Vol.-9 Issue-2 Oct-Dec., 2013

Diversity of “Flora and Fauna of Uttarakhand”

ENVIS Centre, UEPPCB, Dehra Dun Website: www.utrenvis.nic.in

Uttarakhand is the state located at the foothills of the snow clad Himalayas with lush green vegetation. There is a diverse range of flora and fauna habitated in Uttarakhand. The State has rich and diverse floral, faunal and microbial wealth including rare and threatened species of plants and animals.

Traditionally, the mountains in the lower regions of Uttarakhand were covered with moist deciduous forest. Between elevations of 1,500-3,000m, the major natural vegetation entails of Pine, Oak, Rhododendron, Walnut and Larch. Below the snow line, the vegetation consists of forests of Spruce, Fir, Cypress, Juniper and Birch, while above the snow line (in the higher altitude of the State) is Alpine vegetation which includes Mosses, Lichen and a diversity of wildflowers such as Blue Poppies and Edelweiss. As a result of deforestation, much of the original fauna of the Himalayas are restricted to protected areas and sanctuaries. Major fauna in the region are Himalayan Bear, Musk Deer, the wild Goat Ghoral, Bharal or Blue Goat, Wolves, Snow Leopards and varieties of deer such as Barking Deer. Avifauna in the region is regarded as one of the richest in the sub-continent, with over 500 species of birds. Well Known famous Jim Corbett National Park is one of the major habitation of the flora and fauna in the state. The Royal Bengal Tigers are also found here. The Rajaji National Park which is a rainforest area is known for its Elephants and the Valley of Flowers National Park which is an alpine forest and has a number of herbs, shrubs, roses and a variety of Rhododendrons.

Apart from these National Parks in state are the Nanda Devi National Park, Govind National Park and Gangotri National Park. Such parks are habitat of variety of wild animals like Tigers, Leopards, Langurs and different species of Deers. A number of birds are also found here, many of which are migratory birds.

Floral Diversity

In Floral diversity point of view, Uttarakhand falls under the West Himalayan Biogeographic zone, situated in the lap of the Himalaya ther region is rich in forest wealth that ranges from subtropical to Alpine types.The flora and vegetation of the state ranges from tropical deciduous to alpine vegetation; broadly catagorised into three mazor types :

1. Sub-Tropical Zone of Uttarakhand

The sub-tropical zone has pure as well as mixed forests of Shore Robusta (Sa I), the others being Lannea coromandelica (Jhingan), Buchanania lanzan, Dalbergia disso (Shisham), Haldina cordifolia (Haldu), Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Mallotus philippinensis (Rohini), Mitragyna parvifolia, Terminalia spp. (Myrobalans), Ficus spp. (Figs), Macaranga pustulata, Callicarpa arborea,

Diopoknema butyracea (Chyura), Bauhinia variegate (Kachnar), Bomb ax cobia (Semal), Lydia claying (Pula), Schleicher oleos (Kokum), Holoptelea integrities (Karanj), Cassia fistula (Amaltas), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Parijat), Anogeissus latifolia (Bakli, Dhaura), etc. The shrubby vegetation is represented by Murraya koenigii, Carissa opaca, Clerodendrum viscous, Adhatoda vasica, Jasminum multiflorum, Solanum erianthum, Cal/icarpa macrophylla, Eranthemum nervosum, Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis, Jatropha curcas, Rhus parviflora, Dodonaea viscosa, Woodfordia fruticosa and many others.

2. Temperate Zone of Uttarakhand

The Temperate zone is marked by the presence of Quercus leucotrichophora (Banj oak), Rhododendron arboretum (Burans), Myrica esculent a (Kaphal), Leonia ovalifolia (Aynor), Ibex dipyrena, Quercus semecarpifolia (Kharsu Oak), Q. dilatata (Moru Oak), etc. The coniferous forests in this zone are unique. Pure stands of Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine) and Cadres deodar (Deodar, Cedar), Abides windrow (Raga), Pinus wal/ichiana (Kail), Taxus wal/ichiana (Thuner, Himalayan Yew) at places give a pristine look to the slopes. The slopes in temperate zone also have insectivorous plants like Drosera peltata and species of Utricularia. Another such species is Pinguicula alpina seen in Martoli Bugyal, Kumaon. The Saprophytes and Parasites are also well represented by Monotropa unit/ora, Dendrophthoe falcata (Banda), Balanophora in volucrata, and species of Viscum, Korthalsella, Arceuthobium, Scurrula, etc. The zone has a variety of useful plants, some of them well known for centuries. These include Cedrus deodar a, Pinus spp., Abies pindrow, Quercus spp., Aconitum heterophyllum, Paeonia emodi, Swertia chirayita, Bergenia ciliata, Dioscorea deltoidea, Angelica glauca (Choru), etc. 3. Sub-Alpine and Alpine Zones of Uttarakhand

The altitude above 3,000 metres is generally considered a zone of sub-alpine and alpine vegetation. The tree species are represented by Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Prunus cornuta, Acer caesium, Betula utilis (Bhoj Patra) and Salix sp. Species of the genera Cotoneaster, Rosa, Berberis, Ribes, Junipers, Rhododendron anthropogenic, Rhododendron campanulas are the shrubby components of the zone. The herbaceous vegetation is represented by a number of species of genera Po ten till, Primula, Aster, Saxifrage, Achaean, Delphinium, Polygonal,Corydalis, Pleurospermum, Meconopsis, Pedicularis, Saussurea, Rheum, Silene, etc. The Bugyals of this zone are well known for a rich and diversified flora. Plant species like Nardostachys grand flora (Jatamansi), Podophyllum hexandrum (Himalayan May-Apple, Papri), Picrorhiza kurrooa (Kutaki), Gentian burro, Armenia benthonic (Bal char), Rheum moorcroftianum

(Dole), Ephedra gerardiana, Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Hatthajari), etc., common in this zone, are of immense medicinal value.

