DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphology, Respiration and Energetics of the Eggs of the Giant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphology, Respiration and Energetics of the Eggs of the Giant Q' ê1. oet Morphology, resp¡ration and energetics of the eggs of the giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama Emma R. Cronin Department of Environmental Biology University of Adelaide This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy FEBRUARY 2OOO Table of Contents ABSTRACT.... 4 INDEX TO TABLES.... 6 INDEX TO FIGURES 7 DECLARATION 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... 8 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 10 CHAPTER 2: MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH OF THE EGG.. Introduction.......... 19 Methods 20 Site collection and egg maintenance 20 Ageing eggs.............. ¿) Morphology of the eggs and embryos 23 Perivitelline fluid.......... 25 Growth rate................... 26 Variations in egg si2e........... 26 Data analysis.. 27 Results...... 2l Field observations 27 Egg morphology 29 Perivitelline fluid osmolality. 32 Growth rates ................ 32 Variations in egg si2e......... JI Discussion 42 Morphology ............... 42 Perivitelline fluid 43 Egg size 45 Capsule 46 47 Embryo 48 CHAPTER 3: STAGING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 54 54 Methods... 56 Results..... .56 Gonad development and fertilisation . 56 Cleavage.... 57 Gastrulation 58 2 Organogenesis ................... Sepia apama organogenesrs Behaviour and hatching...... Discussion..... CHAPTER 4: GAS EXCHANGE IN EGGS. Introduction Methods..... Oxygen consumption of the eggs ....'.......'..'. Perivitelline Poz Mantle contraction frequencY.. Results...... Oxygen consumption... Comparison of methods .... Effect of Poz on \b2.. Changes in \bz throughout development... Perivitelline Fluid Po2............ Oxygen conductance of the caPsule Role of convection Discussion Embryonic oxygen consumption Capsule oxygen consumption.............'. Effects of stining on egg metabolic rate: Boundary layers Effect of Poz on \b2 Matching \ôz and Goz .......... Capsule Ko2....... Role of convection Consequences of diffusive limitations on egg design. CHAPTER 5: ENERGETICS OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Initial egg energy content.. Final energy content Energy content.. Results..... Initial egg energy content Final composition Discussion Ecological imPlications .'..... BIBLIOGRAPHY ......... 3 Abstract The giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) of southern Australia lays among the largest molluscan eggs known. The eggs consist of a single embryo with attached yolk enclosed within a chorion membrane and wrapped in a series ofjelly layers. Embryonic development requires 3-5 months to produce a miniature adult weighing 0.35 g, with an internal yolk constituting half of its dry mass. The growth pattern reflects the avian exponential growth model, however the growth rate is slower than in birds, indicating that metabolism is inherently low. Compounded with low incubation temperatures this prolongs the developmental period, which necessitates a greater degree of protection in the form of capsule material, which consists of 20Yo of the total egg energy content. Egg volume increases by 180% during development as a result of water accumulating in the perivitelline space, and this alters egg morphology and facilitates gas exchange. Oxygen diffusion across the capsule was modeled using the equation, Vo2 : Goz (Pozou, - Pozin) in which Voz is the oxygen consumption rate, Goz is the capsule oxygen conductance, and the Poz values are the oxygen partial pressures across the capsule. During development Voz rises exponentially as the embryo grows, reaching 5.5 pl h-l at hatching. Egg swelling causes Goz to increase, allowing maintenance of intemal Po2 high enough to allow unrestricted Voz until shortly before hatching. Diffusion limitation of respiration in hatching-stage embryos is demonstrated by (1) increased embryonic Voz when ambient Poz is experimentally raised, (2) greater Voz of resting animals immediately after hatching, and (3) reduced \bz of hatchlings at ambient Poz levels higher than internal Poz before hatching. Using direct calorimetry, the proportion of energy conserved in the hatchling was 6l%. The amount of energy consumed during metabolism determined by direct calorimetry, was greater than that measured using respirometry. This suggests the embryo utilises anaerobic pathways for metabolism, which may be important when diffusion across the capsule limits the Voz. This occurs despite the 4 low temperature of incubation which extends the developmental duration, the inherently low metabolic rate and the high Goz, indicating that S. apama eggs represent the upper boundary for molluscan egg size under natural environmental conditions. Publications from this studY Cronin, E. R. and Seymour, R. S. (2000). Respiration of the eggs of the giant cuttlefish Sepia apqma. Marine Biology (in press) 5 lndex to figures Figure 1.1 : Cephalopod classification...'