The Forest Resources of Puerto Rico

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Department of Agriculture The Forest Resources Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station of Puerto Rico New Orleans, Louisiana Resource Bulletin SO-85 October, 1982

Richard A. Birdsey and Peter L. Weaver ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The assistance of the organizations listed below, and of the individuals in them, is gratefully acknowledged: Department of Natural Resources, Puerto Rico The University of Puerto Rico Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry, U.S. Forest Service

Cover: Yourzp secorrdap forest in the t,zcrnl(v of tht Luqurllo Mounralrzs Contents

Page

HIGHLIGHTS ...... 1 THE FOREST EPJVIRONS1ENT ...... 2 Major Forest Influences ...... 2 Geology and Physiography ...... 2 Climate ...... 2 Soils ...... 3 Population and Land Use ...... 5 Description of the Forests ...... 5 Vegetation Classification and Forest Associations ...... 5 Forest Plantations ...... 8 Forest Resource Values ...... 8 Timber ...... 8 Mangroves ...... 9 Water and Erosion Control ...... 10 Rare and Endangered Plant Species ...... 11 Wildlife ...... 12 Recreation ...... 12 Overview of Research ...... 13 PREVIOUS FOREST SURVEYS AND ESTIMATES ...... 16 THE 1980 FOREST RESOURCE SURVEY ...... 20 Survey Scope and Design ...... 20 Forest Ownership ...... 21 Forest Area ...... 22 Forest Land Increasing ...... 22 Timberland Increases Follow Retirement of Agricultural Land ...... 22 Most Timberland in Rugged Mountain Areas ...... 23 Species Composition ...... 25 Species Represent Past Human Influence ...... 25 Coffee Shade Forests Less Complex Than Secondary Forests ...... 26 Poor Tree Quality ...... 27 Timber Volume ...... 27 Most Volume in Abandoned Coffee Country ...... 27 Low Sawtimber Volume ...... 28 Commercial Prospects for Timberland ...... 28 Management Opportunities ...... 29 Implications of this Study ...... 31 LITERATURE CITED ...... 31 APPENDIX ...... 35 Survey Methods ...... 36 Reliability of the Data ...... 36 Definitions of Terms ...... 37 Standard Tables ...... 39 Unit Conversion Factors ...... 57 Metric Inventory Standards ...... 57 List of Tree Species Included in Standard Tables ...... 58 Teak planted along a roadside in the Rio Aba- jo forest. The F'G: st Resources of Puerto Rico Richard A. Birdsey and Peter L. Weaver

HIGHLIGHTS

In the spring of 1980 a forest in- to past land abuse and unfavorable forest stands. Well-stocked poletim- ventory of Puerto Rico was initiated site characteristics. ber stands offer the best opportun- by the Southern Forest Experiment Much timberland occurs in rug- ity for timber stand improvement, Station. The primary objective of ged mountain regions with poor while nonstocked timberland and this first survey was to assess the soils and high rainfall. Physical fac- poorly stocked sapling-seedling timber production potential of tors, especially steep slopes, can re- stands could be planted with fast young secondary forests. The parti- sult in serious erosion if forest cover growing species. Enrichment plant- tioning of the island into commer- is removed. Deep volcanic soils in ing of secondary forests and better cial and noncommercial survey re- the dissected interior uplands, the management of coffee shade are gions and the concentration of field- favored coffee production area, sup- alternatives for large areas of work in potential commercial port nearly half of the stocked timberland. forests were major features of the timberland. The data gathered in the survey survey. Current species composition of can provide guidelines for an ap- Forest area, timber volume, and timberland reflects prior land use. plied research program on secon- species composition data were Most of the common species tallied dary tropical forest management in obtained by a sampling method in- were once used for coffee shade, Puerto Rico. The survey methods volving a forest-nonforest classi- fruit production, or ornament. Cof- will also contribute to a developing fication on aerial photographs and fee shade forests generally contain body of knowledge on tropical forest on-the-ground measurements of fewer species than abandoned pas- inventory techniques, and should trees at sample locations. The sam- ture or farmland and fewer small be valid for other tropical regions. ple locations were at the intersec- trees. Secondary forests have good tions of a grid of lines spaced 3 kilo- management prospects because of meters apart. In the commercial potential timber species in the survey region, 10,925 photographic smaller diameter classes. The large classifications were made, 437 timber species common in the ma- ground locations were visited, and ture forest are generally absent. 4,506 sample trees were selec- Of the trees tallied, about half ted. Field crews identified 189 tree were classed as growing stock. In species. both coffee shade and other secon- Puerto Rico's forest area has in- dary forests, stands develop with creased dramatically in the last 30 many poor quality, open-grown years, to 279,000 hectares. These trees. young forests result from migration The highest timber volumes per of the rural population away from hectare grow in deep volcanic soils. marginally productive pasture and Sixty percent of the timber volume cropland, &lore than half of the is in 10 species. Because of poor site forest land in Puerto Rico serves im- quality, timber volume is generally portant nontimber needs, including less than 50 cubic meters per hec- watershed protection, wildlife habi- tare. Sawtimber volume, averaging tat, and recreation. About 130,000 4 cubic meters per hectare, is less hectares of forest land were classi- than one-tenth the timber volume. fied as timberland, characterized by Management opportunities are low volumes and stocking levels due not clear-cut because of the diverse Limestone hilts near Arecibo.

Richard A. Btrdsey 1s Research Forester, Sout,hern Forest Experiment Statton, Forest Service-USDA, New Orleans, La. Peter L. Lveaver 1s Research Forester, Southern Forest Experimf ?nt Station, Forest Service-CSDA, Inst~tuteof Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rtco. THE FC

" - Major Forest geosyncline elongated through the cipal hydrologic divide. It is located I[nf luences Antillean region, and active volcan- about 15 kilometers from the south ism occurred until near the end of coast and 40 kilometers from the Puerto Rico is the eastern-most the Middle Eocene epoch, giving north coast because of differential acd smallest of the Greater Antilles rise to predominantly submarine erosion. The Luquillo Mountains and is situated between 18"311and accumulations of volcanic rocks rise to 1074 meters in the northeast- - 17"55' N latitude and 65'37" and (Beinroth 1969).Limestones origin- ern part of the island, and the Cayey 67"17' W longitude. The main is- ated along with tuffaceous shales at Mountains, an extension of the Cor- land, about 160 kilometers long and this time. dillera, rise to 900 meters in the 55 kilometers wide, occupies about Extensive faulting and folding southeastern part. The latter two 8,900 square kilometers including then occurred, accompanied by the are separated by the Caguas Valley. the offshore islands of Vieques, emerging plutonic rocks which are Foothills surround the mountains Culebra and Mona. The small now found in the vicinity of San and merge into coastal lowlands. mountainous island, lying direct- Lorenzo and Utuado. The serpen- Forty-five percent of the land sur- ly in the path of the easterly tine found in southwestern Puerto face is above the 150 meter contour tradewinds, shows a remarkable di- Rico probably intruded during the and half of that area has slopes versity in its physical environment Cretaceous period. Later during the greater than 45 percent. A quarter (Pico 1974). The interrelations of Middle Oligocene to Middle Mi- of the land surface is above the 300 local geology, physiography, cli- ocene epochs, younger Tertiary meter contour, and 60 percent of mate, and soils influence the struc- limestones were formed. Slight up- that area has slopes greater than 45 ture and composition of the forests. lift and tilting followed, about 15 percent (Wadsworth 1949). Nearly all forest areas have also million years ago. Climate-Daily and annual been heavily influenced by man. The main island surface has temperature fluctuations are minor Geology and Physiography- several distinct regions (fig. 1).The because of the influence of the sur- The geologic history of Puerto Rico Central Cordillera varies from 600- rounding ocean, yet, because of rug- began more than 100 million years 1340 meters elevation and runs ged terrain, sizeable geographic ago during the Cretaceous period. A from east to west, forming the prin- variations occur in rainfall, temper-

150 300 meters 0 - 75 meters 75 - 150 meters Lm]...... , - 1-1 ...... 1-1 .. .,.,