The rich floral diversity of the state comprises 5096 species of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.Uttarakhand is a home for many species species of birds, mammals and reptiles. A total of 4907 faunal species including mammals, birds, reptiles, etc have been reports from the state. (Table 1.1).

Table : 1.1 Status of Flora and Fauna

Group Number of Group Number of Species Species Floral Diversity Faunal Diversity Algae 346 Thysanura 4 Bryophytes 478 Odonata 163 Lichens 539 Plecoptera 20 Pteridophytes 365 Orhoptera 116 Gymnosperms 35 Dermaptera 43 Monocotyledons including 1250 Isoptera 52 Orchids (Angiosperms) Orchids 235 Hemiptera 479 Dicotyledons 3811 Coleoptera 422 Faunal Diversity Lepidoptera 567 Trematodes 48 Trichoptera 60 Cestodes 36 Hymenoptera 235 (excluding Ichneumonidae) Plants and soil Nematodes 196 Ichneumonidae 302 (Hymenoptera) Mollusca 129 Diptera 676 Annelida 69 Fishes 142 Crustacea 20 Amphibia 20 Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha 32 Reptiles 75 (Centipedes) Arachnida 249 Aves 622 Collembola 31 Mammals 100 Sources: Bioresources of Uttarakhand: Their Conservation & management.

Faunal Diversity A total of 4907 faunal species have been reported which include 3948 invetrebrate fauna and 959 vetrebrate fauna.Ther fauna exhibits an admixture of Oriental, Palaerectic and Indo- Malayan elements. It is home to many endemic and threatened species of both vertebrates and invertberates

Table : 1.2 Fauna

BIRDS SNO SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME IMAGES 1- Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus

2- Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica

3- Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

4- Great Hornbil Buceros bicornis

5- Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus

6- Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanu

7- Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus

8- Indian Grey-Hornbill Ocyceros birostris 9- Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis

10- Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis

11- Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus

12- Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis

13- Parakeet Psittacula krameri manillensis

14- Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus

15- Blue-capped Rock Thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus

ANIMALS SNO SPECIES SCIENTIFIC NAME Images 1- Elephant Elephas maximus

2- barking deer Muntiacus

3- Bharal Pseudois nayaur

4- black bear Euarctos americanus

5- Ghoral Nemorhaedus goral

6- musk deer Moschus leucogaster

7- serow Capricornis sumatraensis

8- Leopard Panthera pardus

9- Sambar Rusa unicolor

10- Snow leopard Panthera uncia

11- Spotted deer Axis axis

12- Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii

13- Tiger Panthera tigris

The sub-alpine zones of Almora and outskirts are a natural sanctuary for leopard, Langur, Himalayan black bear, kakar, goral etc. Whereas the high altitude zones abound musk deer, popularly called Kastura Mrig, snow leopard, blue sheep, thar etc. The entire zone is rich in a remarkable variety of birds possessing plumage of magnificent design and colours like peacock, which include grey quail, Kala Titar, Whistling thrush, Chakor, monal pheasant cheer pheasant, koklas pheasant etc. Ethnomedicinal Plants in Uttarakhand Himalayan Region, India

The Himalayas have a great wealth of medicinal plants and traditional medicinal knowledge. The Indian Himalayan region alone supports about 18,440 species of plants (Angiosperms: 8000 spp., Gymnosperm: 44 spp., Pteridophytes: 600 spp., Bryophytes: 1736 spp., Lichens: 1159 spp. and Fungi: 6900 spp.) of which about 45% are having medicinal properties. Uttarakhand is a storehouse of a rich variety herbs and medicinal and aromatic plant species

Table1.3 includes the medicinal plants that have been widely used as veterinary ethno- medicine in Uttarakhand region. Such aromatic plants which occur locally in the Uttarakhand himalaya and their medicinal importance.

Table 1.3 : Prominent Medicinal Plants.

S. No. Botanical Name Local Parts Used Uses Name 1 Capsella bursa-pastoris, Moench. Torighash Whole plant For Sikka Rog 2 Cardamine impatiens, Linn. - Whole plant For Tantrka in calf 3 Viola biflora, Linn. Banpansa Whole plant In calf for heart & faint problem 4 Viola patrinii, DC - Root For liver 5 V.serpens, Wall. - Root For Liver 6 Hypericum cernum, Vaya, Culi Whole plant For Hoskins, For wound 7 Linum usitatissinum,Linn. Alsi Whole plant For strength 8 Melilotus alba, Lamk. Banmethi Whole plant For stomach problem and Indigestion

