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Prosopographical PROSOPOGRAPHICAL-TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS FOR RESEARCHING ESTONIAN SURNAME GIVING (1822-1835) Fred Puss [email protected] University of Tartu Instititute of the Estonian Language Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 FOREWORD • Names are mostly researched by linguists • Historical background, evolving, layers and changing of surnames • Helps to discover etymology of names • Surnames of ethnic Estonians or peasants of other nationalities (Swedes, Russians), not nobility or burghers Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 WHAT IS ESTONIAN SURNAME • Hereditary family names are older in some areas • Positioned before the given name: Kangro Mart • After general surname giving (1822-1835): Mart Kangur, Mart Kangro, Mart Tamm • Bynames usually were not hereditary • Surnames (LAST names) started to evolve in 18th century for free persons of Estonian nationality Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 LAYERS OF ESTONIAN SURNAMES (1) • 1. Before general giving of surnames (until 1820s) • Ca 5,000 unique names • 2. General surname giving (1809/1822-1835) • Ca 31,000 unique names • 3. Soldiers, name changes until 1919 • Ca 3,000 unique names Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 LAYERS OF ESTONIAN SURNAMES (2) • 4. General name giving in Petseri county and territory behind Narva River (1921-1922) • Ca 7,500 unique names • 5. Estonianizing of surnames 1919-1942 • Ca 16,300 unique names • 6. Minor processes of giving surnames in 20th C (Ruhnu island, surnameless people, etc.) • Ca 500 unique names Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 LAYERS OF ESTONIAN SURNAMES (3) 6; 500; 1% 1; 5000; 8% 5; 16300; 26% 4; 7500; 12% 2; 31000; 49% 3; 3000; 4% Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 POSSIBILITIES OF RESEARCHING ESTONIAN SURNAMES • Relatively young • Can be traced back to the beginning and first bearers • Were given together to all peasants in one place • Often name giver can be revealed Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 GENERAL SURNAME GIVING • South Estonia (Livonian province) 1822-1826 • North Estonia (Estonian province) 1834-1835 • 31,000 different surnames • 7,000 in several places • 24,000 in one place [to one family] • 5-10 peasants per surname • England+Wales 1853: 35,000–40,000 surnames (400 persons per surname) Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 SYSTEMS FOR SURNAME GIVING (1) • Sometimes almost 1,000 surnames were given at once • In some places pastors gave names to the whole parish (Põlva parish 913 names, Räpina parish 897 names) • Biggest manor complexes: Kolga manors 784 names, Vigala manors 536 names Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 SYSTEMS FOR SURNAME GIVING (2) AHULA (IN GERMAN AFFELL) MANOR 1. Barkwell 12. Herzwell 2. Baumwell 13. Heuwell 3. Bierwell 14. Holzwell 4. Brakwell 15. Jaunwell 5. Breiwell 16. Kalkwell 6. Burgwell 17. Kitwell 7. Eichwell 18. Kleewell 8. Grehnwell … 9. Greiswell 57. Jurriew 10. Hanswell 58. Müller 11. Harwell 59. Orrisaar Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 SYSTEMS FOR SURNAME GIVING (3) MAASI MANOR Jos 15:24-48 Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 MANOR COMPLEXES • Neighboring manors were often owned or rented by the same owner • Some manors had deep historical connections and peasants had deep family connections • Usually one manor was the main manor Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 HÕREDA, RAPLA-ALU, VALTU-HERTU MANORS (1) • Rapla and Alu manors and Valtu and Hertu manors belonged to count Paul von Tiesenhausen > sold 1828 to the Czar, rented until 1834 • In 1835 rented by Hõreda manor owner Justine von Rosen’s husband Robert von Rosen • April 1835 surnames were given Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 HÕREDA, RAPLA-ALU, VALTU-HERTU MANORS (2) Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 HÕREDA, RAPLA-ALU, VALTU-HERTU MANORS (3) 38 surnames in Rapla etc manors are in English (14%, Hõreda 41%) • Bastard • Braun • Strips • Fitt • Horn • Don (room servant) • Pig • Smitt • Long • Bief (in same farm Drink) • Brick • Taylor • Gatterer • Karpenter (in same farm • Duff (in neighbor farm • Sekkend Potter) Flaur) • Bläck • Stiel • Muddy • Gilbert • Buller (manor herd) • Uster <? Ulster • Skippon • Koller • First • Brass • Stoon • Old • Grand • Dixson • Willard • Skott • Littel Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 HÕREDA, RAPLA-ALU, VALTU-HERTU MANORS (4) • Maria Justina Rigby (1808-1889) married Baron Robert von Rosen (1806-1887), divorced 1848, grandmother née Taylor • Owners of Hõreda manor, tenants or Rapla-Alu, Valtu- Hertu manors (1835-1844(?)) • Later Robert sued of misuse of managing the manors • Wife escaped to England Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 ELISABETH RIGBY = LADY EASTLAKE (1809-1893) Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 JÄRVAKANDI, VAHAKÕNNU, LELLAPERE MANORS (1) Owned by Baron Otto von Taube (1800-1873) Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 JÄRVAKANDI, VAHAKÕNNU, LELLAPERE MANORS (2) • Great uncle Karl Friedrich von Staal (1721-1789), teacher and travel companion of Holstein-Gottorp princes, owner of major art and book collection • Aunt’s husband Adam Johann von Krusenstern (1770-1846), admiral, first Russian circumnavigator Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 SURNAMES IN JÄRVAKANDI ETC MANORS • Hamburg • Baldisport • Lübeck • Reval • Rostok • Riga • Bristol • Walk • London • Werro • Lieverpohl +1946 • Wesenberg • Portsmuth • Wolmer • Poltava • etc. Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 PROSOPOGRAPHY • prosôpôn-graphia (προσώπων-γραφία) ‘face description; description of external individual characteristics’ • Classisist Ronald Syme (1979): biographically oriented studies of political individuals and their family connections • Story of those people whose set is important to make conclusions Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 PROSOPOGRAPHY AND ESTONIAN SURNAMES • Background of the name giver • Owned territories (manor complexes) • Family connections • Aquaintances • Hobbies • Background of the name recipient (characteristics, looks, origin) Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 NOT ONLY MANOR COMPLEXES COUNT PETER AUGUST FRIEDRICH VON MANTEUFFEL (1768-1842) 3+2+2=7 MANORS • Erleks • Teki • Buso • Jerk • Fix • Dowi • Kriks • Wuss • Drisong • Oppo • Ento • Fama • Oskel • Maktri • Wuswo • Bera • Neukon • Sohleng • Bome • Perko • Terresone • Daus • Barr • Dolk • Bera • Putbas • Bolus Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 PROSOPOGRAPHICAL-TERRITORIAL RESEARCH METHOD • Who were the persons owning, renting, managing, visiting the manor; their background • Which (neighboring) manors were owned, rented, managed by same persons • Or did the pastor give surnames? • Enables to better explain the etymology of given surnames and to often find out who gave which names to whom Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 SOME NAME ETYMOLOGIES • LEO, also Lyra and Orion • KASS • kass ‘cat’, when Iir ‘mouse’, Kutsik ‘puppy’, Lammas ‘sheep’, Pödder ‘moose’ etc are also present (Abja manor) • Kass < byname Kassi < personal name Kass < Kaspar, Christianus, Kasimir, Lukas etc. • EHRENBUSCH • Friend Ehrenbusch of the landlord in another manor Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019 THANKYOU! Fred Puss ¤ Helsinki ¤ 22.08.2019.
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