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Vibrio Mytili Sp. Nov., from Mussels MAR~A-JESUS PUJALTE,'" MARGARITA ORTIGOSA,~MARIA-CAMINO URDACI,~ ESPERANZA GARAY,L and PATRICK A

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Vibrio Mytili Sp. Nov., from Mussels MAR~A-JESUS PUJALTE,' INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1993, p. 358-362 Vol. 43, No. 2 0020-7713/93/020358-05$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1993, International Union of Microbiological Societies Vibrio mytili sp. nov., from Mussels MAR~A-JESUS PUJALTE,'" MARGARITA ORTIGOSA,~MARIA-CAMINO URDACI,~ ESPERANZA GARAY,l AND PATRICK A. D. GRIMONT2 Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universitat de Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain, and Unit6 des Enterobacteries, U199, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Mkdicale, Institut Pasteur, F75724 Paris Ceda 15, France2 Five strains isolated from mussels (harvested off the Atlantic Spanish coast in 1985 and 1986) were found to be phenotypically distinct from previously described Vibrio species, They showed 94 to 100% intragroup relatedness as determined by DNA-DNA hybridization (S1 nuclease method) but were found to be only 1 to 25% related to other Vibrio species. These strains have all of the properties that define the genus Vibrio and can be clearly differentiated from other species by their positive responses in tests for Thornley's arginine dihydrolase, gas production from glucose, growth in media containing 10% NaCl, and acid production from sucrose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, and D-cellobiose and their negative responses in tests for lysine decarboxylase, the Voges-Proskauer reaction, growth without NaCl and at 40°C, hydrolysis of gelatin, casein, starch, DNA, and alginate, and acid production from D-mannose. The G+C ratio of the DNA is 45 to 46 mol%. The name Vibriu mytili is proposed for the new species; strain 165 (= CECT 632) is the type strain. The genus Ebrio currently contains more than 35 species, boiling and filtering of the medium. For DNA hybridization most of which are of marine origin. In addition to the 22 experiments, a collection of Vibrio DNA was used (37) Vibrio species described in Bergey's Manual of Systematic (Table 1). Bacteriology (2), 14 new species have been recognized (3,4, Physiological and conventional biochemical characteriza- 7, 9, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 31, 33, 36, 37, 41)- Phenotypic tion. Unless otherwise indicated, incubations were done at characterization data for many fresh isolates indicate that it 28°C and commercial media were supplemented with 1% is often difficult to correctly identify these organisms to (wt/vol) NaC1. The oxidation-fermentation test and the test species level and suggest that a number of isolates might for gas production from glucose, both performed in F1 correspond to undescribed species (6, 21, 28, 39, 40). medium (l), tests for motility, swarming, and a specific It is generally agreed that a bacterial species is a group of requirement for sodium, and nutritional screening on multi- strains with high levels of intragroup DNA relatedness which inoculated basal medium plates were performed by using can also be recognized by phenotypic traits (38). There is no previously described methods (1). The oxidase test, the such operational definition of a genus at the present time. Voges-Proskauer test (24 and 48 h), tests for Moeller's Although phylogenetic criteria are of tremendous impor- decarboxylases for lysine and ornithine, the salt tolerance tance in delineating a genus (and higher taxa), it has been test, and tests for acid production from carbohydrates and agreed that genera should contain species with common esculin hydrolysis were performed by using the methods of phenotypic traits to allow phenotypic identification at the Lee and Donovan (22). Arginine dihydrolase (ADH) activity genus level (26). Although splitting of the genus Vibrio into was tested by two methods: Thornley's method, as modified Hbrio sensu strict0 and the genus Listonella on the basis of by Baumann and Baumann (l), and Moeller's method in molecular data has been proposed (25), there is not general decarboxylase medium base (Difco) containing 0.5% L-argi- agreement about the constituent species of the genus Lis- nine (Merck) and 1%NaCl (i.e., as lysine decarboylase and tonella (10, 35) or the phylogenetic justification of this proposed genus (8, 27), and most workers still refer to ornithine decarboxylase). Although these methods are gen- Listonella spp. as Ebrio spp. for phenotypic reasons. erally considered to be equivalent, only the first method Five strains isolated from mussels could not be identified gives reliable differential results in some species (29, 32). as any known Vibrio species (28). The purpose of this work Alginate hydrolysis, amylase, Tween 80 hydrolysis, and was to examine the taxonomic position of these strains nitrate reduction tests were