9 Trifolium repens, Linn. Garila Whole plant For Satrika 10 Agrimonia pilosa, Ledeb. Kafliya Whole plant For purification of blood 11 Fragaria vesca, Linn. Pudalia Leaf To protect abortion Kafal 12 Potentilla argyrophylla, Danti, Leaf/Root For stomach problem Brajdanti 13 Rhamnus virgata, Roxb. Chaitula Fruit In Leg swelling 14 Rosa moschata, Herrm. Kunj pani Fruit For leucorrhea, bleeding, Pregnancy termination 15 Rubus paniculatus,Sm. Kala Leaf In pregnancy Hisalu(Kadul a) 16 R. lasiocarpus, Sm. Kala Hisalu Leaf In pregnancy 17 Bergenia ciliata, Moench. Silfhora Root For Hydrophobia 18 Ribes grossularia,Linn. Caktu Whole plant For preventing abortion 19 Punica granatum, Linn. Darim Skull of fruit As antimicrobials 20 Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. Dhow Flower As energy syrup 21 Centella asiatica, (Linn.)Urban Brahmi Leaf For brain fever 22 Cuminum cyminum, L. Jeera Seed For indigestion 23 Foeniculum vulgare, Mill. Saup Seed For Hookworm 24 Pimpinella diversifolia, Dc Dhanjari Seed For Lactation 25 Abina cordifolia, Hook. F Haldu Bud& leaf For Wound & fever 26 Valeriana hardwichii, wall. Samyo, Dhup Root For titaini 27 Aesculus indica, Colebr. Pangar Fruit In stomach problem 28 Artemisia maritime,Linn. - Bud/Leaf For Indigestion 29 A. nilagirica, Pampanini. Patti,Kunj Whole Plant For urinary tract infection 30 Artemisia parviflora, Roxb. Patti, Leaf/ Bud For round worm Dhopani 31 A. sacrorum, Ladeb. Kapar Leaf/Bud For hair fall Patti,Jholpatt i 32 Senecio chrysanthemoides, DC. Ratpatia Whole plant For skin disease 33 S. rufinervis, DC. - Seed For wound 34 G. pretense, Linn. Chalmori Whole plant In fever, urine problem, eye problem 35 Tanacetum nubigenum, Wall. - Leaf/ Fruit As energy syrup, anti microbes. 36 Lobelia pyramidalis, Wall. Bran Whole Plant For liver disease tambacoo 37 Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Vish Fruit/Leaf As pain killer Khaparia 38 Primula denticulate, Smith. Vish Fruit In cough, useful for mammary Khaparia glands 39 P. macrophylla, D. Don. - Whole Plant As painkiller 40 Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. Quiar, Seed & bark In fever, Gastric & dysentery Indraw 41 Calotropis procera, R. Br. Ank Root In indigestion 42 Gentiana tenella,(Roltb) H. Smith. Kutuki, Fruit In hysteria, In weakness Katuwi 43 Swertia purpurascens, Wall. Ciraita Whole Plant In fever, In weak appetite. 44 Capsicum annum, Linn. Khusane, Fruit As oil massage. Marac 45 Datura metal, Linn. Dhatura Seed As pain killer (for external use only) 46 Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. Bran juwan Leaf & Seed As pain killer 47 Digitalis purpurea,Linn. Prawasit Leaf In burning Degitelis tilpushpi 48 Verbascum thapsus, Linn. Akalvir Leaf In bronchitis 49 Clerodendrum infortunatum, Aranyo Bark In Efra Gaertn. 50 Ajuga parviflora, Benth. Ratpatia Whole plant In arthritis 51 Mentha arvensis, Linn. Pudina, Whole plant In post pregnancy problems Eliachi 52 Ocimum sanctum, Linn. Tulsi Whole plant In fever 53 Origanum vulgare, Linn. Jangali tulsi Whole plant Indigestion 54 Salvia lanata, Roxb. Sania, Sunip Whole plant For vomiting, painkiller 55 Scutellaria angulosa, Benth. Karuijhar Whole plant In acidity 56 Thymus serpyllum, Linn. Van ajmain Whole plant In chest pain 57 Plantago major, Linn. Vrantank Leaf In Injury, teeth problem, fever 58 P. orata, Forsk. Esabgol Seed In dysentery 59 Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. Parnata Leaf In blood dysentery, In dropsy

60 Achyranthes aspera, Linn. Chirchira Whole plant For teeth problem 61 A. bidentata, Blume. Dansh Root As Laxative 62 Chenopodium album, Linn. Bethuwa Leaf/ seed For worm 63 Rheum emodi, Wall. Dolu, Archa Root For blood purification, for energy 64 Rumex hastatus, D. Don Bhilmora Whole plant For skin disease, In fever 65 Piper longum, L. Pipal fruit In Low appetite, As oil massage 66 Cinnamomum tamala, Ness. Kiriya, Leaf In stomach problem, in gastric karkiriya, problem Dalchini 67 Litsaea polyantha, Juss. Cirira Leaf In injury 68 L. umbrosa, Ness. Circira Leaf In bone injury 69 Viscum album, Linn. Bana Fruit In pregnancy problem 70 Emblica officinalis,Gaertn. Aula, Awla Fruit In eye disease/ good health 71 Euphorbia prolifera, Buch. Duwila Fruit Used in dog bite Ham.,ex.Don. 72 Mallotus philippinensis, Muell. & Roli, Kasela Fruit To protect from worm Arg. 73 Ricinus communis, Linn. Erind Leaf For internal injury 74 Betula utilis,Don. Bhuj, Seed To protect from worm Bhojpatra 75 Quercus dilatata, Lindl. Banj Bark In dysentery 76 Q. semecarpifolia, Sm. - Bark In dysentery 77 Salix elegans, Wall. Garbainsh Fruit In rickets 78 Ephedra gerardiana, Wall. Gidjing Stem In pain 79 Juniperus communis ,Linn. Jhora, Fruit In liver disease khichiya 80 Abies webbiana, Lindl. Raisal barmi Bud In Cough radha 81 Cassoa absus, Linn. Banar, Seed In urine problem Chakwar 82 Satyrium nepalense, D. Don. - Root As tonic 83 Zingiber officinals Banhaldi Root Internal injury, As anti worm 84 Cureuma angustifolia, Roxb. Banhaldi Root In gastric problem, anti worm 85 Acorus calamus, Linn. Banj Root Fever, pain 86 Allium stracheyi,Baker. Jambu Whole Plant For stomach problem 87 Allium wallichii, Kunth. Jangali Lasun Root In infection 88 Asparagus racemosus, willd. Kairuwa Bud In liver problem & To enhance Lactation 89 Aloe vera, Linn. Patquar Leaf Stomach problem 90 Adiantum venusthum,G. Don. Hanshraj Seed For Chest problem and hair fall 91 Equisetum arvense, Linn. Horsetel Whole plant For urinary problem 92 Althaea officinalis, Linn. Jangalihauli Root For termination of pregnancy 93 Reinwardtia trigyna, Planch. Pyuli Root In wound 94 Tagetes arecta, Linn. Hazari Fruit In vomiting, In healing wound 95 Calendula officinalis, Linn. Ganda(Toka Leaf In bleeding r) 96 Atropa belladonna, Linn. Dhatur Jahar Leaf In injury as pain killer 97 Datura stramonium, Linn. Dhatura Leaf In injury as pain killer 98 Urtica dioica, Linn. Sisauna Leaf Skin disease, For lactation 99 Juglans regia, Linn. Akhore Leaf/ fruit In stomach problem, As anti worm 100 Hedychium spicatum,Ham.ex. Smith Kapur Root For fever & cough Kachari 101 Canna indica, Linn. Kewara Root In disinterest, In afra 102 Anemona obtusiloba Don. Kakaria Leaf In sinus 103 Delphinium denudatum, Wall Nirwishi, Seed In tics Munel 104 Aconitum balfouria, stapf. Bishjahar Root In wound 105 Paeonia emodi, Wall. Bhoi Pawin Root In stomach problem 106 Berberis aristata, DC Kilmori Root & stem In fever, weakness 107 Fumaria parviflora, Lamk. Pitpapara Whole plant In skin etching(disease) 108 Brassica napus, Linn. Kali sarso Seed In poor appetite 109 Geranium ocellatum, Camb. Bhiljari Whole plant As insecticide 110 Acacia catechu, Wild. Khair Stem In Urine problem, dysentery

