DOCSLIB.ORG

Influence of Salinity and Cadmium on the Volume of Pacific Herring Eggs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Influence of Salinity and Cadmium on the Volume of Pacific Herring Eggs Helgollinder wiss. Meeresunters. 32, 163-178 (1979). Influence of salinity and cadmium on the volume of Pacific herring eggs D. F. ALDERDICE 1, H. ]~OSENTHAL~ & F. P. J. VrLSEN 1 1Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Resource Services Branch, Pacific Biological Station; Nanaimo, British Columbia VgR 5K6, Canada, and ~Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (Zentrale); Palmaille 9, D-2000 Hamburg 50, Federal Republic of Germany ABSTRACT: Changes in total volume and volume of the yolk and perivitelline space of Pacific herring eggs were examined throughout incubation at 5 ~ in relation to salinity of the incuba- tion medium (5, 20, 35 %o S), and al%r exposure to cadmium (0.05-10 ppm Cd) at 20%o S. Alter fertilization and filling of the perivitelline space there was a decline in total egg volume in all salinities until 60-80 hr after fertilization. There followed a period of relative stability of total volume (100-240 hr), then a slow decline until hatching (240-619 hr). There was an inverse relation between egg volume and salinity at all stages of egg development. Eggs trans- ferred from 20 %o to 5 or 35 %o S, 87.4 hr after fertilization (90 ~ blastodermal overgrowth of the yolk), showed only minor changes in total egg volume within the period of relative stability (100-240 hr). Prior to 80 hr, changes in egg volume appeared primarily to be simple adjustments to prevailing osmotic and ionic conditions, modified, however, by presumed irreversible changes induced in the egg in relation to salinity experience at, and shortly after, fertilization. Subsequently, between 80-100 hr, egg volume appears to become regulated, com- mencing in the interval between late blastodermal overgrowth and blastopore closure. Yolk volume declined aflcer fertilization, reached a minimum 40-60 hr aiter fertilization, increased to 100 hr, then decreased in the period of relative stability of total volume - presumably in relation to rapid growth of the embryo. In the latter period, yolk volume appeared resistant to change when eggs are transferred from 20 ~ to 5 or 35 ~ S, 87.4 hr after fertilization. Volume of the perivitelline space reached a maximum after fertilization, then decreased until about 100 hr; between 100 and 240 hr it increased rapidly and was influenced only in a minor way by salinity changes in the incubation medium 87.4 hr after fertilization. Eggs exposed to cadmium in the interval between 1/~ and 30 hr after fertilization showed major reductions in total egg volume; total volume in the period of relative stability (100--240 hr) was much reduced and normal volume was not recovered after removal of such eggs to uncontaminated water at 30 hr. * Prepared under the auspices of the Canadian-German Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement (Contribution No. 7). 164 D.F. Alderdice et al. INTRODUCTION Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) eggs are tolerant of a wide range of salinities (Alderdice & Velsen, 1971), yet a full understanding of the ecological effects of salinity on eggs and larvae of the species has yet to be achieved. A further question of ecological significance has centred on the effects of cadmium as an environmental contaminant (Rosenthal & Sperling, 1974). During a subsequent cooperative study, the authors had the opportunity to combine their objectives in a study of Pacific herring egg and larval development (Rosenthal & Alderdice, 1976). A number of aspects of early development were examined, including the effects of salinity and cadmium on bursting pressures of eggs (Alderdice et al., 1979 b). This paper reports observations on total egg volume and volumes of the yolk and perivitelline space during incubation in various salinities and cadmium concentrations. In general, the diameter and volume of marine teleost eggs of a given species tend to be larger in lower salinities (Holliday, 1965; K~indler & Tan, 1965; Solem- dal, 1967, 1971; LSnning & Solemdal, 1972; Dushkina, 1973; May, 1974). Less information is available on the influence of cadmium on herring eggs. Rosenthal & Sperling (1974)and yon Westernhagen et al. (1974) incubated Baltic herring (G. harengus) eggs in seawater-cadmium solutions. In neither instance were egg diameters found to be significantly altered by cadmium exposure, although the latter authors found yolk volume of newly hatched larvae to be greater both in higher salinities and higher cadmium concentrations. Egg size in the Baltic flounder, Pleuronectes flesus, does not appear to be