done as described by Furniss et relative to known species by DNA-DNA hybridization and al. (13). Indole production and H2S production were tested extensive phenotypic tests. The outcome is the description on SIM medium (Difco) after 24 h. Growth at different of a new species named Vibrio mytili. temperatures was tested on tryptone soya broth after 24 h for 37,40, and 42"C, after 7 days for 1O"C, and after 2 weeks for 4°C. Catalase activity was detected by flooding a slant of MATERIALS AND METHODS nutrient agar with 10 volumes of H20,. Luminescence was Bacterial strains. I? mytili 163, 165= (T = type strain), 167, visualized in the dark after 10 min of adaptation with 24-h 178, and 185, the strains that constituted phenon 3 (28), were cultures grown on seawater agar. Susceptibility to vibrio- isolated from Mytilus edulis and were maintained as working static agent OD29 (150 pg) was tested as described by stocks at room temperature in semisolid seawater agar Baumann et al. (2) by using Oxoid discs and nutrient agar containing 1% (wt/vol) peptone, 0.3% meat extract, and containing 0.9% NaCl. Urease activity was tested on urea 0.3% purified agar dissolved in 75% (vol/vol) aged, filtered broth (Difco) incubated for 6 days. Citrate utilization was seawater in distilled water; the pH was adjusted to 7.3 after tested on Simmons citrate agar (Oxoid). DNase activity was read after 48 h of incubation by flooding DNase agar (Oxoid) plates with a 0.1% (wt/vol) aqueous solution of toluidine * Corresponding author. blue. A pink coloration around the growth was recorded as 358 VOL. 43, 1993 WBRIO MYTILI SP. NOV. 359 positive. The gelatin liquefaction test was performed by TABLE 1. Levels of reassociation between DNA from V. mytili using method 1 of Smibert and Krieg (34). Tyrosine, xan- 165T and DNAs from members of other Vibrio species thine, and casein media were prepared as double-layered and related genera plates containing marine agar 2216 (Difco) in the bottom % Reassociation with layer and marine agar supplemented with the substrate (l%, Source of unlabeled DNA" labeled DNA from wt/vol) in the upper layer. Plates were spot inoculated and strain 165' incubated for 14 days. Flagella were visualized after staining Vibrio mytili 165T........................................ 100 (0.0)b by the method of Heimbrook et al. (19). V. mytili 163............................................... 94 (0.5) Assimilation tests. Carbon source utilization tests were I/. mytili 167............................................... 95 (0.0) performed with Biotype strips (BioM&rieux, La Balme-les- V. mytili 185............................................... 100 Grottes, France), which previously have been referred to as I/. parahaemolyticus CECT 512T ................... 25 specially manufactured API strips (37). A 60-ml portion of V. pelagius (Listonellapelagia) Biotype medium no. 1 (BioMhrieux) was supplemented with CIP 102762T............................................ 19 V. harveyi NCIMB 1280T ............................. 18 2.5% NaCl and 0.02% MgC1, and was inoculated with 2 ml of V. alginolyticus NCIMB 1903T ...................... 17 a 100-Nett unit suspension of bacterial cells in 2.5% NaCl in V. campbellii NCIMB 1894T ......................... 17 water. The strips were completely filled with the seeded V. natriegens ATCC 14048T.......................... 15 medium so as to obtain a convex meniscus and incubated at V. diazotrophicus ATCC 33466T .................... 11 30°C for 4 days. The strips were examined visually for V. proteolyticus ATCC 15338T....................... 10 growth after 2 and 4 days. The results were entered in an V. tubiashii CIP 102760T .............................. 9 Apple Macintosh computer by using the Recognizer program V. orientalis CIP 102891T ............................. 9 (Institut Pasteur Taxolab, Paris, France). V. fzuvialis ATCC 33809T.............................. 8 navawensis 1397-6= Determination of G+C content. The melting temperatures V. ................................. 8 V. nereis NCIMB 1897T ............................... 8 of DNA samples in 0.1~SSC buffer were measured with a I/. vulnificus ATCC 27562T ........................... 7 Gilford spectrophotometer (lx SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus V. ordalii NCIMB 2167T............................... 7 0.015 M sodium citrate). DNA from Escherichia coli B was V. (Listonella) anguillantm NCIMB 6T ........... 6 used as a standard (guanine-plus-cytosine [G+C] content, V. (Listonella, Photobacterium) damsela 51.2 mol%). G+C contents were calculated as described by NCIMB 2184T ......................................... 6 Owen and Hill (30). V. mimicus ATCC 33653 ............................. 6 DNA-DNA hybridizations. We used previously described V. cholerae CECT 514T................................ 6 procedures to extract, purify, and shear unlabeled DNA (5). V. cincinnatiensis ATCC 35912T .................... 5 V. meditewanei
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