111 Butea frondosa, Koen. Dhank Flower, Seed As painkiller

Source : http://www.forest.uk.gov.in/pages/display/99-medicinal-aromatic-plants

There are list of some more plant speices with their status and the part used in different Medicinal purpose. Table 1.4 Scientific name Habit Plant part used Medicinal uses Abies pindrow Royle. T Bark extract2 Cough & Bronchitis2

Aconitium hetrophyllum H Root5 Fever, cough,stomachache5 Wallich Aesculus indica (Wall. ex T Seed paste2 Rheumatic Pain2 Cambess.) Hook.f. Ainsliaea apetra DC. H Root extract2 Fever, painful urination2 Ainsliaea latifolia (D.Don) H Root decoction2 Colic2 Sch.-Bip. Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) H (Leaf & heads past, plant smoke)2 (Cuts, wounds & boils, insect Hook.f. repellent)2 Anaphalis margaritaceae (L.) H (Cuts, wounds & boils)2 Benth (Leaf & head paste)2 Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims.) H Leaf juice2, Flower5 Laceration of toes2, Dressing C.B. Clarke wounds5

Anemone obtusiloba D.Don H Root decoction2 Diarrhoea2

Anemone rivularis Buch.- H (Leaf past & juice)2 Leaves5 (Wounds5, sores & ear ache in Ham. ex DC local therapy)2 Arachne cordifolia (Decne.) S Leaf & Stem paste2 Wounds & Antidote to snake Hurusawa bite2 Arisaema jacquemontii Blume H Fruits2, Tuber5 (Antidote of poisonous mushrooms & snake bite)2, (Cough, kidney &skin diseases)5 Artemisia japonica Thunb H (Leaves & flower tops)2 Incense & insecticide2

Artemisia roxburghiana Bess. H Plant extract2 (Antipyretic, Tonic & also rubbed on skin allergy)2 Asparagus filicinus Buch.- H Root tuberous2 (Diabetes, diarrhoea & Ham. ex D. Don dysentery)2 Aster peduncularis Wallich H (Plant extract & Root powder)2 (Renal-calculi & stomachic)2

Barleria cristata L. H (Root decoction, Root & Leaves (Bronchitis & pneumonia, wound paste)2 swelling)2

Begonia picta Smith H Plant decoction2 Colic & dyspepsia2

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) H Root5 rhizomatous)2 (Tonic, febrifuge, digestive & Sternb. cutaneous disorders)2, (Fevers, diarrhoea & pulmonary infections)5 Bidens bipinnata L. H Leaf juice2 (Leprosy initial stages, lactating mothers, cuts)2 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. H Leaf juice2 (Leprosy initial stages, lactating & Sherff mothers, cuts)2

Bidens pilosa L. H (Plant extract & herbs of plants)2 (Cough & Bronchitis, leucoderma)2 Bistorta amplexicaulis H (Plant decoction & Leaf paste)2 (Cause abortion, wounds & (D.Don) Greene relieves dysentery)2 Bistorta vaccinifolia (Wall. H Root decoction2 Tuberculosis2 ex Meisn.) Greene Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) H Leaf paste2 Wounds & cuts2 Druce Buddleja asiatica Lour. S Leaf extract & Roots2 Skin diseases & Abortifacient2

Bupleurum falcatum L. H Root decoction2 Fever & liver troubles2

Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. H (Leaf paste Leaves & Pseudo- (Sores & eczema, aphrodisiac)2 bulbs)2 Callicarpa arborea Roxb. T Bark2 Skin ailments2

