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The Turkish Swordfish Fishery

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SCRS/2010/072 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 66(4): 1471-1479 (2011) THE TURKISH SWORDFISH FISHERY Okan Akyol1, Tevfik Ceyhan SUMMARY The swordfish fishery in Turkish waters is carried out by harpoon, longline, pelagic gillnet and purse seine in both the Aegean and the Levantine Seas. This study was carried out at some main fishing ports along the Turkish coasts between August 2008 and April 2010. Recently, about 150 fishing boats, ranging from 6.2 to 36 m LOA and from 9 to 680 hp, from 21 fishing ports are participating in the swordfish fishery from Istanbul to Iskenderun. The lower jaw fork length (LJFL) distribution of 1203 specimens of swordfish ranged from 51 to 242 cm. The average lengths according to fishing gears were 140.8 ±2.8 cm for gillnetting (GN), 85.9 ±1.3 cm for longlining (LL) and 81.3 ±0.7 cm for purse seining (PS). A high percentage (65%) of fish had a LJFL less than 80 cm. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that differences among the gear distributions were highly significant (P<0.001). The length-weight relationship for all individuals indicated positive allometric growth (b=3.34). RÉSUMÉ L’espadon est capturé, dans les eaux turques, au harpon, à la palangre, au filet maillant pélagique et à la senne à la fois dans la mer Egée et la mer Levantine. La présente étude a été réalisée aux principaux ports de pêche situés sur le littoral de la Turquie entre le mois d’août 2008 et le mois d’avril 2010. Ces derniers temps, environ 150 navires de pêche mesurant entre 6,2 et 36 m de longueur hors-tout et dotés de 9 à 680 CV de puissance motrice, originaires de 21 ports de pêche, ont participé à la pêche de l’espadon d’Istanbul à Iskenderun. La distribution de la longueur maxillaire inférieur fourche (LJFL) de 1.203 spécimens d’espadon a fluctué entre 51 et 242 cm. Selon les engins de pêche, les longueurs moyennes étaient de 140,8±2,8 cm pour le filet maillant (GN), 85,9±1,3 cm pour la palangre (LL) et 81,3±0,7 cm pour la senne (PS). Un pourcentage élevé (65%) de poissons avait une LJFL inférieure à 80 cm. Les résultats du test de Kruskal-Wallis ont indiqué que les différences dans les distributions d’engins étaient très considérables (P<0.001). La relation longueur-poids pour tous les spécimens a indiqué une croissance allométrique positive (b=3.34). RESUMEN La pesquería de pez espada en aguas turcas se lleva a cabo mediante arpón, palangre, redes de enmalle pelágicas y cerco, tanto en el mar Egeo como en el mar de Levante. Este estudio se ha realizado en algunos de los principales puertos pesqueros de las costas de Turquía entre agosto de 2008 y abril de 2010. Recientemente, aproximadamente 150 buques pesqueros, de entre 6,2 y 36 m de eslora total y de entre 9 y 680 cv, procedentes de 21 puertos pesqueros, participaban en la pesquería de pez espada desde Estambul a Iskenderun. La distribución de longitud mandíbula inferior a la horquilla (LJFL) de 1203 ejemplares de pez espada oscilaba entre 51 a 242 cm. Las tallas medias según los artes de pesca eran 140,8 ±2,8 cm para las redes de enmalle (GN), 85,9 ±1,3 cm para el palangre (LL) y 81,3 ±0,7 cm para el cerco (PS). Un elevado porcentaje (65%) de peces tenía una LJFL inferior a 80 cm. Los resultados del test de Kruskal-Wallis indicaron que las diferencias entre las distribuciones de los artes eran muy significativas (P<0,001). La relación talla-peso de todos los ejemplares indicaba un crecimiento alométrico positivo (b=3,34). KEYWORDS Swordfish, Xiphias gladius, fishery, Turkey 1 Ege University Faculty of Fisheries, 35440 Urla, Izmir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] 1471 1. Introduction The swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is a commercially important fish in all over the