar stream Charophytes were treated with 2-3% HCl to remove that is left tributary of the Upper Jordan River in the calcium carbonate. After washing several times with distilled Northern part of Israel, above the Ein Qinia settlement in the water the material was studied with Nikon stereomicroscope Golan Heights (Figures 1, 2) on altitude about 937 m above with distilled water the material was air-dried on cover sea level with coordinates 33°14’28 N, 35°44’29 E. It is glasses and mounted in Naphrax®. The structure elements small, rectangular, about 6 x 15 m and up to one m deep were observed with Nikon light microscope (LM) and Leica (Figure 2), filled by natural rainy waters during winter. stereomicroscope with digital camera 520 DC, DinoLight While the Saar and Ein Shatr streams are winter streams only, camera in the Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa and the Ein Qinia pool is also seasonal but we have a data from the Central Siberian Botanical Garden with help of the Y. Lipkin herbarium that it has been watered in August international handbooks [9, 10]. Charophyte and 1967. During four field trips in the rainy season we explore microscopic algae abundance were assessed as abundance decreasing of water level in the pool as show in Figures 3 scores according 6-score scale [11]. Herbarium specimens (2008), 4 (2009), and 5 (2012). Pool is used for the were deposited in the Institute of Evolution, University of agriculture purposes because the local druses have gardens Haifa (IEUH), and the Central Siberian Botanical Garden, on the slope of the mountains. Therefore, pool water that Novosibirsk (NS). collected during rainy period is used up to early summer and Algae and cyanobacteria were studied with the SWIFT all dry season in the last years the pool is empty. and OLYMPUS dissecting microscopes under Climatic condition of the Ein Shatr spring basin area [16] magnifications 740x–1850x from three repetitions of each is warm and temperate in Ein Qinia. There is more rainfall in sample and were photographed with the Axiocam DC the winter than in the summer. The average annual OMAX A35100U. The diatoms were prepared by the temperature is 14.9°C. The average annual rainfall is 789 peroxide technique [12] modified for glass slides [13] and mm. The driest month is July, with 0 mm of rainfall. With an were placed in the Naphrax® resin from two repetitions of average of 188 mm, the most precipitation falls in January. each sample. The warmest month of the year is August, with an average Temperature was measured with a thermometer. Water pH, temperature of 22.9°C. January has the lowest average conductivity (EC), and TDS were measured with HANNA temperature of the year about 5.8°C. During the year, the HI 9813-5. Chlorides and sodium percentages were average temperatures vary about 17.1°C. Universal Journal of Plant Science 3(5): 109-119, 2015 111 Figure 1. The Ein Qinia Pool locality (blue star) in the Golan Heights of Northern Israel. Figure 2. Ein Qinia Pool locality near the top of the mountains (pointed by black arrow) (a, 2009) looks like small artificial pool (b, 2012) Figure 3. Ein Qinia Pool: a, watered pool in 2008; b, charophytes population grow in April 2008 112 The New High Mountain Locality Ein Qinia with Charophytes in the Northern Israel Figure 4.
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