Ernst Schubert Vom Gebot Zur Landesordnung

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Ernst Schubert Vom Gebot Zur Landesordnung Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Kolloquien 50 Die deutsche Reformation zwischen Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2001 Die deutsche Reformation zwischen Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit Herausgegeben von Thomas A. Brady unter Mitarbeit von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 2001 Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Lothar Gail in Verbindung mit Arnold Esch, Etienne Francois, Klaus Hildebrand, Manfred Hildermeier, Jochen Martin, Heinrich Nöth, Ursula Peters, Wolfgang Quint und Winfried Schulze Geschäftsführung: Georg Kalmer Redaktion: Elisabeth Müller-Luckner Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Ge­ lehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und ein Förderstipen­ dium sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leistungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglichkeit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Thomas A. Brady (Berkeley, Cal.) war - zusammen mit Prof. Dr. Christof Dip­ per (Darmstadt), Professor Dr. Harold James (Princeton, N.J.) und Dr. Felicitas Schmiedet' (Frankfurt a. M.) - Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 1998/99. Den Oblie­ genheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Thomas A. Brady aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kol­ loquium zum Thema „Die deutsche Reformation zwischen Spätmittelalter und Früher Neu­ zeit“ vom 9. bis 12. Mai 1999 im Historischen Kolleg gehalten. Die Ergebnisse des Kollo­ quiums werden in diesem Band veröffentlicht. Das Historische Kolleg, bisher vom Stiftungsfonds Deutsche Bank zur Förderung der Wis­ senschaft in Forschung und Lehre und vom Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft ge­ tragen, wird ab dem Kollegjahr 2000/2001 in seiner Grundausstattung vom Freistaat Bayern finanziert; seine Stipendien werden aus Mitteln des DaimlerChrysler Fonds, der Fritz Thys­ sen Stiftung, des Stifterverbandes und eines ihm verbundenen Förderunternehmens dotiert. Träger des Kollegs ist nunmehr die „Stiftung zur Förderung der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP Einheitsaufnahme Die deutsche Reformation zwischen Spätmittelalter und Früher Neuzeit hrsg. von Thomas A. Brady unter Mitarb. von Elisabeth Müller-Luckner. - München : Oldenbourg, 2001 (Schriften des Flistorischen Kollegs : Kolloquien ; 50) ISBN 3-486-56565-6 © 2001 Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH, München Rosenheimer Straße 145, D-81671 München Internet: http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de Das Werk einschließlich aller Abbildungen ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzu­ lässig und strafbar. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikrover­ filmungen und die Einspeicherung und Bearbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (chlorfrei gebleicht) Gesamtherstellung: R. Oldenbourg Graphische Betriebe Druckerei GmbH, München ISBN 3-486-56565-6 Inhalt Thomas A. Brady Zur Einführung: The German Reformation between Late Middle Ages and Early Modernity ................................................................................................ VII Verzeichnis der Tagungsteilnehmer....................................................................... XXI Heiko A. Oberman The Long Fifteenth Century: In Search of its P rofile..................................... 1 Ernst Schubert Vom Gebot zur Landesordnung. Der Wandel fürstlicher Herrschaft vom 15. zum 16. Jahrhundert ................................................................................ 19 Manfred Schulze Zwischen Furcht und Hoffnung. Berichte zur Reformation aus dem Reichsregiment.........................................................................................................63 Berndt Hamm Die reformatorische Krise der sozialen Werte - drei Lösungsperspektiven zwischen Wahrheitseifer und Toleranz in den Jahren 1525 bis 1530 ......... 91 Heinrich Richard Schmidt Die Reformation im Reich und in der Schweiz als Handlungs- und Sinnzusammenhang .................................................................................................. 123 Susan C. Karant-Nunn Patterns of Religious Practice: Nontheological Features .............................. 159 Tom Scott The Reformation and Modern Political Economy: Luther and Gaismair com pared....................................................................................................................... 173 Horst Wenzel Luthers Briefe im Medienwechsel von der Manuskriptkultur zum B uchdruck..................................................................................................................... 203 Constantin Tasolt Europäische Geschichte, zweiter Akt: Die Reformation .............................. 231 Register ......................................................................................................................... 251 Thomas A. Brady Zur Einführung The German Reformation between Late Middle Ages and Early Modernity The twentieth century held a curious fate for historical writing on the German Reformation1. The previous century had canonized a vision which made the Prot­ estant Reformation the moment when the modern German nation had been raised from the baptismal font. The creation of this vision began with Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), whose Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation of­ fered the first modern history of the subject2. It remained to his disciples to build his beginnings into the story of German nationhood „from Luther to Bismarck“ and to spread it by means of a river of scholarship which made „the Reformation ... never far below the surface of educated discourse“3. Under the Second Empire, this story acquired in Protestant circles a position „analogous in some ways to that of the Civil War in American historiography, as the crucial and (in a quite literal sense of the term) epoch-making event by which the nature of an entire national community and of its history has been defined“4. At the outbreak of the Great War, this vision of German history donned gray and went to war as one of the „ideas of 1914“5. With Germany’s defeat it nearly shared the monarchy’s fate. Between 1918 and 1960 very little in the way of printed sources and literature was produced which remains indispensable to the 1 Thomas A. Brady, The Protestant Reformation in German History (Washington, D.C. 1998). 2 Thomas A. Brady, Ranke, Rom und die Reformation: Leopold von Rankes Entdeckung des Katholizismus, in: Jahrbuch des Historischen Kollegs (1999) 43-60. 3 David Blackbourn, The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918 (New York 1998) 293. 4 Jaroslav Pelikan, Leopold von Ranke as Historian of the Reformation: What Ranke Did for the Reformation - What the Reformation Did for Ranke, in: Leopold von Ranke and the Shaping of the Historical Discipline, edited by Georg G. Iggers and James M. Powell (Syra­ cuse 1990) 90. 5 Bernd Faulenbach, Ideologie des deutschen Weges. Die deutsche Geschichte in der Hi­ storiographie zwischen Kaiserreich und Nationalsozialismus (Munich 1980) 125-131. VIII Zur Einführung Reformation historian today6. Finally, around 1960 this long historiographical pause moved Bernd Moeller to complain that the German Reformation had de­ clined to „an antiquarian exercise“7. The situation is very different today, to judge by the numbers and the complex­ ity of the publications devoted to the Reformation history8. Looking back over thirty-five years’ scholarship, several tendencies seem to stand out. First, by means of a process which began with the „the harvest of medieval theology“9 and spread to the interpretation of practiced religion10, there has occurred „a growing recognition on the part of Reformation scholars that neither the events nor the ideas of the sixteenth century may be properly understood unless they are seen as the culmination of developments in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries“11. The Reformation has become a late medieval event. Second, with respect to German history, since Moeller made his comment the social historians have forged a near-consensus that the Reformation did not intro­ duce a new, modern era of German history. During the 1970s this insight gave rise to the conceptual basis for the social history of the German Reformation as it is practiced today. It was recognized, on the one hand, by the Marxist historians in the German Democratic Republic, who saw the Reformation and the Peasants’ War as an „early bourgeois revolution“ - though „premature“ is more accurate than „early“ - which failed to unite the German nation or to create favorable con­ ditions for the growth of capitalism in the Holy Roman Empire12. Among non- Marxist social history, on the other hand, the rise of an interpretation of German and European history in terms of a highly durable social order based on legally defined status groups (altständische Gesellschaft) encouraged a strong emphasis on the continuity of all German (and European) history between the twelfth cen­ tury and the eighteenth. This change made the Reformation an „early modern“ event, though „pre-modern“ would have been a
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