300 - 600 meters 600 meters and up

Figure 1 -Major physzograph~cfeatures of Puerto Rice [adapted from Hunt 19671

2 Figure 2.-Mean annual preczp~tatzonfor Puerto Rico (ComrnonuteaLth of Puerto Rico 1979) ature, wind speed and direction at stations on the north coast shows Soils-Differences in rainfall over relatively short distances (Cal- a maximum during May-June and patterns, as well as geologic and vesbert 1970). September-October, with the low- geomorphologic condition in Puerto The island receives an average of est daily average during March. Rico, have given rise to a wide vari- 1800 millimeters per year of rain- Convective buildups cause some- ety of soils. Initially classified fall, mostly orographic. Coastal what higher daytime cloudiness in according to environmental and ex- areas receive from 750 millimeters the interior (Briscoe 1966). ternal factors such as climate and per year in the southwest, or lee- The easterly trades are one of the topography (Roberts et al. 19421, ward part of the island, to 1500- most constant wind regimes, gener- soils were recently reclassified in 2000 millimeters per year in the ally blowing from the ENE through terms of soil morphology and com- northeast, east and southeast, or ESE. The highest mean wind speeds position (Beinroth 1971; Lugo- windward part of the island. Areas occur during July and the lightest Lopez and Rivera 1977). Under the of heavy rainfall, in excess of 2500 during October and November. Fac- new system, 9 of the 10 possible soil millimeters per year, include the tors which interrupt trade wind orders were recognized in Puerto summits of Luquillo, Carite, Toro flow include frontal passages, Rico, although 6 of these together Negro and hlaricao forests (figure easterly waves and tropical distur- occupy only 15 percent of the island 2). A relatively dry season occurs bances. (fig. 3). over most of the island from mid- Puerto Rico also experiences The most extensive soils are In- December through the end of occasional hurricanes, most of ceptisols, occupying about 37 per- March. which pass through the Caribbean cent of Puerto Rico. This order is The lowest mean annual temper- in August and September. In 1898, concentrated in the eastern half of ature is 18 degrees centigrade at 1928,1932,and 1956, storms passed the island, generally on slopes rang- Pico del Este and Cerro Maravilla over the island. During the 1928 ing from 20 to 60 percent. Erosion, and the highest, 27 degrees centi- storm, known locally as San Felipe, particularly in cultivated areas, grade at Guayama on the South San Juan experienced winds prevents the development of ma- coast. The highest temperature around 260 kilometers per hour. ture profiles. ever recorded was 39" centigrade at Storms of this magnitude cause des- Next in areal importance, oc- San Lorenzo in August 1906; the truction of roadside trees and cupying about 27 percent of the is- lowest 4 degrees centigrade at Aibo- changes in forest composition and land, are Ultisols, concentrated in nit0 in March 1911. growth rates i Wadsworth 1959a, the humid volcanic uplands of the Seasonal variation in cloudiness Crow 1980). Western Cordillera. They are re- stricted to humid climates, where they either occupy old surfaces or evolve in highly weathered alluvial sedimc-2nis. 'it.lollisois,occupying 21 percent of the island, occur in 3 areas: tertiary limestones near Lares, southern foothills in the rainshadow of the Cordillera, and scattered alluvial fans and floodplains. MolIisols have a dark colored surface horizon of considerable thickness, high in base saturation and organic matter. For the purposes of plantation establishment, 19 soil associations were recognized on the island (Zam- brana 1978). Tree species for wood production, windbreaks, shade and ornamentals were suggested according to soil association. For the Intense storms cause erosion and modify the purposes of this inventory, only four forest. This landslide occurred in the Luquil- classes of soils were distinguished: lo Mountains during the passing of hurricanes David and Frederick, 1979. deep volcanic soils, shallow volcanic soils, granitic soils, and limestone soils. More detailed studies of vegetation on the island need a more refined soil classification system.

10 20 30 40 km

SOIL ORDER

MOLLISOLS 21.3

. 13 lNCEPTlSOLS 36.7 OXISOLS 3.8 -- /* -.-.. . - _ _--*- Flgu_r, ' GGaltzed sozl map of Puerto Rrco r Bernroth 1971 1 -- -" Population and Land Use- Table I.-Summary of land use rn Puerto Rer- :972' -- _ - '-._ Taino Indians, island occupants at the time of the 16th century con- Land use - - - quest, either died or were driven +, -- hectares * -'1 away {Puerto Rico Public Affairs Agriculture 376,000 ?&xed agriculture, rnonocuiture. inactit e areas Administration 19791. Since then Forests 264,800 Dense forest, secondary forest, public forest there has been a steady immigra- Water resources Canals, protected coastal waters, lagoons tion of people from all over the Wetlands Mangroves and swamps world. Recently, Cubans and Do- Son-productive areas Rocky areas, reefs, coastal sandy areas Resldent~al High, medium and low density, urban and rural minicans have arrived, as well as a Outdoor recreation All types -. continual migration of Puerto Public use All types Ricans back and forth from the U.S. Commercial use Hotels and commercial centers mainland. The island's population Industrial use Light and heaw ~ndustry;industrial parks reached 1 million at the turn of the Mining Sand and gravel extraction; salt and minerals Communications Generating plants, substations; antennae 20th century, passed 2 million a- Transportation Airports; port fac~littes;roads bout 1945, and currently stands at over 3 million, or about 400 people per square kilometer (over 1000 per 'Data summarized from Department of Natural Resources Inventory, 1972. square mile). 'Does not agree with total used elsewhere due to inclusion of coastal waters, reefs, etc. During the 1920's and 1930's) two hurricanes and the depression brought a large part of the predomi- tial areas. The agricultural classi- 1973). Some emphasize the forest nantly rural population to the brink fication includes coffee shade. formations in the Luquillo Moun- of starvation. At that time, sugar tains (Wadsworth 1951; Dansereau was the dominant cash crop and 1966). accounted for two-thirds of the is- Description of the Vegebtion Classification and land's exports (Barton 1959). The Forests Forest Associations-The most decision in the 1940's to invest in recent classification of the vegeta- other income-generating and finan- Many descriptions of Puerto tion of Puerto Rico (Ewel and Whit- cially self-supporting programs, in- Rico's forests are available more 1973) uses the Life Zone sys- cluding public utitilities and an in- (Gleason and Cook 1926; Cook and tem (Holdridge 1947, 19671, which, dustrial development company, Gleason 1928; Beard 1944, 1955; among other benefits, provides a paved the way for expansion of the Stehle 1945; Ewel and Whitmore means of comparison among tropic- island's industry. Land clearing for agriculture resulted in the deforestation of all but 3400 hectares, including some 2200 hectares in the Luquillo Mountains and lesser areas in Carite, Toro Negro, Guilarte, Maricao and a few scattered peaks in private ownership (Wadsworth 1950). Only in these isolated areas can remnants of the island's climax vegetation be found. The remaining forested areas are secondary, arising from abandoned coffee shade, pastures or croplands. In the comprehensive 1972 land use survey conducted by the De- partment of Natural Resources (table I), over 50 percent of the island is classified in agricultural uses, about 30 percent in forests including public and private, about 5 Forestry and agriculture In the Toro ~Vegro percent water resources, and some 7 Forest Reserue durlng the mld-1960's (photo percent as urban and rural residen- by Wadsworth1. a1 forests based on climatic data. The Subtropical Moist Forest occupies the largest area, covering over 58 percent of the island (fig. 4). Next in importance is the Subtropical Wet Forest covering about 23 percent, and the Subtropical Dry Forest occupying about 18 percent of the island. The last three Life Zones occurring on the island account for a little over 1 percent of the land area. The Subtropical Dry Forest receives from 600- 1100 millimeters of rainfall per year and is characterized by deciduous vegetation. Leaves are often small and succu- lent or coriaceous, and spines or thorns are common. Tree heights on zonal soils do not exceed 15 meters and the crowns are typically broad and flattened with sparse foilage. Subtropical Dry Forest in the vicinity of the Coppicing is common. Growth rates Guanica Forest Reserue iphoto by Wads- are slow in woody species, and the worth). wood usually hard and durable. Ex- et al. 1970). Mangroves are also ceives more than 3800 millimeters tensive areas of Subtropical Dry found along the coast where they of rainfall per year, which leaves Forest overlie limestone, and some appear to grow taller than in the the soil at the field capacity low alluvial areas contain saline Subtropical Dry Forest. Just inland throughout the year. Runoff is pro- soils. I'vlangroves are found in coast- from the mangroves are alluvial duced every month. The species in al bays and inlets. soils that once supported an im- this Life Zone are the same, gener- The Subtropical Moist Forest re- pressive forest. Remnants of swamp ceives from 1000-2200 millimeters forests dominated by Pterocarpus of annual rainfall, and is character- officinalis are evident today near ized on zonal soils by trees up to 20 Humacao, Dorado, Vacia Talega, meters tall with rounded crowns. and La Boquilla north of Mayaguez. Many of the woody species are de- The Subtropical Wet Forest re- ciduous during the dry season, and ceives from 2000-4000 millimeters epiphytes are common. Grasses, of annual rainfall, and soil moisture both in natural and improved pas- drops below field capacity for only 3 tures, form the dominant landscape months during the year. Runoff is in the Life Zone today. The lime- substantial. On zonal soils, the stone hills on the north coast have a forest is impressive, containing catena of associations which corre- more than 150 species of trees and spond to a moisture gradient- forming a dark canopy at about 20 moist on the gentle north slopes, meters. The abundant moisture is more humid still on the steep south- evident in the character of the vege- west slopes, and xeric on the sum- tation; epiphytic ferns, bromeliads mits. Stem density is greater in this and orchids are common. Serpen- -association. and stem size smaller. tine areas are also found, and in The serpentine-derived soils, found contrast to those in Subtropical in southwestern Puerto Rico, sup- Moist Forest, the vegetation is port a unique vegetation which con- greener, denser, more lush, and contains a number of endemics. Trees tains more epiphytes. Where lime- are commonly slender and under 12 sto~eis the parent material for meters tall. Most of the species are. sods, the vegetation is more ACrLUj phOtwruph Of iimelonr hLlis ,2m,- sclerophgllous and evergreen, and xerophytic than the zonal soil areas. c,,i,, by Purrto R~~~ Deporfnieni of species diversity is high (Tschirley The SubtrF;pco! Ram Forest re- P~~LCWorks, GUAJATACA