influenced by exposure to cadmium during incubation (von Westernhagen & Dethlefsen, 1975). Yet, Pacific herring egg total volumes were found to be lower in higher salinities and aider exposure to cadmium Alderdice et al., 1979 b). The evidence relating the effects of salinity and cadmium to changes in egg size is far from complete. Cadmium appears to be accumulated to greater levels in eggs possessing ~hicker jelly coats. Eggs incubating in lower salinities accumulate more cadmium, indicating a potential relation of Ca++/Cd ++ ratios to the physical properties of the jelly coat and capsule (yon Westernhagen & Dethlefsen, 1975). Capsule thickness also varies considerably between species (2-35 /~m) (Ginzburg, 1968; LSnning, 1972). LSnning & Solemdal (1972) demonstrated an inverse relation between specific gravity and egg diameter for eggs of Platichthys flesus (=Pleuronec- tes flesus) and Limanda lirnanda from brackish and marine environments; in addi- tion, capsule thickness tended to be greater in eggs from marine waters. Salinity experience of the adult spawner, acting through the osmoconcentration of the ovarian fluid, also may influence the size of the prespawning, ovarian egg (Solemdal, 1967). Hence, the effects of salinity and cadmium on marine eggs during incubation may involve a complex of direct effects and interactions between prespawning and incubation salinities and parameters of the eggs associated with volume and density. Volume of herring eggs 165 MATERIALS AND METHODS Ripe, adult herring were obtained from a trapnet on Saltspring Island, Georgia Strait, British Columbia, in early March 1974. They were transported to the Pacific Biological Station. Nanaimo, and housed in a circular tank at ambient salinity- temperature conditions. Small numbers of fish were segregated by sex and held in the laboratory for brief periods during preparation of egg samples. Three experiments were conducted. In two of them, eggs were applied to 1% Siliclad-treated glass microscope slides in rows of single, separated eggs to facilitate measurement of egg diameter. The slides were stored (Alderdice & Velsen, 1978) in 20 ~ S sea water at 5 ~ for 30-60 rain; the eggs then were fertilized simultaneously in 20 %0 S sea water at 5 ~ In the third experiment the eggs were attached to microscope cover slips, fertilized in the manner described, and incubated in open, slotted carrier trays. In each experiment the eggs were le~ in contact with the herring sperm for 10 min, washed in 20 %0 S sea water at 5 ~ then moved to 40-1 test tanks for incubation at 5 ~ Further details of the procedures have been described elsewhere (Alderdice et al., 1979 a, b). Measurements of egg volume were made by ocular micrometer in temperature- controlled 1 • 10-cm diameter stage wells. Eggs were ellipsoidal. From the minor (dl) and major (d~) diameters measured, the computed volume V = 4/3 ~r [(1/2 dl) 2 (l& &)]. From the estimates of egg volume equivalent spherical diameters (d) may be obtained, where d=2 (2.35619 V) 1/8. Total volume was obtained for 15-25 eggs at each observation interval. Similar measurements were made for yolk volume. The volume of the perivitelline space was obtained by difference (total-yolk volume). In the first two experiments, total Table 1 Salinities and cadmium concentrations used in the three experiments. Some egg samples were transferred (trials 4, 5) from initial conditions to those shown in the table at the following times after fertilization" Expt. 1 - from 20 %0 S, 10 ppm Cd to 5 and 35 %0 S, 0 ppm Cd at 30-32 hr; Expt. 3 - from 5 to 35 and 35 to 5 %0 S, without cadmium, at 87.4 hr. All trials were conducted at 5 ~ Some of the results of Expt. 2 have been mentioned elsewhere (Alderdice et al. 1979 b) Expt. 1 2 3 No. Salinity Cadmium Salinity Cadmium Salinity Cadmium trial (~ (ppm) (~ (ppm) (~ (ppm) 1 5 0 5 0 5 0 2 20 0 20 0 20 0 3 35 0 35 0 35 0 4 20-->- 5 10--~0 - - 5--~35 0->-0 5 20-->-35 10-~0 - - 35-->- 5 0->-0 6 20 0.05 20 0.05 7 20 0.1 20 0.1 8 20 1 20 1 9 2O 5 20 5 10 20 10 20 10 166 D.F. Alderdice et al. volumes were obtained approximately at daily intervals from fertilization until hatching. In the third experiment total, yolk and perivitelline space volumes were obtained until 240 hr after fertilization. In estimating the perivitelline space, we recognize that its volume and that of the perivitelline fluid are not equivalent; an increasing proportion of the former was occupied by the developing embryo as incubation proceeded. Test conditions examined the effects of salinity and cadmium concentration (ppm Cd) on egg volume. Incubation temperatures and salinities were held within + 0.01 ~ and + 0.05 %0 S, respectively, of set levels. Cadmium-seawater solutions were prepared from anhydrous CdCI2 and normal sea water (28 ~ S). In all trials, egg samples were inserted into initial test conditions within 30 min of fertilization. In some of the trials, egg samples were transferred from initial test conditions to other salinity-cadmium levels. The various test conditions and transfer times are shown in Table 1. RESULTS Effects of salinity on egg volume Early changes in egg total volume were measured in a preliminary experiment (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methylated Glycans As Conserved Targets of Animal and Fungal Innate