Cannabis sativa L. H Flowers2 Intoxicating agent2

Carpinus viminea Lindl. T Leaves5 Bone fracture5

Clematis buchananiana DC. S Leaf paste2 Skin ailments2

Clematis montana Buch.- H Leaf extract2 Diabetes & urinary troubles2 Ham. ex DC. Clinopodium umbrosum H (Plant extract & Leaf infusion)2 (Astringent, carminative, Blood (M.Bieb.) C. Koch purifier & Gastric troubles)2 Corallodiscus lanuginosus H Leaves2 Kidney stone2 (Wall. ex DC.) B.L. Burtt Coriaria nepalensis Wallich S Fruits2 Emetic2

Cotoneaster microphyllus S Leaf, Fruits & Root Paste2 Diarrhoea, Cuts & Wounds2 Wall. ex Lindl. Cyathula capitata Moq. H (Leaf extract & Urticle)2 Emetic & abortifacient2 Cyathula tomentosa Moq. H Leaf extract2 (Emetic property & given in snake bite)2 Cynoglossum glochidiatum H Root extract2 Dyspepsia & digestive Wall. ex Benth. disorders2 Cynoglossum lanceolatum H Plant infusion2 Cold & cough2 Forssk. Debregeasia salicifolia S Bark2 Plaster for Bone Fracture2 (D.Don) Rendle Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex H Plant Stem5 Body swelling5 Royle Desmodium elagans DC. S Root infusion & Roots2 Epilepsy & Carminatives2

Deutzia compacta Craib. S Leaves2 Diuretic2

Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees H (Leaf5 paste & juice)2 (Wounds cough & gastro- enteritis)2 (Fever, skin diseases & stomachache)5 Dipsacus inermis Wallich H Root paste2 Leucoderma & contusions2

Elephantopus scaber L. H (Root extract & leaves)2 (Fever, stops vomiting, tonic for blood diseases)2 Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) S Seeds2 Sciatica reliever2 Rehder. Elsholtzia strobilifera Benth. H (Plant5 paste)2 (Bruises & wounds5)2

Eupatorium odenophorum S Leaves2,5 Wounds2, Skin diseases5 Spreng. Euphorbia chamaesyce L. H Plant juice2 (Constipation & dysentery to infants)2 Euphorbia hypericifolia L. H Leaf infusion2 (Dysentery, diarrhoea, menorrhagia)2 Euphorbia pilosa Linn. H (Root decoction & Fruits)2, Seed & Constipation & emetic2, Food Leaves5 poisoning5 Fagopyrum dibotrys (D.Don) H Leaf paste2 Insect bite2 Hara Fragaria nubicola Lindl. ex H Leaf juice2 Ear ache2 Lacaita Galinsoga parviflora Cav. H Plant extract2 Antidote of nettle sitting2

Galium aparine L. H (Leaf extract & plant5 waste)2, Astringent5, skin diseases2

Galium asperifolium Wallich. H Plant waste2 Skin ailments2

Geranium wallichianum D. H Root5 juice2 (Otorrhoea & opthalmia)2, Don ex Sweet (Dysentery & cold)5 Gerbera gossypina (Royle) P. H (Leaf juice & paste)2 (Cuts, wounds, plaster on bone Beauv. fracture)2 Girardiana diversifolia (Link) H Leaf juice2, Plant whole5 Gonorrhoea2, Diuretic5 Friis Gonatanthus pumilus (D.Don) H Root tuber paste2 Burns & wounds2 Engl. & Krause Gonostegia hirta (Blume) Miq H Roots2 Plaster on fractured bones2

Hippophae salicifolia D.Don T Fruits2,5 (Dandruff)2 & (Cardiac trouble)5

Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. S Leaf paste & Roots2 Body Swelling & Febrifuge2

Hypericum choisianum Wall. S Leaf powder2 Fever2 ex N. Robson Impatiens scabrida DC. H Plant Stem2 Cause abortion2

Indigofera heterantha Wall. S Leaf juice2 Diarrhoea, Dysentery & Cough2 ex Brandis Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex S Roots2 Suppressed urination2 D. Don) DC.

Juglans regia L. T Leaves2 , (Bark & Roots)5 Fungicide & Insecticide2 , Tooth ache5 Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. H Root5 Incense, fever5 Lamium album L. H Plant decoction2, Flower5 Contraceptive2, Bleeding after childbirth5 Leptodermis Lanceolata S Bark paste2 Migraines2 Wallich Leucas lanata Benth. H Plant infusion2 Whooping cough2

Leycesteria formosa Wallich S Leaf paste2 Dandruff & Lice in hair2

Lindenbergia indica (L.) H Leaves2 (Bronchitis, Cuts & wounds)2 Vatke Lonicera angustifolia Wall. S Fruits2 Gastric troubles of cattle2 ex DC. Lyonia ovalifolia (Wallich) T Seed paste2 Wounds & Boils2 Drude Maianthemum purpureum H Leaf extract2 Dysmenorrhoea2 (Wall.) La Frankie Morina longifolia Wall. ex H (Root5 paste & dried roots)2 (Wounds & incense)2, (Burns & DC. boils)5 Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. T Bark2,4 ,Leaves5 & Fruit4,5 (Intoxicate to fishes)2 (Vit. C, ex D. Don Asthama, Bronchitis, Diarrhoea & tooth ache)4 (Skin diseases & wounds)5 Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) T Fruits2 Scabies & Eczema2 Momiyama & Hara Nepeta ciliaris Benth. H (Leaf & seed decoction)2 Fever2

Nomocharis oxypetala H Bulb5 Vigorous5 (Royle.) E.H.Wilson. Origanum vulgare L. H Plant extract2, Leaves5 (Bronchitis, colic & diarrhoea)2, Toothache, swelling5 Paeonia emodii Wall. ex H (Roots & flower infusion)2, Tuber& (Whooping cough, diarrhoea, Royle leaves5 intestinal spasms)2, Uterine diseases5 Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex H Root5 paste2 Antidote of snake bite2, Boils5 Royle Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotz. H Plant whole5 Food poisoning5

