국내․외 기술정보
Medicine plants of folk medicine used for treatment of gastro-intestinal problems in Fergana valley
Valeriy V. Pak 식품기능연구본부
This article presents a review of indigenous medicinal plants used in folk medicine in Fergana valley (Uzbekistan) for treatment of gastro-intestinal problems. The 29 different plantsbelong to 18 different plant spices are presented. The methods of preparation of remedies and utilized parts of plants are described.
Ⅰ. Introduction The purpose of this article is to review the remedies of the folk medicine for treatment of Plant products – as part of foods or botanical gastro-intestinal problems used in Fergana portions and powder – have been used with valley presenting the most densely populated varying success to cure and prevent diseases part of Uzbekistan. throughout history. Several diverse line of evidence indicates that medicinal plants represent the oldest and most widespread form of Ⅱ. Geographic characteristic medication. Until recently, plants were an of Fergana valley important source for the discovery of novel pharmacologically active compounds, with many Fergana valley occupiesa territory about 22.000 blockbuster drugs being derived directly or sq km and divided among Uzbekistan, Tajikistan indirectly from plants [1,2]. As it is estimated and Kyrgystan (Fig. 1). The Fergana Range by World Health Organization (WHO) that 25 % rises in the northeast and the Pamir in the of the active compounds in currently prescribed south. The Gissar and Alay ranges stand across synthetic drugs were first identified in plant the Fergana valley, which lies south of the sources [3]. Thus, to collect information about western Tian-Shan. The Xinjiang region of medicine plant used in folk medicine is valuable China borders the valley in the southeast. The sourcefor discovery of new bioactive compounds. Fergana Valley, consisting partly of the very 식품기술 제18권 제4호(2005. 12) 151 fertile Karakalpak steppe and partly of desert based on the affected part or organ of the land, is drained by the Syr Darya river and human body, reveals that wide use in numerous mountain streams, which are fed by medicalpurpose the next plants belong to snowfields and glaciers in the mountains. The following families: Lamiaceae –19 group of diseases, valley owes its fertility to two rivers, the Naryn Apiaceae – 18, Asteraceae – 17, Rosaceae – 17, and the Kara Darya, which unite in the valley Fabaceae – 17, Caryophyllaceae – 16, Scrophylariaceae to form the Syr Darya. – 16, Ranunculaceae – 15, Brassiacaceae – 14, Poaceae – 14, Pol ygonaceae – 13, Malvaceae – 12, Boraginaceae – 12 and Anacardiaceae – 10 [5]. From above amount, a great number of indigenous plants are employed for the treatment of gastro-intestinal problems then follow dermatological problems and respiratory tract diseases. This article presents the collected data of the indigenous medicinal plants that are employed in Fergana valley by healers and linked with Fig 1. The location of Fergana valley gastro-intestinal problems. Around 180 different plant species present a The climate of this valley is continental, plant cover of this valley. The berry’s trees and average temperature in July is 27.8 0C, in bushes such as Rhamnus coriacea L., Crataegus January is –2 to 9 0C. During the five months pontica C. Koch., Amygdalus bucharica Korsch., following April no rain falls, but it begins again Rosa fedtschenkoana Regel, Ephedra equisetina in October. Snow and frost occur in December Bunge, Ephedra intermediaSchrenk ex C.A. and January [4]. May., are prevailed in mountain part of a basin The large varieties in vegetation pattern are of Isphairam river. The Hippophae rhamnoides observed according to the altitude. The lowlands L., Glycyrrhiza koshinsryi Grig., Plantago major covered by desert sedge and grass. The trees L., Bidens tripartite L. are growth in flood-land and bushes are growth in the river valleys. of rives and in mountain tugayes. The bushes of Hypericum perforatum L., Codonopsis Ⅲ. Medicine plants of Fergana clematidea Schrenk, Inula helenium L., Achillea millefolium L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Artemisia valley dracunculus L., Tussilago farfara L., Echinops The plant flora in Uzbekistan is accounted sphaerocephalus L., Cichorium intubus L., more than 4500 different plant species. Among Taraxacum officinalis Wigg., Vince erecta Regel these, 705 different plant species, which belong et Schmalh., Hyoscyamus niger L., Salva to 91 different families,present the medicine scalarea L., Zizipfora pamiralaica Juz. Ex plants in Uzbekistan. Analysis of the medicine Nevski, Origanum tythanthumGontsch., Lagochilus flora which is categorized into 20 major groups paulseniiBrig are the most prevalent plant 152 국내 ․ 외 기술정보/Medicine plants of folk medicine used for treatment of gastro-intestinal problems in Fergana valley covering a basin of Shakhimardan river. Some