    Methylated glycans as conserved targets of animal PNAS PLUS and fungal innate defense Therese Wohlschlagera, Alex Butschib, Paola Grassic, Grigorij Sutovc, Robert Gaussa, Dirk Hauckd,e, Stefanie S. Schmiedera, Martin Knobela, Alexander Titzd,e, Anne Dellc, Stuart M. Haslamc, Michael O. Hengartnerb, Markus Aebia, and Markus Künzlera,1 aInstitute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; bInstitute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; cDepartment of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; dDepartment of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and eChemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany Edited by Laura L. Kiessling, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, and approved May 2, 2014 (received for review January 21, 2014) Effector proteins of innate immune systems recognize specific non- with each domain representing a blade formed by a four-stranded self epitopes. Tectonins are a family of β-propeller lectins conserved antiparallel β-sheet (5, 10). Several members of the Tectonin from bacteria to mammals that have been shown to bind bacterial superfamily have been described as defense molecules or recog- lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We present experimental evidence that nition factors in innate immunity based on antibacterial activity or two Tectonins of fungal and animal origin have a specificity for bacteria-induced expression. Because most of them bind to bac- O-methylated glycans. We show that Tectonin 2 of the mushroom terial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), these proteins were proposed to Laccaria bicolor (Lb-Tec2) agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria and be lectins.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Regulation of Developmental Signaling by a Serpin
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Developmental Cell, Vol. 5, 945–950, December, 2003, Copyright 2003 by Cell Press Spatial Regulation of Developmental Signaling by a Serpin Carl Hashimoto,1,* Dong Ryoung Kim,1 become activated at the site of tissue damage (Furie and Linnea A. Weiss,2 Jingjing W. Miller,1 Furie, 1992). An additional level of control that spatially and Donald Morisato3 restricts the activity of these proteases is provided by 1Department of Cell Biology serine protease inhibitors known as serpins, such as Yale University School of Medicine antithrombin, which inactivate proteases that diffuse New Haven, Connecticut 06520 away from the activation site. Serpins are suicide sub- 2 Department of Molecular, Cellular, strates that are cleaved by their target proteases, invari- and Developmental Biology ably at a reactive site near the C terminus, thereby form- Yale University ing a covalent complex of serpin and protease that is New Haven, Connecticut 06520 resistant to dissociation by the detergent SDS (Get- 3 The Evergreen State College tins, 2002). Olympia, Washington 98505 Earlier studies suggested that negative regulation is required for spatially restricting Easter activity (Jin and Anderson, 1990; Misra et al., 1998; Chang and Morisato, Summary 2002). Dominant mutations in the easter gene produce ventralized or lateralized embryos, in which the number An extracellular serine protease cascade generates of cells adopting a ventrolateral fate is expanded at the the ligand that activates the Toll signaling pathway to expense of dorsal fates. Misra et al. (1998) detected establish dorsoventral polarity in the Drosophila em- in embryonic extracts a high molecular weight form of bryo.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transcriptome Database for Eight Species of Apple Snails (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) Jack C
