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Quambalaria Coyrecup and Phytophthora Spp.) on Marri (Corymbia Calophylla) Tree Health in Southwest Western Australia Trudy Paap, Niels C

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Quambalaria Coyrecup and Phytophthora Spp.) on Marri (Corymbia Calophylla) Tree Health in Southwest Western Australia Trudy Paap, Niels C Importance of climate, anthropogenic disturbance and pathogens (Quambalaria coyrecup and Phytophthora spp.) on marri (Corymbia calophylla) tree health in southwest Western Australia Trudy Paap, Niels C. Brouwers, Treena I. Burgess, Giles E. St. J. Hardy To cite this version: Trudy Paap, Niels C. Brouwers, Treena I. Burgess, Giles E. St. J. Hardy. Importance of climate, anthropogenic disturbance and pathogens (Quambalaria coyrecup and Phytophthora spp.) on marri (Corymbia calophylla) tree health in southwest Western Australia. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2017, 74 (3), pp.62. 10.1007/s13595-017-0658-6. hal-02976556 HAL Id: hal-02976556 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02976556 Submitted on 23 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2017) 74: 62 DOI 10.1007/s13595-017-0658-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Importance of climate, anthropogenic disturbance and pathogens (Quambalaria coyrecup and Phytophthora spp.) on marri (Corymbia calophylla) tree health in southwest Western Australia Trudy Paap1,2 & Niels C. Brouwers1 & Treena I. Burgess1 & Giles E. St. J. Hardy1 Received: 25 February 2017 /Accepted: 18 July 2017 /Published online: 14 August 2017 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS 2017 Abstract increasingly affected the health of marri (Corymbia calophylla & Key message Anthropogenic disturbance and (Lindl.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson), a keystone tree species Phytophthora spp., influenced by climate, are resulting in in southwest Western Australia. a higher Quambalaria coyrecup infection probability in & Aims In this study, we investigated the distribution and in- marri (Corymbia calophylla) and the development of can- cidence of the canker disease, and the likely predisposing kers, causing a decline in marri health across the geo- location-specific factors of the disease across the marri range. graphical range in southwest Western Australia. & Methods A systematic landscape-scale survey was undertak- & Context Since the 1970s, a canker disease caused by the en at 62, 100-m radius sites, and canker incidence was related endemic fungal pathogen Quambalaria coyrecup Paap has with climate, rainfall and temperature change, proportion non- native vegetation area (i.e. anthropogenic disturbance) and Handling Editor: Cécile Robin Phytophthora spp. presence using logistic regression. & Results On 54 sites, between 2 and 78% of all surveyed trees Contribution of the co-authors showed cankers. Eight sites were canker free. Since 1980, all Trudy Paap was responsible for the experimental design, data collection – in the field, soil sample analysis in the laboratory and writing of the sites experienced a reduction in annual rainfall (2.2 manuscript. 136.1 mm) and increasing temperatures (0.17–0.53 °C). Niels Brouwers was responsible for data analyses and writing of the Multivariate analyses showed that across the marri range, can- manuscript. ker incidence was significantly higher in wetter and cooler Treena Burgess was responsible for supervising the work, coordinating the research project, contributing ideas and reviewing the manuscript. areas of the marri distribution, and in areas with high propor- Giles Hardy was responsible for supervising the work, coordinating the tions of non-native vegetation area surrounding the studied research project, contributing ideas and reviewing the manuscript. stands of trees. Presence of pathogenic Phytophthora spp. equally increased canker incidence. * Niels C. Brouwers & Conclusion Our study suggests that anthropogenic distur- [email protected] bance and Phytophthora presence may have reduced the nat- ural defence mechanisms of marri trees, making them more Trudy Paap [email protected] vulnerable to the development of mortality inducing cankers. Treena I. Burgess . [email protected] Keywords Quambalaria coyrecup Phytophthora Fungal pathogen . Corymbia calophylla . Marri . Mediterranean-type Giles E. St. J. Hardy ecosystem [email protected] 1 Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia 1 Introduction 2 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Global changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and cli- Pretoria, South Africa mate, combined with local anthropogenic drivers, are 62 Page 2 of 10 Annals