% AREA LIFE ZONE 17.6 n SUBTROPICAL DRY FOREST 58.4 ]SUBTROPICAL MOIST FOREST 22.6 SUBTROPICAL WET FOREST 0.1 SUBTROPICAL RAlN FOREST 1.2 a LOWER MONTANE WET FOREST 0.1 LOWER MONTANE RAIN FOREST 100.0

Figure 4.-L~fe Zones of Puerto Rico and location of public forests {adapted from Eroel and Whitmore 19731.

ally, as those in the surrounding Subtropical Wet Forest. The high frequency of palm (Prestoea mon- tanai and abundance of epiphytes are the main features which dis- tinguish this Life Zone. All vegetation is situated on clay soils. The Lower Montane Wet Forest occurs in both the eastern and central part of the island, extending from about 700 meters through the summits of most peaks above 1000 meters. The mature vegetation is characterized by open-crowned trees, many with leaves grouped to- ward the ends of branches. The leaves are coriaceous and dark, giving the canopy a reddish cast. Three additional associations commonly appear within this Life Zone. The elfin woodland is characterized by gnarled trees less than 7 meters tall, high basal area, small diame- ters, high stem density, and slow growth. trees are evergreen and Tvpieal landscape rn the Subtropical Moist sclero~h~llous~with leaves group- Forest L~feZone showing improved pasture, ing at branch ends. Decomposition ldle farmland, and scattered trees. is slow, and subsurface soils are Forest Resource suggest that the island contained clayey and oxygen deficient. The about 195 million cubic meters of Values wood (Wadsworth 1950).Good tim- 1~afm brake, consisting of nearly pure stands of Prestoea montana, is Nurnerous benefits and uses are ber species with large dimensions found in this Life Zone, as well as derived from forested lands. Among were once common stand compo- the Subtropical Wet and Rain them are production of timber; con- nents. Today, most of the original Forests. Finally, in the Maricao trol of water quantity and quality; forest has been replaced by agri- forest in the western Cordillera, wildlife protection; recreation; and cultural and other land uses, or serpentine soils are found. Species research opportunities. Forest sur- secondary forest where agficulturai diversity is high and numerous en- vey data must address issues de- activities have been abandoned. demic species occur Weaver 1979). fined by these values. Dendrological descriptions of the The Lower Montane Rain Forest Timber-Puerto Rico originally species, their areas of occurrence on has vegetation similar to that of the included more than 500 species of the island, their natural ranges Lower Montane Wet Forest, but trees in 70 botanical families. These within the hemisphere, and their epiphytes, palms and tree ferns are occurred in extensive and luxuriant potential uses have been docu- more abundant. The elfin woodland forests of which only scattered relics mented (Little and Wadsworth is the principal association, fre- may be found today. Data from the 1964; Little, Woodbury, and Wads- quently found on windswept ridges. least disturbed of remaining stands worth 1974). Stems are gnarled, laden with epiphytes and soil surfaces are covered with liverworts and bromeliads. Both superficial roots and aerial roots abound. Growth rates are slow. Forest PIantations - Forest plantations have had a significant role in reforestation and research with exotic and native species. According to Forest Service records (USDA Forest Service, Annual Re- ports), about 11,200 hectares were planted by public agencies as of 1978, while private interests have planted about 27,000 hectares. The overall success of these plantations and the current area of plantation forests are not known. The major species planted was Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) with mahogany (Swietenia rnacrophylla King and S. mahagoni Jacq.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus robusta J. E. Smith), and teak (Tectona gran- dis L. f.) also accounting for significant areas. Numerous other tree species, tested in a long series of adaptability trials, account for the remainder of the planted area.

Mathre Subtropicczc \! ,7J F',~'~st1t2 the Luqui- Ilo iMountalrzs Sixty species have been classified Subtropical Wet Forest of the Lu- ifig 3 cubic meters per hectare. as potential native and plantation quillo Mountains, some stands have Other studies ofsimilar stands have sawtimbers i Longwood 1961I, many been managed to enhance growth, shown that ff,,!salareas of about 20 of which are found elsewhere in the improve species composition, and to square meters per hectare indicate Caribbean t Longwood 19621. A re- increase the uniformity of tree size vigorous stand conditions and saeis- cent survey of native species. using to sustain the yield of forest prod- factory growth rates. In contrast to size and wood characteristics as ucts (hfunoz 1968). Nearly 70 per- these managed secondary stands, selection criteria, determined that cent of the stems tallied in a 1962 basal areas in virgin Subtropical the best use of 31 species was fbr inventory were commercially im- Moist Forests range from 35 to !5Q cabinet woods, 8'7 as novelty woods, portant (table 11). Basal area aver- square meters per hectare. Volumes and 127 for roundwood. The remain- aged about 16.5 square meters per range from 210420 cubic meters ing half of the island's tree species hectare, with volume approaching per hectare, and net annual volume have little economic value except 85 cubic meters per hectare, and net increments are between 1.7 and 3.5 locally for fuel or fence posts. In the annual volume increment exceed- cubic meters per hectare. Long-term diameter increment has been summarized for variously located stands, ranging from mangrove forest on the coast through Subtropical Wet Forest and Lower Montane Rain Forest in the Luqui- 110 Mountains to Subtropical Dry Forest in the southwest (Crow and Weaver 1977; Weaver 1979). These studies showed that significant differences in growth were found among species and crown classes, with the maj~rityof stems parallel- ing growth rates in temperate zone forests. Diameter increment also varied by life zone, with the slowest rate in the Subtropical Dry Forest, and the most rapid rates in secondary Subtropical Moist Forest including mangroves and an association on zonal soils. Mangroves-&fangroves extend to 29-30 degrees latitude in both hemispheres and cover from 60-70 percent of the shoreline within the tropics. Their best development occurs within 23 degrees of the equator along protected shores. Mangroves have provided local wood products in the past; however, the area has declined dramatically and mangroves are no longer heavily exploited for timber. Mangroves have important non-timber values and their special significance is briefly outlined here. hlangroves provide shoreline protection by stabilizing soils against the pounding of waves and tidal

A trad through the cloiid ;brei.t firmation (elfin woodland) In the higizer elet ation* of the Luqu~lLo,Mountatns movements. They also support a high erosion potential, and rapid disturbed over 99 percent of the ori- myriad of fauna both as a substrate clearing and development of land ginal forests, leaving only scattered

and- e through export of organic mat- for agriculture and other uses areas of climax vegetation in the ter,P,*Paerto Rico. they protect rare causes major erosion and sedi- Central Cordillera and Luquillo and endangered bird species and mentation problems. The island's Mountains t Wadsworth 1950 r. Con- serve as spawning areas for fish. high population density and agri- cern for watershed protection Elsewhere, their high specific grav- culturally-based economy during prompted incorporation of tracts ities, about 1.O, provide fuelwood the 19th and early 20th centuries into the public forests of Toro Negro, with a high caloric content. Some species also yield tannins for the curing of leather. Table I1 -lntentot?, of Subtropical Wet Forest in Luqurllo Expertrne~ziForest Puerto R,co Four species of mangroves r red, 1962' black, white, and button) may have once covered about 24,000 hectares Xiensuration statistic Furniture in Puerto Rico (Wadsworth 1968). - - - - Mangrove coverage was reduced to No stems~ha. 6400 hectares by exploitation for 17 5-24.9 cm dbhi 4 1 148 22 1 410 1'72 582 (25+ cm dbhi 13 13 fuel and wood during the Spanish - - -- period, a series of destructive hurri- Total 54 161 22 1 canes from 1825-1891, reclamation Basal area (m'lhai (7 5-24 9 cm dbh) 0 87 2.55 3.47 6 89 2 75 9 64 of mangrove areas for agriculture (25+ cm dbh) 1 79 1.19 . . -2 98 - _-- 3 86- 6 84- - during the early 20th century by Total 2 66 3.74 3 47 9 87 661 1645 the sugar industry, and extremely Volume (m3ihar destructive hurricanes in 1928 and 17 5-24 9 cm.dbh) 3 71 11.31 1449 29 51 11 91 41 42

