Close-Up: Avocado

159 September 2008 - No.

English version

Doha non-agreement & the banana dispute

European apple & pear harvest forecasts /passionfruit.cirad.fr :/

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved http Content publishedbythe MarketNewsServiceofCIRAD−Allrightsreserved www.dole.fr Cour d’Alsace- Bât.C6A-94619 RungisCedex -Tél.:0156 3426-Fax :0156 34 2699 Dole France ISO 9001:2000 > > > oevu fr sonsavoir-faire marketing etune large Dole vous offre plus grande diversité :Fuerte, Hass, EttingerouRyan… Un engagement detous lesinstants pouroffrir lemeilleurdesfruits etla chaque année. En France, Dolecommercialise plusdetrois millionsdecartons importés Afrique duSud. monde :Israël, Mexique,Kenya, Chili,Pérou, RépubliqueDominicaine et Leader européen enavocats sélectionnés avec soinauxquatre coinsdu segmentation pourpromouvoir l'avocat.

Conception TPC Tél. : 01 41 31 58 90 French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development Performance of Tropical Production and Processing Systems “The term democracy contrasts historically Department with monarchical and oligarchical systems in which the power rests with

Publisher and is transmitted by a small elite group”. This is the definition of democ- Cirad racy proposed in Wikipedia, the web-based encyclopedia. This simple, TA B-26/PS4 straightforward and semantically clearcut sentence seems to be hard to 34398 Montpellier cedex 5 France interpret in the language of international trade in Switzerland—at least Tel: 33 (0) 4 67 61 71 41 with that of WTO members when they are in Geneva. By member, I Fax: 33 (0) 4 67 61 59 28 should specify that I am referring to the ‘most influential members’ of this Email: [email protected] http://passionfruit.cirad.fr prestigious group. Publishing director Hubert de Bon The Doha Round of negotiations last July, involving ministers of the 153 WTO member countries, provided further evidence of the democratic Chief Editors Denis Loeillet and Eric Imbert shortcomings that prevail even within international institutions. Most of these negotiations were actually held in small working groups formed with Editor Catherine Sanchez a scant number of ministers from a few G7 countries. We should nevertheless be heartened by the fact that some emerging countries that were Computer graphics Martine Duportal recently still in the developing stage—such as Brazil and India—will here- after be integrated in this ‘happy few’ group. But efficiency takes prece- Iconography Régis Domergue dence over everything else, of course. However, the other sovereign States and full members of the United Nations may still not be really Website Unité multimédia (Cirad) pleased about this jumpseat. If only for this reason, the parties waiting in Advertising Manager the wings must have been delighted that these discussions failed. Eric Imbert Denis Loeillet Subscriptions Sylviane Morand Translator Simon Barnard Printed by Imp’Act Imprimerie 34980 St Gély du Fesc, France Separate French and English editions ontents ISSN C French: 1256-544X The latest on... English: 1256-5458 p. 2 Doha non-agreement and the banana dispute CPPAP Deus ex machina? French: 0711 E 88281 English: 0711 R 88282 Denis Loeillet © Copyright Cirad p. 4 European apple and pear production Prospects for 2008: open market for pear but keep an eye on Subscription rate apples EUR 190 euros 11 issues per year Cécilia Ceylerette Close-up by Eric Imbert p. 7 AVOCADO EURO - 23 September 2008 The European avocado market: a 2007-08 balance marked by Currency 1 euro = a strong deficit from northern hemisphere production sources US dollar 1.4731 Avocado production in Chile: continued dynamism Japanese yen 155.42 Statistics panorama: world, EU, USA, Japan Swiss franc 1.5926 Producer country sheets: Israel, Peru, Spain Pound sterling 0.79505 Cultivation of avocado Swedish krona 9.5924 Avocado varieties Danish krone 7.4599 Avocado pests and diseases Norwegian krone 8.215 Avocado post-harvest Canadian dollar 1.5233 Australian dollar 1.7511 European Market - June 2008 New Zealand dollar 2.1393 p. 48 Indicators Litchi Brazilian Real 2.67 Avocado Mango Czech koruna 24.143 Banana Pineapple Polish zloty 3.3116 Orange Sea freight Chinese yuan renminbi 10.037 Grapefruit Estonian kroon 15.6466 Slovak koruna 30.285 Eric Imbert, Pierre Gerbaud, Thierry Paqui, Richard Bright Turkish lira 1.8295 Wholesale market prices in Europe South African rand 11.8953 South Korean won 1 692.0 p. 59 June 2008 Source: Central European Bank Cover photograph courtesy of Régis Domergue Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved No. 159 September 2008 1 THE LATEST ON...

Doha non-agreement and the banana dispute

Deus ex machina?

he WTO discussions that which had been presented Geneva in July had let to me- Tstarted in Geneva on 21 quite rightly as the subject of diation by Pascal Lamy and July broke down on 29 July. the most delicate negotiation. the proposing of EUR150 per The tenacity—sometimes tonne on 1 January 2009 and bordering on stubbornness— EUR116 in 2016. In July, the of Pascal Lamy, Director of Latin American countries in the WTO, did not vanquish the the Tropical Products Group misgivings in very many coun- Doubts with regard to made a counter-proposal: tries with regard to opening the partial agreement EUR141 in 2009 and EUR109 their economies a little on banana in 2014. The ACP countries The impossible more. For this fear was then replied by setting the agreement on the the reason for the mul- The question of the scheduled starting point at EUR150 in tilateral agreement lowering of customs dues on 2009 and a decrease to Doha Round running aground. European banana imports EUR116 in 2019. Finally, the negotiations of July Technicians explain from third countries (excluding bargaining finished with a 1998 blocks the that it is a blockage on ACP countries) would thus compromise between the scheduled lowering a secondary theme, seem to be a file that closed Latin American countries and that of SSM (special provisionally. The satisfaction the EU on the basis of of the customs safeguard mecha- shown by the ACP countries EUR148 in 2009 following a tariffs applied to nisms) that allow de- and EU producers is meas- decrease ending at EUR114 dollar bananas velopment countries to ured however as the defence in 2016. imported to the EU. raise customs tariffs of the customs tariff of temporarily to handle EUR176 per tonne is still topi- The few ACP countries most This suits ACP and an increase in imports cal for them. Indeed, real pro- concerned by this agreement community or a fall in prices. The gress was made on the sub- fear that this compromise may producers. But the official line is reassur- ject during the nine days of serve as a basis for all future Geneva talks led to ing and minimises the discussions at the WTO and discussion of the banana difficulties that remain during pre-Geneva negotia- question, quite apart from the a compromise before the Doha tions. Thus, on 30 July, as future of the Doha Agreement. between Europeans Round is finally com- soon as the ministerial meet- The Latin American countries and Latin pleted. This grain of ing was over, the Latin Ameri- have played very well. They Americans. It sand in the machinery can countries profited from the divided carefully in order to can also be seen as a WTO Trade Negotiations rule better, drastically reduc- remains to be way for a majority of Committee to deplore the ing the number of ACP states known whether the members to slow or overall breakdown but above that feel concerned by the EU will wish to set even halt the process. all to congratulate themselves up a partial Negotiators showed on the agreement with the EU their relief when India to settle 16 years of disagree- agreement in order and the United States ment on banana. However, to get rid of the finally came head to the European Commission

whole business or head and took the dampened the enthusiasm of © Régis Domergue wait for a blame for a failure that dollar producers by stating everybody hoped for that the banana dispute is an hypothetical but that nobody wished integral part of the Doha resumption of to endorse. Wrongly or Agreement and cannot be multilateral rightly, the globalisa- removed and signed sepa- negotiations. tion of economies rately. The risk for the EU is to seems to be the sacri- have to further lower the cus- ficial victim for the diffi- toms tariff on the occasion of culties of small peoples to a possible completion of the develop at best or even, for Doha Round or the bloc by some, to succeed in feeding bloc (CACM, Andean Commu- themselves. Phew! The EU nity or Mercosur) conclusion will not take the blame and of bilateral agreements. neither will France, very upset with the European Commis- However, the dossier did not sioner Peter Mandelson and lead to forecasting a possible with Pascal Lamy. And blame compromise. The preparatory will not be laid on bananas discussions for the meeting in

of the ACP states and their growers at a high- level meeting with Michel Barnier, the French minister of agriculture, in Paris on 30 April 2008. They joined a few ACP states in Yaoundé (Cameroon) at the end of August to state once again their solidarity as regards the defence of the customs tariff. They also encouraged the Commission not to give up and to appeal against the conclusions of the panels formed at the re- quest of Ecuador and the United States. Indeed, at the end of 2007 the EU had be condemned to ensure the conformity of its market with international law. The European Commission had until the end of August to lodge appeals against the two decisions with the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB).

… and the Commission's appeal

The suspense lasted until 28 August, when the Commission decided to appeal to the DSB. The Commission kept to the regulation and legal aspects of the ruling, setting aside the strictly economic arguments such as the increase in problem (Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire and Surinam), European banana imports and the favourable with the others considering the discipline of the trend in the market share of the most-favoured group and the erosion of the preferences nation (MFN) group. The process has been set awarded to sugar, rum or cocoa. The ACP coun- in motion and the calendar is a tight one. The tries concerned have very little margin for nego- Commission delivered its written argument to the tiation. It is possible to use the absolute weapon, DSB on 4 September and the other parties have that is to say not ratifying the Economic Partner- until 22 September to deliver theirs. The hearing ship Agreement (EPA) signed with the EU is scheduled in Geneva on 16 and 17 October. (FruiTrop 151, December 2007, pages 7 to 9). The final decision should be made by the end of But this seems fairly unlikely. The most probable November or a few weeks later. Indeed, the DSB option is that of obtaining financial aid, as had secretariat's agenda seems particularly full. been decided when the common market organisation of bananas was set up in 1994 by the As always on the subject of banana, it is very adoption of the special support actions (SSA) difficult to make even short-term predictions. Will system, with funding of EUR78 million, subse- a partial agreement come into force to please quently broadened in 1999 by the special frame- Latin American suppliers, most member-states work of assistance (SFA) with an allocation of and the Commission—all of whom are ex- some EUR367 million and that is to cease at the hausted by the question? Will there be a cate- end of 2009. gorical refusal of the partial agreement so as not to jeopardise the future? Will the Doha Round negotiations be resumed? Will there be final conclusions as regards the US and Ecuadorean The Yaoundé appeal… panels? Uncertainty concerning the near future of the sector still remains 16 years after the set- European producers look askance at a decrease ting up of the common market organisation of in the customs tariff too. They know that the level banana contributes to the good behaviour of the Euro- pean market and hence their incomes. It will be Denis Loeillet, Cirad remembered that they shared the point of view [email protected]

Banana — European Union — Evaluation of banana supplies — Tonnes

Banana type or origin Year Sub-total Exports Supplies Community ACP Others ($)

2003 754 216 786 798 2 578 827 4 119 841 6 020 4 113 821 2004 750 910 782 598 3 073 764 4 607 272 11 029 4 596 243 2005 648 395 764 357 2 959 464 4 372 216 4 970 4 367 246 2006 641 559 905 692 3 290 022 4 837 273 8 392 4 828 881 2007 551 798 837 050 3 841 908 5 230 756 9 270 5 221 486 Source: Eurostat, European Commission / Processing: Cirad Market News Service

European apple and pear production

Prospects for 2008: open market for pear but keep an eye on apples

uropean apple and pear parison with 2007). Total shipped to Russia. However, Eproduction first of all production in EU-27 should forecasts total 630 000 ton- suffered frosts in April that in therefore reach 9.97 million nes at best this year. Like- particular reduced the abun- tonnes (+ 13.6% in compari- wise, intra-community trade dant flowering. Some species son with 2007), an average flows may be smaller as de- sustained losses of more figure 10 to 11 million tonnes mand may well be duller on than 80%. Pears were par- less than the harvests at the the northern European mar- ticularly seriously affected by beginning of the decade. The kets. Indeed, the German frost. However, harvests 2008 pear harvest is the market seems clearer today were compromised above all smallest of recent years at than it was last year (945 000 by a long cold, damp spell in 2.16 million tonnes, 14% tonnes, i.e. a 12% fall in com- the spring. These conditions down on last year's crop. parison with 2007), but the also affected fruit size, decrease in German apple which is fairly promis- exports to eastern European ing and even slightly markets may result in a heav- larger than average ier domestic market. Simi- European apple and for both apple and The great return of larly, the British market may pear harvest pear. Colour should eastern European be lacking for European ex- be satisfactory but apples porters as it may open very forecasts were scab is sometimes late, especially for bicolour made public at the serious. Many fruits After a fairly euphoric first fruits, because of the in- Prognosfruit were also damaged by half of 2008, the apple mar- crease in UK production hail and will be har- ket should gradually return to (+ 16% in 'Gala' and + 11% in congress held in vested for processing. its traditional pattern with the 'Braeburn' in comparison with Kent, UK, last return of eastern European 2007). Processing outlets will month. They show apples to the markets. It is be much less buoyant for true that parameters at the western European production that European Average apple start of the season are more as this benefited in 2007 from production has favourable than in 2007, with the strong deficit in eastern harvest and a prices 20 to 30% been strongly deficit in pears higher as a result of Apple affected by the small quantities Estimated European crop particularly Finally, a European of southern hemi- (EU-15) apple harvest Comparison with (%) unfavourable sphere apples re- of 6.6 million tonnes is maining (shipments 000 tonnes 2008-09 last 4 years 2007-08 weather in the 7% down on 2007, a to the European average deficit comparable to spring. This is market 15% down Total EU-27 9 978 + 13.6 + 1.4 that of 2006 and the on 2007) and prac- of which EU-15 6 652 - 7 - 4.3 resulting is fairly second smallest har- tically no stocks of Spain 643 + 7 + 7 substantial losses vest of the decade. fruits from previous Greece 236 0 - 10 However, the harvest harvests. However, in most production United Kingdom 193 - 2 + 6 in the eastern Euro- this trend may not Netherlands 385 - 3 + 1 zones in western pean countries is re- last and the Euro- Portugal 245 - 5 - 6 Europe. turning to a volume pean market might Italy 1 992 - 7 - 3 close to normal with become heavier France 1 522 - 9 - 10 3.3 million tonnes, fairly rapidly for Germany 945 - 12 - 3 after the very large lack of export out- Belgium 311 - 13 - 10 deficit observed last lets. In 2007, ex- Austria 154 - 18 - 10 year (+ 103% in ports to destina- Denmark 26 - 19 - 5 com- tions outside the of which NMS 3 326 + 103 + 15 EU reached a re- Slovakia 44 + 340 + 63 cord cumulated Hungary 525 + 159 + 15 778 000 tonnes in Poland 236 + 115 + 17 April, that is to say Lithuania 85 + 113 + 12 44% more than in Czech Rep. 144 + 27 0 2006 and including Slovenia 60 - 2 + 4 354 000 tonnes Bulgaria 56 - 7 - 12 © Régis Domergue Source: Eurofel