    Ip et al. BMC Genomics (2018) 19:179 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4553-9 DATABASE Open Access AmpuBase: a transcriptome database for eight species of apple snails (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) Jack C. H. Ip1,2, Huawei Mu1, Qian Chen3, Jin Sun4, Santiago Ituarte5, Horacio Heras5,6, Bert Van Bocxlaer7,8, Monthon Ganmanee9, Xin Huang3* and Jian-Wen Qiu1,2* Abstract Background: Gastropoda, with approximately 80,000 living species, is the largest class of Mollusca. Among gastropods, apple snails (family Ampullariidae) are globally distributed in tropical and subtropical freshwater ecosystems and many species are ecologically and economically important. Ampullariids exhibit various morphological and physiological adaptations to their respective habitats, which make them ideal candidates for studying adaptation, population divergence, speciation, and larger-scale patterns of diversity, including the biogeography of native and invasive populations. The limited availability of genomic data, however, hinders in-depth ecological and evolutionary studies of these non-model organisms. Results: Using Illumina Hiseq platforms, we sequenced 1220 million reads for seven species of apple snails. Together with the previously published RNA-Seq data of two apple snails, we conducted de novo transcriptome assembly of eight species that belong to five genera of Ampullariidae, two of which represent Old World lineages and the other three New World lineages. There were 20,730 to 35,828 unigenes with predicted open reading frames for the eight species, with N50 (shortest sequence length at 50% of the unigenes) ranging from 1320 to 1803 bp. 69.7% to 80.2% of these unigenes were functionally annotated by searching against NCBI’s non-redundant, Gene Ontology database and the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eggs of the Apple Snail Pomacea Maculata Are Defended by Indigestible Polysaccharides and Toxic Proteins
    Canadian Journal of Zoology The eggs of the apple snail Pomacea maculata are defended by indigestible polysaccharides and toxic proteins Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Manuscript ID cjz-2016-0049.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: 13-Jul-2016 Complete List of Authors: Giglio, Matias; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLP (UNLP-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Ituarte, Santiago; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLPDraft (UNLP-CONICET) Pasquevich, Maria; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLP (UNLP-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Heras, Horacio; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLP (UNLP-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de la Plata, DEFENSE < Discipline, NUTRITION < Discipline, MOLLUSCA < Taxon, EGGS Keyword: & EGGSHELLS < Organ System, ENERGY RESERVES < Organ System, Pomacea maculata, apple snail https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjz-pubs Page 1 of 37 Canadian Journal of Zoology 1 The eggs of the apple snail Pomacea maculata are defended by indigestible polysaccharides and toxic proteins M. L. Giglio a,b , S. Ituarte a, M. Y. Pasquevich a,c and H. Heras a,d * a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) – CONICET CCT-La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. b Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina. c Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Argentina. d Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Argentina. *Corresponding author Draft Prof. Dr. H. Heras INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, (1900) La Plata, Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology, Respiration and Energetics of the Eggs of the Giant
    Q' ê1. oet Morphology, resp¡ration and energetics of the eggs of the giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama Emma R. Cronin Department of Environmental Biology University of Adelaide This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy FEBRUARY 2OOO Table of Contents ABSTRACT.... 4 INDEX TO TABLES.... 6 INDEX TO FIGURES 7 DECLARATION 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 10 CHAPTER 2: MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH OF THE EGG.. Introduction.......... 19 Methods 20 Site collection and egg maintenance 20 Ageing eggs.............. ¿) Morphology of the eggs and embryos 23 Perivitelline fluid.......... 25 Growth rate................... 26 Variations in egg si2e........... 26 Data analysis.. 27 Results...... 2l Field observations 27 Egg morphology 29 Perivitelline fluid osmolality. 32 Growth rates ................ 32 Variations in egg si2e......... JI Discussion 42 Morphology ............... 42 Perivitelline fluid 43 Egg size 45 Capsule 46 47 Embryo 48 CHAPTER 3: STAGING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 54 54 Methods... 56 Results..... .56 Gonad development and fertilisation . 56 Cleavage.... 57 Gastrulation 58 2 Organogenesis ................... Sepia apama organogenesrs Behaviour and hatching...... Discussion..... CHAPTER 4: GAS EXCHANGE IN EGGS. Introduction Methods..... Oxygen consumption of the eggs ....'