Persicaria polystachya (Wall. S Leaf paste2 Laceration of toes2 ex Meissn.) H. Gross Phalaris minor Retz. H Root paste2 Wounds2

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex H Root5 Fever, stomachache5 Benth. Pimpinella acuminata H Plant extract2 Diarrhoea & dysentery2 (Edgew.) C.B. Clarke Pimpinella diversifolia DC. H Plant extract2 (Digestive disorders, cold & cough)2 Pinus roxburghii Sargent T Saw Dust2 & Aerial parts4 (Asthma & Bronchitis)2 , (Resin for cracked toes)4 Plantago depressa Willd. H (Leaf & seed paste)2 (Cuts, wounds, piles)2

Plantago himalaica Pilger. H Leaves5 Dysentery5

Podophyllum hexandrum H Root5 Wounds5 Royle. Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) H (Root5 paste & powder)2 (Gastric problems5, wounds)2 All. Primula denticulata Sm. H (Flower & root paste)2 (Diabetes & urinary ailments, lice killing)2 Prinsepia utilis Royle S (Seed5 oil)2 & (Root5-bark)2 (Rheumatic pain, Diarrhoea)2 & (Pile, Stomach disorders)5 Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex T Fruits2,4,5 & Bark4 (Digestive disorder)2 D. Don ,5(Astringent, Laxative, Anthelmintic, Febrifuge)4 Ranunculus hirtellus Royle. H Plant paste2 Wounds2

Reinwardtia indica Dumort. H Flowers2 Tongue wash2

Rhamnus virgatus Roxb. S Bark paste & Fruits2 Eczema & Ring Worm, Emetic & Purgative2 Rhododendron arboreum T Flower2,4 , Bark2, & (Young (Digestive and respiratory Smith Shoots)5 disorder)2 (tonic for heart, diarrhoea & dysentery)4 (Headache, Blood dysentery)5 Rhus javanica L. S Fruits & Bark Paste2 Colic & Cholera, Swelling & Wounds2 Rosa sericea Lindl. S Flower juice2 & Fruits5 Bowel complaints2, (Headaches & Liver complaints)5 Roscoea alpina Royle H (Plant extract, leaf powder)2, (Tonic, cuts & wounds of cattle)2, Root5 (urinary diseases & tuberculosis)5

Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. S Leaves decoction2 Malarial fever2

Rubia manjith Roxb. ex S (Roots5 & Flowers)2 (Tonic & Astringent, Bacillary Fleming Dysentery)2, (Lower blood pressure, Kidney stone)5 Rubus nepalensis (Hook.f.) H Root paste2 Burns & scalds2 Kuntze Rubus niveus Thunb S Fruit extract & Fruit juice2 Dysmenorrhoea & Antidote of snake bite2 Rumex hastatus D.Don H Leaf extract2 (Cuts & wounds, nettle sitting reliever)2 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. H Leaf5 infusion2 (Dysmenorrhoea, stomach ache)2, Etching5 Salvia hians Royle ex Benth. H Leaf juice2, Root5 (Arthritic, pain & eczema, body swelling)2, (cold, coughs & anxiety)5 Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sw. H (Leaf paste, Root5 extract)2 (Wounds, cold & cough)2, Fever5

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn T Fruit2,4 & Seed4 Hair2, (Expectorant, antiepileptic, Emetic, febrifuge & Dental cares)4 Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) S Leaves2, Roots5 Joint pain2, Bawseer5 Muell.-Arg. Saussurea albescens (DC.) H Flower heads2 Bronchitis reliever2 Sch.-Bip.

Saussurea auriculata H Leaf paste2 Venereal diseases2 (Spreng. ex DC.) Sch.-Bip Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. H Root extract2 Vermifuge2 ex Ser. Selinum candollii DC. H Root5 powder2 (Asthma, cough, hysteria)2, Toothache5 Senecio graciliflorus DC. H (Leaf paste & Juice of heads)2 (Ringworm diseases & insect bites, pussed ear)2 Silene edgeworthii Bocquet. H (Leaf & young shoots juice)2 Eye infections2

Solanum suratteuse Burm H (Fruits & flower buds)2 (Fever, cough, asthama, gonorrhoea, eye ailments)2 Solidago virgaurea L. H (Leaves & herb juice, Chewed (Kidney troubles, asthma, roots)2 rheumatism, wounds, throat irritation)2 Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) S Fruits (smoke)2 Asthama2 Rehder Sorbus aucuparia L. T Fruit extract2 Cough & Cold2

Sorbus cuspidata (Spach) T Bark decoction2 Fever2 Hedlund Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex H Leaves5 Blood diseases5 Fleming) Karsten Swertia ciliata (G.Don) Burtt. H Plant extract2, Leaves5 Malaria2, Blood purifier5

Synotis alatus (Wall. ex DC.) H Plant decoction2 Fever2 C. Jeffrey & Chen. Taraxacum officinale H Root5 extract2 (Migraines, hepatitis & head Weber. ache)2, Blood purifier5 Taxus baccata L. T Bark2,5 & Bark Paste2 (Plaster on fractured bones Headache)2 & (Breast Pile)5 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. H (Root juice, Fruits & Leaves)2 (Cuts, delivery facilitation)2