Apple — Estimated European crop Europe, especially potential is similar to that of 2007. Likewise, the by variety as a large proportion 'Granny Smith' market may be fairly buoyant as of the eastern Euro- production is the same as last year's and export Comparison with (%) pean harvest— outlets are growing, with shipments going to 000 tonnes 2008-09 last 4 years 2007-08 especially in Hun- Russia in particular and also to Asia. average gary and Poland— Jonathan 198 + 288 + 401 has been damaged Idared 640 + 127 + 8 by hail. Shampion 294 + 71 + 18 Market for pears very clear, Gloster 130 + 51 + 17 especially in the second part Lobo 150 + 50 - 9 of the season Red Delicious 701 + 19 + 7 A market Jonagold 713 + 10 + 5 strongly Granny Smith 303 + 1 - 2 In contrast, the situation is distinctly clearer on Gala 1 016 0 + 1 supplied by the pear market as a result of a major deficit for Golden 2 389 - 1 - 3 bicolour fruits the whole range—both summer, autumn and Fuji 185 - 3 + 35 winter fruits. The European season has started Elstar 451 - 7 - 2 The situation may under excellent conditions with no remaining Jonagored 207 - 12 + 2 well be difficult for 2007 pears or 'Packham's' from the southern Cripps Pink 125 - 13 + 52 bicolour apples, and hemisphere—as a result of the previous Braeburn 274 - 14 - 7 especially for European deficit. Trade in summer Source: Eurofel 'Gala', with pears has been very satis- e u rg factory, with a slight deficit pro- e m o duction now exceeding a mil- D in comparison with 2007 is g é lion tonnes. The 2008 har- R ('Guyot' - 3%, © vest is similar to that of previ- 'Williams' - 6%) and ous years but the increase in this promises a good domestic production in the transition to autumn northern European countries and then winter pears. (Germany and the United King- The market should be dom) is upsetting flows and reducing a little very clear in the second part more each year the exports from the other EU of the season as a result of the marked deficit exporting countries. In contrast, supplies of in 'Conference' in northern Europe (- 22% in 'Elstar' (- 7% in comparison with 2007) and comparison with 2007) and 'Abate Fetel' in Italy 'Braeburn' (- 14%) are smaller than they were last year when the crops were large, but the Pear — Estimated European crop figures are similar to previous averages. The by variety 'Cripps Pink' (- 13%), 'Fuji' (- 3%) and Comparison with (%) 'Jonagored' (- 12%) crops should also be 000 tonnes 2008-09 last 4 years smaller than they were in 2007. However, they 2007-08 average will be distinctly above the average for the last three years as production has increased (by Rocha 173 + 27 + 14 52%, 35% and 2% respectively), while the pro- Coscia-Ercollini 109 - 1 + 4 duction of other club varieties such as 'Kanzi', Guyot 102 - 3 - 6 'Junami', 'Rubens', 'Jazz', 'Honey Crunch', William BC 302 - 6 - 7 Abate Fetel 257 - 21 - 14 'Ariane', 'Cameo' Conférence 641 - 22 - 20 and 'Pinova' is still Pear Source: Eurofel increasing in many Estimated European crop countries. The red Comparison with (%) apple market should (- 21% in comparison with 2007), especially as these producers have developed strong export 000 tonnes 2008-09 last 4 years also be more com- 2007-08 average petitive this year in movements (to Russia and also to Asia and both Europe and South America) to sell the very large potential Total EU-27 2 161 - 14 - 16 Russia as a result of planted in recent years. Only the 'Rocha' har- of which EU-15 2 074 - 16 - 16 the return of the vest in Portugal will be large but it cannot make Portugal 177 + 25 + 11 eastern European up the deficit, while Portugal is also developing Greece 54 + 6 + 5 countries. In con- its capacity for export to destinations outside Spain 508 + 3 - 6 trast, the market Europe (South America, Canada and Russia). United Kingdom 25 - 14 - 15 should be fairly sat- Prices are also distinctly higher than in 2007. Italy 755 - 18 - 16 isfactory for 'Golden They should remain firm, especially as in the Germany 46 - 18 - 19 Delicious' even if it light of the deficit operators have already re- France 157 - 29 - 34 might suffer from served part of their production on a contract Netherlands 170 - 33 - 26 backlash from the basis. The deficit is particularly marked in Belgium 177 - 38 - 30 bicolour market as France and the Benelux countries of which NMS 87 + 67 + 13 the remaining stocks Poland 40 + 29 - 33 of the last harvest Cécilia Celeyrette, Infofruit Hungary 40 + 233 + 31 are very small and [email protected] Source: Eurofel

After being exemplary in recent seasons, in particular thanks to the vigour of the US market, growth of the world avocado trade has been obliged to mark time in 2007-2008. Our market watch shows that the volumes traded internationally have fallen from some 650 000 t to 630 000 t. However, the decrease is not a cause for concern as it results from a shortage of supply. Serious production losses in Chile and then in Israel as a result of frosts strongly limited the quantities available during the winter season. This original situation has confirmed the strategic choices made by Mexican exporters in favour of the United States; they made up for the under-supplying of the latter market rather than the EU even though the euro has been strong. The European summer season has also been very interesting. In contrast with the winter season, supplies were large and showed the capacity of the EU market to take large volumes while maintaining a good economic level, probably as a result of accurate forecasting of volumes and the efforts made in promotion by Chilean and Peruvian professionals. This is a promising feature as the world area under avocado is still increasing rapidly.

Contents

p. 9 The European avocado market: a 2007-08 balance marked by a strong deficit from northern hemisphere production sources

p. 19 Avocado production in Chile: continued dynamism

p. 30 Statistics panorama: world, EU, USA, Japan p. 33 Producer country sheet: avocado in Israel p. 37 Producer country sheet: avocado in Peru p. 41 Producer country sheet: avocado in Spain p. 43 Cultivation of avocado p. 44 Avocado varieties p. 46 Avocado pests and diseases p. 47 Avocado post-harvest © Régis Domergue Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved No. 159 September 2008 7 Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved CLOSE-UP

The European avocado market A 2007-08 balance marked by a strong deficit from northern hemisphere production sources

as the breeze of dynamism that blew in It is true that these initiatives are Hthe EU avocado market in 2006-07 not at all on the same scale as dropped? This is what might be concluded from the promotion campaigns in the analysis of the volumes traded from September USA and the UK. The powerful 2007 to August 2008 (2007-08 winter season sales lever formed by ripe/ready- and 2008 summer season). to-eat fruits is still under-used on the continent for lack of involve- After reaching 235 000 t in 2006-07 for the very ment by distributors. However, first time, consumption appears to have de- these campaigns confirm the decreased to around 215 000 t. The drop was termination of certain production particularly marked during the winter season, sources to invest to benefit from with volumes sold losing nearly 50 000 t and the substantial scope for devel- slipping beneath the 100 000-tonne mark. How- opment that still exists on most ever, analysis of the downward trend should European markets. It is important reassure operators as demand is not called into to remember once again that this question. type of operation has given exemplary results in the United Kingdom. A decade of operations to highlight avocado has resulted Promotion in Europe: in the doubling of consumption, 'Trying, but could do better' making the market the second- largest in the EU in terms of The sales promotion programmes set up in quantity. This groundwork has been Europe in 2006-07 after a long period of total continued in the current season inertia have continued. The SAAGA (South as household penetration of African Avocado Growers Association) renewed avocado is still less than 30% its campaign on the French market. Likewise, and this says much about the the campaign run by the AECA (the Spanish potential for further development. association for the promotion of sales of 'Hass') The synergy between South Af- has been renewed. Launched by a group of Spanish operators and South American firms exporting to Spain, the initiative is a particularly interesting one as it is the first generic, multi- origin programme in continental Europe.

Avocat - Evolution des importations des principaux Avocado - Import trends on the main markets marchés 350 2003-04 300 2004-05 2005-06 250 2006-07 2007-08 200

000 tonnes 150 100 50 0 USAUSA EU-25 UE-25 JaponJapan Sources:Sources national : douanes customs, nationales, Cirad Cirad Photos © Régis Domergue

in the EU, Chilean shipments Avocat - Approvisionnement du marché européen Avocado - European market supply by season to the latter market de- par saison creased by about 10 000 t in 160 comparison with the preced- 140 Winter season ing season when the 40 000 t 120 shipped gained Chile the posi- 100 tion of second-largest winter 80 season supplier.

000 tonnes 000 60 Summer season Spanish exporters were unable to profit fully 40 from this very favourable context, as production 20 was not large enough either. The harvest to- 0 talled some 45 000 to 50 000 t, which probably 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 gave export volumes similar to the preceding year (about 35 000 to 40 000 t). After a period Sources:Sources Eurostat, : Eurostat, FruiTrop FruiTrop of expansion, the planted area has stabilised at nearly 9 500 ha. Firstly, the areas still available are limited in the Axarquia area where most rica and Chile also seems to be causing growth avocados are grown, and a fair proportion of dynamics to accelerate, with the operations farmers prefer mango as it is less demanding performed by the Comité de la Palta, the Chil- as regards water, easier to manage and has ean promotion body, being relayed for the third been profitable in recent years. In addition, the year running. spider mite known locally as 'acaro crista- lino' (Oligonychus perseae) has continued to damage the crop although pest Major stakeholders management has started hit by serious to give results. The pest production losses appeared in 2004 and during the winter has since colonised almost all the orchards in season continental Spain. Some professionals say that it has It is clear that supply was caused a production loss of inadequate during the winter some 30% since it appeared, season as two of the main sup- the average fruit weight de- plier countries suffered drastic creased markedly and the trees decreases in production. Israeli were weakened, but not fatally. professionals were doubly hit as the frosty period at the end of Mexican exporters did not benefit January caused serious losses to a from the very open market either in crop that was in the downswing of spite of enormous production reserves alternate bearing. The volumes ex- totalling more than a million tonnes. ported thus fell by half—from 57 000 to Shipments to the EU totalled only 12 500 t, 27 000 t in comparison with the generous an increase of only 2 000 t in comparison with 2006-07 season. The decrease was particularly the preceding season. Exporters clearly fa- marked in 'Hass' as much of the crop remained voured the US market, as shipments during the to be harvested when the cold spell hit. Only period in question increased by 50 000 t in 1.2 million boxes of this variety were exported. comparison with the previous year. This is a

Frost seriously affected the Chil- ean harvest too. The northern Avocat - Evolution de l'approvisionnement d'été par Avocado - Evolution of the summer season supply part of Region V, the main pro- origine duction zone, was hit by three 50 waves of frost during summer South Africa 2007. Thus even though the 40 planted area had increased (see the article about Chile), Chilean 30 exports amounted to some Peru 116 000 t, about 50 000 000 tonnes 20 t less than in the 10 preceding sea- Kenya son. In spite of 0 a clear determi- 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 nation to strengthen the Sources:Sources Eurostat,: Eurostat, FruiTrop FruiTrop

country's position Photos © Régis Domergue

Continued dynamism during AvocatAvocado - Prix - Monthly moyen average mensuel price sur on lethe marché French françaismarket the summer season 2.5 Although the volumes changing hands clearly 2.0 marked time during the winter, trade statistics 1.5 for the 2008 summer season should reveal a new, marked increase. The figures are not yet

euro/kg 1.0 final but the total should approach 100 000 t, for 0.5 the first time ever equivalent to the volumes sold in the winter season! This performance 0.0 deserves praise, especially as the increase has OND JFMAMJ JAS been very rapid, with the volumes doubling since the beginning of the decade. 07/08 06/07 05/06 04/05 This progress results to a considerable extent SourceSource: :FruiTrop FruiTrop from shipments from Peru, which have increased tenfold in six seasons and should probably exceed 45 000 t in 2008. Production clear illustration of the strategic choices made should continue to grow in the years to come as by most Mexican exporters, for whom the EU is some 6 000 ha of 'Hass' plantations were re- just an occasional market. corded in 2007 according to Prohass—the

Outsiders doing very well

The greatest increase was seen in shipments from 'outsider' sources. Arrivals from the Dominican Re- public exceeded 3 000 t for the first time, an increase of about 1 000 t in comparison with the previous season.

The increase in Moroccan exports to Europe is even more spectacu- lar and seems to be less opportun- istic. After being almost unknown as an avocado shipper in 2006-07, this source exported more than 1 700 t to the EU in 2007-08, most of this being sold on the French © Régis Domergue market. A few operators are working on the building up of an avocado export equivalent of a 60 000 t harvest in the end— chain with the EU market as the main outlet and the planted area is still increasing! It will (see box). therefore be understood that the Peruvian chain, practically a captive of the European market (the Chilean market opened in 2007 still takes only very moderate quantities), is impa- tiently awaiting the opening of the US frontier. AvocatAvocado - Prix - Average moyen price en Francein France et (euro/kg)volumes The negotiations for the recognition of all or part andcommercialisés volumes marketed dans in thel'UE EU of Peruvian production as free of fruitfly could 250 soon reach a conclusion and perhaps allow the 1.94 1.85 shipment of the first batches during the next 200 1.82 1.60 1.59 season. What welcome will await Peruvian avocado on the US market, as the export season in 150 Peru runs from April to August, the heart of the 1.48 1.41 California season? Reasonable optimism is 100 1.26 allowed as consumption is tending to increase

000 tonnes 000 1.20 considerably during this part of the year, but 50 volumesVolumes commercialisésmarketed (EU) (UE) competition with Mexico, whose exports are prixaverage moyen price (France) (France) strongly present at this time of the year, may 0 well be fierce. However, although Michoacán 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 exporters have clear advantages as regards Sources:Sources Eurostat,: Eurostat, FruiTrop FruiTrop proximity, the game is far from being lost by

Is Morocco the new outsider? fairly strong wind, can be a problem in some years. A few plantations in the Souss and in the Azemmour region complete Moroccan avocado production. Hitherto unknown on the international scene, the Moroccan avocado sector seems to be coming out into the open. Pre- Production is handled by a very small number of large op- viously marginal exports reached some 2 000 t during the erations and by a great number of small growers. The fruits 2007-08 season. The sector is still modest and its size diffi- are mainly sold locally and often eaten in the form of a milk- cult to estimate for lack of recent figures. Professionals con- shake. The varieties such as 'Bacon' and 'Zutano' that are sider that some 1 000 not particularly sought- ha yields 7 000 to after for export still form 8 000 t. They also agree a fair proportion of pro- that there has been duction and small fruits considerable recent grown locally or im- expansion. ported from Spain sell well. Most of the plantations on the north-western Two structures handle coastal strip of Morocco practically all exports, from between the south that consist mainly of of Rabat (Temara) and 'Hass'. The fruits are Tangiers. However, the sold mainly on the planted area is decreas- French market and a ing in the Rabat region few batches are shipped because of pressure to the UK. from building and the heart of the planted area Sector development is is tending to be between currently driven by a few Larache and Kenitra. rare specialists who are The mild Mediterranean investing significantly in climate with very rare the crop and should frosts is well–suited to the crop, as are the fairly sandy soils accelerate. First, the good results achieved during the last in the coastal area. Furthermore, water availability is fairly season will probably attract new producers. Second, Span- good. Average rainfall has decreased in recent years and is ish growers seem to be increasingly interested in Morocco now only 300 to 400 mm. However, groundwater is not as in order to achieve growth in a sector that is difficult to de- heavily exploited as in the south of the country and is still velop in the Malaga region, in particular as a result of the fairly plentiful and of good quality. The Chergui, a hot and growth of urban pressure and shortage of water.

their Peruvian counterparts whose pro- and steps are still in progress to obtain duction prices seem to be very reason- access to the Chinese, Japanese and able in spite of the cost of transport US markets. (high productivity, inexpensive labour, etc.). Moderate volumes from Kenya A 'normal' season for South Africa Kenyan exports were moderate, especially when the market was very open. Sector professionals suffered from a At 43 000 t, supplies of South African series of problems. Serious spring drop fruits have remained within the usual followed by very wet weather limited the 35 000 to 45 000 t range. Although the quantity of exportable fruits. In addition, planted area is not increasing any more political problems paralysed business at and seems to have stabilised at 12 000 the beginning of the season. Finally, ha since 2002-03, its varietal composi- although transport times to Europe are tion is still changing to the benefit of better than they were in 2007, loading 'Hass'. The share of the latter variety in times in Mombasa were often incompati- total exports has increased from 45% ble with what fresh fruits can stand. at the beginning of the decade to some Ironically, this deterioration is linked with 50% in recent seasons. New cultivars the setting up of a new system of com- have appeared recently, including puterised container management at the 'Maluma Hass'®, a variety that is more port that should have corrected past productive than traditional 'Hass' and weaknesses. However, real efforts have about a month earlier. The volumes been made to improve the quality of earmarked for export to the EU should fruits from small growers, especially not increase in the medium term. The under the aegis of USAID. Control of domestic market is tending to develop anthracnose has been strengthened and

several small oil mills have been installed to make used of category II fruits.