1932 tcarrera 1975; Martinez et al. (25+ cm.dbh) 12 49 6 49 . . 18 98 24----- 45 43 43 1979).By 1959, an increase in man- Total 16.20 17 80 14.49 48 49 36 36 84 85 grove area to about 7200 hectares 'Adapted from Munoz 1968. was observed [Wadsworth 1959a), the result of decreased cutting for fuel and recovery after hurricane damage. In the 1960's, urban development and industrialization caused new destruction. By 1968,13 of 62 estuarine zones had been de- stroyed, and mangrove coverage declined to 6600 hectares. In 1979, a study of 18 mangrove areas provided an estimate of 5970 hectares for mangrove coverage (Martinez et al. 1979). Several different types of mangrove forest are recognized in Puer- to Rico including overwash, fringe, basin, riverine and dwarf (Lug0 and Snedaker 19'741. All are dependent upon topographic variation and differences in flushing, and exhibit distinct species compositions, structure and patterns of productivity. Rapid diameter increments in secondary basin mangroves were observed i Weaver 19793 and annual volume production was estimated at 8.5 cubic meters per hectare f Wadsworth 1959b9. Water and Erosion Sawn lumber of tabonuco, Dacryodes excel- Steep topography, heavy rainfall s,, ready at the road for shrprnrnt near V"'llai- and erodable soils contribute to a ba (photo by Wadsworth, 1945). The mangrove forest adjacent to the Sun Urban development reduces the area of this Juan metropolitan region is visible in this valuable resource each year (photo by high altitude color infrared photograph. NASA I. Carite, Maricao, Susua, Ria Abajo, meters, but no action was taken which are principal sources of wa- Guajataca and Guilarte from 1935 within the watershed to curtail ero- ter, areas unsuitable for other through 1943. The first 3 of these sion (Bogart, Arnow and Crooks crops, and those adjacent to reser- areas, with about 2500 millimeters 1964). Studies conducted by the voirs. of annual rainfall at the summits, USDA Soil Conservation Service Rare and Endangered Plant and the Luquillo Forest, which re- ( 1968)showed that 48 percent of the Species-The diversity of habitats ceives over 4000 millimeters per land had severe erosion problems has led to the establishment or year at the summits (Weaver 1972), and 22 percent had moderate ero- evolution of many plant species on total about 35,000 hectares in these sion. the island. However, the limited critical watershed areas. The major Production and transport of sedi- size of the land mass combined with streams originate in the Central ments is affected by intensity and rampant destruction of large areas Cordillera, and only 7 have drain- duration of storms (Greer 1971). In for agriculture and other uses has age areas in excess of 250 square the Tanama River, the discharge of decreased some species to danger- kilometers t Department of Natural sediments for 1 day in 1968 was 70 ous rarity. Over 500 species of ende- Resources 1974).The headwaters of percent of the total for the year, due mic and non-endemic plants, many these rivers supply most of the is- to heavy rainfall (Lugo, Quinones in Commonwealth and Federal For- land's 25 major reservoir sites and Weaver, 1980). Other rivers in ests, have been classified as rare, which yield water to meet domestic, Puerto Rico show similar trends. endangered, or poorly distributed industrial. and agricultural de- Prolonged drought leading to water (USDA Soil Conservation Service mands. rationing and severe flooding are and Commonwealth Department of Investigations of 7 of the reser- recurrent problems on the island. Natural Resources 1975). Accord- voir sites showed that from 4 to 90 Sedimentation of reefs and man- ing to a recent Forest Service report percent of the storage capacities groves has damaged these coastal (Little and Woodbury 19801, 13 rare had been lost through sedimenta- systems. endemic tree species are classed as tion Department of Natural Re- Unpublished statistics from the endangered, and 22 endemic tree sources 1974!, the higher figure for Institute of Tropical Forestry indi- species are threatened with extinc- the Ch-nerio and Coamo reservoirs. cate that 445,000 hectares on the tion, principally because of habitat Another, Guayabal, lost 50 percent island should remain forested. destruction and disturbance. About of its capacity from 1913 to 1958. These include areas with slopes 100 tree species are listed as rare in The crest height was then raised 5 greater than 40 percent, areas Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, but are 1iste:- ,tive to other species dependent upon an island areas. forest. During the early l90O7s,the Wildlife-Pue-L* ice's ~";;:~lve species was common ranging from

wildlife species are 1 irnited. ;,~SI- Arecibo to the southern part of dent native mammals include 15 Puerto Rico and east to the oflshore species of bats (Starrett 19621, and island of Vieques. By 1955, the manatees and dolphins. Pigs and population had dwindled to about goats were introduced on Mona Is- 200 birds, and by 1967 only 20 re- land where they are feral, and deer mained, all endemic to the montane on Culebra Island. The only other forests of the Luquillo Mountains. mammals of note are the mongoose Today, about 40 birds survive, and two species of rats. Of an esti- mainly due to the efforts of the mated 200 bird species (Bond 1971, Forest Service and Fish and Wild- Leopold 19631, 14 are endemic, 107 life Service. local breeders, 71 migrants, and 21 Other critical wildlife areas not strays. About 70 species of reptiles included within the forest system and amphibians are native to Puer- are the Roosevelt Roads Navy Base to Rico (Rivero 1978) and 33 species and Mona and Monito Islands. The of fresh water fish (Erdman 1972). Navy Base has mangrove forest and The importance of the island's freshwater swamp, which serve as coastal, karst and montane forests critical habitat for 9 endangered Watershed protection is a primary function of in providing critical habitat for en- bird species, and offshore Thallasia the Maricao Forest Reserve in the Central Cordillera. demic species, as well as rare and beds where the West Indian man- endangered species is summarized atee has been seen repeatedly. in table 111. Puerto Rico currently Approximately half of the bird spe- has 27 species listed as very en- cies of Puerto Rico are migratory can Republic. Most of this scrub dangered, 29 species as endan- visitors or residents on the base woodland serves as a refuge for 133 gered, and 15 species as on the verge (Weaver, Nieves and Crow 1977). species of plants and animals not of being endangered (USDA Soil Mona Island, an elevated limes- found in Puerto Rico. In addition, at Conservation Service and Com- tone block of 5,500 hectares, and least another 29 species on the is- monwealth Department of Natural adjacent Monito Island of 16 hec- lands, including many sea birds, are Resources 1973). Perhaps the Puer- tares, are located west of Puerto so rare or endangered in Puerto to Rican parrot best exemplifies a Rico about midway to the Domini- Rico that Mona and Monito may be considered their last significant refuge (Junta de Calidad Ambiental 1973). Recreation - Puerto Rico7s numerous beaches, coral reefs, waterfalls, canyons, scenic mountain roads, and limestone caves and cliffs, combined with year-round moderate weather, provide the basis for outdoor recreation, particularly in the well-distributed 34,000 hectares of Federal and Commonwealth forests (table 111; fig. 2). Major activities include swimming, snorkeling, picnicking. boating, fishing, camping, hiking, water skiing, and driving through the forested areas. Any spot on the island is within an hour's drive of a major recreation area. Although some areas have excellent facilities, most are undeveloped (Department Red Mangroue forest near Mayaguez, Puerto of Natural Resources 1974, 1976). RLCO(photo by Cintroni. Given t1re island's limited area and high popuiat:on denel- ;:be ex- compared with coastal sites in prox- A record of forestry research and . * isting fore>: -,:;stem .a1 re- imity to the mountains (Briscoe ecological investigations was resource for botr, resldt.,~~" xur- 1966). The dwarf forest at the sum- cently compiled for U.S.Forest ists t Outdoor Recreationbi. .-r-ees "- was described in a series of Service personnel in Puerto Rico Review Commission 1962 ).- arlic!es appearing in the Journal of t Lugo 19'791, and a bibliography of Overview of Research-Puerto the Arnold Arboretum from 1968 all forestry research on the island is Rico's tropical forests have been a re- through 1979, and the tabonuco anticipated.' Studies of plant ecolo- sonal focus for forestry and ecologc- forest at El Verde Field Station was gy in Puerto Rico and elsewhere in a1 research throughout this century. investigated in detail (Odum and the West Indies were also summa- The impact of this research extends Pigeon 1970).Moreover, the colora- rized t Rundel 1974). -. far beyond the island itself. A few do forest at intermediate elevations projects will illustrate the breadth of was studied in conjunction with the this research. Puerto Rican parrot project, (Sny- The establishment of a tree der 1978) which was begun in 1967. 'Mosquera and F'eheley r in process). nursery and the beginning of a large-scale research program of trial plantings with exotic and native tree species was begun in 1920. In 1934, a major reforestation program in public forests was initiated, and over the next 12 years, some 7,800 hectares were planted with 53 tree species, 28 of which were native. In 1939, the Tropical Forest Experiment Station (now the Insti- tute of Tropical Forestry) was established and a site adaptability program was started in which more than 100 native species and over 350 introduced species were tested. The mid-20's also brought Amer- ican scientists into Puerto Rico to survey the natural forests (Gleason and Cook 1926; Cook and Gleason 1928). In 11939, the first of 24 volumes of the Caribbean Forester was published, covering both plantation forestry and investigation of natural forests. In 1952, the first island-wide forest inventory was undertaken by the Cornmon- wealth Forest Service, and in 1972, the Commonwealth Department of Natural Resources initiated several research projects within the Com- monwealth Forest Reserve, other forested areas, and the coastal zone. During the 1960's, several long- term studies of the climate, wildlife and vegetation of the Luquillo Mountains were initiated. Weather phenomena were documented and

