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Rodents of the Genera Rattus and Mus From", 07The Pacific Islands

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Rodents of the Genera Rattus and Mus From RODENTS OF THE GENERA RATTUS AND MUS FROM", 07THE PACIFIC ISLANDS -By G. H. HTATE "BUL'LETIN' OF, THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATUfRAL-HISTORY -VOLUME LXVIII, 1935 -ARTICLE III NEW YORK February 11, 1935 AI~~~~~~~ ~~~62~~ 45 4I~~~~4 V711-~~ ~ ~ ~ 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L -k~~~~~~~~~~~4 59.9, 32 R (9) Article III.-RODENTS OF THE GENERA RATTUS AND MUS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS, COLLECTED BY THE WHITNEY SOUTH SEA EXPEDITION, WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE ORIGIN AND RACES OF THE PACIFIC ISLAND RAT BY G. H. H. TATE Although the Whitney South Sea Expedition was undertaken primarily with the object of collecting birds, a valuable series of mammals in alcohol and occasional skins and skulls have been inlcluded in the large shipments sent to The American Museum of Natural History. These animals, including bats and rodents, may probably be considered a fairly representative sample of the mammalian fauna of the principal island groups of the Pacific Ocean. I wish to express my appreciation to Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., U. S National Museum, for the loan of specimens of Rattus hawaiiensis, and for the privilege of examining the large collections in his charge, and to Dr. W. H. Osgood for a similar loan of Rattus browni and hawaiiensis and material representing other species of Rattus. Four of the five species of rodents in the collections unquestionably represent iniportations since the arrival of Europeans and Americans. Rattus exulans, however, is probably of earlier origin. This rat might be expected to conform more or less to the avian distribution patterns in- dicated below and to be present on successively fewer islands from west to east. Instead, however, it is widely and rather evenly distributed throughout most of the Pacific groups, a fact that lends support to the view advanced by Waite (1897) and others that in most, if not in all, cases it was conveyed from island to island by Polynesian man. Waite has also shown that it was frequently used for food,' has discussed its distribution at length, and has reviewed its records from the various island groups. Our own series (Table I) supplements his list of records materially. The ornithological collections of the Whitney Expedition have formed the subject of numerous papers by Dr. Robert Cushman Murphy, Dr. Ernst Mayr, and others, and important conclusions have been reached by these workers regarding the bird geography of the South Seas. In a 'See also recent opinion of Seurat, 1934, Mem. Soc. Biogeogr., Paris, IV, pp. 44-45. 145 146 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. LXVIII recent paper Mayr (1933, p. 315) has divided the island groups (exclusive of Hawaii, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands) into four main groups: 1.-Micronesia, extending from the Palau Islands to the Gilberts. 2.-South Melanesia, from the Santa Cruz group to New Caledonia. 3.-Central Polynesia, with Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and northward to the Ellice and Phoenix groups. 4.-East Polynesia, including the Cook, Austral, Society, Marquesas groups, and the great Tuamotu Archipelago with its outliers, Pitcairn, Henderson, and Ducie Islands. Broadly speaking, Mayr finds that the avian populations become progressiVely more impoverished as one moves from west to east, not only between successive island groups but also in a marked degree among individual islands forming any one group, those islands most remote from the assumed source of population possessing the fewest birds. Those conclusions, though generally applicable among the Chiroptera, do not hold in the case of the cursorial island mammals, owing to the fact that they are all introduced. Rattus exulans (Peale) Mus exulans PEALE, 1848, U. S. Exploring Exped., VIII, p. 47. Mus vitiensis PEALE, 1848, U. S. Exploring Exped., VIII, p. 49. Mus maorium HUTTON, (1878) 1879, Trans. New Zealand Inst., XI, p. 344. Mus jessook JENTINK, 1879, Notes Leyden Museum, II, p. 15. Mus huegeli THOMAS, 1880, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 11. TYPE.-U.S.N.M. No. 3730, from Tahiti, Society Islands. (Selected by Stone, 1917, p. 258, from several animals from a number of islands listed by Peale under his description of exulans.) TYPE LoCALITY.