European markets with varied dynamics

Not all EU countries were affected to the same degree by the decrease in supply during the winter season. Analysis of apparent consumption from June 2007 to May 2008 shows that two countries suffered a considerable decrease. Not sur- prisingly, the fall affected France first of all. It is true that it is the largest consumer market in the EU but it is also very competitive and distribution still operates on Photos © Régis Domergue a spot basis to a considerable extent. The sharp decrease in the vol- since September 2007 probably affected export umes shipped to the United King- destination allocations by certain exporters. dom is more surprising. This mar- Arrivals also decreased strongly in Germany ket is closely managed at the pro- where avocado is still little distributed and motion level and retailers have where the price factor is of great importance. In understood the importance of contrast, Scandinavia was little affected by the 'ripe' fruits and had displayed the decrease. Swedish imports even continued to best growth dynamics in preced- increase, with consumption approaching ing seasons. However, the sub- 10 000 t. Denmark and Finland are still the sec- stantial fall in sterling against the euro ond and third largest markets in the zone, with

volumes stables at 6 500 t per box at the import stage in Forecasts for the and 1 000 t respectively. France at the end of Decem- 2008-09 winter season: These countries are still ber. An exceptional EUR12.00 supply still moderate choice targets. 'Hass' is (i.e. EUR3.00 per kg) was even known there, per capita in- attained at the end of April for come is high and the poten- the last batches of Spanish Supply during the winter season should be a little larger than in 2007-08 but will tial increase in consumption 'Hass'. In spite of a difficult start remain moderate. The Chilean and Is- is considerable. Chile is to to the season, the balance was raeli harvests will still be marked by the launch a promotion cam- positive overall for the green frosts of summer 2007 and winter 2008 paign in Denmark and Swe- varieties, with prices exceeding respectively. Chilean production should den in 2008. Growth also EUR8.00 per box when the be some 5 to 10% less than the already continued in Poland where shortage was at its most severe limited volume recorded last year, with imports exceeded the mod- in April. the drought that has affected the La est 2 000-t mark for the first Ligua, Cabildo and Petorca valleys time. added to the effects of the frost mentioned above. Thus, in spite of allocation Good price behaviour of fruits that should favour the EU mar- in the summer season ket as the euro is still strong and where Historically firm deserves reflection a new promotion campaign is scheduled quay prices (in the UK, Spain, Denmark and Swe- den), arrivals should only be similar to Good price behaviour in the The serious under-supply those of 2007-08, that is to say about 6 summer was also a positive observed during the winter to 7 million boxes. Production in Israel feature, even though no par- should be slightly smaller than average season in both green varie- ticular record was broken. In in spite of a marked increase in com- ties and 'Hass' resulted in spite of the record supply men- parison with last year. Exports should excellent prices. Calculated tioned above, the average price therefore total between 8.0 and 8.5 mil- by our market news service for the season should be satis- lion boxes. Volumes should return to an for the French market, the factory in spite of two fairly diffi- average level in 2009-10. The increase average season's price for cult periods in June and end of in production may be delayed for a few all varieties was much higher August-September. First, better years as some parts of new orchards than both last year and the anticipatory management of have been destroyed by frost and avail- average. However, the sea- volumes made it possible to ability of planting material is limited. The son did not start well. Supply forecast periods of substantial vast development programme still was substantial until mid- supply and to run promotion planned targets production of about November as the 'Ettinger' operations. Second, the 130 000 t towards 2015. Only the Span- crop in Israel was a gener- sources delivering during the ish harvest should recover to slightly ous one and Chilean exports summer are also those that above the average of some 55 000 t, concentrated shipments on invest most heavily in promo- with an increase of about 10 000 t in the EU. However, as under- tion. Is this a coincidence or an comparison with the last season. supply increased, the trend example to mull over? reversed and the price of What complementary volume will size 18 'Hass' climbed to Eric Imbert, Cirad be shipped from Mexico? The more than EUR8.00 [email protected] Spanish harvest could be a little more generous than it was last Photos © Régis Domergue year. Although production from the first flow- Avocado — European market supply ering ('flor loca') has Main origins been very limited, that tonnes 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 of the subsequent flowerings ('aventajada' Winter season 117 866 107 723 120 892 96 480 110 893 126 794 96 008 145 808 103 782 and 'normal') may turn out to be a little larger. Israel 44 548 38 841 44 333 26 529 25 299 50 481 26 538 55 931 25 811 Mexican exporters are Chile 9 35 528 2 190 4 046 11 532 17 801 40 379 25 671 concerned about the recession in the United Mexico 14 479 13 002 10 139 21 925 18 705 16 516 20 769 10 289 12 500 States, which is hitting Spain* 58 000 55 500 65 300 45 000 62 000 47 000 30 000 37 000 35 000 Hispanics in particular, who eat large amounts Dominican Rep. 830 345 591 195 842 1 264 901 2 209 3 100 of avocado. If the effects are severe, they Morocco - 1 1 641 - - - - 1 700 may become more Summer season** 49 799 57 357 52 190 67 498 60 698 80 509 80 083 85 813 99 000 interested in the Euro- pean market in 2008- South Africa 38 205 38 908 36 266 36 404 29 872 46 955 35 934 38 067 43 000 2009. Peru 1 299 2 849 4 401 11 266 14 590 18 096 30 508 35 857 46 000

Kenya 10 294 15 600 11 523 19 828 16 236 15 458 13 641 11 889 10 000

* except volumes for the domestic market / ** Estimates for 2007-08 / Sources: Eurostat, FruiTrop

Avocado production in Chile

Continued dynamism Photos © Régis Domergue

he 2008- 09 Chilean harvest Tmay well be as small as the previous one. However, errors of interpretation should be avoided. Two seasons in a row with small crops is the result of circumstances alone—three frost spells in summer 2007. Analysis of the 2007 agricultural census (http:// www.censoagropecuario.cl) shows that the planted area is still increasing—and much more strongly than expected. The study shows that the total area under avocado is slightly greater than 39 000 ha. In Region V, the main production zone in Chile (Aconcagua, Petorca and Ligua valleys), the area increased from 15 000 to 22 000 ha between 2002 and 2007. Likewise, the area increased considerably in the other main production regions (+ 2 800 ha from 2005 to 2007 in Region IV and + 1 300 ha between 2004 and 2007 in the Metropolitan Region).

Some 9 000 ha of orchards are not yet harvested, including nearly 4 000 ha planted in 2007. It would seem that the areas managed by smaller and medium-sized growers have stabilised while the main producers are still planting on a fairly massive scale. Thus, in contrast with what might be imagined after the strong decrease in profitability in recent years, production is not yet stabilising. With an average yield of 8 to 10 t/ha, the harvest should exceed the 300 000-t mark during the first part of the next decade. The largest so far was some 220 000 t in the 2006-07 season. Finding a market for these large additional quantities is a real challenge. However, professionals seem fairly confident as they possess the resources to meet this—the existing organisation and dynamics.

A development model still based on exports

The strategic approach developed by professionals clearly includes exports. The domestic market probably has room from growth but it is fairly limited. Consumption has increased strongly in recent years thanks to a decrease in retail prices and promotion operations run by the Comité de Palta. However, at nearly

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able increase in Mexican ChileChili - AvocadoAvocat - Production- Production shipments: exports have 220* increased threefold in three seasons, reach- 160 155* 130140140 140 ing nearly 220 000 t in 99 98 110 2007-08. Plantation 82 figures show that 58 60 000 tonnes 000 42 50 55 Mexican growers probably do not intend to stop there. 92/93 94/95 96/97 98/99 00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 The planted area is still increasing, with 117 000 ha in 2007 according Source:Source :ODEPA OPEDA - -*estimate *estimation to USDA in comparison with 100 000 five years before. It is true that a proportion of the crop is for the still buoyant domestic market. However, 75 000 t per year (i.e. some 4.4 kg per capita), the parallel increase in orchards declared free it is high, even for a producer country. It is true of the large avocado seed weevil and the small than consumption approaches or exceeds avocado seed weevils, the only orchards ap- 10 kg per person per year in the main Central proved by USDA, shows that this is not the American producer countries such as Mexico only objective. Slightly more than 38 000 ha of and the Dominican Republic, but the climate is orchards were registered in 2007-08 more favourable for avocado consumption and in comparison with less than the fruit is much more strongly 10 000 ha at the beginning of anchored in the diet. the decade. A further increase should be seen in 2008-09 with the recent addition of more provinces in Jalisco The US market is state to the 14 already authorised in Michoacán. the main axis of development in spite of Mexican competition East Coast consumer The comparative optimism of Chilean profes- deserts targeted sionals with regard to the future results mainly from their analysis of the potential of the US There are no doubts with regard to Mexico's market. This viewpoint might seem surprising dynamism. However, Chilean professionals as the increase in the strength of competition also have advantages—their competitiveness from Mexico, discussed at length in FruiTrop, on the East Coast. These markets are choice is real. The very favourable situation of Mi- targets for two reasons. First, they are avocado choacán operators in 2006-07 and 2007-08 as consumption deserts in spite of their large a result of frost in California and then in Chile is population. For example, the north-east is not the only factor to account for the consider- home to nearly 18% of the US population but

‘Hass’ avocado — Chilean and Mexican competitiveness compared

Mexico Chile

Cost at production (USD/ha) irrigated 5 400-5 900 6 600 dry farming 4 600-4 900 Average yield 10 t/ha 13 t/ha* Average price per kg (USD cents/kg) 46-59 51 Freight to New York type by road by sea cost (USD per 11.14 kg lug) 3.00-3.20 4.00-4.50 Customs dues duty-free quota of some 50 000 t duty free approx. 10 cents/kg for volumes over quota ** * approx. 8 t/ha on average in the country, but 13 t/ha on average for orchards with a high technical level Photos © Régis Domergue ** 2008 figures. Total liberalisation in 2015 after a gradual decrease

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved No. 159 September 2008 21 GEORGES HELFER S.A. GEORGES HELFER S.A. GEORGES HELFER S.A. (France) (Site Pays-Bas) (Suisse) 1, rue des Tropiques ENT.133 Transportweg 23 C Chemin de Fontenailles 94538 RUNGIS CEDEX (FRANCE) 2676 LM MAASDIJK CH-1196 GLAND - SUISSE Tél.: +33 1 45 12 36 50 Tél.: 003 11 74 67 11 80 Tél.: +41 22 999 99 99 Fax: +33 1 45 60 48 52 Fax: 003 11 74 67 11 88 Fax: +41 22 999 99 98

moderate for their Chilean counterparts who Chili - Avocat - Exportations par destination Chile - Avocado - Exports by destination ship fruits by sea. 150 It is true that Mexico benefits from other non- Europe Europe economic parameters. Its season is longer, 100 USA OthersAutres thanks to four flowerings. Arrivals by road avoid the massive quantities available when a full 000 tonnes 50 shipload of avocados is unloaded. However, Chile is more equal to Mexico on the east coast 0 than in the other parts of the USA. 92/93 94/95 96/97 98/99 00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 Factors that could further reduce the difference SourceSource: :ODEPA ODEPA are at the heart of discussions in Chile today. The target is an increase in the average yield from 8 to 13 t per ha. Replacing single-run takes only 11% of volumes. According to an- picking by more selective harvesting according other, more recent (spring 2008) study, only to size is one of the ways of achieving consid- slightly less than half of the population had erable gain, as is irrigation management ac- purchased avocado for consumption at home cording to soil type. in comparison with nearly 80% on the west coast. These markets are also potentially more profitable than those of the west Promotion coast as prices are markedly advantages higher (+ USD2.40 per lug in are in position 2006, + USD4.00 in 2007 and + USD5.50 in the first half of So the potential is there and 2008). Finally, the 'source' the marketing tools are lined aspect is probably less impor- up. The Hass Avocado Board tant than in the producer founded jointly by Californian, states in the west where there Mexican, Chilean, New Zea- is a large Mexican population. land and Dominican producers in 2002, conducts operations to develop demand and coordinated management of The difference in cost the market. As an example, price between Chile this impressive facility makes and Mexico is more it possible to estimate weekly limited on the east market supply in real time. coast than on the © Régis Domergue west coast This joint procedure has many advantages. First, avocado is Production costs in orchards with a good tech- promoted all the year round with no breaks. nical level are fairly similar in Chile and Mexico. Second, as unity is strength, the budget result- However, Chilean exporters must pay customs ing from a contribution of USD0.25 for every dues on most of their goods (the duty-free box sold is considerable (USD25 million in quota is too small) while their Mexican counter- 2005-06). It is widely used for the promotion of parts are exempted. This is not the most impor- avocado in radio and TV campaigns and ge- tant factor as a progressive neric marketing or specific operations for the decrease is under way, various participating production sources. Thus, with total liberalisation the Chilean Avocado Importers Association, planned for 2015. It the promotion arm for Chilean avocado in the is transport costs that inevitably give Avocado — United States Mexican exporters Consumption from January to July an advantage, but Comparison Market Population Population less so for shipments to share share (millions) the east coast of the USA. 2007-06 2008-07 by region by region While Mexican exporters North-East - 10% + 15% 11% 54.6 18% suffer a very strong increase in road freight costs when California - 15% + 5% 38% 36.6 12% they ship avocados to the Mid-South - 16% + 8% 4% 36.1 12% east coast rather than Cali- Total - 16% + 7% 100% 303.0 100% fornia and even more so for Texas, the increase is only South-East - 24% - 3% 5% 39.7 13% Sources: HAB - US census

COMEXA 5, Bld du Delta Zone Eurodelta 94658 Rungis Cedex Tel : +33(0)1 46 86 71 77 Fax: +33(0)1 46 86 80 43 Mail : [email protected]

Leader en Afrique du Sud, dans toutes les variétés et la production issue de l'Agriculture Biologique. Présent toute l'année, pour vous servir au quotidien dans les origines Pérou, Mexique, Chili, . . . . Une structure uniquement dédiée au Mûr à point, Contentavec published uneby the Market technologie News Service of CIRAD − All rights unique reserved en France. CLOSE-UP

US market, should strengthen promotion on the east coast. This should ChiliChile - Avocat- Avocado - Exportations - Exports correct the ignorance about Chilean 166 avocado in the USA. A recent study 138 showed that although Californian and 108 118 Mexican avocados are known by 86 90 about 60% and 40% of the population 000 tonnes 48 55 59 respectively, those from Chile are 32 only known by 25%—less than Flor- 15 ida avocado whose production totals only some 10 000 t. 97/98 99/00 01/02 03/04 05/06 07/08