..'...'. Figure 1.2: Decapoda eggs and egg masses Figure 1.3: Vampyropoda eggs and egg masses Figure 1.4: Photograph of Sepia apama eggs .".....'..'..' Figure 1.5: Sepia apamq egg diagram Figure 2.I: Map of egg collection sites" 2 1 Figure 2.2: Relationship between dorsal mantle lengths and age. Figure 2.3: Water temperature profile...... Figure 2.4: Photograph of Sepia qpsma eggs. ........ Figure 2.5 : Eggmass throughout development......... " "' Figure 2.6: Eggdimensions throughout development. Figure 2.7: PeÅvítelline fluid volume throughout development Figure 2.8: Effective surface area and thickness of the capsule' Figure 2.9: Osmolality of the perivitelline fluid Figure 2.10: V/et mass of the egg components. '.....' Figure 2.11: Capsule mass throughout development Figure 2.12 Y olkmass throughout development. .'. Figure 2.13: Wet and dry embryo mass throughout development 36 Figure 2.14: Internal yolk free embryo mass and internal yolk mass....... 36 Figure 2.I5: Dry mass of egg components of variable initial egg mass JI Figure 2.16 Eggcomponent dry mass as a proportion of initial total egg mass 38 Figure 2.17 Changes in the capsule thickness of initial egg mass 38 Figure 2.18 Eggmass and effective surface area.."...'... 40 Figure 2.19: Perivitelline fluid volume and capsule thickness .. 4l Figure 2.20 : Hatchling parameters. 42 Figure 2.21: RelationshiP between natural logarithms of embryo mass with age 50 Figure 2.22: Relationship between the internal yolk free embryo dry and wet mass .. 52 Figure 3.1 : Dissected ventral mantle of female Sepia apama...'... ....57 Figure 3.2: Stage 18 embryo .... 60 Figure 3.3: Photographs of stages of embryonic development of Sepia apama ...' ....61 Figure 3.4: Drawings of developmental stages of Sepia apama....'. ....62 Figure 3.5: Stage 30 embryo and diagrams showing iridoc¡e pattern .... 65 Figwe 3.6: Hatching sequence of Sepia apama'..... 66 Figure 3.7: Changes in dorsal mantle length with development....... 67 Figure 3.8: Relationship between dorsal mantle length and developmental stage .. 68 Figure 4.1: Changes in the partial pressure in respirometry chambers Figure 4.2: Oxygen consumption rates at varying partial pressure Figure 4.3: Oxygen consumption as a function of chamber partial pressure.'.. Figure 4.4: Hatchling oxygen consumption.'.'.'...'..,'. 6 Figure 4.5: Oxygen consumption rates of whole eggs, capsule and embryos Figure 4.6: Partial pressure of the internal and external environment"""""' Figure 4.7: Oxygen conductance of the capsule Figure 4.8: The effect of temperature and partial pressure on mantle contraction rate Figtue 4.9: Embryonic oxygen consumption vs age Figure 4.10: Embryonic oxygen consumption vs mass..""' ...........109 ........... I 13 ........... 1 14 ........... I l4 lndex to tables Table 4.1: Regression equations for oxygen consumption vs partial pressule 77 Table 4.2: S. apama and S. fficinalis masses and metabolic rates 87 Table 4.3: Cephalopod metabolic rate 92 Table 4.4: Diffusivity and Krogh' s coeffi cient ........'..... 96 Table 4.5: Cephalopod egg volume 1 03 Table 4.6: Cephalopod egg characteristics........... "....... 1 04 Table 5.1: Composition and energy content of Sepia apama .. 116 Table 5.2: Energy density of yolk and body tissue of cephalopod species. 118 Table 5.3: Energy budgets for developing embryos of S. apama and S. fficinalis 120 7 Acknowledgments The staff and students at the Department of Environmental Biology provided assistance and support throughout this study, in particular, thanks is due to my supervisor Roger Seymour, and fellow students of the Seymour lab, Nicki Mitchell and Kerstin Wagner. Helen Vanderwoude and Phil Kempster were always willing to assist with equipment which was not cooperating, or did not exist. Many thanks to Jo Strzelecki and to the 'Marine Lab' for the opportunities to escape to the field. Tony Brambly and the Whydive club at Whyalla provided essential collection expeditions and informative local knowledge. Facilities for maintaining eggs were made available by the South Australian Research and Development Institute, Aquatic Sciences Centre. Special thanks to my parents, who have always been supportive of my ventures and provided their unreserved love and encouragement. Finally, to Andrew Melville who gave infinite support and encouragement throughout. 