-Tahiti, Society Islands. The above synonymy shows that no less than five names have been provided for Pacific Island rats as they have been successively discovered on various islands. Usually the localities have been widely separated from one another: exulans, Tahiti; vitiensis, Fiji; maorium, New Zea- land; jessook, New Hebrides; huegeli, Fiji. But note that vitiensis and huegeli are both from Fiji and con- sequently the latter is likely to be a pure synonym of the former. Hawaii- ensis Stone from Popoia, Maua, Hawaiian Islands, and micronesiensis Tokuda from Ponape, Caroline Islands, are probably both distinct from exulans-type rats. MATERIAL EXAMINED. (1) The considerable series' of 97 speci- mens (95 in alcohol, but the skulls extracted and cleaned) obtained by 'For full list of the Whitney collection see Table I. 1935] Tate, Rattus and Mus from the Pacific Islands 147 the Whitney South Sea Expedition from the principal island groups of the Pacific Ocean, the major part of which, however, is from the Marque- sas Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago. (2) Material representing Rattus hawaiiensis and Rattus browni kindly loaned by the authorities of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, and the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. (3) The large comparative series of Rattus in the collections at the U. S. National Museum and the U. S. Biological Survey, examined at Washington. ANTHROPOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPs.-I am informed by Dr. H. L. Shapiro of the Department of Anthropology of this Museum that within historical times it has not been customary in Polynesia to carry rats about in canoes, to confine them in cages, or to use them as food, though in Melanesia rats are hunted and eaten with some frequency. I inquired concerning this point because, owing to the very wide distribution of exulans, it seemed to me likely that the old time Polynesian navigators deliberately conveyed specimens of the rat from island to island with them. But Dr. Shapiro is disinclined to admit this, preferring the idea that the rats secreted themselves among the stores of coconuts and other foodstuffs on board the very large canoes used for long journeys, and were thus in a sense distributed adventitiously among the islands. Furthermore, Dr. Shapiro considers that although there are recorded many instances of rats being eaten by men, if the animals were at times kept in cages and fed, as would be necessary if their transportation were in any way customary, these facts would be known to ethnological students. Also the principles of random dispersal, even though man were the unconscious agent, ought to have operated, and, in consequence, had the distribution of these rats been of such accidental type, we ought to be able to observe from west to east a gradual decrease both in the proportion of island groups reached by them and in the percentage of islands colonized in any given group. This phenomenon though definitely observable in other organisms, for example among birds (Mayr, 1933), is not noted in the case of the exulares rats. Dr. Shapiro, while observing that a number of theories exist as to the human colonization tracks over the Pacific, states that a broadly accepted view allows two main lines of drift: One entered by way of the Caroline, Marshall, and Gilbert Islands to Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji, whence they were distributed throughout Polynesia. The other line came into Polynesia via New Guinea and the Solomons, to Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga, which served as a center for later migrations. The Maoris represent one of the early waves and are known to have migrated to New 148 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History [Vol. LXVIII Zealand from the Cook Islands. Besides the above, there is believed to have been communication between Hawaii and the Society Islands, and possibly the Marquesas. Since they must have been carried by early man, the relationships of the rats ought to follow a dispersal pattern substantially similar to that of man. But as shown below this is not entirely so, for though man crossed the gap from the Solomon Islands to the New Hebrides, the rats appear not to have done so. TAXONOMIc DIscussIoN.-In order to work out the relationships of the exulans rats, it is necessary to secure topotypes of the named forms. Three of these we now have, namely, A. M. No. 48204 from Tahiti (exulans) and A. M. No. 69264 from Fiji (vitiensis and huegeli), unless there be two forms on Fiji. The type locality of jessook is Tana, New Hebrides, from which island we have no collections, although material either from Malekula or from Efate may represent it. No example of maorium of New Zealand exists, so far as I can learn, in this country. Rattus hawaiiensis Stone (1917) and Rattus micronesiensis Tokuda (1933) are considered to be distinct species. Before discussing the Whit- ney series in detail, I wish to note certain characters of the topotype of exulans. DESCRIPTION OF TOPOTYPE OF exulans (A. M. No. 48204, FEMALE) FROM TAHITI 1.-Palatal foramina rather narrow, slightly rounded behind. 2.-Zygomatic plate moderately rounded anteriorly. 3.-Molars moderately broadened, longer than hawaiiensis, less broad than browni. The tubercle of m2 (commonly found in browni) absent (incipient in the majority of specimens from other islands). 4.-No reduction of the posterior loph of m3 (as in raveni and eurous). 5.-Median pterygoid fossa slightly lyrate, about equaled in width by browni, hawaiiensis, and the larger Philippine species, wider than in raveni. 6.-Alisphenoid bar to squamosal moderately thickened as in raveni, eurous, basilanus, vigoratus, and luteiventris (thinner in vulcani, querceti, and browni), (very thick in hawaiiensis).
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