world and it has been exploited since ancient times. Ward et al. (2000) expressed that the swordfish fishing by mostly using harpoon thousands of years ago as near shore subsistence activities in subtropical areas. The exact time when swordfish fishery starts in Turkey is unknown. However, Turkish swordfish fishery dates back to XVIIth century. In 1630’s, swordfish had been caught via tuna trap nets, deployed along the coast of Beykoz, Istanbul according to “Evliya Çelebi’s Travel Notes” (Kahraman and Dağlı 2008). Quite later, in early 1900’s, Deveciyan (1915), the old director of the Istanbul fish market, stated that the fishing season for swordfish in the Sea of Marmara had been carried out by using harpoon and drift nets in Bosphorus from 15 August to 8 November, and then swordfishes were disappeared due to the colder weather conditions in formerly. Afterwards, Artüz (1963) and Onat (1970) reported that in 1960s, swordfish fishery in the same area was done with gillnet, longline, traps, but mostly by harpoon; the harpooning started in April and it sustained during May and early June, and also gillnetting carried out on moonless nights between September and November in the Bosphorus. The catch statistics indicated that there were unstable catch amounts between 7 tons in 1976 and 589 tons in 1988 (FAO, 2000). In 2007, the catch amount of swordfish was only 423 t. This is about 3% of total landings from GFCM area. However, swordfish fishing is expanding activity in Turkey. Nowadays, more than 150 fishing boats including albacore boats are participated in swordfish fishery, while there was only about 65 boats in early 2000’s (Ceyhan and Akyol, 2009). Although the Turkish swordfish fishery is an old activity, there are only a few studies on swordfish’s biology and fishery (Demir et al., 1956; Artüz, 1963; Onat, 1970; Tokaç et al., 1991; Gökoğlu and Oray, 1992; Alıçlı and Oray, 1995, 1996; Öztürk et al., 2001; Akyol et al., 2005, 2008; Erdem and Akyol, 2005; Akyol and Ceyhan, 2007; Alıçlı, 2008; Ceyhan and Akyol, 2009). After the swordfish fishing in the Aegean Sea had been reported by Ceyhan and Akyol (2009), the present paper provides the first comprehensive description of the swordfish fishery in all of Turkish waters. 2. Materials and methods This study was carried out some main swordfish fishing ports along the Turkish coast between August 2008 and April 2010. The fishery-dependent survey was made with onboard observations. For each fishing boat, the following data by using questionnaire were recorded: (i) the type and technical characteristics of the boat and gears; (ii) fishing areas, periods and fishing methods. Additionally, we interviewed with some old fishermen for historical stories of swordfish. The measurements (±1 cm LJFL and ±50 g RWT) of swordfish were made in both landing site and wholesale fish market. The length-weight relationship of all individuals was calculated as W=aLb, where W is round weight (g), L is lower jaw fork length (LJFL, cm) and a and b are constants. All of means were given with standard error (±SE). 3. Results 3.1 Fishing ports and grounds The swordfish fishery in Turkish waters is carried out by harpoon, longline, pelagic gillnet and purse-seine in both Aegean and Levantine Seas. Although, any swordfish existing in the Sea of Marmara, a total of 50 fishing boats from Marmara coasts are participated to swordfish fishery along the Aegean and Levantine coasts. In general, approximately 150 fishing boats from 21 fishing ports are participated to swordfish fishery from Istanbul to Iskenderun (Figure 1). 