Endangered Puerto Rrcan Parrot In Loi~er ,Ifonlane Wet Forest of the Luqu~llo'Vfoun- tams (photo by Wtleyj. The Commonueaith Forest Reserr eh scat. tered throughout the ~siandproilde Lanous recreatton opportun~tles This IS the L\Ianiaci vzs~torcenter

Young, managed stands tn Subtroptcal Wet Forest (locally tabonuco forest) near the El Verde Field Statzon Ln the Luqutllo Moun- tains (photo by Wadsworthl. ~re\tc, J+ 1980 of rccrea~z~fiand u ildlife r sin+ a - Pnerto Rtco, Table 111 ~rea E!evat~on Vegetd:~.. Ld~duse and recreation LVlidiife assets Forest mi ~SSOCI~::CK-.".* ;;.. - TLr 8 ha) i cc-,,4~rr~tFQRESTS 60 bird specles, 3 endemic .~~quirre 9713 13-5 Siibtropical Dry Forest - Boating, fishlne, ptcnicklng; tidai flats and mangrove no faciiitres 78 fish species; 50 b~rdspecies. some endangered BI qileron 300 -5 Subtropical Dry Forest - Special use permits = 94 ha; t~dalflats and mangrove, iwtmming, camping, hlk- C* -crub \+oodiand ing. ptcnicking, fishing, sail- ing, water skiing: cabins

Manatee habitat offshore Ceiba 110 0-5 Subtropical Dry Forest - Boating qait flats and mangrove

Cuanica ~3880 0-228 Subtropical Dry Forest - Picnicking, swimming, hik- Half of the island's land bird spe- mangrove; diverse scrub ing, beach facilities cies; breeding ground for en- woodland; Flora - 48 endangered whippoorwill dangered plant species, 16 endemic to forest

Pi nones 0-1 Subtropical Moist Forest - Special use permits= 12 ha; 38 fish species; 46 bird species, mangrove; beach strand swimming. picniclung, snor- some endangered: phosphores- keling, boating, fishing, water cent lagoon sluing; clandestine facilities

KARST FCiRESTS Carnbalache 370 5-50 Subtropical Moist Forest - Special use permlts=6 ha; 45 btrd specles, d endemic to xeric forest on pepino hlll some hlk~ng,p~cnlcklng; no tsland; endemtc tree frog bottomlands, slopes and facilities summits

930 130-300 Subtropical Motst Forest - Special use permits=3 ha; 35 bird species, 8 endemic to is- associations as above some hiking, picnicking; land limited facilities

RIOAbajo 2270 200-424 Most Subtropical Wet Forest Speclal use permits = 34 ha; Probably similar to above Some Subtropical Pifoist Forest picnicking, camping

350 5-50 Subtropical Moist Forest - Special use permits = 56 ha; Probably similar to above associations as above some hiking, picnicking; limited facilities

SfCtNTAANE FORESTS C',xrlte 2620 250-903 Most Subtrop~calWet Forest Special use permits=42 ha; 30 bird species, 9 endemic, 2 Small Lower Montane !Vet critical watershed; picnick- hawks; Lake Carite good bass Forest - (tabonuco,colora- ing, hiking; recreation fa- lake do, palm, dwarf, early cilities

secondary 1

?vI~r~cao 4150 15-675 Most Subtropical Wet Forest Special use permits = 32 ha; 26 bird species, 16 breeding resi- Small Subtroptcal SIoist critical watershed; hiking, dents, 11 species endemic to is- Forest picnicking; cabins - facili- land Small Lower Montane Wet ties Forest - assoctations as above; Flora - 845 specles, 278 trees, with 123 endemic to Island and 20 to 5Iartcao Life Zone. Ldnt: :s rpi:redti3n tVlldlife aksets

s, unique flora - g

Guilarte 1420 760-1205 Subtropical Wet Forest Specla1 use permits = 75 ha, Probably similar to above Lower Montane Wet Forest - crit~caiwatershed; no facil- associations as above i ties

Sulsua 1310 . 80-473 Subtropical Molst Forest - Special ust. pernuti= 12 ha. dry slope and gallery asso- uatet-shed Importance, some ciations, secondary forest, Ereation facilittes Flora - numerous endemic plants

Tbro Negro 2730 440-1338 Subtropical Wet Forest Special use permits = 38 ha: Probably similar to above Lower Montane Wet Forest - critical watershed recrea- (tabonuco, colorado, palm, tion facllitles dwarf, early secondary)

Luquillo 11300 120-1060 Subtropical Moist Forest 203 special use permits; criti- 25 bird species, some endemic; Subtrop~calWet Forest cal watershed; hiking, pic- endemic lizards, frogs, snakes Subtropical Rain Forest nicking; Visitor Informa- endangered Puerto Rlcan Par- Lower Montane Wet Forest tion Center, good facilit~es rot Lower Montane Ram Forest - associations as above ------

Source: Department of Natural Resources 1974, 1976; Odum and Pigeon 1970.

PREVIOUS FOREST SURVEYS AND ESTIMATES

At the beginning of the 16th cen- accounted for 55 percent of the land 1899). Many small farmers were tury, Puerto Rico was covered with area (Wadsworth 1950). The best successful only by practicing a sys-- mature forests containing a great agricultural land was held by large tern of shifting cultivation known as variety of species with high quality export-oriented farms, and about "conuco". When coffee became a ma- timber. The forest formations were 22,000 small subsistence farms jor crop, Puerto Rico's natural typical of the Caribbean region at were scattered on the hillsides (Hill forests declined further. Coffee was the time of discovery (Little et al. 1974, Durland 1929). In subsequent years, European Table 1V.-H~stor~calest~mates of forest area for Puerto R~co settlers gradually cut the coastal ------and lowland forests for pasture or Year of Forested area' Coffee shade Source of information estimate cropland. Removals for timber, ------charcoal, and fuelwood significant- - - ly modified the forest, but land ca. 1500 Murphy, 1916, and Wadsworth, 1950 clearing for agriculture was much 1828 Wadsworth, 1950 - more destructive. By 1828 257,000 1899 Wadsworth. 1950 hectares of pasture and 47,000 hec- 1912 Murphy, 1916 tares of cultivated land represented 1916 Murphy. 1916 34 percent of the total land area 1931 G1l1 1931 1940 Koenig, 1953 (Wadsworth 1950). 1948 Koenlg, 1953 Most remaining mature forests 1960 Englerth. 1960 were removed in the 19th century as 1972 Department of Natural Resources. 1972 -- the population in~zasedto nearly a million. By 189L3, pasture alone 'Does not include non-stocked forest land. grown under planted shade trees in the interior highlands where other cash crops proved unsuccessful. Early in the 20th century, forests covered about 20 percent of the island, but only about one-third of this forest land could yield wood products other than charcoal or fuelwood I Murphy 1916). Later, Puerto Rico Department of Agricul- ture figures showed half the island to be forest, brush, swamp, and bar- ren land, containing little timber of any value (Durland 1929). Other estimates concluded that 80 percent of about 400,000 hectares of forest land was devastated. The rate of forest destruction declined during the first part of the 20th century. Only the most remote and marginally productive lands remained uncultivated. During the ensuing decades, pressure on land resources came from many direc- tions: increasing population, ex- panding production of export crops, and fluctuating economic conditions. During periods of high unem- ployment people were forced to subsistence agriculture, encroaching on the remaining lands in the interior. During the late 1940's the natural forest area of Puerto Rico declined to a minimum of 6 percent of carvzngfuelivood fi-om Carnbalache chales (photo by the land area i table IV). Cropland $~~~~~~~:~~st9Garrot and pasture each accounted for a- bout 42 percent, with the remaining 10 percent in buildings, roads, and wasteland (Koenig 1953). Thus Puerto Rico became one of the most severe1y.deforested and eroded regions in the world. Recent statistics show that the forests have been returning in the past 30 years. Privately-owned lands have reverted to forest as small hillside farms were abandoned. These degraded lands, unsuitable for cultivation, support the potential forest resource assessed in this study.

.Vouch ofRzo Patillas at Pat~llaslake shoi~Eng

extenszr8edelta due to eroslon upstream 1 photo by Wadsworth, 19.27) I-l'hrp sau Eng lumber of tabonuco. Dacryodes excelsa. Esplr~tu Santo Valley (photo by LZudsiborth, 1947)

Accelerated gully eroston on Martcao Forest Reserve durzng the late 1940's (photo by Wadsworth).

Forest removal and overgrazzng result zn se- rlous erosion. Locatton and date ofphoto unknown Deforested htllstdes durtng the rntd-1940's In the vzc~nttyof Mayaguez (photo by Wads- worth).