Urena lobata L. H Root paste2 (Body pain & rheumatism)2

Urtica ardens Link. H (Seed oil & Leaf extract)2 (Sciatica, rheumatism, skin ailments, hair-wash for avoiding baldness)2 Urtica dioica L. H (Seed oil & Leaf extract)2, Root5 (Sciatica, rheumatism, skin ailments, hair-wash for avoiding baldness)2, Boils5 Valeriana hardwickii Wallich H (Root5 decoction & Root paste)2 (Urinary disorder, joint pains)2, Wounds5 Verbascum thapsus L. H (Plant extract & Seeds)2, Leaf & (Asthma, bronchitis, narcotic)2, flower5 (Ulcers, tumors & piles)5 Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) H Leaf powder2 (Intestinal disorder, fever & skin Willd. ailments)2 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. H (Leaf extract & seeds)2 (Dysentery, cold & cough)2

Veronica anagallis-aquatica H Plant juice2 (Cuts, burns & sores)2 Linn. Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don T Bark decoction2 Hepatic & digestive disorder2

Viburnum erubescens Wall. S Leaves2 Insecticide2 ex DC. Viburnum grandiflorum Wall S Bark Decoction2 Hepatic troubles2 ex DC. Viburnum nervosum D.Don S Bark Decoction2 Menorrhagia2

Viola canescens Wallich H (Plant4 decoction, Root & Leaf5 (Malarial fever, bronchitis, juice)2 asthma, emetic, cuts & wounds)2, (Headache,cold, cough & malaria)5, (Expectorant, antipyretic, diaphoretic)4 Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) S Leaves & bark, Dry flowers2 Febrifuge, Haemorrhoids2 Kurz Zanthoxylum armatum DC S Leaves & Fruits2 (Seed & Bark)5 Mouth wash2 & tooth ache2,5 (Infection in stored grain)5

Abbreviation Habit: T Tree, S=Shrub, H=Herb

Conservation status and diversity in the Shiwalik Himalaya of Uttarakhand.

The Uttarakhand Himalaya has its unique setting within the Western Himalayan region, India is one of the 12 mega biodiversity cen- represents about 3800-4000 species of flowering trees of the world and rich in biological diversity, plants and embodies more than one fourth of the associated traditional and contemporary know-total vegetation of India The Shiwalik Himalaya is quite enriched in its floristic composition. Traditionally the folk people and the locales utilize the vegetation of their ambient environment in form of different products as food, fodder, fuel, medicine, fibre, timber etc. Among these useful species most of them are commercially exploited by drug dealers and at present many of such species come in threat categories.

Figure 1: Adhatoda vasica Figure 2: Baliospermum montanum Figure 3: Lecus cephalotes

Therefore, there is an urgent need for conservation of such species for sustainable development. The members of threatened taxa belong to different families as Acanthaceae, Aceraceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Lamiaceae and Liliaceae etc.

Figure 4:Rauvola serpentine Figure 5: Rauvolfia serpentina Source : Conservation and diversity of important plants in Siwalik Himalaya

It has however, been noticed that the abundant occurrence of important plant species of the region has started declining considerably due to human influence.

Table 1.5: Some commonly used plant species with their conservation status.

S.No. Botanical Name Local Name Family Life Form Parts Uses Category Used 1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Kanghi Malvaceae Herb Stem Fibre Rare Sweet

2. Abrus precatorius L. Ratti Fabaceae Climber Seed Medicinal Rare 3. Achyranthes aspera Chirchira Amaranthaceae Herb Root Medicinal Common L. 4. Acorus calamus L. Bach Araceae Herb Rhizome Medicinal Common 5. Adhatoda vasica Vasuti Acanthaceae Shrub Leaves Medicinal Common Nees 6. Alangium salviifolium Akol Alangiaceae Tree Root, Fruit Medicinal, Rare (L.f.) Wangerin Edible 7. Aristolochia indica L. Bathak bel Aristolochiaceae Climber Leaves Medicinal Endangered

8. Asparagus Satawar Liliaceae Shrub Tuber Medicinal Rare adscendens Buch.- Ham. ex Roxb. 9. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pen- Brami Scrophulariacea Herb Leaves Medicinal Endangered nell e 10. Bauhinia variegata L. Kachnar Caesalpinaceae Tree Seed Medicinal Common Leaves Fodder 11. Baliospermum montanum ja- Shrub Seed Medicinal Common (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Jangali Verbenaceae malghota 12. Barleria prionitis L. Baansa Acanthaceae Shrub Root Medicinal Common

13. Berberis asiatica ex Kingor Berbidaceae Shrub Root Bark Medicinal Common Roxb DC. Dye 14. Boerhavia diffusa L. Poornnama Nyctaginaceae Herb Root Medicinal Rare 15. Boswellia serrata ex Salai Burseraceae Tree Bark Med Rare Roxb. Colebr. icinal 16. Buchanania lanzan Chiroge Anacardiaceae Tree Wood Construction Common Sprengel 17. Butea monosperma Tesu/Dhaak Fabaceae Tree Leaf Fod Common (Lam.) Kuntze Seed der Medicinal 18. Callicarpa Daiya Verbenaceae Shrub Seed Medicinal Rare macrophylla Vahl 19. Casearia elliptica Chilla Flacourtiaceae Tree Leaves Medicinal Rare Willd. 20. Catamixis Vispatra Asteraceae Shrub Root Medicinal Rare baccharoides Thomson 21. Celastrus paniculatus Malkanghi Celasteraceae Shrub Seed Medicinal Rare Willd. 22. Ceropegia bulbosa Pagya bel Asclepiadaceae Herb Root Edible Endangered Roxb. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Eleru Rutaceae Climber Seed Medicinal Common 23. Schrader 24. Clerodendrum L.f. phlomides Verbenaceae Shrub Root Medicinal Endangered Arni 25. C. indicum (L.) Kuntze Bharangi Verbenaceae Shrub Root Medicinal Endangered 26. Costus speciosus Keun Zingiberaceae Herb Rhizome Medicinal Rare (Koeing ex Retz.) J.E. Smith 27. Crataeva adansonii Barna Capparaceae Tree Leaves Fodder Rare DC. 28. Curculigo orchioides Gaert- Kali- Hypoxidaceae Herb Rhizome Medicinal Common ner musli Delphenium Nirbasi Ranunculaceae Herb Root Medicinal Common 29. denudatum Wallich ex Hook.f. & Thomson 30. Dioscorea bulbifera Genthi Dioscoreaceae Climber Tuber Medicinal Common L. 31. Evolvulus alsenoides Sankhpuspi Convulvulaceae Herb Leaves Medicinal Rare (L.) L. 32. Garuga pinnata Titmaar Burseraceae Tree Leaves Fodder Endangered Roxb. 33. Glorossia suberba L. Kaalihari Liliceae Shrub Leaves Medicinal Endangered

34. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Maida lakri Lauraceae Tree Bark Medicinal Rare Robinson 35. Lecus cephalotes Gumba Lamiaceae Herb Leaves Medicinal Rare (Roth) Sprengel 36. L. indica (L.) R. Br. ex Gumma Lamiaceae Herb Leaves Medicinal Rare Vatke 37. Marsdenia tenacissima Asclepiadaceae Shrub Stem Fibre Rare (Roxb.) Moon Vitti bel 38. Madhuca Mahua Sapotaceae Tree Fruit Medicinal Endangered longifolia(Koenig) Mac Bride 39. Mallotus philippensis Kamela Euphorbiaceae Tree Leaves Fodder Common (Lam.) Muell. Arg. Bark Medicinal 40. Mucuna pruriens (L.) Gunchi Fabaceae Climber Leaves Fodder Common DC. 41. Plumbago zeylanica Chitra jadi Herb Root Medicinal Common L. Plumbaginaceae

42. Pistacia integerrima Kakrodi Anacardiaceae Tree Wood Construction Rare Stewart 43. Rauvolfia serpentina Serpgandha Apocynaceae Herb Root Medicinal Endangered Benth. 44. Semecarpus Bhilao Anacardiaceae Tree Fruit Medicinal Rare anacardium L.f. 45. Stephania Gindaaro Menispermaceae Climber Tuber Medicinal Common glabra(Roxb.) Miers 46. Stereospermum Parali Bignonaceae Tree Bark Medicinal Common chelonoides(L.f.) DC. 47. Tinospora sinensis Giloe Menispermaceae Climber Leaves Medicinal (Lour.) Merrill 48. Tribulus terrestris L. Gokhru Zygophyllaceae Herb Seed Medicinal Common

49. Withania (L.) Ashwan- Solanaceae Shrub Leaves Medicinal Rare somnifera Dunal gandha 50. Zanthoxylum alatum Timroo Rutaceae Shrub Fruit Medicinal Common Roxb.

Source: Conservation and diversity of important plants in Shiwalik Himalaya References

(1) Ahuja, P. S.(2001) Current status of propagation of medicinal plants in India Himalaya.In:Himalayan Medicinal Plants: Potential and Prosepects(Eds. S. S. Samant, U. Dhar and L. M. S. Palani) Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital(India).Pp:207-231. (2) Gaur, R. D, Bhatt, K. C. and Tewari, J. K(1992). An ethno-botanical study of Uttar Pradesh Himalaya in relation to veterinary medicines. J. Indian Bot. Soc., 72: 139-144. (3) Issar, R. K.(1981). Traditionally important medicinal plants and folklore of Uttarakhand Himalaya for animal treatment. J. Sc. Res. Pl. Med., 2: 61-66. (4) Joshi, G. C., Tewari, K. C. & Pandey, G.(1992). A review of indigineous system of medicine with special reference to herbal drugs. Aryvaidyan, 3(3):173-179. (5) Mishra, P. L.(1985). The medicinal plants of Himalaya. Himalayan J. Sci, 4&5:65-80. (6) Mittal, S,Tripathy, G., Sethi D.,(July2008). Development strategy for the Hill districts of Uttrakhand (working paper no. 217) ICRIER, India. (7) Bulletin of Medico-Maheswari, J.K. 1976. Plant Resources of India. (8) Ethno-botanical Research, 3&4: 102-116 (9) Science and Culture, 42: 18-23. (10) Sati, V. P.(2005).Natural Resource Conditions and Economic Development in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India,” Journal of Mountain Science 2 (4), 336~350. (11) Shah, N. C.(1982). Herbal folk medicines in Northern India. J. Ethnopharmcol, 6:293-301. (12) Proceeding of the National Workshop on Joint Forest Management, Ministry of Environment and Forest (2005). (15) State of Forest Report(2005), Forest survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Dehradun, pp.140-142. (16) Sharma et al. http://www.openaccessscience.com

Feedback Form

Dear Information seeker,

ENVIS Centre, UEPPCB, Dehra Dun furnishes you with the services to collect and disseminate information related to environment of Uttarakhand. To share information with us you are requested to fill up the form given below:

Your feed back is valuable to us and will be highly appreciated.

Name:

Designation:

Department:

Address:

City:

State:

Country:

Pin:

Editorial & Technical Support

Sh. Vinod Singhal Member Secretary

Sh. Amarjeet Singh, EO Project Co-ordinator

Sh. Sudashan S. Pal Scientific Officer

Mrs. Niharika Dimri Information Officer

Mrs Rachna Nautiyal IT Assistant-cum-Data Entry Operator

From:

ENVIS-CENTRE Uttarakhand Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board 29/20 Nemi Road, Dehra Dun Fax No. -0135-2658086, web: www.utrenvis.nic.in