SourceSource: : ODEPAODEPA

A risky gamble? the environment could also have a negative It remains to be seen whether the receptive- effect on demand for imported avocado. A re- ness of the market equals that of the west cent study commissioned by the California coast. This question is justified as a major dif- Avocado Commission shows that 58% of buy- ference between these two parts of the country ers feel that it is important to favour avocados is the size of the Hispanic population. This is grown in the United States. This feature was about 30% of the population in California in immediately incorporated in the promotion comparison with 10% campaign run by Cali- on the east coast. This fornian professionals, minority buys very who highlighted fruit large quantities of avo- that were 'hand grown cado, accounting to a in California' and pre- considerable degree sented in TV spots by for the rocketing avo- growers and their fami- cado sales in the USA. lies in the good and Another major differ- generous Californian ence is the hard win- sunshine. Generic pro- ters in the east as motion, yes, but well these are less favour- ordered charity… able for the consumption of salad type produce. A recent survey shows that avocado is Large potential clearly a fruit associated with summer for development weather. in Argentina

However, the latest The Argentinian market consumption figures also forms part of this published by the Hass strategy. Consumption Avocado Board are is low in a country with fairly reassuring as a population of 40 mil- regards the dynamics lion. In addition, local of the market on the northern east coast. The production is small at some 3 000 t—mainly in decrease in the volumes marketed in the first Tucuman province in the north-east where it is half of 2007 in comparison with the first half of harvested during the Chilean counter-season. 2006 is less marked than the average for Exports are still moderate at some 1 300 t in Chile - Avocado - Outlets the other regions and the increase in 2007) but display dynamic growth. Domestic the first half of 2008 was stronger. mar ket The performance has been even distinctly better than in California. 25% Europe is not forgotten of course

Fresh A new threat for Development on the EU market is also a prior- exports imported avocados? ity for Chilean professionals. In three seasons, 75% this source has done more than come out in to The 'eat local' movement, based as the open, becoming one of the three main sup- in Europe on a vague and often false pliers of the EU during the winter season. Joint Source: Comité de la palta 2006 vision of the product in terms of food second largest supplier with Spain in 2006-07, safety, organoleptic qualities and impact on Chile descended to third position in the last

season for reasons of frost. comes out in first place. Scandinavia Exporters certainly do not (especially Norway), Spain and the Nether- want to stay there. The idea lands also have considerable potential and is to make the addressing of good growth dynamics. In fact, in 2008-09, markets combining develop- Chilean professionals are to continue the opment potential and outlet se- erations run in the UK since 2005 and in Spain

Photos © Régis Domergue curity a priority, for example since 2006. Sweden and Denmark have just by means of supply contracts been added to the list. between large retail chains and importers. The latter point is of capital importance when trans- France, a spot market and very competitive, is port time of more than three weeks exposes not included in spite of its leading position in goods to the effects of market swings. terms of volumes sold. However, consumption is still distinctly smaller than in the USA even in years of plentiful supply and the tendency of the market to take large extra volumes leads What markets to go for? to considering that a very significant margin remains. Although analysis of apparent consumption (imports + production – exports) is approximate for reasons of weaknesses in the identification of trans-frontier flows between EU states, it What position does give some interesting informa- remains for tion about the growth potential of green varieties the various European markets. in the face of When GDP (the average price of the avalanche avocado is high), the margin for increased consumption and the of 'Hass'? degree of knowledge of 'Hass' are used as population targeting The foreseeable criteria, the United Kingdom continued increase in

Avocado — European Union — Estimated apparent consumption

Estimate consumption Variation over Population Volume per person GNP - PPS*** in 2007-08* 5 years in millions (g) (index) in tonnes (2006-08/2001-03) EU-27 203 774 495 412 100 EU-15 199 200 391 509 + 24% France 71 952 63 1 135 + 7% 113 United Kingdom 38 549 61 634 + 74% 119 Scandinavia 20 655 25 843 + 70% 134 Sweden 9 652 9 1 061 + 69% 120 Denmark 6 556 5 1 214 + 71% 127 Norway** 3 498 5 744 + 89% 187 Finland 949 5 179 + 24% 116 Spain 20 381 45 458 nd 102 Germany 14 392 82 175 + 19% 114 Netherlands 12 781 16 779 + 78% 132 Portugal 4 521 11 427 + 23% 74 Italy 3 345 59 57 + 31% 104 Belgium 2 316 11 218 - 14% 123 Austria 1 906 8 230 + 83% 129 Ireland 1 819 4 423 + 120% 143 Greece 1 800 11 161 nd 97 EU NMS 4 574 102 45 + 414% 54 Poland 2 157 38 57 - 53 Baltic states 682 7 97 + 80% 60 Czech Rep. 664 10 64 + 202% 79 Slovakia 252 5 47 - 64 Hungary 245 10 24 + 980% 65 Slovenia 238 2 119 + 52% 89 Romania 231 22 11 + 473% 38 Bulgaria 105 8 14 + 327% 37 Luxembourg 190 1 380 + 7% 279 *June 2007 to May2008 : import – export + production / **non EU / ***purchasing power standard / Sources: Eurostat, FAO, professional sources

enormous margins for growth. Chile — Avocado — Harvest calendar But they undoubtedly require J F M A M J J A S O N D time and costly investment in promotion. Chilenas

Negra de la Cruz

Fuerte Joint promotion Hass required

Esther Thus the groundwork for market growth should not be carried out Chilean avocado sales in the EU risks causing by Chile alone, as it is in the interest of all sup- fairly deep-seated changes in market structure, pliers of the EU market. Countries other than as the driving force behind this ascension will Chile—such as Peru, Mexico and Israel— not only be increased consumption but also the display strong planting dynamics. It is clear that winning of market shares by 'Hass' rather than outlets must be broadened to maintain decent green varieties. British retailing is a perfect returns for growers. Formulas for making the example of this as it has switched al- market grow are extremely well known most entirely to 'Hass'. In a more (promotion, ready-to-eat) and their results general manner, it should be re- in the United Sates and, closer to home, membered that the share of the United Kingdom give solid assur- 'Hass' in all the avocado sold on ance as to their effectiveness. It the EU market has increased by remains for the sector 10% in two seasons, ap- stakeholders to combine proaching 65% in 2007- to find funding (here 08. This is of course a again, the tax on each capital question for box sold has proved its sources such as Spain worth) to set up the and Israel that ship European equiva- green varieties during lent of a Hass the Chilean 'Hass' Avocado Board marketing period. to handle op- Green varieties are erations and strongly anchored in © Régis Domergue work with retail- countries like France ers. The Spanish as specific market seg- sector has led the way coura- ments have been set up. geously by collaborating with Peru However, market growth for and Chile to promote 'Hass' in Spain (a these varieties should be sought more in Ger- campaign by companies selling avocado). It is many and eastern Europe where retailers seek an example to be followed avocados at attractive prices in order to develop or build up their markets. Here again, Eric Imbert, Cirad apparent consumption data show that there are [email protected]

Chile — Avocado — Sea freight Main shipping lines Shipping Customs Market Observations Port of departure Port of arrival time tariffs USA Valparaiso West coast: 12 to 17 days the bulk of 45 000 t tariff Los Angeles US imports free, circa Long Beach EUR350 per San Diego tonne, Florida: Miami 10 to 12 days limited quantities degressive until full liberalisation East coast: 15 to 22 days limited quantities in 2015 New York Philadelphia Japan Tokyo 25 days EU Valparaiso Dunkirk 21 days tariff free since Rotterdam 20 days 01/01/2003 Algeciras 17 days Felixstowe 22 days

Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved 28 September 2008 No. 159 Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved DOSSIER DU MOIS CLOSE-UP

Avocado — United States imports — July to June period

tonnes 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Total, incl. 29 549 64 758 55 507 79 944 96 058 126 679 138 928 206 314 231 715 300 375 319 500

Mexico 7 879 10 579 13 067 11 941 24 450 29 612 42 947 73 943 132 040 166 001 217 000

Chile 15 136 48 168 28 903 53 986 57 890 83 877 78 680 120 890 85 200 117 928 85 000 Dom. Rep. 5 717 5 399 10 162 9 550 11 193 10 965 17 067 11 254 14 334 16 434 15 000 Bahamas 457 193 180 200 263 236 118 109 0 0 0 New Zealand 325 419 3 147 4 263 2 259 1 882 116 119 57 0 2 500 Others 36 0 48 4 3 107 0 0 85 12 0 Source: US customs, code 080440

Avocado — Japanese imports

tonnes 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Total, incl. 6 455 6 040 8 605 7 491 14 070 10 821 13 648 23 973 28 991 28 150 29 032 24 931

Mexico 3 846 4 416 8 167 7 373 14 035 10 577 13 456 23 405 28 294 26 630 26 553 23 585

Chile 0 0 0 0 0 14 5 176 386 410 1 476 544

United States 2 609 1 624 437 118 36 180 9 78 3 227 800 24

New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0 50 179 313 306 882 203 776

Others 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 3

Source: Japanese customs, code 080440010

Avocado Avocado Avocado World production World exports World imports

2007-2008* 000 tonnes 2007-2008 000 tonnes 2007-2008 000 tonnes World 3 180 World 630 World 630 Mexico 1 100 Mexico 270 United States 319 Indonesia 250 Chile 116 EU-25, incl. 200 Colombia 200 Israel 27 France 93 Brazil 165 South Africa 43 Netherlands 65 United States 160 Peru 46 United Kingdom 40 Chile 156 Spain 30 Spain 30 Peru 121 Kenya 10 Japan 25 Dominican Rep. 115 Dominican Rep. 18 Canada 19 China 96 New Zealand 15 Colombia 17 South Africa 90 Guatemala 5 Salvador 16 Kenya 70 United States 4 Australia 11 D. R. Congo 62 Ecuador 5 Honduras 9 Venezuela 59 Venezuela 2 Costa Rica 6 Ethiopia 55 Argentina 2 Guatemala 5 * estimates / Sources: FAO; EU, USA, Japanese customs; Cirad

Avocat - CalendrierAvocado d'approvisionnement - Supply calendar en % des inimportations percent of annual annuelles imports 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% JapanJapon USA 2% EUUE 0% JFMAMJ JASOND Sources:Source USA,: douanes EU and USA, Japanese UE et Japon customs - moyenne - 2005-06 2005-06 average

Avocado — European Union to 25 — Imports and production tonnes 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Total, of which 168 797 166 897 174 965 169 288 171 343 208 682 187 979 235 465 218 687

European imports 110 797 111 397 109 665 124 288 109 343 161 682 157 979 198 465 173 687

Israel 44 548 38 841 44 333 26 529 25 299 50 481 26 538 55 931 25 811 Chile 9 35 528 2 190 4 046 11 532 19 248 40 379 25 671 South Africa 38 205 38 908 36 266 39 116 30 639 43 422 39 646 38 067 45 000 Peru 1 299 2 849 4 401 11 010 12 147 19 792 30 818 35 857 46 000 Kenya 10 294 15 600 11 523 19 915 15 176 15 428 14 921 11 889 10 000 Mexico 14 479 13 002 10 139 21 925 18 705 16 516 20 769 10 289 12 500 Dominican Rep. 830 345 591 195 842 1 264 901 2 209 3 100 Argentina 58 326 440 537 615 1 108 1 652 1 709 1 400 Brazil 156 569 661 715 979 931 1 442 1 782 1 850 Swaziland 104 112 235 380 317 350 395 178 100 United States 304 354 70 61 3 62 1 064 53 300 Zimbabwe 137 285 207 739 404 599 260 22 150 Dominica 71 43 134 116 43 20 18 3 5 Morocco 0 1 1 641 0 - - - 1 700 Others 302 129 135 219 128 176 308 97 100

European production*

Spain 58 000 55 500 65 300 45 000 62 000 47 000 30 000 37 000 45 000 *Not mentioned: Portugal (approx. 2 000 t per year in the Algarve and 1 000 t per year in Madeira), Greece (approx. 1 500 t per year in Crete) and France (approx. 100 t per year in Corsica and the West Indies) / Source: Eurostat, code 080440

A G R E X C O

A pioneer and major origin in the Mediterranean area, Israel is Producer country sheet among the ten to twelve leading producer countries with production of some 90 000 tonnes—increasing. Export- oriented, it covers a significant proportion of EU market Avocado supplies during the winter season and has contributed substantially to making avocado known. Still concentrated in spite of the end of the state monopoly, the export sector historically in Israel aimed at the French market is diversifying its outlets (United Kingdom, Eastern Europe, etc.). The domestic market plays a major role.

IsraelIsraël - Avocado - Avocat - - Production Production 90 92 Production zones 83 78 79 77 About 70 % of avocado production is in a coastal strip barely 64 63 15 km wide running from the 000 tonnes 58 north of Tel Aviv to the Lebanese frontier. The plantations north of 50 49 48 49 46 45 47 the town of Acre in western Galilee are along the most reputed. About 20% of the area 92/93 94/95 96/97 98/99 00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 under avocado is in Upper and Lower Sources:Sources :USDA, USDA, Cirad Cirad Galilee and the Volumes Jordan Valley and the remaining 10% is The crop developed rapidly from the end of the 1950s onwards, with south and east of Tel plantations culminating at 11 000 ha during the 1980s. The area then Aviv. Nearly three- halved after a succession of difficult seasons and the setting up of an quarters of production economic policy that was less favourable for the primary sector. Avocado is from kibbutzim, co- has been grown on about 4 500 ha since the end of the 1990s and produc- operative farming tion is about 80 000 to 90 000 t in normal seasons (the Hamsin, a hot wind organisations. The that sometimes blows from April to June, can cause a strong decrease in country has about ten production). Frost in January 2008 caused a serious but temporary de- packing stations and crease in the tonnage harvested in 2007-08. The area under avocado has two of these alone increased again since the mid-2000s (by about 100 ha per year) and yields pack about half of have also increased. Production will therefore continue to increase but the production. Sanitary 2008 frost will slow short-term dynamics. Nevertheless, the harvest should problems are limited soon reach 100 000 t (with a target of 150 000 t in 2020). The Volcani (no Phytophthora), in Center provides considerable research support. particular thanks to the climate. Rational farming is therefore very widespread and average yields are high. The availability of irrigation water is one of the main limiting factors and water forms a large proportion of production IsraelIsraël - -Avocado Avocat -- GammeRange of variétale varieties costs.

