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Global Corruption Report 2004 Transparency International TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page iii Global Corruption Report 2004 Transparency International Pluto P Press LONDON • STERLING, VA TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page iv First published 2004 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA www.plutobooks.com in association with Transparency International Otto-Suhr-Allee 97–99, D-10585 Berlin, Germany www.globalcorruptionreport.org © Transparency International 2004 The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7453 2231 X hardback ISBN 0 7453 2230 1 paperback Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photo- copying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Edited by Robin Hodess, Tania Inowlocki, Diana Rodriguez and Toby Wolfe Contributing editors: Michael Griffin, Aarti Gupta and Rachel Rank Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report, including allegations. All information was believed to be correct as of September 2003. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot guarantee the accuracy and the completeness of the contents. Nor can Transparency International accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contexts. Contributions to the Global Corruption Report 2004 by authors external to Transparency International do not necessarily reflect the views of Transparency International or its national chapters. 10987654321 Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England Printed and bound in the European Union by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, England TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page v Contents Acknowledgements xi Executive summary 1 Access to information and political finance reform: promising policy areas for building transparency 6 Jimmy Carter Corruption and human rights 7 Mary Robinson Part one: Political corruption 1 Introduction 11 Robin Hodess Transparency International, Where did the money go? 13 Transparency International, Standards on Political Finance and Favours 16 2 Political finance 19 Political money and corruption 19 Marcin Walecki The challenge of achieving political equality in South Africa 21 Judith February and Hennie van Vuuren Soft money ‘reform’ in the United States: has anything changed? 25 Michael Johnston A selection of the year’s legislation on political party governance, funding and disclosure 28 Transparency International Political corruption: a global comparison 30 World Economic Forum Campaign finance reform: is Latin America on the road to transparency? 32 Bruno Wilhelm Speck Parliamentarians join the fight against corruption 36 Musikari Kombo Anna Hazare: TI Integrity Awards winner 2003 37 TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page vi 3 Disclosure and enforcement 38 The role of disclosure in combating corruption in political finance 38 Gene Ward Ukraine: the authoritarian abuse of disclosure 41 Marcin Walecki Media discounts for politicians: examples from Latin America 49 Kevin Casas-Zamora NGO monitoring efforts: Latvia, Ecuador and India 50 Transparency International Enforcement: how regulation of political party finance is managed in practice 53 Yves-Marie Doublet Enforcement: the experience in Mexico 55 Alonso Lujambio António Siba-Siba Macuácua: posthumous TI Integrity Awards winner 2003 57 4 Corporate money 59 The politics of corruption in the arms trade: South Africa’s arms scandal and the Elf affair 59 Joe Roeber Political corruption and the politics of procurement 62 Juanita Olaya The Elf trial: political corruption and the oil industry 67 Nicholas Shaxson Canada’s rules on lobbying: key loopholes remain 72 Duff Conacher Following the Enron money trail 74 Larry Noble and Steven Weiss Dora Akunyili: TI Integrity Awards winner 2003 75 5 Vote buying 76 Vote buying and its implications for democracy: evidence from Latin America 76 Silke Pfeiffer Vote buying in Brazil: less of a problem than believed? 