.......'..'. Perivitelline Poz Mantle contraction frequencY.. Results...... Oxygen consumption... Comparison of methods .... Effect of Poz on \b2.. Changes in \bz throughout development... Perivitelline Fluid Po2............ Oxygen conductance of the caPsule Role of convection Discussion Embryonic oxygen consumption Capsule oxygen consumption.............'. Effects of stining on egg metabolic rate: Boundary layers Effect of Poz on \b2 Matching \ôz and Goz .......... Capsule Ko2....... Role of convection Consequences of diffusive limitations on egg design. CHAPTER 5: ENERGETICS OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Initial egg energy content.. Final energy content Energy content.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zebrafish Perivitelline Fluid Provides Maternally-Inherited
    biomolecules Communication The Zebrafish Perivitelline Fluid Provides Maternally-Inherited Defensive Immunity Javiera F. De la Paz 1,2,3, Consuelo Anguita-Salinas 1,3,César Díaz-Celis 2, Francisco P. Chávez 2,* and Miguel L. Allende 1,* 1 FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, RM 7800003 Santiago, Chile; [email protected] (J.F.D.l.P.); [email protected] (C.A.-S.) 2 Laboratory of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, RM 7800003 Santiago, Chile; [email protected] 3 Danio Biotechnologies SpA, RM 7800003 Santiago, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.P.C.); [email protected] (M.L.A.) Received: 5 July 2020; Accepted: 19 August 2020; Published: 3 September 2020 Abstract: In the teleost egg, the embryo is immersed in an extraembryonic fluid that fills the space between the embryo and the chorion and partially isolates it from the external environment, called the perivitelline fluid (PVF). The exact composition of the PVF remains unknown in vertebrate animals. The PVF allows the embryo to avoid dehydration, to maintain a safe osmotic balance and provides mechanical protection; however, its potential defensive properties against bacterial pathogens has not been reported. In this work, we determined the global proteomic profile of PVF in zebrafish eggs and embryos, and the maternal or zygotic origin of the identified proteins was studied. In silico analysis of PVF protein composition revealed an enrichment of protein classes associated with non-specific humoral innate immunity. We found lectins, protease inhibitors, transferrin, and glucosidases present from early embryogenesis until hatching. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments done with this fluid demonstrated that the PVF possessed a strong agglutinating capacity on bacterial cells and protected the embryos when challenged with the pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Snail Perivitellins, Multifunctional Egg Proteins
    Apple snail perivitellins, multifunctional egg proteins Horacio Heras, Marcos S. Dreon, Santiago Ituarte, M. Yanina Pasquevich and M. Pilar Cadierno Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, INIBIOLP, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 120 s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Egg reserves of most gastropods are accumulated surrounding the fertilised oocyte as a perivitelline fluid (PVF). Its proteins, named perivitellins, play a central role in reproduction and development, though there is little information on their structural- functional features. Studies of mollusc perivitellins are limited to Pomacea. A proteomic study of the eggs of P. canaliculata identified over 59 proteins in the PVF, most of which are of unknown function, and have not been isolated and characterised. Information on molecular structure of the most abundant perivitellins of P. canaliculata have shown that they possess other functions besides being storage proteins, most remarkably in defence against predation and abiotic factors. They are a cocktail containing at least neurotoxic, antinutritive and antidigestive perivitellins, with others that may provide the eggs with a bright and conspicuous colour (aposematic signal). This review compiles the current knowledge of Pomacea perivitellins with emphasis on the novel physiological roles they play in the reproductive biology of these gastropods that have evolved the ability to lay their eggs above the water. Additional keywords: Ampullariidae, egg defences, Mollusca, Pomacea, predation, protein structure and function 99 Introduction During vitellogenesis the main components of the egg vitellus (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) are synthesised either outside or inside the ovary and incorporated into primary oocytes to serve mainly as energetic and structural sources for development.