Pinkerton Fuerte Ardith 12 % 12 % 7%

Reed Production calendar and varieties Hass 8% 28% Nabal The season is comparatively long thanks to a broad range of varieties. This has changed consid- 2% Ettinger erably. 'Ettinger', a locally bred cultivar, and 'Hass' have developed strongly at the expense of Others 27% 'Nabal' and 'Fuerte', although the latter is well represented. Emphasis is currently laid on 'Hass' and 4% this forms more than Israel — Avocado — Production calendar 60% of new plantings (it Source: USDA O N D J F M A M J J A S should cover 35% of the total area under Ettinger avocado in 2010). Among green varieties, Fuerte 'Pinkerton', and 'Ardith' and 'Arad' to a lesser Hass degree, should develop at the expense of Pinkerton 'Ettinger'. Nabal Ardith Reed

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CONTACTS: SALES DIRECTOR: Mr. Mike Stout 12 Rothchild st. Nes Ziona 70400 Israel Tel: +972-8-9401680 Fax: +972-8-9401521 e-Mail: [email protected] Content published by the Market News Service of CIRAD − All rights reserved CLOSE-UP

Outlets

The sector is export-oriented. However, the domestic market plays a key role as it is very profitable even for produce that Total exports does not meet export quality standards. Today, the some 6.4 million people who live in Israel purchase about 35 to Exports follow the markedly cyclic production and have 40% of the quantity grown. Per capita consumption is increased very slightly since the 1980s recession. therefore among the highest in the world, oscillating between Quantities currently vary from 45 000 to 60 000 t in 3 and 5 kg per year according to production volume and seasons with normal weather conditions. Practically all prices. Large fruits the fruits exported are shipped to the European Union, are preferred (sizes Israel - Avocado - Outlets where Israel has contributed strongly to making 10 to 14) especially avocado known and developing consumption. France is Fresh for 'Ettinger'. The still the main outlet but its market share has decreased Processed quantities available exports to approximately 40% today. For a number of seasons, 1% for processing are exporters have used a diversification strategy based on 59% therefore very shipments targeting the expectations of each market as limited. The oil mill regards size and variety. Shipments of 'Hass' to the has closed and the United Kingdom have thus increased strongly. Germany pulp factory is and Scandinavia are still key markets for green varie- operating at low ties. Shipments to the eastern EU (especially to Poland) Domestic output. and the former Soviet bloc (Russia and the Ukraine), mar ket have development strongly in recent seasons and are 40% now significant. The Agrexco company was the only sector player for a long time and is still the main exporter but today shares the market with the compa- Sourc es : USDA , CIRA D nies Mehadrin, Kedem-Hadarim and Bachan- Development.

IsraëlIsrael - Avocat - Avocado - Exportations - Exports by par destination destination 25

10 000 tonnes © Régis Domergue 5 Israël - Avocat - Exportations Israel - Avocado - Exports 57 0 53 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 49 46 46 France GermanyAllemagne UK 44 ScandinavieScandinavia OthersAutres 39 SourcesSources: :Cirad, Cirad, Eurostat Eurostat 36 35 31 29 000 tonnes 28 26 27 26 27

92/93 94/95 96/97 98/99 00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07

SourcesSources: : USDA,USDA, CiradCirad Logistics

The goods are carried in refrigerated lorries to the port of Asdhod (and sometimes Haifa). Most sea transport is handled by two modern vessels belonging to the Israel — Avocado — Sea freight Agrexco company and specially designed for the Main shipping lines requirements of fresh Markets Shipping time Observations Port of departure Port of arrival produce. General shipping Vessels specific for companies operating in the EU Ashdod Marseilles 3 days the purpose Mediterranean are sometimes called upon in busy months. Practically all the produce is unloaded in Marseilles and then carried by road to the various consumer countries.

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Avocado is a traditional crop in Peru where annual production of around 110 000 t puts it among the 10 leading producer Producer country sheet countries in the world. However, it only appeared on the world market at the end of the 1990s, driven in particular by 'ProHass', the association of 'Hass' producers. In five years, Avocado Peru has become an important supplier of 'Hass' to the European market in the summer. Cultural conditions are very original—almost hydroponic—because of the country's very in Peru special climate. Production of 'Hass' should continue to increase strongly in the coming years. Negotiations are in progress for lifting the phytosanitary barriers that forbid entry to certain markets (the United States and Japan).

Production zones

Avocado is grown in the three main climatic zones of the country. Most of production is concentrated in the coastal strip with a desert climate that is atypical for an equatorial region because of the Andes and the cold Humboldt current. All the 'Hass' fruits are grown in this zone (in Ica, Lima, La Libertad and Piura provinces) mainly in industrial plantations at elevations of 300 to 1 000 m. Cultivation is managed under quasi-hydroponic conditions in these arid zones where sanitary pressure is practically nil. There is no rainfall but good water is abundant thanks to underground rivers fed by the Andes. The rest of production is grown on more modestly sized farms on the Sierra (the highland Andean PeruPérou - Avocado - Avocat -- ProductionProduction zone) and in the tropical prov- 121 108 113 inces in the west 100 103 93 94 of the country. 84 73 79 63 68 55 53 54 000 tonnes

Volumes

Avocado was introduced in the fifteenth century and is an 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 important traditional crop. Production, currently totalling some 100 000 t, was sold only on the domestic market until the mid- SourceSource: : MINAGMINAG 1990s. It was then based on mediocre quality local varieties and 'Fuerte' to a lesser extent. Since then, investors have developed industrial plantations of 'Hass' for export, drawing inspiration from the Chilean model. The area devoted to this variety have increased tremendously from less than 100 ha in 1994 to some 6 000 ha in 2008, of which about 1 500 ha is not yet in production. Planting continues at about 500 ha per year, driven in particular by the expected opening of the US market in the near future. More than 80% of growers belong to the ProHass association that provides both technical support and aid for marketing.

Production calendar and varieties

The range of varieties grown is very large. 'Topa Topa', derived from the Mexican race, is still common in highland zones as it is tolerant to cold. The black-skinned fruits have a high oil content and are of mediocre quality. Hybrids bred by crossing Guatemalan and West Peru — Avocado — Production calendar Indian varieties ('Choquette', 'Collinred', J F M A M J J A S O N D etc.) are grown in the tropical zones in the eastern part of the country. 'Hass' is Hass clearly dominant among the varieties exported. It is grown on about 25% of the area under avocado and its share is tending to increase. 'Fuerte' is still widely planted, mainly to supply the domestic market. The range is completed by 'Ettinger', 'Zutano', 'Nabal' and 'Bacon'.

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R Outlets é g is D o m e Outlets are extremely segmented according to the variety. The r g u domestic market, taking over 80% of the volumes produced, is e supplied mainly with native varieties, Guatemala x West Indian hybrids and 'Fuerte'. Consumption per PérouPeru -- AvocatAvocado - Débouchés- Outlets person is about 3 kg per year. Some 30% of production is exported, but ExportationsFresh the proportion is tending to increase exportsen frais with the development of 'Hass' 30% production. The proportion of production sent for processing is still limited although several oil mills have been established recently.

DomesticMarché marketlocal Total 70% exports Sources:Sour c e : MINAMINAG, G, PROMPERUPROMPERU The export sector did not develop until the end of the 1990s but growth has been extremely rapid. Some 1 000 t was concerned in 1999 and the PérouPeru - -Avocat Avocado - Exportations - Exports figure exceeded 36 000 t in 2007. Most of the 47.0* fruits consist of 'Hass'. Smooth varieties such as 'Ettinger', 'Fuerte' and, to a lesser degree, 37.5 'Nabal', form about 15% of shipments. 31.7 Practically the entire volume is taken by the European Union with the main entry points 18.7 being Spain and France and then Great 000 tonnes 11.5 14.6 Britain, also a large market, at a more modest level. Chile opened its frontiers to Peruvian 4.8 2.5 avocado in 2007 and the two other main destinations are Canada and Guatemala but they take only modest quantitites (the total 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 excluding shipments to the EU was some * estimate* estimation / Source: / Source MINAG : MINAG 1 500 t in 2007). As the cultivation zones are not Pérou - Avocat - Exportations par Peru - Avocado - Exports recognised as being free of by destination destination fruitfly, Peruvian avocados 40 cannot enter Japan or the United States, but ongoing UE OthersAutres 30 negotiations with the US could be completed soon 20 (2009). The sector has been 000 tonnes represented by the associa- 10 tion ProHass since 1998. Two enterprises handle 0 nearly half of all exports. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Source:Sour c e PROMPEX: PROMPEX

Logistics Peru — Avocado — Sea freight The fruits are shipped in containers by sea, partly Main shipping lines on a door-to-door basis. Market Shipping time Observations Port of departure Port of arrival The transport time Rotterdam 21 to 24 days requires the systematic EU Callao duty free use of controlled atmos- Algeciras 18 days Rotterdam 19 days phere. Most fruits transit Paita via the port of Callao. Algeciras 16 days

Avocado growing started in the early 1970s and developed Producer country sheet rapidly. Spain is now one of the 15 leading producer countries with production of approximately 60 000 tonnes. Spain is the only EU country to produce significant quantities of avocado in Avocado continental Europe, thanks to the special climatic conditions on the Andalusian coast. This origin is one of the major players in in Spain the EU market, its main outlet, especially as some operators also trade in southern hemisphere avocado in a category management approach.

Production zones

About 9 000 ha is planted with avocado, 90% of which is on the Andalusian coast between the sea and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada (Costa Tropical). This coastal strip some 80 km long and 10 km wide between the west of Malaga and Motril enjoys a special climate. Winters are mild and the small rainfall is compensated by the availability of fairly large quantities of good quality water impounded by dams in the Sierra Nevada. Sanitary problems consist mainly of fungal diseases of roots. A newly appeared spider mite causes some local damage. Population and tourist pressure means that the areas west of Malaga are tending to stabilise or diminish. The orchards are mainly in the lower parts of the hills in the Axarquia region where new plantations compensate the decrease in the other zones. The total area under avocado is therefore tending to stabilise at 9 500 ha, especially as some growers favour mango as this requires less water, is easier to manage and has given good returns in recent years. A few pioneer orchards were planted in the Alicante area at the beginning of the decade and more recently in the hot areas in the south of the province of Valencia (Ribera). Most of the remaining plantations are at Las Palmas and Tenerife in the Canary Islands.

EspagneSpain - Avocado - Avocat - -Production Production 73 65 60 62 56 58 56 Volumes 52 45 47 45 40 40 The crop was introduced long ago in the 000 tonnes 35 37 Canaries (in the sixteenth century) but 30 only recently in mainland Spain. The first large plantations were started in the early 1970s. The 1 000-hectare mark was reached only at the beginning of the 92/93 94/95 96/97 98/99 00/01 02/03 04/05 06/07 1980s, but the area then increased SourcesSources: :ASAJA, ASAJA, EELM EELM seven-fold in a decade (with the development of the water infrastructure and open field vegetable crops faced with competition from the emerging agriculture in the Almeria area). Production has stabilised at between 55 000 and 65 000 t. It can dip more markedly during seasons in which the climatic conditions are particularly serious (drought, wind or frost) as was the case in 2005-2006 and 2006- 2007. A mite introduced in 2004 has also caused serious yield loss in recent seasons. Nearly 80% of farms are of the traditional kind and cover less than 5 ha. These coexist with modern large-scale plantations.

Production calendar Spain — Avocado — Harvest calendar S O N D J F M A M J J A and varieties Bacon 'Hass' forms more than three-quarters of Fuerte production and is tending to increase. The Hass main smooth varieties grown are 'Fuerte' Reed and 'Bacon', the latter also serving as polli- nator and wind-break. The range is com- Pinkerton pleted by a few plantations of 'Reed'.

EspagneSpain - -Avocado Avocat - -Débouchés Outlets

Outlets

Priority is awarded to shipments to the other EU countries, given Spain's logistic advantages. However, the domestic market—curiously almost nonexistent in Domestic the early 1980s—is growing. Consumption is some 550 g per person per year mar ket and is among the smallest observed in producer countries but it has been 20% growing in recent years. Development should speed up in the years to come as there is a wave of immigration from large consumer countries in Latin America, Spanish consumers now know avocado better, etc. A generic advertising Fresh campaign for 'Hass' organised by Spanish and South American operators has exports been running since 2007-08. A few processing units exist (producing oil and 80% pulp), including a large recent one. Professional sources

Total exports EspagneSpain - Avocat- Avocado - Exportations - Exports by pardestination destination Exports cleared the 10 000- 35 tonne mark in the 1980s and increased strongly between the 30 beginning and end of the 1990s. 25 Alternate bearing was very 20 marked at the beginning of the 000 tonnes 15 2000s but volumes have been more regular in recent seasons, 10 varying from 45 000 to 55 000 t. 5 Some Spanish producers also 0 trade in South American avocado in a category manage- 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 ment approach (20 000 to France UnitedRoyaume-Uni Kingdom GermanyAllemagne 25 000 t of avocado imported NetherlandsPays-Bas MoroccoMar oc ScandinaviaScandinavie mainly from Peru or Chile in Source:Source :Eurostat Eurostat recent years). The European Union is practically the only market targeted by Spanish exporters. Road transport is economical and fast, especially for consignments for France, the leading EU consumer country. Logistics Furthermore, Spain has EspagneSpain - Avocado - Avocat - the advantages of the Exports and re-exports common market, Exportations/Réexportations Transport is by especially with regard to 56 road only for the 53 supply of the EU the customs status—in 51 contrast with all its 48 46 48* markets. Most of 45 the shipments competitors. France is 40 the main market for travel via decon- Spanish avocado but solidation

000 tonnes 30 exporters are diversifying platforms at the their outlets. The United Saint-Charles Kingdom and Germany wholesale market have become important in Perpignan to markets since the mid- 99/00 01/02 03/04 05/06 07/08 which deliveries take about 16 2000s. Increasing ** estimationestimates / SourceSource: :Eurostat Eurostat volumes are shipped to hours. The United Scandinavia (Sweden Kingdom and and, more recently, Denmark) and also— Scandinavia are outside the EU—to Morocco (budget price supplied within fruits). A few batches are also shipped to 72 hours. distant destinations. Most of the crop is Shipments to marketed by a cooperative and a small number distant markets of traders, some of whom are also producers. are by air from Malaga airport. © R There is no interprofessional body. ég is D om er gue

Cultivation of avocado

Climatic requirements

Avocado can be grown in very different climates— from the equator to latitude 43° (that of Corsica in the northern hemisphere) and from sea level to an elevation of 2 500 metres in Mexico, Guatemala and Rwanda. However, two climatic requirements must be taken into account: Soils a marked dry period during which floral induction takes place; minimum temperatures no lower than 7°C and maximums reaching at least 19° and 20°C during flowering (necessary Internal and surface drainage of the land is for the dichogamy phenomenon). important. Avocado is extremely sensitive to hydromorphic soils (that strongly retain water), Varieties of Mexican and Guatemalan origin and certain hybrids even when this is not strongly marked and have good resistance to cold. In contrast, the West Indian temporary. This sensitivity is associated with the varieties of Colombian origin are typically varieties requiring a presence of a fungus of the genus Phytophthora tropical climate with a marked dry season. that attacks roots and the base of the trunk. In tropical regions, soils with a sandy texture are the Avocado requires large amounts of sunshine—at least 2 300 to most suitable for growing avocado. Furthermore, 2 500 hours per year. As a whole, regions with more than 2 000 these soils generally display high permeability and hours of sunshine per year are favourable. In general, growth drain rapidly after rainfall (good natural drainage). and the production cycle are shorter when temperatures are The topographical position affects soil moisture high. The optimum is an average of 25°C during the hot months and drainage. Indeed, the land at the top of a and 15°C during the cool months. Among commercial varieties, slope or in mid-slope dries more quickly. Water 'Bacon', 'Duke', 'Fuerte', 'Topa Topa' and 'Zutano' have good from upstream (oblique drainage and possibly resistance to cold whereas 'Edranol', 'Hass', 'Nabal' and 'Taylor' runoff) flows to land at the base of the slope and are sensitive to low temperatures (from - 2°C) and 'Anaheim', bottomland. The soil must be at least 1 metre 'Booth 7' 'Booth 8', 'Choquette', 'Hickson', 'Lula', 'Peterson', deep and preferably 1.50 metre to enable the 'Pollock' and 'Waldin' are very sensitive (from - 1°C). Tempera- roots—especially taproots—to exploit a maximum ture also plays a role in the maturation of the fruits on the tree soil volume. and on their quality. When fully developed, the fruits can stay on the tree for longer when the temperature is moderate. Soil rich in fertilising elements is best for Avocado requires a well-distributed supply of water avocado. However, totalling some 1 200 to 1 600 mm per year. when fertilisation is Requirements are small during the floral induction possible, and hence and resting periods and higher from setting to the correction of harvest. Avocado also requires sufficiently high deficiencies, only relative humidity during flowering (70 to 80 %) and certain elements at then a more moderate level when the fruits grow. toxic doses for the Relative humidity that is too high increases risk of the plant are a limiting development of pests and diseases on both leaves factor for the and fruits (in particular Cercospora, scab, anthracnose, crop. Aluminium thrips and scales). A short water deficit (2 months) and manganese enhances floral initiation, especially in certain tropical toxicity can be climates where the temperature does not fall low enough eliminated by increasing to cause the complete stoppage of vegetation. the pH to over 4.5 to 5.0 by application of calcium or calcium-magnesium soil amendment Avocado is sensitive to wind. The mechanical action of all winds and of tricalcium phosphate. Toxicity resulting can indirectly cause the wounding of fruits by rubbing or by from excesses of various salts, and especially blown sand grains. Dry winds like the sirocco and the harmattan sodium chloride, is much more difficult to master. are harmful for the plant overall (with a strong increase in evapotranspiration), especially during the flowering period. Finally, avocado trees are sensitive to salt spray as this causes leaf edge necrosis.