9 lntroduction Sepia apama belongs within the class Cephalopoda, the most disparate class within the vast and diverse group comprising the second largest animal phylum, the Mollusca (Arnold I97I). The specialised cephalopod class is divided into three subclasses, the completely shelled Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea, and the Coleoidea in which the shell is internal and either reduced or absent (Fig. 1.1). All living cephalopods belong to this latter subclass, except for Nautilas, which is the sole extant shelled representative
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methylated Glycans As Conserved Targets of Animal and Fungal Innate
    Methylated glycans as conserved targets of animal PNAS PLUS and fungal innate defense Therese Wohlschlagera, Alex Butschib, Paola Grassic, Grigorij Sutovc, Robert Gaussa, Dirk Hauckd,e, Stefanie S. Schmiedera, Martin Knobela, Alexander Titzd,e, Anne Dellc, Stuart M. Haslamc, Michael O. Hengartnerb, Markus Aebia, and Markus Künzlera,1 aInstitute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; bInstitute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; cDepartment of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; dDepartment of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and eChemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany Edited by Laura L. Kiessling, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, and approved May 2, 2014 (received for review January 21, 2014) Effector proteins of innate immune systems recognize specific non- with each domain representing a blade formed by a four-stranded self epitopes. Tectonins are a family of β-propeller lectins conserved antiparallel β-sheet (5, 10). Several members of the Tectonin from bacteria to mammals that have been shown to bind bacterial superfamily have been described as defense molecules or recog- lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We present experimental evidence that nition factors in innate immunity based on antibacterial activity or two Tectonins of fungal and animal origin have a specificity for bacteria-induced expression. Because most of them bind to bac- O-methylated glycans. We show that Tectonin 2 of the mushroom terial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), these proteins were proposed to Laccaria bicolor (Lb-Tec2) agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria and be lectins.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Regulation of Developmental Signaling by a Serpin
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Developmental Cell, Vol. 5, 945–950, December, 2003, Copyright 2003 by Cell Press Spatial Regulation of Developmental Signaling by a Serpin Carl Hashimoto,1,* Dong Ryoung Kim,1 become activated at the site of tissue damage (Furie and Linnea A. Weiss,2 Jingjing W. Miller,1 Furie, 1992). An additional level of control that spatially and Donald Morisato3 restricts the activity of these proteases is provided by 1Department of Cell Biology serine protease inhibitors known as serpins, such as Yale University School of Medicine antithrombin, which inactivate proteases that diffuse New Haven, Connecticut 06520 away from the activation site. Serpins are suicide sub- 2 Department of Molecular, Cellular, strates that are cleaved by their target proteases, invari- and Developmental Biology ably at a reactive site near the C terminus, thereby form- Yale University ing a covalent complex of serpin and protease that is New Haven, Connecticut 06520 resistant to dissociation by the detergent SDS (Get- 3 The Evergreen State College tins, 2002). Olympia, Washington 98505 Earlier studies suggested that negative regulation is required for spatially restricting Easter activity (Jin and Anderson, 1990; Misra et al., 1998; Chang and Morisato, Summary 2002). Dominant mutations in the easter gene produce ventralized or lateralized embryos, in which the number An extracellular serine protease cascade generates of cells adopting a ventrolateral fate is expanded at the the ligand that activates the Toll signaling pathway to expense of dorsal fates. Misra et al. (1998) detected establish dorsoventral polarity in the Drosophila em- in embryonic extracts a high molecular weight form of bryo.