Fuelwood prepared for making charcoal, Rio Grande (photo by Wadsworth, 194 7). THE 1980 FOREST RESOURCE SURVEY

Survey Scope And This information will address other Noncommercial survey regions current issues which include re- were eliminated sequentially, be- Design search on the management of secon- ginning with the Subtropical Dry dary tropical forests, and monitor- Forest Life Zone. Subsequent cate- Although previous comprehen- ing secondary succession on tropi- gories do not include areas already - sive assessments of Puerto Rico's cal forest land. Subsequent surveys eliminated in a previous category forests have been attempted, the will assess changes in forest area, (fig. 5, table VI. 1980 survey was the first by a Re- volume, and species composition. The potential commercial forest newable Resources Evaluation The island was partitioned geo- region, more than 400,000 hectares, Unit of the C'SDA Forest Service. graphically to allow focus on re- excludes environmental extremes The survey was designed to be regions with commercial potential. and the better agricultural land. It sponsive to local data needs. The Land uses excluding intensive tim- is located in the dissected uplands primary objective was to assess the ber production were delineated on a between the fertile valleys and the timber potential of the island. base map t fig. 5).This noncommer- highest, most rugged mountain Fieldwork was concentrated in cial survey region accounts for areas. Annual rainfall varies from areas with commercial potential; nearly 51 percent of Puerto Rico's 1000 to 2500 millimeters. The other regions were assessed remote- area (table V). These areas include potential commercial region en- ly or through literature research. the agricultural regions of the compasses only 2 of the 6 Life Zones Survey methods (see appendix) northern coast and interior valleys, found in Puerto Rico. Broad soil were designed to assess timber and the dry southern coast. The associations reflecting geologic ori- quality, volume, areal extent, and highest mountain regions were also gin (tableV, fig. 6)form the basis for species composition. Physical site eliminated because of watershed stratification of the data. Soils of characteristics were also recorded. values or excessive rainfall or slope, volcanic origin divided into deep

0 10 20 30 40 50 km SUBTROPICAL DRY LIFE ZONE (51,000 MMlYR RAINFALL)

EXCESSIVE RAINFALL (2 2,500 MMIYR) n EXCESSIVE SLOPE (260 O/O) a UNPRODUCTIVE SOILS 0 HIGHER PRIORITY USES 0 COMMERCIAL SURVEY REGION

Figure 5 -Excius~ons fi-om 1980 cornrnerc~alsur~ej regton Shaded areas uerr remo~edsequent~ally fo deferm~ne the area fir field zncestlgat~on 'Mangro~es,slcarnps, allu~taiflats, rnetropolrtan regtons Table V -1.o td area by survey region, Pnerto Rrco, 1980 and shallow clays, comprise 'iO per- . ------. -6 - -- cent of the potential commercial Area area. The deep clays include the typical deep red latosols found in hectares the tropics. Granitic intrusions, Cnmrnerctai Subtropical SIo~stForest Llfe Zone" about 10 percent of the area, result Deep voican~csolis" in a sandier soil in the uplands. Shallow volcanic 50113 Limestone soil supports a unique Granite soils forest vegetation and accounts for L~mestonesoils 20 percent of the potential commr- Total Subtropical Mo~stForest Life Zone cia1 region. Subtropical Wet Forest Life Zone Ecological Life Zone and soil Deep volcanic soils group are important parameters Shallow volcanic soils which, along with previous land Granite soils use, topography, and other site fac- Limestone soils tors, determine forest resource Total Subtropical Wet Forest Life Zone characteristics. These classifica- Total commercial tions are interrelated. For example, NoncommercialJ coffee is generally grown in high Subtropical Dry Forest Life Zone rainfall areas (Subtropical Wet Critical watersheds Forest) on deep volcanic clay soils. Unproductive soils Life Zone and soil group yielded the Alluvial and metropolitan Mangrove and swamp most important prior knowledge of Noncontiguous Puerto Rico the survey region. Forest area sta- Total noncommercial tistics were compiled using this stratification rather than the coun- Total land area ___-_ ------__ ------ty-based system used in the U.S. ' Life Zones according to Holdridge (1967), determined by Ewe1 and Whitmore 11973). 'Soil groups defined and mapped by Zambrana (1978). .%reas were defined sequentially in the order presented. Forest Ownership The largest- forested areas in pub- lit ownership are the Common- wealth forest system, the Carib- bean National Forest, Mona Island, and Roosevelt Roads Navy Base. The Department of Natural Re- sources of Puerto Rico also holds several areas of smaller extent. The remaining forest lands, about 85 percent, are privately owned (table VI) . The Commonwealth forest system includes 14 forests scattered throughout the island. The Carib- bean National Forest covers most of the Luquillo Mountains in the northeastern part of the island. Tbgether the public forests protect valuable soil and water resources, wildlife habitat, and many rare tree species. They also provide recreation and research opportunities in all the major natural ecosystems The untque Cartbbean Nutzonal Forest found on the island. These areas in- attracts more than a rntllron cts~torseach year, and supplres most of the water used tn clude nearly all of the remaining ~VortheasternPuerto Rlco. virgin forests. SUBTROPICAL LIFE ZONES: WET MOIST DEEP VOLCANIC SOILS

SHALLOW VOLCANIC SOILS

GRANITIC SOILS

LlMESTONE SOILS

Figure 6.-Life Zones and soil groups in the potential commercial forest region, 1980

land classed as timberland is com- tinuous vegetative cover. Most of Forest ~rea~ posed of young forests. If these the timberland is also privately trends continue, it may be possible owned. Although little is known of Puerto Rico's 890,000 hectares of to develop small scale forest pro- these owners, they ultimately will land include 279,000 hectares of ducts industries based on managed determine any future timber pro- forest land.3 Nonforest land uses secondary forests. Commercial tim- duction on the island. Timber har- account for 69 percent of the total ber removals have not been impor- vesting on noncommercial forest land area. Land classed as timber- tant recently, and the island satis- land could also help support small land amounts to 15 percent of all fies most timber needs through im- forest industries, but other values, land. Most of the timberland is lo- ports (Wadsworth 19711. marginal timber productivity, or cated in the western highlands in Non-timber forest resource uses ecological hazards reduce the and around coffee growing and pas- are currently more important than potential contribution of this wood ture regions. timber in Puerto Rico, as indicated source. Forest Land Increasing-Long by the large amounts of forest land term trends (table IV) show that Timberland Increases Fol- in the noncommercial survey re- low Retirement of Agricultur- forest area has been increasing in gion. More than 16 percent of the the past 30 years4Most of the forest al Land-About 54 percent of land area is covered with forests Puerto Rice's timberland has re- whose primary use is for watershed - - sulted from abandonment of pas- -%efer to appendix tables for this and all protection, recreation, and wildlife ture and cropland. The remaining subsequent analys~s Some information habitat. 46 percent of the timberland has screened from the data is only available through special processing About one-quarter of this impor- been, or is currently, managed as 'The definitions of terms are an integral part tant noncommercial forest lsnd is coffee shade. Nearly 12,000 hec- of a forest survey Users of the data in this under public ownership and protec- tares of timberland are nonstocked report are advised to study the definitions tion. Privately-owned noncommer- with trees. Much of this land is co- presented In the appendix vered with brush or o~nerinhible- 4Direct comparison of forest area between cial forest land includes many criti- thls survey and previous ones is not reliable cal watershed and habitat areas ing vegetation. * because of definition changes which are best conserved under con- Coffee production has been aban- subject to severe erosion in the absence of continuous vegetative cover, are made difficult to farm by the Area Source of :nformatlon unfavorable working conditions. The land quickly becomes unproductive when cultivated. Cclrnmonweaith krests 12,11113 Department of Satural Resources. 1976 More timberland is found on deep Commonweaith ,siandsl 5.500 .Junta cie Caliciad Amblental. 1973 volcanic soils in the Subtropical Department of Nat'cirai Wet Forest Life Zone than in any Resources' 2,000 Rusanowsky, 1978 National forest 11,300 hlunoz, 1968 other stratum. This is the most irn- U S ?llsistary 1,900 C' S Fish and W~idlifeService. I978 portant coffee producing region:' Total public 43,400 Two important forested soil groups in the Subtropical Moist Forest Life Private: Zone are the shallow volcanic soils Total pr~vate 235,300 and the limestone soils. These strata include extensive pasture mixed among the forests. Timberland "Ions and Monito ~slands. found on granitic soils is about "ands previously purchased by the Conservatton Trust were turned over to the Department of Natural Resources in 1981. evenly split between the two Life Zones included in the commercial survey area. Timber stands on deep volcanic doned on 38,000 hectares of timber- highly overstocked, especially in soils have characteristics similar to land. These forests characteristical- the limestone hills, where site con- coffee shade forests: low timber