    [Show full text]
  • Osmotic Responses of Eggs and Larvae of the Pacific Herring to Salinity and Cadmium*
    Helgol~inder wiss. Meeresunters. 32, 508-538 (1979) Osmotic responses of eggs and larvae of the Pacific herring to salinity and cadmium* D. F. ALDERDICE 1, T. R. RAo I & H. ROSENTHAL 2 1Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Pacific Biological Station; Nanaimo, British Columbia V 9 R 5 K 6, Canada, and 2Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (Zentrale) ; Palmaille 9, D-2000 Hamburg 50, Federal Republic of Germany ABSTRACT: Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) eggs fertilized in 20 %~ S and incubated in 5, 20 or 35 0/~ S at 5 ~ some being cross-transferred between 5 and 35 %~ S, 61.8 hr after fertilization, showed variable yolk and perivitelline fluid (PVF) osmolalities until beginning of epiboly. Coincident with blastopore closure and for a period of ca. 150 hr thereafter (period of stability), both yolk and PVF osmoconcentrations were relatively constant. Thereafter osmolalities rose slowly to asymptotic levels prior to hatching. Osmolal values in the period of relative stability (100-250 hr) were approximately (a) yolk: 285-310 (5 ~ S), 350 (20 ~176S), and 390 mOsm (35 %0 S); (b) perivitelline fluid: 105-1'18 (5 %o S), 370 (20 %~ S), and 530-670 mOsm (35 %o S). Prior to hatching, these were (a) yolk: 330-350 (5 0/~ S), 400 (20 %0 S), and 460-480 mOsm (35 %o S); (b) perivitelline fluid: 175-210 (5 %0 S), 530 (20 %0 S), and 850-860 mOsm (35 ~ S). Yolk osmolalities decreased, after hatching of the larvae, to approximate those levels attained between 100 and 250 hr. An hypothesis is presented whereby minimum osmotic work is defined on the basis of isosmotic relations existing between yolk, perivitelline fluid, and incubation medium.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Starvation and of Increased Carbohydrate Intake on the Polysaccharide Content of Various Body Parts of the Pond Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis
    THE INFLUENCE OF STARVATION AND OF INCREASED CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE ON THE POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF VARIOUS BODY PARTS OF THE POND SNAIL LYMNAEA STAGNALIS by J. P. VELDHUIJZEN and G. VAN BEEK (Defiartmentof Biology,Free University,Amsterdam, The Netherlands) SUMMARY In the present study the haemolymph-glucose concentration, the tissue wet weights and the amount of polysaccharides in the various body parts of the pond snail Lymnaeastagnalis were determined after feeding lettuce ad libitum, and after various periods of starvation or of feeding on a carbohydrate rich diet (Bemax). During starvation the haemolymph-glucose concentration remained rather constant, at the same level as in lettuce fed snails (about 15 fLg/ml).Feeding Bemax caused a significant increase in the glucose concentration (3-4 fold). Tissue wet weights decreased significantly during starvation (by about 40%) but did not change in snails fed Bemax. The total amount of polysaccharides of all body parts together was about 25 mg in lettuce fed snails. During 15 days of starvation this value decreased till about 9 mg (-65%), whereas after feeding Bemax during the same period this value increased till about 51 mg (+ 100%). This suggests that the metabolism ofL. stagnalis is carbohydrate orientated. Of the various body parts the mantle, the digestive gland/ovotestis and the muscle fraction are very important both in the mobilization (83% of the total amount lost) and in the storage of polysaccharides (84% of the total amount stored). The storage function of the mantle and also of the digestive gland/ovotestis is mainly due to the glycogen storing properties of the vesicular connective tissue cells (VCTC).