    [Show full text]
  • A Transcriptome Database for Eight Species of Apple Snails (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) Jack C
    Ip et al. BMC Genomics (2018) 19:179 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4553-9 DATABASE Open Access AmpuBase: a transcriptome database for eight species of apple snails (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) Jack C. H. Ip1,2, Huawei Mu1, Qian Chen3, Jin Sun4, Santiago Ituarte5, Horacio Heras5,6, Bert Van Bocxlaer7,8, Monthon Ganmanee9, Xin Huang3* and Jian-Wen Qiu1,2* Abstract Background: Gastropoda, with approximately 80,000 living species, is the largest class of Mollusca. Among gastropods, apple snails (family Ampullariidae) are globally distributed in tropical and subtropical freshwater ecosystems and many species are ecologically and economically important. Ampullariids exhibit various morphological and physiological adaptations to their respective habitats, which make them ideal candidates for studying adaptation, population divergence, speciation, and larger-scale patterns of diversity, including the biogeography of native and invasive populations. The limited availability of genomic data, however, hinders in-depth ecological and evolutionary studies of these non-model organisms. Results: Using Illumina Hiseq platforms, we sequenced 1220 million reads for seven species of apple snails. Together with the previously published RNA-Seq data of two apple snails, we conducted de novo transcriptome assembly of eight species that belong to five genera of Ampullariidae, two of which represent Old World lineages and the other three New World lineages. There were 20,730 to 35,828 unigenes with predicted open reading frames for the eight species, with N50 (shortest sequence length at 50% of the unigenes) ranging from 1320 to 1803 bp. 69.7% to 80.2% of these unigenes were functionally annotated by searching against NCBI’s non-redundant, Gene Ontology database and the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eggs of the Apple Snail Pomacea Maculata Are Defended by Indigestible Polysaccharides and Toxic Proteins
    Canadian Journal of Zoology The eggs of the apple snail Pomacea maculata are defended by indigestible polysaccharides and toxic proteins Journal: Canadian Journal of Zoology Manuscript ID cjz-2016-0049.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: 13-Jul-2016 Complete List of Authors: Giglio, Matias; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLP (UNLP-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Ituarte, Santiago; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLPDraft (UNLP-CONICET) Pasquevich, Maria; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLP (UNLP-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Heras, Horacio; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, INIBIOLP (UNLP-CONICET); Universidad Nacional de la Plata, DEFENSE < Discipline, NUTRITION < Discipline, MOLLUSCA < Taxon, EGGS Keyword: & EGGSHELLS < Organ System, ENERGY RESERVES < Organ System, Pomacea maculata, apple snail https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjz-pubs Page 1 of 37 Canadian Journal of Zoology 1 The eggs of the apple snail Pomacea maculata are defended by indigestible polysaccharides and toxic proteins M. L. Giglio a,b , S. Ituarte a, M. Y. Pasquevich a,c and H. Heras a,d * a Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) – CONICET CCT-La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. b Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina. c Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Argentina. d Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Argentina. *Corresponding author Draft Prof. Dr. H. Heras INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, (1900) La Plata, Argentina.