' ly have low stocking levels and ditions favor smaller tree sizes. volumes in sawtimber-size and numerous large, poor quality trees. Low stand volumes are common poletimber-size stands, few sapling- The shade trees currently used on in Puerto Rico's timberland. Seven- seedling stands, a~dlow basal more than 21.000 hectares of coffee ty percent of the secondary forest areas. About two-thirds of the area land could have an important con- land has less than 50 cubic meters was abandoned less than 30 years tribution to the timber resource; per hectare of timber volume, signi- ago. Nearly 28,000 hectares of however, timber production as com- ficantly lower than managed secon- timberland on deep volcanic soils plementary to coffee production is dary stands in the Luquillo Nloun- were classed as poletimber. not currently practiced. tains. Abandoned coffee shade Timberland on shallow volcanic Timberland is about evenly di- stand volumes are mostly in the 25- soils is stocked with sawtimber-size vided among sawtimber-size, pole- 75 cubic meter range, with only or sapling-seedling stands, with timber-size, and sapling-seedling small areas in high and low volume only a small area of poletimber. The stands. More than half of the classes. Active coffee shade, if prop- sawtirnber stands are mostly timberland classed as sawtirnber erly managed, seldom carries more associated with coffee shade, while has a basal area less than 15 square than 50 cubic meters per hectare of sapling-seedling stands tend to cov- meters per hectare. These poorly timber volume. Only older secon- er the more recently abandoned stocked stands reflect the presence dary forests and a few abandoned pasture and cropland. of numerous open-grown trees, coffee shade areas have more than Sapling-seedling stands domi- Some of the older abandoned coffee 100 cubic meters of timber per hec- nate the timberland in the limes- shade stands have basal areas of 15 tare. tone hills region. Coffee shade is to %O square meters per hectare. Low basal areas and timber essentially absent. Unusual soil Poletimber stands are consider- volumes are typical in both active and topographic conditions are re- ably better stocked, including and abandoned coffee shade, and in sponsible for much of the land re- 29,000 hectares with 10 to 20 square the younger secondary forests. maining forested with small tim- meters per hectare basal area, and These conditions also reflect the ber, despite evenly distributed 10,000 hectares with more than 20 generally poor site quality which stand ages, ?ample plots fall either square meters per hectare. This has resulted from intensive land in stands with very little slope, or most extensive stand-size class is a use. stands with more than 45 percent promising area for management &Most Timberland in Rugged slope. These plots correspond to the practices which would favor the Mountain Areashlost stocked sawtimber-size and sapling-seed- most desirable species. timberland occurs in areas with ling stands, respectively. A narrow Sapling-seedling stands are not rough topography. About 60 per- band of sawtimber is often found on common in coffee shade. In contrast, cent of the area has slopes greater the concave lower slopes and bot- some young secondary stands are than 45 percent. These hillsides, tomlands of the limestone hills. Recently abandoned pasture and cropland is often rapidly overgrown with ferns or brush. Coffee is grown under shade trees which are a delaying establishment of a forest stand. potential source of timber.

Ahandorzed coffee shade results zn o mutiire 0.i "2-r shade trees and young saphngs. Granitic soils support~~~reuni- Table V1I.-The most common trees and thetr characterzst~cs.Puerto R~cotlmberiand, 1980 formystand-sizedistrlburk 9-yith a Csed for Used for C=ea i'_: Csed for Potentla1 substantial area of ;(i;z:.sri 7ber. Species coffee fru~tor ornament fuel or timber These young stands are-ppk- fslly shade product or shade posts only spec!esL the result of abandonment 9.r: pas------ture and cropland. Inga cera IVilld. X Dangerous precipices, steep Guarea gurdonza t L. 1 Sleurner X ravines, numerous boulders and Cecropza peitata L. other obstacles, and a generally un- Andtra tnermls INWrlght) DC X even land surface characterize the Inga fagtfol~a L.) Wllld. X Eugen~ajumbos L. eroded slopes on all soil groups. This Tabebuui heterophylla IDC.) Bntton rugged, marginal land should be Spathodea campanulata Beauv. carefully managed for its timber .Mangzfera ~nd~caL. potential. Even the partial cover Cztrus sinensss Osbeck provided by coffee shade may not Erythrzna poepplgrana t Walp.) O.F. Cook result in sufficient protection from Dendropanax arboreus i L.) Decne. weather extremes, as heavy rains and Planch. recurrently inflict heavy soil losses. D~dymopanaxrnorototonc (Aubl.) Decne. and Planch. Coffea arabtca L. Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez Species Composition Prestoea montana t R. Grah.) Nichols. There are 547 tree species known Calophyllum calaba L. Roystonea borznquena O.F. Cook to be native to Puerto Rico, with an Alchornea lat~foliaSw. additional 203 species naturalized Thoucnla strzata Radlk. (Little et al. 1974). This approxi- mates the number of native and 'Based on past use in Puerto Ricoi or use elsewhere in the tropics for products other than naturalized species found in the specialty items. continental United States t Little Tabinet quality. 1979). Such a striking richness of tree flora within a small area is an important consideration in an assessment of Puerto Rico's forests. Species Represent Past Hu- man Influence-Two factors influence the current species composi- INGA VERA tion of Puerto Rico's timberland. GUAREA GUlOONlA First, most of the timberland has been farmed or cleared for coffee in CECROPIA PELTATA the recent past. Second, a wide vari- ANOIRA INERMIS ety of site conditions exist on the island. lNGk FAGlFOLfA Field crews tallied 189 different EUGENIA JAMBOS species and were able to identify more than 99 percent of the sample TABEBUIA HETEROPHYLLA trees. Ten species account for 49 SPATHOOEA CAMPANU LATA percent of the basal area (fig. 7). Many species were encountered MANGIFERA INOICA very infrequently: 142 species to- CITRUS SINENSIS gether account for 16 percent of the basal area. 179 OTHER SPECIES The current forests are substan- tially different from the original 0 200 400 600 800 vegetation. Nine of the ten most THOUSAND SQUARE METERS common timberland species are used for coffee shade, fruit, or ornament (table VII). Four of the five Figure 7.-Basal area of the most common tree specLes, Puerto Rtco ttmberiand, 1980 most common species are extensive- ly planted for coffee shade, accounting for 30 percent of the basal area on timberland. Significantly, 6 of the '7 most common species are potential timber species and account for 38 percent of the basal a- rea. hiany of the common species tallied are pioneers of abandoned cropland or pasture. These species regenerate freely and many have rapid early growth rates. Large trees of species used for timber in the past are only found in isolated patches of mature forest. Most large trees found today are old ornamentals or fruit trees. Some species occur with great frequency in the smaller diameter classes. These include 3 excellent timber species which can grow into Se~~eralforest types and rugged topography larger size classes, Guarea guido- characterzze the wet lzmestone regzon of the RLOAbajo Forest Reserve. nia, Andira inerrnis, and Tabebuia heteroph-ylla, and some species which are found only in the understory, such as Coffea arabica, Casearia guianensis, and Guettarda scabra. Common coffee shade trees (Inga spp. and fast growing secondary species, especially Cecropia peltata, are relatively scarce in the smaller diameter classes but common in intermediate classes. Large trees (diameter class 55 centimeters or more average only about 2 per hectare, the most common being Guarea guidonia, Spathodea campanulata, Mangifera indica, Erythrina poeppigiana, and Spon- dias rnombin. Although some of these species can be used for wood products, the large, open grown trees common in Puerto Rico generally have poor form. Coffee Shade Forests Less Complex Than Secondary For- ests-Abandoned coffee shade brests contain fewer than half the species found in other reforested areas. A smaller number of species accounts for a higher percentage of 20 25 30 35 40 45 the basal area; the 10 most common + species in secondary forests account DIAMETER CLASS (CM) for 3'7 percent of the total basal area, while accounting for 69 percent and 80 percent in abandoned U,gure 8 -Number of trees by tree ciass and dmrneter ciass, Puerto Rlco t~mberiand2980 forests are not far behind. Rough trees predominate on shallow volcanic and granitic soils. Some pioneer species with good form, such as Cecropia peltata, Tabebuia heterophylla, and Didy - mopanax morototoni, are good timber species. Coffee shade species and fruit trees, all essentially open- grown, tend to include a high percentage of rough trees. Rotten trees amount to only about 3 percent of the basal area.