Avocado is a dicotyledon of the genus Persea of the Lauraceae family. More than 200 varieties are divided between three races. The Mexican race is of little Avocado commercial interest as most of the fruits are too small. However, its agronomic qualities mean that it is widely used as rootstock or as a parent. Practically all sales of varieties fruits of the West Indian race are on domestic markets. International trade handles mainly varieties belonging to the Guatemalan race or crosses between the Guatemalan and Mexican races. Photos © University of California

fairly small and almost always clings. Pulp oil content is The Guatemalan race medium at 10 to 20%. Flowering to harvest time is 8 to Persea nubigena L. Wins var. guatemalensis 10 months. It can be longer in the cold parts of California (12 to 14 months). The race is a good parent for crosses This race probably originated not only in the highlands of (contributing genes for small seeds). Nearly 40% of avoca- Guatemala but also in the Chiapas in Mexico. The leaves dos belong to this race, including 'Anaheim', 'Corona', are large and uniformly dark green on both faces. Although 'Sharwil' and the major commercial varieties such as it is not as tolerant to cold as the Mexican race, it is 'Edranol', 'Gwen', 'Hass', 'Nabal' and useful for marginal cultivation zones. The fruits are 'Reed'. roundish and have thick, very hard warty skin. The size may vary considerably but they are generally The larger than fruits of the Mexican race. The seed is Wes t Indi race an P ersea a merica na Mille r var. a In merica spite o na orig f its n inated ame, t re in Colo his ra The Mexican race gions w mbia. ce pro h here it It is we bably Persea americana Miller var. drymifolia Schlecht as larg is use ll suite e gre d to su d to h © Régis Domergue and Cham. large en leav pply lo umid and w es. Th cal ma tropical (0.8 eigh 40 e fruits rkets. to 1.5 0 to 90 are e The tre gr mm) 0 g. T longate e This fairly hardy race that is adapted to low eenish and is he epid d, usua w yellow smooth ermis is lly temperatures originated in the Mexican atery w or red and sh fairly t ith a l dish w iny, so hin highlands. It differs from the two other races free—i ow oil hen m ft gree s large conten ature. n or All th and ha t (< 10 The p in several botanical characters: ese ch s a mo %). Th ulp is ofte aracte re or l e seed the leaves are generally small and n displ ristics ess cor —ofte the ay pulp make rugate n release a characteristic anise odour temp brown the fru d surfa r eratur ing (ca its del ce. efrigera es gen used icate. T when crumpled; ted tra erally by chill hey + 8°C nsport used ing inju flowering is earlier than in the other ). The of frui for the ry) at aridi race is ts of th stora races and the flowering to harvest time ty but the m e othe ge and har the mo ost se r races is 7 to 9 months; vest tim st toler nsitive (+ 6°C gr e is o ant to one to , the fruits are small and elongated and oups a nly 5 to salinity cold a k bout 1 7 mon . The f nd nown a 5% o ths. Th lowerin rarely weigh more than 250 g. The mong f avoca e Wes g to them a do va t Indian skin is very thin and smooth. re 'Pete rieties race rson', and th 'Pollock e bes ' and 'W t The pulp is often fibrous and has a high oil content aldin'. (> 15%). The seed is generally large and sometimes free. This race is very sensitive to salinity. In contrast, it tolerates high temperatures and comparatively low relative humidity. Furthermore, it has greater tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi than the other races. It thus forms good rootstock and its genetic potential is well exploited in hybridisation breeding programmes. Finally, its high lipid content is an interesting feature when the fruits are used for oil production. About 20% of varieties belong to this race. The best known include 'Duke', 'Gottfried', 'Mexicolo', 'Topa Topa' and 'Zutano'.

cold, productivity, etc.) and those related to fruit quality Hybrids (size, high pulp percentage, flavour, absence of fibres, oil content, etc.). 'Bacon', 'Ettinger', 'Fuerte' and 'Lula' in A large proportion of the varieties of interest for interna- particular are natural Mexican x Guatemalan hybrids. tional trade are hybrids. These are generally natural Guatemalan x West Indian hybrids, mainly from Florida, crosses and in rarer cases are the result of breeding include the varieties 'Ajax', 'Booth', 'Choquette', 'Collinson' exploiting the inter-fertility of the three races. The main and 'Simpson'. Mexican x West Indian hybrids such as selection criteria are agronomic (resistance to pests and 'Indian River' are very rare. Other varieties resulting from diseases, especially Phytophthora, tolerance to salinity and inter-race crosses are possible.

Hass Guatemalan race Fuerte Mexican x Flowering type: A guatemalan Fruit shape: hybrid pyriform Skin: dark green Flowering type: and brown at B maturity, not very Fruit shape: thick, warty obovate Oil content: 18 to Skin: green, matt, 20% smooth, medium Average weight: 250 to 350 g thickness. Pliable Seed:skin:pulp ratio: 16:12:72 and tough, it is (small seed) easy to remove Oil content: 16 to 18% Reed Average weight: 250 to Observations Guatemalan race 'Hass' has replaced 'Fuerte' as 400 g the sector standard. It is Seed:skin:pulp ratio: Flowering type: A 15:10:75 (large seed) currently the most commonly Fruit shape: spheroid Ettinger planted avocado in the world. It Skin: medium thickness, slightly Mexican x was selected by Rudolph Hass Observations guatemalan hybrid rough, pliable This variety was long the in California in the early 1920s Oil content: 19 to 20% and registered in 1935. The tree most commonly planted in Flowering type: B Average weight: 400 to 500 g the world and originated in is vigorous and highly produc- Seed:skin:pulp ratio: 17:11:72 Fruit shape: narrowly tive. The fruits vary in shape in Mexico (Atlixco). The tree is obovate some production regions, vigorous with fairly good Skin: bright green, fine, fairly Observations resistance to frost (to 4°C), ranging from pyriform to ovoid. This variety of Californian origin smooth Average fruits size is fa i rly but is particularly tempera- Oil content: 18 to 22% was selected by James Reed. ture- sensitive during the small in hot regions. Good Registered in 1960, the patent Average weight: 250 to capability for conservation on flowering period. Productiv- 350 g expired in 1977. It has suc- ity is generally good in the tree. The skin turns from ceeded in conserving the Seed:skin:pulp ratio: fairly dark green to purplish brown at temperate zones but it large seed qualities of its parents 'Nabal' displays strong alternate maturity. It is easy to remove and 'Anaheim' without their from the pulp. The organoleptic bearing. The fruits are easy Observations negative features. It is fairly to peel and have excellent qualities are excellent. Rich productive and alternate bearing This variety was bred from flavour (nutty taste) and buttery organoleptic qualities 'Fuerte' in Kefar Malal in is not marked. Its resistance to (buttery pulp). nonfibrous pulp. cold is comparable to that of Israel, where it is mainly 'Hass'. The fruits are large and a grown. The tree is very fertile singular round shape. They and vigorous with keep well on the an erect habit. tree. The or- The fruits are ganoleptic similar to those of qualities are 'Fuerte'. The skin excellent and the is susceptible to buttery pulp has a problems of corky slight nutty taste areas and tends and does not to adhere to the blacken after pulp. The pulp is slicing. Peeling is buttery and also easy. fibreless and has good organoleptic qualities.

Pinkerton Observations Mexican x guatemalan hybrid A recent variety bred in California by John Pinkerton and registered in 1975. It is probably the result of a Flowering type: A Hass x Rincon cross. The tree is very vigorous and Fruit shape: pyriform tolerates temperatures of -1/-2°C to 30°C. Production Skin: dark green, rough, tough and pliable, is good and alternate bearing is little marked. The medium thick, easy to peel fruits may suffer from ring-neck if the tree is under Oil content: 18 to 25% conditions of stress. The organoleptic qualities of this Average weight: 270 to 400 g variety are excellent (nutty taste). The pulp is Seed:skin:pulp ratio: 10:13:77 (small seed) smooth, buttery and fibre-less.

Avocado Phytophthora Anthracnose Cercospora spot diseases Phytophthora cinnamomi Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Cercospora purpurea Small, pale yellowish leaves. They wilt, Round brown necrotic spots on leaves Pale yellow spotting of the epidermis of fall and are not replaced. The foliage and early fall. Shoots wither. Young fruits fruits, then turning black. becomes thin. Small withered branches blacken and fall. The pathogen can infect at the top of the tree, death of the tree. young fruits as soon as they have set by Symptoms The trees wither; roots and base of trunk conidia carried by rain water from leaf attacked affecting trees of all sizes and necroses or stem cankers. ages.

Root system, but early symptoms on Leaves, branches and fruits. Fruits and leaves. Attacked part foliage. Cause Heavy soil and poor drainage. Rainy season disease. Rainy season disease. Nursery or poorly cultivated soil. Spores carried by rain. Fruit necroses caused by Cercospora Spread form entry points for Colletotrichum.

Good cultural practices. Avoid areas that are too moist and prune A programme of fungicide treatments is the trees. Spraying will be found to be essential for susceptible varieties during Measures to be taken essential in case of attack. periods propitious for the development of the disease. Use well-drained soils. Prune for good aeration of the canopy. Rain, dew and moist winds play an important role in spreading the disease. Insects (thrips) and mites can carry Prevention spores from the spots to healthy parts of the leaves and fruits.

The most serious problem in orchards. The most important post-harvest problem Fruits unsaleable. Economic impacts as the fruits unsaleable. © D. Vincenot, SUAD Réunion

Avocado Giant whitefly Thrips Red spider mite Aleurodicus dugesii Selenothrips rubrocinctus Giard Oligonychus spp. pests Scirtothrips perseae Whitefly suck sap from the leaves. The Mature leaves suffer the most serious Circular, yellowish necrotic patches form, honeydew secreted by the nymphs attacks once their tissues have started to covered by a dense web, often running collects dust and sooty mould develops, harden. Pricking causes discoloured along leaf veins. These attacks can attracting ants that can reduce the effec- chlorotic spots and leaf tip browning and cause defoliation. tiveness of biological control. rolling. Nutritional pricking of fruits starts Symptoms near the calyx and gradually spreads over the whole fruit, whose skins becomes ‘tanned’ and brown.

Attacked part Leaves. Leaves and fruits. Leaves. Natural enemies attack whitefly at the If necessary, applications of insecticides These mites are often controlled by immature stage and provide biological such as abamectin, spinosad and thia- natural predators and parasites. Washing Measures to be taken control if they are not disturbed by spi- methoxam. the leaves of young trees with a high ders. pressure water jet destroys spider mites.

A slightly damp climate favours the devel- Spider mites are spread by the wind for Prevention opment of thrips. great distances; they can also travel for short distances. Reduction of exchanges via leaves and Pricking causes scarification, suberisation Premature leaf fall. Spider mites are decrease in tree vigour. and the discolouring of fruit epidermis. thought to cause more damage to the Economic impacts This reduces the commercial value of the ‘Hass’ variety whereas the Mexican fruit. varieties such as ‘Fuerte’ are less seriously affected.

Post-harvest management of fruits is of prime importance. It affects both Avocado quality and yield as losses can range from 5 to 50%.

post-harvest M

The special features of climacteric fruits

Climacteric fruits have special physiological characteristics. They must be harvested after reaching a sufficiently advanced stage of development and hence of maturity. It is only then that they are capable of produc- synthesising sufficient amounts of ethylene to be able tion in the following season. to start ripening (a strong increase in respiration that These physiological considerations highlight the physiologists refer to as the 'climacteric' marks the importance of the harvest date. Several variables that start of deep-seated physiological changes). Only depend on the variety and the producer country mature fruits will display satisfactory organoleptic concerned are to be taken into consideration to judge characteristics once they have ripened. Avocado is a the optimum stage of maturity. Visual appraisal, fruit singular climacteric fruit. It can only start the ripening weight and diameter and the number of days after process after it has been picked. One of the best ways flowering give useful information but this is not of storing the fruit is therefore to leave it on the tree. accurate enough. Determining the matter content— Some varieties can remain on the branch for several strongly correlated with the oil content—is the most months, depending on the season. Suitability for 'tree commonly used method. Appraisal of the stage of storage' is generally very small or non-existent for maturity is completed by analysis of enzymatic activity, West Indian cultivars but marked for hybrids, especially electrical conductivity, aromatic compounds or for Guatemalan x Mexican crosses. Nevertheless, precursors or by tasting tests when the fruits have prolonged storage can have a negative effect on ripened.

Avocado — United States — 11.34-kg box Avocado — Europe — 4-kg box 43 x 32.6 x 17.5 cm 35 x 28.5 x 9 cm Weight (g) Size Weight (g) Size 422 28 461-475 8 377 32 366-400 10 340 36 306-365 12 298 40 266-305 14 241 48 236-265 16 196 60 211-235 18 156 70 190-210 20 122 84 176-189 22 Packing 102 96 156-170 24 146-155 26 Fruits with the desired maturity index are sorted, washed and graded before packing. Each market has its own packing requirements.

Avocado — Japan — 6-kg box Avocado — United States 43.9 x 33.1 x 11 cm 5.67-kg box Weight (g) Size Weight (g) Size 340 18 422 14 298 20 377 16 241 24 340 18 196 30 298 20 156 35 241 24 196 30 156 35

In shares by total volume and expenditure on fruits for the month in France

% Volumes Expenditure

Peach/nectarine 20 19

Indicators The main fruits Apple 18 13

Apricot 10 12 © Denis Loeillet

Pages The trends for the main produce of the month significantly Avocado ...... 49 influence the overall situation of the fruit market. A column Banana...... 51 entitled 'Indicators' discussing these fruits precedes the Orange ...... 53 pages devoted to a selection of exotic and citrus fruits. Grapefruit ...... 54 Litchi...... 55 Mango ...... 56 Pineapple ...... 57 Sea freight...... 58

JUNE 2008

The market has been under-supplied. However considerable pressure was felt from June 2008 / June 2007 Spain, where the harvest was fairly substantial, except during the second week of the month as the result of a strike. However, French supplies were limited by a

production deficit of some 20%. In this context, sales were fairly fluid and prices high. .

