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Change the Story. Framework Foundations 2

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Change the Story. Framework Foundations 2 Appendix 3: Independently authored think pieces Note: This is Appendix 3 of the following document: Our Watch, Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS) and VicHealth (2015) Change the Story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence against women and their children in Australia: Framework Foundations 2. It comprises eight independently authored ‘think pieces’ that were commissioned by Our Watch. The views expressed in these papers are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the position of the framework partnership. Suggested citation for these papers: Author(s), (2015), individual paper title, paper prepared for Our Watch. Available in Our Watch, Australia’s National Research Organisation for Women’s Safety (ANROWS) and VicHealth (2015) Change the Story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence against women and their children in Australia, Our Watch, Melbourne, Australia. CONCEPTUALISING CHILDREN IN A PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND CHILDREN FRAMEWORK Think piece paper for the development of the national framework to Prevent Violence against Women and their Children Prepared for Our Watch Monica Campo Summary This paper examines how children should be conceptualised within a national framework for preventing violence against women. It raises issues and areas for consideration in the development of the framework and the implications for policy and practice. It is predominately focused on male violence against women and children that occurs typically in the context of family or intimate relationships. It is acknowledged that there are other patterns of violence within relationships that need consideration in a violence prevention framework, for example violence in non-heterosexual relationships, which is beyond the scope of this paper. It is also acknowledged that family violence takes on many forms including sibling violence and violence perpetrated by women against their partners, however, it is the overwhelming majority of domestic and family violence that is perpetrated by men against women and children (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014) that forms the focus of this paper. The inclusion of children in a national framework to prevent violence against women: reflects that many women who experience male violence are mothers, carers or guardians of children acknowledges that exposure to violence is a form of harm for children acknowledges that child abuse and violence against women are interconnected acknowledges that men’s violence against women and children can occur across the life course. This discussion provides an overview of the ways in which children are involved in and affected by domestic and family violence, and how the co-occurrence of domestic and family violence with child abuse might be understood within a broader understanding of violence, perpetuated against women and children by men, across the lifespan. While preventing child abuse is not within the scope of a national framework to prevent violence against women, it is imperative that such a framework considers these overlapping realms, examining how they might intersect. Of particular importance to the prevention framework is the link between childhood experiences of abuse including experiencing domestic and family violence, and future perpetration of violence. Recent research suggests that violence-supportive attitudes and adherence to traditional gender roles are at the crux of understanding the link between childhood exposure and future perpetration. Some researchers and scholars studying violence against women now suggest that the perpetration of violence against women and children should be understood as existing along a continuum of male violence that spans the life course. Harmful forms of hyper-masculinity that link manhood with power, control, aggression and competition are factors linked to violence against women, and violence and abuse against children. For this reason, challenging traditional gender roles and harmful forms of masculinity are important for prevention policies and practice across the child protection and domestic violence sectors, but this should occur alongside supporting families and enhancing access to services, education and social support. It is crucial that the complexity of women and children’s lives is considered in a national framework and that the framework speaks to the diversity of experiences, acknowledging the intersecting cultural, social and historical factors that are relevant to specific groups at higher risk of experiencing violence. However, it is equally important that the framework focus on challenging the gendered norms and violence-supportive attitudes that continue to sustain and perpetuate violence against women. Introduction This paper explores issues for consideration in including children in a framework to prevent violence against women and their children. Violence against women can include a host of specific forms of violence experienced by women and girls including sexual violence, intimate partner violence, domestic and family violence, as well as practices that are harmful to women and girls such as female genital mutilation and forced marriage (United Nations, 1993; World Health Organization, 2010). In this paper however, violence perpetrated by men and experienced by women and children within the context of a family or domestic relationship is of most relevance. There are several obvious overlaps between violence against women and violence against children, though prevention efforts have largely been developed in isolation (Lessard & Alverez-Lizotte, 2015). The most obvious overlap is that children are frequently exposed to violence against their mothers, grandmothers and other carers or relatives (Indermaur, 2001; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014, particularly at times of parental separation (De Maio et al., 2013. Such exposure to domestic and family violence is recognised as a form of harm to children in some state and territory child protection frameworks, the Australian Government’s National Framework for Protecting Australia’s Children 2009–2020 (Council of Australian Governments, 2009a), and the federal Family Law Act 1975 (Cth). Research suggests that in families where domestic and family violence is present, it often occurs alongside child abuse including child sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect (Goddard & Bedi, 2010; Finkelhor, Ormrod & Turner, 2007). Another significant overlap, and of particular implication for a prevention framework, is that exposure to domestic and family violence is a key risk factor for future perpetration of violence against women, though the social and familial context of an individual’s exposure is important for understanding this correlation (Fulu et al., 2013; Heise & Fulu, 2014). While preventing child abuse is not within the scope of a national prevention of violence against women framework, it is imperative that such a framework considers these overlapping realms, examining how they might intersect. Conceptually this is a somewhat fraught exercise, given that addressing children’s exposure to domestic and family violence, and other forms of child abuse would seemingly fall under the umbrella of tertiary response rather than primary prevention. However, as Heise and Fulu (2014, p. 24) argue, “any serious effort to prevent the abuse of women must take on the challenge of preventing violence in early life”, including children’s exposure to violence between parents. Over the last decade, prevention frameworks in both the child protection and violence against women sectors have adopted a public health approach to prevention (Council of Australian Governments, 2009a; VicHealth, 2007; World Health Organization, 2010). A socio-ecological framework for preventing violence against women acknowledges that violence is determined by multiple and complex interrelated factors at varying levels of influence including the individual, community and society (Heise, 1998; World Health Organization, 2010). Within the socio-ecological model, it is thought that the prevention of violence against women needs to address the ways in which gender inequality and socio-cultural factors intersect with life-course factors, such as experiencing child abuse and exposure to domestic and family violence in childhood (Heise & Fulu, 2014; Ellsberg et al., 2014). Child protection frameworks focus on addressing risk factors in early life and supporting families through education and access to health care and social services (Council of Australian Governments, 2009a). There is scope for prevention frameworks in both policy sectors to complement each other to work toward an end to violence against women and children through both supporting families and addressing the gender norms and violent-supportive attitudes at the crux of violence against women. This work however, would need to be relevant to the diversity and complexity of women and children’s lives, acknowledging the intersecting cultural, social and historical factors that are relevant to specific groups in the Australian population. This paper first summarises what is known about the relationship between childhood exposure to domestic and family violence, and the co-occurrence of domestic and family violence with child abuse, and then considers how this overlap might be conceptualised within a broader understanding of men’s violence and masculinity. The ways in which media, advertising and pornography impact on children is also
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