    [Show full text]
  • The Zebrafish Perivitelline Fluid Provides Maternally-Inherited
    biomolecules Communication The Zebrafish Perivitelline Fluid Provides Maternally-Inherited Defensive Immunity Javiera F. De la Paz 1,2,3, Consuelo Anguita-Salinas 1,3,César Díaz-Celis 2, Francisco P. Chávez 2,* and Miguel L. Allende 1,* 1 FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, RM 7800003 Santiago, Chile; [email protected] (J.F.D.l.P.); [email protected] (C.A.-S.) 2 Laboratory of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, RM 7800003 Santiago, Chile; [email protected] 3 Danio Biotechnologies SpA, RM 7800003 Santiago, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.P.C.); [email protected] (M.L.A.) Received: 5 July 2020; Accepted: 19 August 2020; Published: 3 September 2020 Abstract: In the teleost egg, the embryo is immersed in an extraembryonic fluid that fills the space between the embryo and the chorion and partially isolates it from the external environment, called the perivitelline fluid (PVF). The exact composition of the PVF remains unknown in vertebrate animals. The PVF allows the embryo to avoid dehydration, to maintain a safe osmotic balance and provides mechanical protection; however, its potential defensive properties against bacterial pathogens has not been reported. In this work, we determined the global proteomic profile of PVF in zebrafish eggs and embryos, and the maternal or zygotic origin of the identified proteins was studied. In silico analysis of PVF protein composition revealed an enrichment of protein classes associated with non-specific humoral innate immunity. We found lectins, protease inhibitors, transferrin, and glucosidases present from early embryogenesis until hatching. Finally, in vitro and in vivo experiments done with this fluid demonstrated that the PVF possessed a strong agglutinating capacity on bacterial cells and protected the embryos when challenged with the pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Snail Perivitellins, Multifunctional Egg Proteins
    Apple snail perivitellins, multifunctional egg proteins Horacio Heras, Marcos S. Dreon, Santiago Ituarte, M. Yanina Pasquevich and M. Pilar Cadierno Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, INIBIOLP, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 60 y 120 s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Egg reserves of most gastropods are accumulated surrounding the fertilised oocyte as a perivitelline fluid (PVF). Its proteins, named perivitellins, play a central role in reproduction and development, though there is little information on their structural- functional features. Studies of mollusc perivitellins are limited to Pomacea. A proteomic study of the eggs of P. canaliculata identified over 59 proteins in the PVF, most of which are of unknown function, and have not been isolated and characterised. Information on molecular structure of the most abundant perivitellins of P. canaliculata have shown that they possess other functions besides being storage proteins, most remarkably in defence against predation and abiotic factors. They are a cocktail containing at least neurotoxic, antinutritive and antidigestive perivitellins, with others that may provide the eggs with a bright and conspicuous colour (aposematic signal). This review compiles the current knowledge of Pomacea perivitellins with emphasis on the novel physiological roles they play in the reproductive biology of these gastropods that have evolved the ability to lay their eggs above the water. Additional keywords: Ampullariidae, egg defences, Mollusca, Pomacea, predation, protein structure and function 99 Introduction During vitellogenesis the main components of the egg vitellus (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates) are synthesised either outside or inside the ovary and incorporated into primary oocytes to serve mainly as energetic and structural sources for development.
    [Show full text]
  • Osmotic Responses of Eggs and Larvae of the Pacific Herring to Salinity and Cadmium*
    Helgol~inder wiss. Meeresunters. 32, 508-538 (1979) Osmotic responses of eggs and larvae of the Pacific herring to salinity and cadmium* D. F. ALDERDICE 1, T. R. RAo I & H. ROSENTHAL 2 1Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Pacific Biological Station; Nanaimo, British Columbia V 9 R 5 K 6, Canada, and 2Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (Zentrale) ; Palmaille 9, D-2000 Hamburg 50, Federal Republic of Germany ABSTRACT: Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) eggs fertilized in 20 %~ S and incubated in 5, 20 or 35 0/~ S at 5 ~ some being cross-transferred between 5 and 35 %~ S, 61.8 hr after fertilization, showed variable yolk and perivitelline fluid (PVF) osmolalities until beginning of epiboly. Coincident with blastopore closure and for a period of ca. 150 hr thereafter (period of stability), both yolk and PVF osmoconcentrations were relatively constant. Thereafter osmolalities rose slowly to asymptotic levels prior to hatching. Osmolal values in the period of relative stability (100-250 hr) were approximately (a) yolk: 285-310 (5 ~ S), 350 (20 ~176S), and 390 mOsm (35 %0 S); (b) perivitelline fluid: 105-1'18 (5 %o S), 370 (20 %~ S), and 530-670 mOsm (35 %o S). Prior to hatching, these were (a) yolk: 330-350 (5 0/~ S), 400 (20 %0 S), and 460-480 mOsm (35 %o S); (b) perivitelline fluid: 175-210 (5 %0 S), 530 (20 %0 S), and 850-860 mOsm (35 ~ S). Yolk osmolalities decreased, after hatching of the larvae, to approximate those levels attained between 100 and 250 hr. An hypothesis is presented whereby minimum osmotic work is defined on the basis of isosmotic relations existing between yolk, perivitelline fluid, and incubation medium.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Starvation and of Increased Carbohydrate Intake on the Polysaccharide Content of Various Body Parts of the Pond Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis
    THE INFLUENCE OF STARVATION AND OF INCREASED CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE ON THE POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF VARIOUS BODY PARTS OF THE POND SNAIL LYMNAEA STAGNALIS by J. P. VELDHUIJZEN and G. VAN BEEK (Defiartmentof Biology,Free University,Amsterdam, The Netherlands) SUMMARY In the present study the haemolymph-glucose concentration, the tissue wet weights and the amount of polysaccharides in the various body parts of the pond snail Lymnaeastagnalis were determined after feeding lettuce ad libitum, and after various periods of starvation or of feeding on a carbohydrate rich diet (Bemax). During starvation the haemolymph-glucose concentration remained rather constant, at the same level as in lettuce fed snails (about 15 fLg/ml).Feeding Bemax caused a significant increase in the glucose concentration (3-4 fold). Tissue wet weights decreased significantly during starvation (by about 40%) but did not change in snails fed Bemax. The total amount of polysaccharides of all body parts together was about 25 mg in lettuce fed snails. During 15 days of starvation this value decreased till about 9 mg (-65%), whereas after feeding Bemax during the same period this value increased till about 51 mg (+ 100%). This suggests that the metabolism ofL. stagnalis is carbohydrate orientated. Of the various body parts the mantle, the digestive gland/ovotestis and the muscle fraction are very important both in the mobilization (83% of the total amount lost) and in the storage of polysaccharides (84% of the total amount stored). The storage function of the mantle and also of the digestive gland/ovotestis is mainly due to the glycogen storing properties of the vesicular connective tissue cells (VCTC).
    [Show full text]
  • View Image Compiled from 11 Images) (A)
    Hu et al. Frontiers in Zoology 2013, 10:51 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/10/1/51 RESEARCH Open Access Development in a naturally acidified environment: Na+/H+-exchanger 3-based proton secretion leads to CO2 tolerance in cephalopod embryos Marian Y Hu1, Jay-Ron Lee1, Li-Yih Lin2, Tin-Han Shih2, Meike Stumpp1, Mong-Fong Lee3, Pung-Pung Hwang1† and Yung-Che Tseng2*† Abstract Background: Regulation of pH homeostasis is a central feature of all animals to cope with acid–base disturbances caused by respiratory CO2. Although a large body of knowledge is available for vertebrate and mammalian pH regulatory systems, the mechanisms of pH regulation in marine invertebrates remain largely unexplored. Results: We used squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana), which are known as powerful acid–base regulators to investigate the pH regulatory machinery with a special focus on proton secretion pathways during environmental hypercapnia. We cloned a Rhesus protein (slRhP), V-type H+-ATPase (slVHA) and the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (slNHE3) from S. lessoniana, which are hypothesized to represent key players in proton secretion pathways among different animal taxa. Specifically designed antibodies for S. lessoniana demonstrated the sub-cellular localization of NKA, VHA (basolateral) and NHE3 (apical) in epidermal ionocytes of early life stages. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that slNHE3, slVHA and slRhP are up regulated in response to environmental hypercapnia (pH 7.31; 0.46 kPa pCO2)in body and yolk tissues compared to control conditions (pH 8.1; 0.045 kPa pCO2). This observation is supported by + H selective electrode measurements, which detected increased proton gradients in CO2 treated embryos.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipoproteins from Plasma and Perivelline Fluid of the Apple Snail Pomacea Canaliculata Workshop
    BIOCELL ISSN 0327 -9545 2002, 26(1): 111-118 PRINTED IN ARGENTINA Workshop: “Biology of Ampullariidae” Minireview Lipoproteins from plasma and perivelline fluid of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata H. HERAS AND R.J. POLLERO Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, INIBIOLP (CONICET- UNLP), Facultad de Medicina, UNLP, Calle 60 y 120, (1900) La Plata, Argentina. Key words: Lipoproteins; lipids; proteins, snail embryogenesis Introduction the phyllum Mollusca has received little attention. In fact, the lipoproteins of only one species of the classes Structural lipids, primarily phospholipids and ste- Bivalvia, Cephalopoda and Gastropoda were described rols, as well as energy-storage lipids such as up to date. In addition to the lipoproteins common to triacylglycerols are insoluble in water. In the aqueous males and females, there are female-specific lipopro- fluids of animals, they are carried as lipoproteins, com- teins, which appear in the hemolymph plasma during plexes of lipids bound to polypeptides. These water- vitellogenesis. They are similar to vitellins, the egg li- soluble lipoproteins can be separated into different poproteins that provide energy and nutrient for the de- classes, depending upon their hydrated densities. These veloping embryo. These egg storage molecules can also classes include very low density (VLDL), low density play a role in the growth and survival of larvae. Among (LDL), high density (HDL) and very high-density aquatic invertebrates, egg lipoproteins have been de- (VHDL) lipoproteins. The two first ones predominate scribed in crustaceans, sea urchins and molluscs (for a in the blood of vertebrates, while HDLs are the main review, see Lee, 1991). lipoproteins in invertebrate hemolymph.