Peach/ Vol nectarine Pirce

Supply was distinctly short. First, quantities of French apples were fairly limited and June 2008 / June 2007 the season finished in June (an early date) for most operators. In addition, supply from the southern hemisphere was also fairly light. The season finished fairly early in

Argentina and Chile. Supply consisted mainly of the last batches from South Africa .

Apple

and short volumes of bicolour fruits from New Zealand. Vol Price

Particularly limited volumes were available. French production was 50% down in the June 2008 / June 2007 early varieties that form most of supply in June. Sales were fluid in this context in spite of very high prices. . Apricot Vol Price

Despite a fall in chartering activity to seasonal norms during June, demand for the June 2008 / June 2007 top-end tonnage was strong enough for owners and operators to maintain TC fixture levels well over the 100c/cbft mark. Although box rates on voyage fixtures were also

Sea recorded at historic calendar highs, the TCE yield on the less fuel-efficient units only

freight large matched average TCE returns of recent years because of bunker prices that are smail reefers almost double those of last year. reefers

Notes concerning market appraisal methodology The statistics on the following pages are estimates of quantities put on the market in France. They are only calculated for the main supplier countries and are drawn up using information on weekly arrivals or market release statements by representative operators. The figures in the 'Main fruits' section above are provided by athe CTIFL, with SECODIP being the source. The data published in the French market pages are provided solely as a guide and CIRAD accepts no responsibility for their accuracy.

Monthly and annual comparisons

Volumes Price

June 2008 / May 2008

– 5% – 27% Avocado June 2008 / June 2007 – 9% = 0%

JUNE 2008 Estimated market releases in France

upply was ample, especially in 'Hass'. Arrivals from Volumes S South Africa and Peru continued to peak throughout the month. However, although deliveries from South Africa 9 were average, those from Peru were particularly large (30% 8 higher than the average of the two preceding seasons). Supply was completed by a few batches from Spain. In this 7 context, the rapid decrease in prices that had begun in May 6 continued, especially for the large fruits that were plentiful 5 in the batches from Peru. The threshold of EUR6.00 per 4

box (size 18) was reached in mid-month, but this trend then 000 tonnes ceased. Arrivals remained large but were well anticipated 3 by importers who succeeded in re-launching demand by 2 means of a numerous promotion operations. The monthly 1 price of 'Hass' was therefore low but fairly satisfactory in the light of the large volumes sold. 0 OND JFMAMJ JAS The difficult situation for 'Hass' affected the green avocado 07/08 06/07 05/06 market even though supplies were measured: fairly large volumes arrived from Peru but those from South Africa and especially Kenya displayed strong deficits. However, de- Price at import stage mand slowed distinctly to the benefit of 'Hass', especially in France. In this context, prices fell markedly in France, es- 2.8 pecially for 'Fuerte' from Kenya, but held better in northern 2.4 Europe. 2.0

1.6

Euro/kg 1.2

0.8

0.4

0.0 ONDJFMAMJ JAS

07/08 06/07 05/06

Estimated market releases in France by origin June Comparisons (%) Total season Season comparisons (%) Tonnes 2008 2008/2007 2008/2006 2007/2008 07-08/06-07 07-08/05-06 Peru 2 898 + 7 + 39 5 886 + 67 + 34 Spain 439 - 62 - 54 14 153 - 14 - 3 Kenya 218 - 62 - 77 2 324 - 26 - 40 South Africa 1 772 + 26 + 4 4 367 + 329 + 126 Total 5 327 - 9 - 7 26 730 + 4 + 3

www.compagniefruitiere.com

Monthly and annual comparisons

Volumes* EU reference price**

June 2008 / May 2008

– 14% + 2% Banana June 2008 / June 2007 – 4% = – 1% © Denis Loeillet * Arrivals from Africa/West Indies ** Green price in Germany (GlobalGap)

JUNE 2008 French banana market — Indicators

he European market remained stable and compara- PricePrix at stadeimport import* stage* Ttively satisfactory. First, overall supply was close to 1.00 average. However, although they were smaller than in May, 0.90 arrivals of dollar bananas were slightly larger than average. 0.80 Deliveries from Costa Rica were still markedly short 0.70 (cumulated shipments for the first half of the year some 7% 0.60 down on the same period in 2007, according to our market 0.50 watch). However, very large quantities continued to arrive 0.40 Euro/kg from Colombia. In addition, Ecuadorean exports—similar to 0.30 last year's volumes for all destinations—continued to be 0.20 focused on the EU. However, this surplus was counter- 0.10 balanced by small arrivals from the French West Indies 0.00 again (new down part of the cycle in Martinique) and vol- JFMAMJ JASOND umes from Africa that were still distinctly smaller than average. 2008 2007 2006

In parallel, the seasonal decrease in demand was slightly less marked than in other years. First, temperatures were no more than mild, favouring consumption during the first two- France - RetailPrix détail price thirds of the month. Second, competition from the season's fruits was somewhat more limited than usual as a result of 1.53 1.66 1.64 1.40 1.461.49 the serious deficit in French production and a strike that halted Spanish exports at the beginning of the month.

In this context, prices remained practically stable throughout the month at a very similar level to those of 2006 and 2007. Euro/kg

JFMAMJ JASOND 2008 2007 2006

PromotionActivité promotionnelle operations RetailRatio price prix / détailgreen / priceprix vert ratio* 30 26 2.5 23 25 2.4 2.1 2.0 20 21 1.9 1.8 des promotions promotion operations promotion operations % of stores organising %de magasins organisant

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJ JASOND 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006

* African origin

European banana market — Indicators

Comparisons (%) Total season Season comparisons (%) June Tonnes 2008 2008/2007 2008/2006 2008 2008/2007 2008/2006

Martinique 17 941 - 5 + 4 68 814 - 34 - 27

Guadeloupe 3 886 + 1 + 2 18 158 - 23 - 13

Canaries 31 271 - 3 + 18 199 407 + 9 + 13

Côte d’Ivoire* 10 047 - 18 - 31 61 386 - 28 - 43

Main origins in Europe Main origins in Cameroon 17 428 + 1 - 26 130 622 + 13 + 5

Ghana 3 934 + 32 + 109 22 658 + 53 + 305

* Except for container movements

SpainEspagne - Movement - Evolution of the prixprice super of super extra extra GermanyAllemagne - Green - Prix price vert (GlobalGap)(GlobalGap) 0.95 0.85 0.92 1.00 0.71 0.94 0.73 0.90 0.93 0.65 0.62 0.7 Euro/kg Euro/kg Green price in Europe JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006

GermanyAllemagne ItalieItaly 1.91 1.39 1.43 1.731.72 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.16 1.29 1.27 1.16 Euro/kg Euro/kg

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJ JASOND 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006

UnitedRoyaume-Uni Kingdom EspagneSpain 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.80 1.90 1.90 1.83 1.88 Retail price in Europe 0.74 1.80 1.80 £/kg Euro/kg

JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND 2008 2007 2006 2008 2007 2006

Monthly and annual comparisons

Volumes Price

June 2008 / May 2008

– 30% + 8% Orange June 2008 / June 2007 – 16% + 27%

JUNE 2008 Estimated market releases in France

he marked supply deficit of May was cleared to a con- Volumes Tsiderable degree as the southern hemisphere season got under way but volumes remained substantially smaller 60 than average. 50 Arrivals of 'Navel' from South Africa were distinctly larger than normal as the harvest was better than in 2007 and 40 market allocation was favourable to the EU, at the expense of the Russian market in particular. However, the quantities 30 remained comparatively moderate, especially in France and

only gained momentum during the second half of the month. tonnes 000 20 Complementary supply of 'Navel' from Argentina was also larger than in 2007, although it remained very moderate. 10 However, the supply deficit in fruits from northern hemi- 0 sphere sources remained very marked. Arrivals of 'Valencia' from Spain were some 40% down on the average. In addi- ONDJFMAMJ JAS tion, Moroccan supplies were light. The volumes decreased 07/08 06/07 05/06 rapidly at the beginning of the month, especially as keeping problems were seen in certain brands. Price at import stage In this context, and given the seasonal demand, the prices of good quality fruits held at a very high level. 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

Euro/kg 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 ONDJFMAMJJA S 07/08 06/07 05/06

Estimated market releases in France by origin

June Comparisons (%) Total season Season comparisons (%) Tonnes 2008 2008/2007 2008/2006 2007/2008 07-08/06-07 07-08/05-06 Spain 11 072 - 25 - 21 225 205 - 22 - 14 Morocco 1 047 - 42 + 5 14 232 + 88 + 22 South Africa 3 614 + 5 926 + 1743 3 800 + 6 236 + 1 838 Total 15 733 - 16 - 6 243 237 - 17 - 11

Monthly and annual comparisons

Volumes Price

June 2008 / May 2008

JUNE 2008 Estimated market releases in France

olumes returned to an average level after a light Volumes Vmonth of May. Deliveries from South Africa increased but remained smaller than normal as the harvest was mod- 8 erate and the Russian market was favoured. However, 7 shipments from Argentina—especially pink varieties shipped to France—were distinctly larger than average. 6 Supply was completed by significant stocks from Florida 5 and a few arrivals from Corsica reserved for the French market. 4 3 000 tonnes Demand was medium but normal for the season. Florida 2 retained a significant share of the French market for much of the month. Sales were fluid and prices firm. This situa- 1 tion resulted in a slight slowing of releases from the other 0 origins. However, South African operators succeeded in ONDJFMAMJ JAS keeping prices firm and high, given the shortage of supply. In contrast, their Argentinian counterparts had to accept a 07/08 06/07 05/06 degree of flexibility, especially at the end of the month, for reasons of larger supplies and a few quality problems in certain brands. Price at import stage

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8 0.6 Euro/kg 0.4

0.2

0.0 ONDJFMAMJ JAS 07/08 06/07 05/06

Estimated market releases in France by origin June Comparisons (%) Total season Season comparisons (%) Tonnes 2008 2008/2007 2008/2006 2007/2008 07-08/06-07 07-08/05-06 Florida 200 - - 37 295 + 20 + 147 Israel 20 - - 6 967 - 14 + 13 Turkey - - - 100 3 230 - 16 - 62 Argentina 2 635 + 51 + 28 3 408 + 6 + 16 South Africa 3 839 - 7 + 29 4 691 + 10 - 37 Total 6 694 + 14 + 24 55 591 + 29 + 86

Litchi — Import prices on the Dutch market Euro/kg

June June Weeks 23 24 25 26 2008 2007 2008 average average Litchi By sea 2.50 2.50 2.30 2.20 2.35 2.60 Thailand to to to to to to 3.25 3.25 2.50 2.50 2.85 3.00

JUNE 2008

he European litchi market was fairly fluid in June, with quite small volumes traded. Most supplies are from Thailand Tat this time of year and consist of destemmed, sulphur-treated fruits shipped by sea. A few batches from China and Mexico occasionally complemented the Thai fruits. Litchi consumption is marginal in this season and seemed even smaller than in previous years.

As in 2007, most litchi supply in June throughout June. Pressure from larger supplying the Asian supermarkets in the was from Thailand. The fruits are quantities in the third week of the month Paris region). shipped mainly to the Netherlands, from when demand was sluggish resulted in where operators forward litchi to the a broadening of the range of prices. In Belgium, sales of Thai litchis remain European markets. In the first half Although high-quality fruits still sold at mained marginal in June as demand of June, Thai litchis sold fairly briskly on between EUR3.50 and 4.00 per kg, was particularly slow. They sold steadily a balanced Dutch market. The small those of more uncertain quality and at around EUR2.50 per kg, increasing supply matched the requirements of freshness changed hands at between slightly to EUR2.75 at the end of the limited demand on a market that tended EUR2.80 and 3.00 per kg. As in previ- month. The first batches of Israeli litchis to focus on the season's fruits. How- ous years, the French market also took appeared on the Belgian market right at ever, attractive prices trended to favour occasional deliveries from Mexico and the end of the month and sold at sales while the trade context was not China. The high asking prices for these EUR3.50 per kg. very favourable. The volumes arriving fruits (EUR12 and 6 per kg respectively) increased in the third week of the considerably limited scope for sales. It German sales of Thai litchis remained month, causing prices to lose ground would seem that the first batches re- very limited, as in the other European although they then remained stable until ceived at the beginning of the month countries. Prices settled at around the end of the month. were not followed by others. However, it EUR3.00 per kg. Pesticide residue lev- seems that shipments of litchis from els higher than those permitted by the Sales of Thai litchis in France seem to China continued but via chains outside regulations were detected in the second have been particularly limited. They the market (direct imports by traders half of the month, further limiting flows sold steadily at EUR3.00 to 4.00 per kg of these fruits from Thailand.

Mango — Weekly arrivals — Estimates in tonnes weeks 2008 23 24 25 26 By air Mali 60 50 50 40 Burkina Faso 15 10 5 5 Côte d’Ivoire 30 20 - - Senegal - - 15 30 By sea Brazil 1 160 1 100 990 770 Mango Mali 330 440 440 440 Côte d’Ivoire 1 100 660 330 330 Burkina Faso 220 220 130 110

JUNE 2008 Mangue - Brésil - Arrivages mensuels en Mango - Brazil - Monthly arrivals in Europe Eu r o p e angoes from West African countries clearly domi- 20 M nated European market supply in June. However, the gradual ceasing of shipments from Côte d’Ivoire and Burk- 15 ina Faso was not enough to stimulate the market. Prices 10 remained stable but at a level similar to that of May. They only rose slightly at the end of the period when the Sene- 000 tonnes 5 galese export season began. 0 NDJ FMAMJ June featured large supplies position of produce from Mali and a gradual decrease in and Burkina Faso on the 07/08 06/07 demand. Arrivals from Côte French market. Until then, Mangue - Côte d'Ivoire - Arrivages d’Ivoire and Brazil slowed most of their outlets had been Mango - Côte d’Ivoire - Monthly arrivals in Europe distinctly but the substantial on northern European mar- mensuels en Europe deliveries that had accumu- kets and especially the Neth- 10 lated since the second half of erlands. A few deliveries of May resulted in substantial 'Keitt' from the Dominican 8 stocks. Meanwhile, demand Republic completed the 6 decreased and focused more supplies to the northern 4 on the season's fruits. This European markets at the end 000 tonnes 000 2 market configuration resulted of the month. The Puerto in continued mid-level prices. Rican export season began in 0 The fragility of Brazilian fruits mid-month with the shipment AMJ and the worsening of the of 'Keitt' mangoes, mainly to 2008 2007 quality of those from Côte the British market, with ex- d’Ivoire after storage for ports to continental Europe varying lengths of time made remaining marginal. slowly. Storage resulted in a fruits received strong competi- a price increase difficult in worsening of quality with the tion from the other West spite of the decrease in the The air mango market was fruits wrinkling and becoming African sources and had quantities arriving. Selling still difficult in June, with overripe. This meant that difficulty in gaining a position prices firmed from the second comparatively stable but fairly operators had to clear stock on a clogged market. A few week of the month onwards low prices. As for sea mango, at low prices in an attempt at occasional batches of 'Keitt' but only erratically and un- deliveries were substantial cleansing the market. This from the Dominican Republic evenly. It was not until the and considerably larger than was done gradually until the and of 'Sindhri' from Pakistan end of the month that the demand. Substantial ship- second half of the month, completed supply in the dwindling volumes resulted in ments from Côte d’Ivoire and when prices became firmer second part of the month. firmer prices. The marked Mali resulted in the accumula- but did not rise. The Senegal- decrease in deliveries from tion of stocks and the large ese export season started in Côte d’Ivoire improved the quantities held sold very this difficult context. The latter

Mango — Import prices on the French market — Euros Weeks 2008 23 24 25 26 June 2008 average June 2007 average By air (kg) Mali Amélie 2.50 2.20-2.30 - 2.35-2.40 2.20-2.50 Mali Valencia 2.00-2.50 2.00-2.50 2.00-2.50 - 2.00-2.50 nc Mali Kent 2.00-3.00 2.00-3.00 2.50-2.80 2.80-3.50 2.30-3.05 2.35-3.90 Burkina Faso Amélie 2.00-2.50 - - - 2.00-2.50 nc Burkina Faso Kent 2.00-3.00 2.00-3.00 2.50-2.60 - 2.15-2.85 2.70-3.20 Côte d’Ivoire Kent 3.00-3.50 3.00-3.50 2.80-3.50 2.80-3.50 2.90-3.50 3.50-4.00 Senegal - - 4.00 3.80-4.00 3.90-4.00 3.50-3.90 By sea (box) Côte d’Ivoire Kent 3.50-4.50 3.50-4.50 3.50-4.50 4.00-4.50 3.60-4.50 2.25-3.10 Mali Kent/Keitt 3.50-4.00 3.50-4.00 3.50-4.50 4.00-4.50 3.60-4.25 3.10-3.75 Burkina Faso Kent 3.00-3.50 3.50-4.00 3.50-4.50 4.00-4.50 3.50-4.10 2.80-3.50 Senegal Kent - - - 5.00-5.50 5.00-5.50 nc

Pineapple — Import price

Euros Min Max

By air (kg)

Smooth Cayenne 1.60 1.85 Victoria 2.50 3.50 Pineapple By sea (box) Smooth Cayenne 5.00 8.00

JUNE 2008

une was particularly difficult for pineapple sector operators. The arrival of large volumes of 'Sweet' from Latin Amer- Jica when demand was focused on the season's fruits disturbed sales considerably throughout the month. The situation was no better for air pineapple as the fruits were too uneven and demand too small to handle the fairly small quantities. The return of the season's fruits had an even more damaging effect on the 'Victoria' market as there was lack of interest in small exotics in general and in 'Victoria' in particular.