78 Claudio Weber Abramo Vote buying in East Asia 83 Frederic Charles Schaffer Vote buying at the International Whaling Commission 87 Leslie Busby vi Global Corruption Report 2004 TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page vii 6 Legal hurdles: immunity, extradition and the repatriation of stolen wealth 89 Immunity and extradition: obstacles to justice 89 Véronique Pujas Recent developments on immunity 93 Transparency International Sua Rimoni Ah Chong: TI Integrity Awards winner 2003 94 Campaigning for Fujimori’s extradition 94 José Ugaz New immunity law breaks with Italy’s constitutional history 95 Gherardo Colombo Controlling the media in Italy 97 Donatella della Porta Abdelhaï Beliardouh: posthumous TI Integrity Awards winner 2003 99 Repatriation of looted state assets: selected case studies and the UN Convention against Corruption 100 Tim Daniel The hunt for looted state assets: the case of Benazir Bhutto 102 Jeremy Carver Part two: Global, regional and country reports 7 Global and regional reports 111 The UN Convention against Corruption 111 Peter Rooke The UN Global Compact: an opportunity for tackling corruption 115 Jermyn Brooks The African Union Convention against Corruption 116 Akere Muna Corruption and the EU accession process: who is better prepared? 121 Quentin Reed Will the OECD Convention stop foreign bribery? 128 Fritz Heimann Governance, corruption and the Millennium Challenge Account 135 Steve Radelet Global Corruption Report 2004 vii TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page viii 8 Country reports 143 Algeria Djilali Hadjadj 143 Argentina Laura Alonso 146 Armenia Arevik Saribekyan 150 Australia Peter Rooke with TI Australia 155 Azerbaijan Rena Safaralieva and Ilgar Mammadov 158 Brazil Ana Luiza Fleck Saibro 163 Bulgaria Katia Hristova and Diana Kovatcheva 166 Burundi Nestor Bikorimana 170 Chile Andrea Fernández 173 China Guo Yong and Liao Ran 177 Costa Rica Roxana Salazar and Mario Carazo 181 Egypt Mona El-Ghobashy 184 France Yves-Marie Doublet 189 Greece Vassilios Ntouvelis 193 Guatemala Violeta María Mazariegos Zetina 196 Japan TI Japan 199 Kazakhstan Andrey Chebotarev, Nurgul Kuspanova and Sergey Zlotnikov 202 Kyrgyz Republic Aigul Akmatjanova 206 Lebanon Charles D. Adwan and Mina Zapatero 210 Mali Brahima Fomba 214 Nepal Rama Krishna Regmee 217 Nicaragua Roberto Courtney 221 Nigeria Bolaji Abdullahi 224 Palestinian Authority Hada El-Aryan 228 Peru Samuel Rotta Castilla 232 Philippines Gabriella Quimson 237 Poland Julia Pitera with Magda Brennek, Janusz Kochanowski, Andrzej Kojder and Jacek L⁄ e˛ski 242 Russia Roman Kupchinsky, Elena Chirkova and Marina Savintseva 246 Senegal Mouhamadou Mbodj 250 Serbia Nemanja Nenadic 253 South Africa Daryl Balia 258 Uganda Hassan Muloopa 262 United States of Nancy Z. Boswell, Phyllis Dininio and America Michael Johnston 265 Zambia Christine Munalula 271 viii Global Corruption Report 2004 TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page ix Part three: Corruption research 9 Introduction 277 Pablo Zoido and Larry Chavis 10 Corruption Perceptions Index 2003 282 Johann Graf Lambsdorff 11 Global Corruption Barometer 2003 288 Transparency International 12 Integrity Index for Public Institutions: measuring corruption risks in Colombia 292 Tranparencia por Colombia 13 Corruption in Russian regions 295 Elena Chirkova and Donald Bowser 14 Measuring the transparency of political party financing in Bulgaria 298 TI Bulgaria 15 Benchmarking corruption in South Asia: insights from a household survey 300 Gopakumar K. Thampi 16 Governance Matters III: new indicators for 1996–2002 and methodological challenges 302 Daniel Kaufmann and Aart Kraay 17 The University of Pittsburgh Latin American Public Opinion Project’s corruption victimisation scale 307 Mitchell A. Seligson 18 How corruption affects economic development 310 Johann Graf Lambsdorff 19 Corruption and foreign direct investment 313 Mohsin Habib and Leon Zurawicki 20 International business attitudes towards corruption 316 John Bray 21 Assessing governance in diverse and complex contexts: evidence from India 319 Julius Court 22 How elites view corruption and trust in post-Soviet states 323 Anton Steen 23 The power of information: evidence from public expenditure tracking surveys 326 Ritva Reinikka and Jakob Svensson 24 Budget transparency: assessments by civil society in Africa 330 Joel Friedman Global Corruption Report 2004 ix TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page x 25 Transparency, wages and the separation of powers: an experimental analysis of the causes of corruption 333 Omar Azfar and William Robert Nelson Jr 26 Gender and corruption in the public sector 337 Ranjana Mukherjee and Omer Gokcekus 27 Rent seeking and gender in local government in India 340 V. Vijayalakshmi 28 Poverty and corruption in Peru 343 Javier Herrera and François Roubaud 29 Daily corruption in francophone Africa 346 Mireille Razafindrakoto and François Roubaud Index 349 x Global Corruption Report 2004 TI 00 prelims 7/1/04 11:50 Page xi Acknowledgements The editors of the Global Corruption Report 2004 (GCR 2004) would like to thank the many individuals who
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