3.2 Fleet characteristics, fishing gears and seasons A total of 100 swordfish vessels (67%) were examined and their length of overall (LOA, m), gross tonnage (GT), machine power (hp), age (year), daily fuel consumption (l) and number of personnel were shown in Table 1. Fifteen albacore vessels were also included to fleet. Because, albacore vessels are caught the considerable amount of swordfish as by-catch. At the same time, most of the boats from albacore fleet are usually joined to 1472 swordfish fishery. The fleet was sorted according to fishing gears and the preference of the gears were ordered as gillnet (30%), both gillnet and longline (24%) and harpoon (21%), respectively (Figure 2). 3.2.1 Harpooning Harpooning involves stalking via sighting platform a swordfish that is basking at the sea surface, and then spearing it with a 3-4 m long harpoon with a metal heads attached to a rope. Harpooning started in early 1950’s in the Bosphorus and pair metal heads harpoon, which was invented by fisherman A. Torlak in Poyrazköy (Istanbul), was replaced of the single metal head in a short time (T. Torlak, pers.comm.) and currently, the pair metal heads harpoon is still used by fishermen from Marmara and Gökçeada Islands. Although there is a small portion of catch in limited season, fishermen explain to this method as a hobby. Harpooning is an excitement activity for them. While, harpooning for swordfish in Bosphorus and whole of Marmara Sea was effectively being used until 1970’s, but nowadays, the Saroz Bay is the unique harpooning area. Thirty boats from Marmara and Gökçeada Islands are hunting with harpoon in Saroz Bay between April and June. 3.2.2 Longlining Longlining in the Sea of Marmara was used between early 1960’s and 1975 (R. Ertaş, pers.comm.). In 1974, longlining started in Fethiye (SE Aegean Sea) and this longlines with 30-40 hooks had been used as stable until 1986. The fishermen have been using drifting longlines at the deeper zones since then (O.
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  • Annual Notices to Mariners 2018

    Annual Notices to Mariners 2018

    PUBLICATION OF OFFICE OF NAVIGATION, HYDROGRAPHY AND OCEANOGRAPHY ANNUAL NOTICES TO MARINERS 2018 ÇUBUKLU - İSTANBUL Published in : Turkish Naval Forces Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography 34805 Çubuklu-Beykoz / İSTANBUL Date : April 2018 Telephone : +90 216 322 25 80 Fax : +90 216 331 05 25 e-mail : [email protected] PREAMBLE Annual Notices to Mariners includes the Weekly Notices to Mariners Bulletin of the previous year (01 January - 31 December 2017) and the important information related to the safety of navigation collectively. In order to enhance the safety of life and property at sea and contribute to the protection of the marine environment it is very important to follow the Weekly Notices to Mariners Bulletins and notify Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography about the updated information and changes related to the charts and nautical publications to provide better service to mariners. Fair winds and following seas. Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanograpy I (PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK) TABLE OF CONTENTS PREAMBLE AND CONTENTS I-II . CHAPTER 1 SALES OF CHARTS AND NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 1.1 CHAPTER 2 NOTICES TO MARINERS AFFECTING NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 2.1 - 2.7 CHAPTER 3 TEMPORARY (T) AND PRELIMINARY (P) NOTICES IN FORCE 3.1 - 3.15 CHAPTER 4 NOTICES TO MARINERS AFFECTING NAUTICAL CHARTS 4.1 - 4.146 CHAPTER 5 EXERCISE AND FIRING AREAS 5.1 - 5.13 CHAPTER 6 MARITIME MILITARY FORBIDDEN AND MARITIME SPECIAL SECURITY ZONES 6.1- 6.10 CHAPTER 7 DIVING PROHIBITED AREAS 7.1- 7.12 CHAPTER 8 UNDERWATER CABLES AND PIPELINES 8.1 CHAPTER 9 HYDROGRAPHIC NOTE 9.1 CHARTS SHOWING EXERCISE AND FIRING AREAS AND LONG TERM A1-A5 ANNEX-A DANGEROUS AREAS CHARTS SHOWING MARITIME MILITARY FORBIDDEN AND MARITIME SPECIAL B1-B4 ANNEX-B SECURITY ZONES ANNEX-C CHARTS SHOWING DIVING PROHIBITED AREAS C1-C4 II (PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK) CHAPTER 1 SALES OF CHARTS AND NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 1.