    [Show full text]
  • View Image Compiled from 11 Images) (A)
    Hu et al. Frontiers in Zoology 2013, 10:51 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/10/1/51 RESEARCH Open Access Development in a naturally acidified environment: Na+/H+-exchanger 3-based proton secretion leads to CO2 tolerance in cephalopod embryos Marian Y Hu1, Jay-Ron Lee1, Li-Yih Lin2, Tin-Han Shih2, Meike Stumpp1, Mong-Fong Lee3, Pung-Pung Hwang1† and Yung-Che Tseng2*† Abstract Background: Regulation of pH homeostasis is a central feature of all animals to cope with acid–base disturbances caused by respiratory CO2. Although a large body of knowledge is available for vertebrate and mammalian pH regulatory systems, the mechanisms of pH regulation in marine invertebrates remain largely unexplored. Results: We used squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana), which are known as powerful acid–base regulators to investigate the pH regulatory machinery with a special focus on proton secretion pathways during environmental hypercapnia. We cloned a Rhesus protein (slRhP), V-type H+-ATPase (slVHA) and the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (slNHE3) from S. lessoniana, which are hypothesized to represent key players in proton secretion pathways among different animal taxa. Specifically designed antibodies for S. lessoniana demonstrated the sub-cellular localization of NKA, VHA (basolateral) and NHE3 (apical) in epidermal ionocytes of early life stages. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that slNHE3, slVHA and slRhP are up regulated in response to environmental hypercapnia (pH 7.31; 0.46 kPa pCO2)in body and yolk tissues compared to control conditions (pH 8.1; 0.045 kPa pCO2). This observation is supported by + H selective electrode measurements, which detected increased proton gradients in CO2 treated embryos.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipoproteins from Plasma and Perivelline Fluid of the Apple Snail Pomacea Canaliculata Workshop
    BIOCELL ISSN 0327 -9545 2002, 26(1): 111-118 PRINTED IN ARGENTINA Workshop: “Biology of Ampullariidae” Minireview Lipoproteins from plasma and perivelline fluid of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata H. HERAS AND R.J. POLLERO Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, INIBIOLP (CONICET- UNLP), Facultad de Medicina, UNLP, Calle 60 y 120, (1900) La Plata, Argentina. Key words: Lipoproteins; lipids; proteins, snail embryogenesis Introduction the phyllum Mollusca has received little attention. In fact, the lipoproteins of only one species of the classes Structural lipids, primarily phospholipids and ste- Bivalvia, Cephalopoda and Gastropoda were described rols, as well as energy-storage lipids such as up to date. In addition to the lipoproteins common to triacylglycerols are insoluble in water. In the aqueous males and females, there are female-specific lipopro- fluids of animals, they are carried as lipoproteins, com- teins, which appear in the hemolymph plasma during plexes of lipids bound to polypeptides. These water- vitellogenesis. They are similar to vitellins, the egg li- soluble lipoproteins can be separated into different poproteins that provide energy and nutrient for the de- classes, depending upon their hydrated densities. These veloping embryo. These egg storage molecules can also classes include very low density (VLDL), low density play a role in the growth and survival of larvae. Among (LDL), high density (HDL) and very high-density aquatic invertebrates, egg lipoproteins have been de- (VHDL) lipoproteins. The two first ones predominate scribed in crustaceans, sea urchins and molluscs (for a in the blood of vertebrates, while HDLs are the main review, see Lee, 1991). lipoproteins in invertebrate hemolymph.
    [Show full text]
  • Protein Components of Perivitelline Fluid (PVF) of Horseshoe Crabs & Its Applications in Medical Research
    IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. IV (Jul -Aug. 2014), PP 39-42 www.iosrjournals.org Mini Review: Protein Components of Perivitelline Fluid (PVF) of Horseshoe Crabs & Its Applications in Medical Research Marahaini Musa 1, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan 1, 2, Azlina Ahmad 1, Khairani Idah Mokhtar 1* 1 School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia 2Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia Abstract: Horseshoe crabs have been identified as one of the marine species that contribute greatly to scientific advances especially in haematological studies. Besides the haemocytes of these creatures, they are also well known for their protein contents in the perivitelline fluid (PVF). Due to this, over the years, there has been increasing interests in the scientific community to explore the function of proteins in the PVF of horseshoe crab for applications in various biomedical areas such as immunology, embryology and tissue or cell engineering. This article will review the two main protein components found in the PVF of the horseshoe crab namely, lectins, and hemocyanins with regards to its applications in medical research. Keywords: Horseshoe crab, perivitelline fluid (PVF), lectin, hemocyanin I. Introduction Marine bioresources which include marine cyanobacteria, algae, invertebrate animals and fishes provide a great variety of specific and potent bioactive molecules such as natural organic compounds which include fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyether, peptides, proteins and enzymes. Many researchers have reviewed and described the potent therapeutic agents derived from marine resources and their medicinal applications (Burja et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2010; Vo and Kim, 2010).
    [Show full text]