    [Show full text]
  • Protein Components of Perivitelline Fluid (PVF) of Horseshoe Crabs & Its Applications in Medical Research
    IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 9, Issue 4 Ver. IV (Jul -Aug. 2014), PP 39-42 www.iosrjournals.org Mini Review: Protein Components of Perivitelline Fluid (PVF) of Horseshoe Crabs & Its Applications in Medical Research Marahaini Musa 1, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan 1, 2, Azlina Ahmad 1, Khairani Idah Mokhtar 1* 1 School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia 2Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia Abstract: Horseshoe crabs have been identified as one of the marine species that contribute greatly to scientific advances especially in haematological studies. Besides the haemocytes of these creatures, they are also well known for their protein contents in the perivitelline fluid (PVF). Due to this, over the years, there has been increasing interests in the scientific community to explore the function of proteins in the PVF of horseshoe crab for applications in various biomedical areas such as immunology, embryology and tissue or cell engineering. This article will review the two main protein components found in the PVF of the horseshoe crab namely, lectins, and hemocyanins with regards to its applications in medical research. Keywords: Horseshoe crab, perivitelline fluid (PVF), lectin, hemocyanin I. Introduction Marine bioresources which include marine cyanobacteria, algae, invertebrate animals and fishes provide a great variety of specific and potent bioactive molecules such as natural organic compounds which include fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyether, peptides, proteins and enzymes. Many researchers have reviewed and described the potent therapeutic agents derived from marine resources and their medicinal applications (Burja et al., 2001; Smith et al., 2010; Vo and Kim, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • {PDF EPUB} Biology of Horseshoe Crabs by Koichi Sekiguchi Biology of Horseshoe Crabs by Koichi Sekiguchi (Author) ISBN-13: 978-4915572258
    Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Biology of Horseshoe Crabs by Koichi Sekiguchi Biology of Horseshoe Crabs by Koichi Sekiguchi (Author) ISBN-13: 978-4915572258. ISBN-10: 4915572250. Why is ISBN important? ISBN. This bar-code number lets you verify that you're getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work.Cited by: 228Publish Year: 1988Author: Koichi SekiguchiFirst published: 01 Dec, 1988Biology of Horseshoe Crabs - Google Bookshttps://books.google.com/books/about/Biology_of...Biology of Horseshoe Crabs Sekiguchi, K. Snippet view - 1988. Common terms and phrases. abnormal acid activity adult agglutinin animals appearance appendages Asian species bands beach becomes body branches carapace cauterized cells character coagulogen coast collected complete concentration containing culture developmental distribution dorsal ... Corpus ID: 202030809. Biology of the horseshoe crabs @inproceedings{Sekiguchi1988BiologyOT, title={Biology of the horseshoe crabs}, author={K. Sekiguchi}, year={1988} } Amazon.com: Biology of Horseshoe Crabs (9784915572258): Sekiguchi, Koichi: Books. Omitir e ir al contenido principal.us. Libros Hola, Identifícate. Cuenta y Listas Cuenta Devoluciones y … arachnids. Only a few species of horseshoe crabs have existed during any geolo-gical period throughout time (Shuster and Anderson 2003). Their conservative exoskeleton and internal organs (Sekiguchi 1988) date back at least to the Carboniferous Period, 245 … Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs, edited by Dr. John T. Tanacredi,
    [Show full text]