of Forest Science (2017) 74: 62 increasingly impacting forest structure and function (Reyer caused declines in marri (Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K.D. et al. 2015). As the human population continues to grow, these Hill & L.A.S. Johnson) health in SWWA. Marri, formerly processes are likely to continue to affect forested ecosystems classified as Eucalyptus calophylla, is a bloodwood tree spe- into the future. Consequently, it is imperative to develop a cies endemic to SWWA. The first stem cankers of marri were better understanding of the changing biological processes re- recorded in the outskirts of the capital city Perth in 1939–1940 lated to climate and land-use change in forests (Jump et al. (MacNish 1963). Further surveys by Cass Smith (1970)locat- 2006; Carnicer et al. 2011;Pengetal.2011; Reyer et al. 2015). ed cankered marri trees in additional regions across its range, The dominant responses in forested ecosystems to gradual and in more recent years the canker disease has become severe declines in rainfall, increasing temperatures and climate ex- and widespread, leading to tree decline and death at various tremes, such as droughts and heat waves, are crown dieback locations (Shearer 1992;Shearer1994;Paapetal.2008; Paap and/or tree mortality (e.g. Phillips et al. 2009; Allen et al. et al. 2017). Marri has a high conservation value as it provides 2010; Carnicer et al. 2011;Pengetal.2011; Brouwers et al. key products and services for both human and native fauna 2012; Huang and Anderegg 2012;Matusicketal.2013; populations in SWWA. The decline in health of marri will Matusick et al. 2014). These responses, however, are highly consequently have a negative impact on the provision of these species specific, with different species showing different and other services (Shearer 1992). As such, it is important to levels of resilience (i.e. ability to recover) to the range of biotic determine where and to what extent the disease is present and abiotic stressors involved (e.g. Allen et al. 2010;Matusick within the marri range and whether predisposing and inciting et al. 2013). While the effects of changing climate on forested factors can be determined and countered through management ecosystems are not always clear-cut (Ayres and Lombardero action. 2000;Daleetal.2001), it is evident that climate change is In this study, we wanted to answer the following questions: increasing the frequency and extent of forest disturbances (i) what is the distribution and incidence of marri canker dis- such as insect outbreaks, wildfires, invasive species and path- ease across SWWA, and (ii) what are the potential predispos- ogens. Different components of global environmental change ing location-specific factors of canker incidence across the are often studied and managed independently, but mounting geographical range of marri? For these analyses, we focussed evidence points toward complex non-additive interaction ef- on factors related to climate, climate change, disturbance and fects between drivers of native species decline (Didham et al. presence of Phytophthora spp. known to be pathogenic to 2007). marri. The apparent parallel trends of increased canker inci- The southwest of Western Australia (SWWA) is a unique dence (Paap et al. 2008;Paapetal.2017) and the observed ecoregion with a Mediterranean-type climate, and is climatic changes (Bates et al. 2008), as well as findings from a recognised as a ‘biodiversity hotspot’ (Klausmeyer and previous study on wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely) in Shaw 2009; Mittermeier et al. 2011). Similar to other SWWA (Brouwers et al. 2012) informed the selection of these Mediterranean-climate ecoregions around the world, threats specific factors. to the unique biodiversity in this region include declining rainfall, clearing of native vegetation and introduced pests and pathogens (Klausmeyer and Shaw 2009). The SWWA has a persistent trend of declining annual rainfall and increas- 2 Materials and methods ing temperatures since the mid-1970s (Bates et al. 2008), which are projected to continue into the future (CSIRO and 2.1 Study species and area BOM 2007;IPCC2013). Since human settlement, native veg- etation has been cleared from around 70% of SWWA, mainly The SWWA has a Mediterranean climate characterised by for agriculture, and is continuing today primarily for mining warm to hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters and urban settlement (Shepherd et al. 2002). Furthermore, (following Peel et al. 2007). Marri, also known as red gum, introduced pests and pathogens, such as the soil-borne plant is a woodland and forest species with a
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