names that are used as remedies for treatment of the plant species such as Aconitum of gastro-intestinal problems. Among them, seravschanicumSteinb., A. talassicum M. Pop., some remedies were prescribed for treatment of Allium suvorovii Regel, Adonis chrysocyathusHookfil several diseases that are also described in Table 1. et Thoms., Delphinium knorringanum B. Fedtsch., The symptomsof the gastro-intestinal disorders Physochlaina alaica ex Kovalevsk., Salvia were defined as stomachache, indigestion, margaritaeBotsch., are the rare plant species diarrhea, gastric ulcer, colitis, abdominal pain, growth in this area [6, 7]. The Table 1 presents constipation and dysentery. the scientific names of plants with their family Analyses of the preparative form of remedies
Table 1. Remedy and preparation methods for treatment of diseases with gastro-intestinal problems
Plant part Scientific name Family Symptoms Preparation and administration used Bunium persicum Apiaceae Seed As digestive Infusion as tea Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Seed Indigestion Infusion as tea Root latex is collected in a small box. A small piece of that, as a Stomachache Ferula assa-foetida L. Apiaceae Latex wheat grain, swallowed once or and piles twice a day before meals for 29 days The pounded with milk or oil and Stomachache Arum korolkowi Regel Araceae Tuber ingested Cuts Powdered and used externally Stomachache, abdominal pain, Eminium regelii Araceae Root internal Powdered and used internally diseases, dysentery Artemisia Asteraceae Flower Stomachache Infusion as tea absinthium Helichrysum Root Stomachache Powdered, ingested Asteraceae maracandicum Flower Liver diseases Infusion as tea Inula grandis The roots are squeezed for Schrenk./ Inula obtaining sap. The one teaspoonful Asteraceae Root Gastric ulcer helenium L./ Inula of that is drunk before meals for Britannica L. fortnight A black tough material called Jaundice, "Kiyamizirk" is prepared by stomachache evaporation of aqueous extract to Berberis oblonga and dorsal dryness. "Kiyamizirk"is melted Berberidaceae Root Schneid. pain inside a glass of hot water prior to oral administration. Small piece of "Kiyamizirk" is Arthralgia ingested 3 times a day 식품기술 제18권 제4호(2005. 12) 153
Plant part Scientific name Family Symptoms Preparation and administration used Jaundice, Juice is recommended to drunk in Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Fruit stomachache large amount Jaundice, Used cooked fruit and seed as Cucurbita pepo L. Cucurbitaceae Seed, fruit stomachache food Inflammatory Boiled in milk and used internally Root bowel Dipsacus dipsacoides Dipsacaceae In summer a piece of bread is Latex As drastic smeared with latex and kept at home for subsequent uses. One part of fruit is put inside two parts of sunflower oil and left for Hippophae Elaeagnaceae Fruit Gastric ulcer extraction during a month. One rhanmnoides L. teaspoonful of this extract is taken 3 times a day before meals In summer latex or in winters Euphorbia (all species) Euphorbiaceae Latex, leaf Constipation infusion of two leaves are administered Stomachache, Herb Decoction as tea Hyperricum jaundice Hypericaceae perforatum L. Flowered Headache Decoction as tea herb Flowered Stomachache, Hyperi cum scabrum L. Hypericaceae Decoction as tea herb diarrhea Mixture of herbs with those of Urtica dioica and Viola spp. are Mentha longifolia L. Juglandaceae Herb Stomachache pounded together to obtain sap and drunk every morning 1-1.5 hour before breakfasts Dracocephalum Labiatae Leaf Stomachache Decoction as tea komarovii Oxytropis Leguminosae Leaf Gastric ulcer Decoction as tea leucocyanea Leaves are squeezed to obtain Aloe striatila Liliaceae Leaf Stomachache sap and taken orally 3 times a day Stomachache Decoction as tea
Radiola heterotonta Left inside vodka for 15 days at Linaceae Root room temperature. 25-30 drops of Roth. Gastric ulcer reddish extract is taken 3 times a day 15-20 min before meals 154 국내 ․ 외 기술정보/Medicine plants of folk medicine used for treatment of gastro-intestinal problems in Fergana valley
Plant part Scientific name Family Symptoms Preparation and administration used
Stomachache Plantago lanceolata L Plantaginaceae Leaf Decoction as tea in man
Stomachache, Leaf, herb Decoction as tea peptic ulcer One fresh leaf is ingested before Stomachache meals Stomachache Leaf Decoction as tea in woman Stomachache Cooked as meal and ingested
To provoke maturation of Fresh leaf is applied over abscess abscess or as Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae styptic in cut
The pain part is covered by fresh Rheumatic pain leaf
Headache Fresh leaf is applied on forehead
Cut into small pieces and mixed Against gastric with sugar, then kept in a warm and intestinal place for 3 weeks. One tablespoonful cancer of this extract is taken before meals Diarrhea Decoction as tea Pounded with milk or yogurt and Jaundice Zea mays L. Poaceae Seed eaten To pass Decoction as tea kidney stone
Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae Herb Stomachache Decoction as tea
Two tablespoonful of powdered material is added in 200 ml of hot Polugonum Flowering Polygonaceae Hemorrhoid water and left for 3-4 h. One hydropiper L. herb tablespoonful of this extract is drunk before meals for 20-25 days 식품기술 제18권 제4호(2005. 12) 155
Plant part Scientific name Family Symptoms Preparation and administration used Fresh leaves are wilted in boiling water for a few seconds and then Leaf Diarrhea left to dry. Dried leaves are ingested to stop diarrhea Rheum tataricum L. Polygonaceae Abdominal Powdered and used internally pain Root Hypertension Decoction as tea
Mixture of herb (with Mentha longifolia and Viola spp.) is Stomachache pounded to obtain sap and administered every morning 1-1.5 hour before breakfasts
Sap obtained from fresh herb is As vulnerary applied over wounds
To release Decoction as tea kidney stone
Uterine Concoction with Equisetum arvense bleedings or Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Herb herbs, as tea wounds
Pounded and applied on waist Kidney stone where kidney’s line
Rheumatic Used externally pain
Pruritic Decoction as tea or externally diseases
Rheumatic Affected extremities are exposed pain to the vapors of boiling extract
Sap obtained by pounding the mixed herbs (with Mentha longifolia Viola collina Bess. Violaceae Herb Stomachache and Urica dioica) is administered every morning 1-1.5 hour before breakfasts 156 국내 ․ 외 기술정보/Medicine plants of folk medicine used for treatment of gastro-intestinal problems in Fergana valley shows that decoction and infusions are definitely as: aphrodisiac function of isolated two sexwiterpenes the most prevalent methods from dried materials named as ferutinine and tenuferidine from and are prescribedas tea, whilst fresh leaves or Ferula plants; desoxypeganine hydrochloride herbs are generally pounded to obtain sap before which is presented chloride derivatives of the the administration. The different extraction alkoloid desoxypeganine having an inhibitory procedures may be applied for preparation of activity against of cholineesterases, was found remedies. Vodka is used for extraction the less in Peganum harmala recently, the three new polar components (Radiola heterotonta) or icetexane diterpenes, cyclocoulterone, komaroviquinone boiling milk, which is used to prepare the and a 20-norabietane diterpene, dracocephalone remedy from Cucurbita peposeeds against were isolated and identified from D. kamarovi dysuria or from Dipsacus dipsacoidesroot [8, 9]. against inflammatory bowel. More complicated techniques were used for the preparation of Ⅳ. References remedy, which is prescribed against of 1. G.A. Gordell. Biodiversity and drug discovery. A hypertension (Korolkouwie sewersowii) and symbiotic relationship. Phytochemistry 55 against gastric intestinal cancers (Plantago (2000), 463-480. major leaves). 2. D.J. Newman. The influence of natural Some of the remedies were presented as products upon drug discovery. Nat. Prod. Res. condensed extract, which is obtained by water 17 (2000), 215-234. evaporation, then wrapped in a small pieces of 3. F.M. Balandrin, J.A. Klocke, E.S. Wurtele, vinyl sheet. A small piece of this tough material W.H. Bollnger. Natural plant chemicals: is cut by a knife and swallowed like a pill or Sources of industrial and medicinal materials. placed in a glass of hot water to melt prior to Science. 228 (1985), 1154-1160. oral administration (Berberis oblongaroots 4. D. Tekeli. Uzbekistan. Profile’99. Europen against arthralgia and dorsal pain). Economic Consultancy Center: Ankara, 1999, Analysis of the indigenous medicinal plants 143-179. reveala number of medicinal plants also used in 5. O.K. Khodzhimatov, T.G. Pak. The medicine folk medicine in Chine, Russia, Korea, India and flora potential of the South-West Tian-Shan. other countries. Although, it should be pointed Bulletin of "Tinbo", 1 (2005), 16-18. that method preparation of remedy form from 6. Red Data Book of Republic Uzbekistan. the same plants may be different to those in Plants. Chinor ENK: Tashkent, 1998, V 2. Uzbekistan. 7. M.H. Akhmedova, A.M. Makhmedov. Medicine Phytochemical and pharmacological analyses of plants of Fergana. Bulletin of "Tinbo", 1 some indigenous medicinal plants revealed (2005), 30-33. biological active compounds of these plants such 8. N. Uchiyama, F. Kiuchi, M. Ito, G. Honda, Y. 식품기술 제18권 제4호(2005. 12) 157
Takeda, O.K. Khodzhimatov, O.A. Ashurmetov. Takeda, O.K. Khodzhimatov, O.A. Ashurmetov. New icetexane and 20-norabietane diterpene A trypanocidal diterpene with novel skeleton with trypanocidal activity from Dracocephalum from Dracocephalum komarovi. Tetrahedron komarovi. J. Nat. Prod. 66 (2003), 128-131. Lett. 45 (2004), 531-533. 9. N. Uchiyama, M. Ito, F. Kiuchi, G. Honda, Y.