The much-announced increase in the Supply decreased throughout the month and quality concerns were noted. A fair volumes from Latin America finally took on the 'Smooth Cayenne' market. The proportion of the batches received was place at the beginning of the month. batches received were so small that the either overripe or lacklustre, making Although not excessive, the volumes variety was in a niche position. Supply sales difficult. received were large during the first two of 'Sweet' at prices as low as those of weeks of the month and then decreased 'Smooth Cayenne' applied further pres- The air pineapple situation was not in the second half. The volumes of sure. Some operators selling only in better. Supply was not only very small 'Sweet' that arrived in the first fortnight France quoted prices higher than those but also of uneven quality. Consumers weighed heavily on a market in which given below. Confirmation of the de- preferred the season's fruits that were demand was very interested in the sea- crease in supplies from Latin America in available in large quantities and at low son's fruits. Supply imbalance compli- the second week of the month did not prices. Even the batches of 'sugarloaf' cated the situation. Most shipments have the hoped-for effect on prices— pineapple from Benin that usually dis- consisted of small fruits that did not quite the opposite. Indeed, the second play very even quality lost their attrac- match demand. Operators could not half of the month was even worse for tion and were difficult to sell at more therefore turn to export markets to clear operators whose work boiled down to than EUR1.90 per kg at the end of the their fruits and found themselves en- stock management. With lack of de- month. cumbered with stock. Prices were ex- mand, the market had difficulty in clear- tremely low on northern European mar- ing stocks. Prices were very open The situation was worse still for kets from the first week of the month. throughout the second half of the month 'Victoria', with problems of quality com- To this was added the very aggressive and sometimes very low (often less bined with total lack of interest in this price policy of the major brands (Del than EUR4.50 per box!). The market small exotic. Although the largest quan- Monte and Dole) who offered their fruits was still clogged at the end of the tities were from Réunion and Mauritius, at much lower prices than usual from month and, in spite of expectations of with difficult batches selling at ridicu- the second week onwards. Stocks smaller volumes from Latin America, lously low prices (EUR0.50 to 1.00 per formed and prices began to fall. prices did not seem to be recovering. box), many operators planned to sus- Supply of 'Smooth Cayenne' was also pend their imports, especially of fruits very small during the second fortnight from Mauritius.

Pineapple — Import prices on the French market — Main origins — Euros Weeks 2008 23 24 25 26 By air (kg) Smooth Cayenne Benin 1.75-1.85 1.75-1.85 1.70-1.80 1.65-1.80 Cameroon 1.75-1.85 1.75-1.85 1.70-1.80 1.65-1.80 Côte d’Ivoire 1.75-1.85 1.75-1.85 1.75-1.80 1.70-1.80 Ghana 1.60-1.70 1.60-1.70 1.60-1.75 1.60-1.75 Victoria Côte d’Ivoire 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50-3.00 Ghana 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50-3.00 Réunion 3.00-3.40 3.00-3.40 3.00-3.40 3.00-3.50 Mauritius 3.00-3.20 3.00-3.20 3.00-3.20 2.50-3.00 South Africa 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50-3.00 By sea (box) Smooth Cayenne Côte d’Ivoire 6.00-8.00 6.00-8.00 5.00-7.00 5.00-8.00 Sweet Côte d’Ivoire 6.50-7.50 5.50-7.50 5.00-7.00 4.50-6.00 Cameroon 6.50-7.50 5.50-7.50 5.00-7.00 4.50-6.00 Ghana 6.50-7.50 5.50-7.50 5.00-7.00 4.50-6.00 Costa Rica 5.50-7.00 5.00-7.00 5.0-6.000 4.50-6.00

Monthly spot average

US$cents/cubic foot Large reefers Small reefers x 30 days Sea June 2008 94 101 June 2007 59 71

freight June 2006 27 43

JUNE 2008 Weekly market movement

espite a fall in chartering activity to seasonal norms dur- Large reefers (450 000 cuft) Ding June, demand for the top-end tonnage was strong enough for owners and operators to maintain TC fixture levels 200 2008 well over the 100c/cbft mark. Although box rates on voyage 2007 fixtures were also recorded at historic calendar highs, the TCE 2006 yield on the less fuel-efficient units only matched average TCE 150 returns of recent years because of bunker prices that are almost double those of last year. 100 Although Ecuadorian banana tons. If the news is already not volumes were lower there was good there are very good rea- good enquiry from the Plate sons to fear that next year’s 50 and US Gulf with both origins outlook will be a whole lot benefiting from strong demand worse. The combination of high 0 in Russia and the E Med. bunker prices, markets unwilling US CentsUS /Cubft perdays 30 1 5 9 13172125293337414549 Throughout the month it would or unable to absorb price in- be fair to say that there were creases and the high price for Weeks / Source: Reefer Trends never more than 5 vessels open steel on the Indian sub- at the Canal at any one time. continent has already led to the The H1 average for 2008 for demolition of 8.5mcbft of capac- Small reefers (330 000 cuft) larger vessels calculates at just ity to date this year. And in what about an even 100c/cbft, is beginning to look like a realis- 200 2008 slightly above last year’s aver- tic scenario, over the next five 2007 age. There are immediately two years specialised reefer capac- 2006 questions to answer: how will ity could be reduced by as 150 the market behave for the rest much as 50%! This forecast is of the year? And what will the based on the current average 100 impact be on Period rates? The age of the reefer fleet and a not combination of low banana unrealistic vessel lifespan as- production in Ecuador and high sumption of 26 years. If capac- 50 bunker rates on the one hand ity is reduced, what will hap- and the prospect of weak ba- pen? The consequences of the 0

nana markets in the Med and global reefer trade being limited CentsUS / Cubft perdays30 1 5 9 13172125293337414549 Black Sea over the summer or curtailed by the supply of months on the other would specialised reefer and/or reefer Weeks / Source: Reefer Trends suggest that it is more likely box capacity will inevitably be older units will dive into lay-up felt predominantly by the devel- gage in oceangoing, long-line change, the consequences of or be sold for scrap rather than oping nations, either because tuna fishing worldwide. Fishing which are hard to predict. This risk continue trading. Unless, they won’t be able to ship prod- vessels from the three countries is because it the major changes that is, demand from the US uct or be able to afford it! This and Taiwan account for nearly that are taking place are in the poultry and Argentinean citrus has already started to happen: 90% of those boats – as much macro as opposed to the micro businesses, which seem better at the end of June tuna-fishing as 30% of the world's longline variables that influence supply able to absorb increased costs, boat operators' organisations in fishing fleet suspended opera- and demand for reefer capacity. can compensate for the differ- Japan, China, South Korea and tions! Without wishing to exag- How the impact of those ence. On long-term ‘Period’ Taiwan agreed to suspend gerate there is a growing feeling changes cascades down into business charterers may well operations for several months in that the global reefer business the day-to-day management of have to start thinking seriously the face of soaring fuel costs. is on the verge of highly signifi- the reefer trades remains to be about locating their panic but- About 1,200 fishing boats en- cant and unprecedented seen.

Wholesale market prices in Europe June 2008

EUROPEAN UNION — IN EUROS Germany Belgium France Holland UK AVOCADO Air TROPICAL BRAZIL Box 12.00 Sea ETTINGER PERU Box 5.50 FUERTE KENYA Box 4.25 PERU Box 5.25 SOUTH AFRICA Box 6.25 5.25 5.50 HASS KENYA Box 4.75 PERU Box 5.50 5.50 5.38 6.50 SOUTH AFRICA Box 5.75 NOT DETERMINED KENYA Box 5.05 PERU Box 7.58 SOUTH AFRICA Box 6.31 PINKERTON SOUTH AFRICA Box 6.00

BANANA Air RED ECUADOR kg 5.50 SMALL COLOMBIA kg 6.50 6.00 ECUADOR kg 4.26 Sea SMALL COLOMBIA kg 2.30 ECUADOR kg 1.75

CARAMBOLA Air MALAYSIA kg 4.01 4.32 5.00 4.14 4.32 Sea MALAYSIA kg 3.14 2.57 2.70

COCONUT Sea COTE D'IVOIRE Bag 13.75 7.50 6.88 11.68 DOMINICAN REP. Bag 7.50 10.88 10.10 SRI LANKA Bag 8.75

DATE Sea NOT DETERMINED ISRAEL kg 3.40 2.38 TUNISIA kg 1.80 1.31 MEDJOOL ISRAEL kg 8.20 6.75 5.94 SOUTH AFRICA kg 7.10

GINGER Sea THAILAND kg 1.15 1.50 1.28 1.02 CHINA kg 0.91 0.95 1.18

GUAVA Air BRAZIL kg 4.00 4.67 THAILAND kg 5.33

KUMQUAT Air ISRAEL kg 5.05 SOUTH AFRICA kg 4.50 4.44 ZIMBABWE kg 4.25

LIME Air MEXICO kg 3.60 Sea BRAZIL kg 0.55 1.00 1.16 0.78 1.11 MEXICO kg 0.94 1.15 1.00 1.17

LITCHI Air THAILAND kg 6.00 Sea THAILAND kg 2.88 2.38 2.84

LONGAN Air THAILAND kg 7.80

MANGO Air KENT MALI kg 2.80 2.60 SENEGAL kg 3.00 NOT DETERMINED COTE D'IVOIRE kg 2.29 AMELIE MALI kg 2.25 NGOWE KENYA kg 3.25 NAM DOK MAI THAILAND kg 5.27

EUROPEAN UNION — IN EUROS Germany Belgium France Holland UK MANGO Sea ATKINS BRAZIL kg 1.13 1.07 KEITT PERU kg 1.33 GUINEA kg 1.18 KENT COTE D'IVOIRE kg 1.25 1.13 SENEGAL kg 1.25 NOT DETERMINED BRAZIL kg 1.35 AMELIE MALI kg 1.25 PALMER BRAZIL kg 2.00

MANGOSTEEN Air INDONESIA kg 6.40 THAILAND kg 8.00

MANIOC Sea COSTA RICA kg 1.45 1.28

PAPAYA Air NOT DETERMINED BRAZIL kg 2.29 3.10 2.78 2.15 JAMAICA kg 2.53 FORMOSA BRAZIL kg 2.88 Sea NOT DETERMINED BRAZIL kg 1.85 1.75 COTE D'IVOIRE kg 1.71 MALAYSIA kg 1.52

PASSION FRUIT Air PURPLE KENYA kg 4.50 4.27 SOUTH AFRICA kg 5.50 5.25 6.50 ZIMBABWE kg 5.25 5.41 4.69 YELLOW COLOMBIA kg 6.13 7.30 6.20 6.50

PERSIMMON Air SOUTH AFRICA kg 2.47 1.90

PHYSALIS Air PREPACKED COLOMBIA kg 5.46 7.50 6.04 5.78 THAILAND kg 6.31 Sea COLOMBIA kg 3.74 4.79

PINEAPPLE Air SMOOTH CAYENNE CAMEROON kg 1.90 GHANA kg 1.50 1.75 VICTORIA MAURITIUS Box 13.00 10.00 REUNION kg 4.00 SOUTH AFRICA Box 10.50 12.50 10.75 Sea MD-2 COSTA RICA Box 6.25 7.00 6.70 8.38 COTE D'IVOIRE Box 6.75 PANAMA Box 5.50

PITAHAYA Air RED THAILAND kg 5.67 VIET NAM kg 6.60 5.83 YELLOW COLOMBIA kg 9.20 6.75 ECUADOR kg 6.80

PLANTAIN Sea COLOMBIA kg 1.20 COSTA RICA kg 0.79 ECUADOR kg 0.77 0.95

RAMBUTAN Air INDONESIA kg 6.25 VIET NAM kg 6.95

SWEET POTATO Sea BRAZIL kg 1.00 ISRAEL kg 1.25 SOUTH AFRICA kg 1.30 UNITED STATES kg 1.17 1.42

TAMARILLO Air COLOMBIA kg 5.60 5.80 5.60

YAM Sea BRAZIL kg 2.00 GHANA kg 1.20 1.13

Note: according to grade

These prices are based on monthly information from the Market News Service, International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), Geneva. MNS - International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/WTO (ITC), Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland T. 41 (22) 730 01 11 / F. 41 (22) 730 09 06

Fournitures du matériel pour l’équipement de la station d’emballage à la CDC – ATF 2002

La Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) envisage d’attribuer un marché de fournitures pour l’équipement de la station d’emballage de Pungo, sur un financement de l’Union Européenne – Ligne Budgétaire B7 – 8710, dans le cadre du programme d’Assistance Technique et Financière au secteur bananier Convention N° B7-8710/856/31. Le dossier d’appel d’offres peut être obtenu à l’adresse suivante : Direction Générale Cameroon Development Corporation PMB Limbe République du CAMEROUN Tél : (00237) 33 33 22 51 / Fax : 33 43 17 46 Et également à l’adresse Internet suivante : [email protected] La date limite de remise des offres est fixée au 27 novembre 2008.

ANNULATION D’UN APPEL D’OFFRES DE FOURNITURES Equipement d’une station d’emballage / ATF 2002

1. Référence de publication FRuiTROP — Edition N°156 2. Date de publication Mai 2008 3. Programme Assistance Technique et Financière au secteur bananier Convention N° B7-8710/856/31. 4. Pouvoir adjudicateur / administration contractante Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) / Bota - Limbe 5. Autres renseignements Une nouvelle procédure d’appel d’offres pour le présent projet est en cours de publication.