Timber Volume

Puerto Rico's timberland has been influenced by a series of land uses common in the tropics: remov- A uariety of species and a few older "wolf' al of valuable timber species, clear- trees are evident on this secondary forest ing for agriculture, erosion and deg- land. radation, and finally abandonment. The forests now beginning to re- claim the land are extremely valu- and active coffee shade, respective- which produce cabinet quality tim- able as vegetative cover, yet they ly. Average basal area per hectare ber. carry low timber volumes and a in active coffee shade is about 10 The most promising timber spe- rather unfavorable mix of species square meters. cies are found in the small diameter and quality. The merchantable Coffee shade forests are less com- classes in young secondary forests. sawtimber volumes per hectare are plex because species used as shade These stands have the potential to generally low. trees now dominate the stand. Cof- develop into desirable sawtimber Most Volume in Abandoned fee has generally been grown on stands since the rough trees which Coffee Country- The timber deep clay soils in the Subtropical dominate the coffee shade forests volume per hectare (stocked Wet Forest Life Zone, a relatively are absent. Less management effort timberland) averaged 53.1 cubic uniform region compared to the site would be required to concentrate meters in abandoned coffee planta- diversity of other reforested areas. the growth potential of the site in tions, 44.4 cubic meters in secon- Smaller diameter trees are less young, vigorous, desirable timber dary forests, and 36.3 cubic meters common in coffee shade forests. specles. in active coffee growing areas. Tim- Cultivated shade trees occupy most Poor Tree Quality-Good timber volume is highest on deep volca- of the growing space and account for ber stands are now found only in nic soils, averaging '73.3 cubic the greater number of stems found isolated, protected areas. The meters per hectare in the Subtropic- in the middle and upper diameter forests of 1980 more typically in- al Moist Forest Life Zone and 56.1 classes. clude a high percentage of rough cubic meters per hectare in the Sub- There are important species dif- and open-grown trees above a fairly tropical Wet Forest Life Zone. The ferences as well. More frequently dense, complex understory. lowest volumes are found on grani- encountered in secondary forests The basal area of rough and rot- tic soils, which were recently aban- are the palms and two timber spe- ten poletimber- and sawtimber-size doned, and limestone soils, which cies, Tabebuia heterophylla and trees is about 46 percent of the total. include much scrub vegetation. Calophy ltum calaba. Coffee shade The larger diameter classes tend to more than 60 percent of the tim- forests include more coffee, fruit, have a higher percentage of rough ber volume is found on slopes great- ornamentals, and other planted and rotten trees than the smaller er than 45 percent. Site quality is trees. Inga uera and Cecropia pelta- diameter classes (fig. 8). Coffee poor, and timber volumes average ta are common in all forest classes, shade forests have the highest pro- less than 50 cubic meters per hec- and both Guarea guidonia and portion, about half, of rough and tare. Andira inermis are common species rotten trees, although secondary The species accounting for most of pi Commercial Prospects ...... SAWTIMBER For Timberland

POLETIMBER Commercial prospects for har- ROUGH 8 ROTTEN TREES vesting timber are generally limited by economic factors, such as volume per hectare of merchantable species, size of forest tracts, SECONDARY operability, and distance to existing - FOREST all-weather roads. Other factors such as ownership patterns and attitudes, and distance to high- ways, lakes, and rivers are also important (FA0 1978, Deal 1980, Lee 1980). Information about these items can be used to identify timberland which is currently suitable for commercial removals. Two critical assumptions must also be made, however, concerning factors outside the scope of this survey. First, that a THOUSAND CUBIC METERS market exists for all wood products of acceptable quality, and second, that private owners of timberland are willing to manage their land for Figure 9.-Timber volume by class of timber and forest class, Puerto Rico timberland, 1980. timber production. These two relatively unknown factors have a great deal of influence on commercial prospects. the wood volume reflect past land trees each account for about as The area of timberland with the use. Ten species comprise about 60 much volume as sawtimber trees greatest potential for timber pro- percent of the timber volume, eight (fig. 9). Most existing stands are not duction can be determined by se- of which were commonly used for ready for a sawtimber harvest, but quentially eliminating areas which coff'ee shade, fruit, or ornament. timber growth might be stimulated cannot satisfy a set of constraints, Some species such as Coffea arabi- by removal of rough trees and un- using a screening technique de- ca, Thouinia striata, Casearia wanted species. scribed by Knight (1980). The con- guianensis, Cyathea arborea, and Stocked timberland averages straints would vary with the value Myrcia splendens rarely attain about 4 cubic meters of sawtimber and nature of merchantable wood large size, and this decreases their per hectare. Ten species represent products and with the size and na- contribution to timber volume de- 65 percent of the sawtimber ture of the harvesting operation. spite their abundance. Some species volume. These are the most com- For example, a small operator re- grow to larger sizes and have a high mon species, however a few such as moving selected trees for specialty ratio of volume to basal area. Exam- Cordia alliodora and Dacryodes ex- wood products would not be con- ples are the palms (Prestoea rnon- celsa, are less common but grow to cerned with small tract sizes or low tuna and Roystonea borinquena), large size and have good form. timber volumes per hectare. The Hymenaea courbaril and Dacryodes Erythrina poeppigiana has the most constraints used here (table VIII) excelsa. sawtimber volume in the larger dia- screen out all but the best timber Low Sawtimber Volume-The meter classes, but it is not a good stands, leaving those which wouid volume of sawtimber (International timber species. interest a small or medium size Y4 inch rule) is less than one-tenth These low sawtimber volumes in- commercial enterprise. Character- the timber volume. Only about one dicate that extensive harvests for istics of these stands can then help quarter of all sound wood (timber sawtimber are unlikely in the near determine commercial prospects. volume) is found in the sawlog por- future. Immediate returns from the Elimination of areas unsuitable tion of sawtimber-size trees, com- forest could come from mixed hard - .' Tor harvest under these constraints pared to about half for the Southern wood pulp, fuelwood, or a combina- xsrnoves 3/4 of the timberland. Low U.S. Poletimber trees and rough tion of wood products. ,awtirnber volume is clearly the most important factor, followed by should increase significantly in the nT:s:, be done carefully. Some poor ~peratingcs.3 Jitions. The best more vigorous stands. Better man- vcg";tztive cover must be main- timberland contain3 about 250,000 agement could also bring about im- tained to minimize erosion and pro- cubic meters of &$;tfrnber, or an provements in stocking and species tect the water ~i~pply.Accelerated average of 8 cubic meters per hec- composition. Commercial prospects erosion can also reduce site produc- tare. This volume is relatively high in the future will depend on the de- tivity drastically, thus directly for Puerto Rico. Much of the wood is velopment of effective management affecting wood yields. This con- in valuable hardwoods. About 1/2 of strategies. straint is particularly significant this forested area is abandoned cof- for a large area of forest land in the fee shade. noncommercial survey region I - Physical conditions on harvest- which protects critical watersheds able timberland are much the same Management for the island, Management on as for timberland in general. Most Opportunities these and other forest lands in the stands are close to an all-weather noncommercial category should road. The terrain is rugged, gener- Natural tropical forests, because continue to be custodial to preserve ally uphill or up and down to the of their complexity and diversity, important resource values such as road. Many stands are littered with are not as readily managed as watershed, recreation, and wildlife obstacles which would adversely forests in the temperate regions. habitat protection. affect felling and skidding. About There are only a few instances Natural forest management half of the area is on slopes greater where a management system, schemes have had limited success in than 45 percent, difficult or im- based on sound silvicultural prac- the tropics. Puerto Rico's secondary possible for most skidding equip- tices, has been successfully applied forests exhibit many characteris- ment to negotiate, especially on wet to mixed tropical forests. A more tics which hinder forest manage- clay soils. Skidding would also be common practice has been to re- ment: heavily damaging to the site, an un- place the natural vegetation with -Difficult working conditions acceptable practice for the wet, fast-growing native or exotic -Numerous species steep terrain. Practical alterna- plantation species. In the absence of -Diverse ecosystems and site tives to skidding include cable har- proven natural forest management characteristics vesting or low technology opera- techniques, plantations are more -High percentage of poor quality tions such as a winch and tractor, likely to succeed and produce a prof- trees itable crop. Puerto Rico's secondary gravity, or animals lPestal 1976, -Low stocking levels forests fall somewhere in between; FA0 1977, 1979). -Variable stand structure Although the current situation is that is, they are not plantations, yet generally unfavorable for extensive have been heavily influenced by Management attempts have also harvesting, some good stands are man. been limited by funding, technician developing. Most of the forests are In mountainous tropical regions availability, and transportation very young and timber volumes conversion to plantation forests facilities. Despite these difficulties, the presence of numerous young growing stock trees of good timber Table VII1.-Timberland with currently unfavorable commercial characteristics, Puerto Rico, species makes management worthy 1980 of investigation. Recent advances in understanding the tropical forest Limiting factor Maximum area Area sequentially removed ecosystem may provide a reason- ably sound scientific basis for developing successful management C ~rrentsawtimber volume less than practices in Puerto Rico and else- 1 5 cubic meters per hectare where. Poor operating condit~ons Some practices commonly ap- obstacles. precipices, Tract size less than 5 hectares plied in both t-emperateand tropical Dtstance to all weather road more forests can be suggested as alterna- than 1 ktlometer tive management opportunities for Tract within 50 meters of highway, various categories of timberland lake, or river (table 1x1. These opportunities Total area eliminated illustrate a range of possible Prospective harvest area 31,100 courses of action. Only some of the techniques have been studied ex- timberland 130,500 - - tensively in Puerto Rico. The de- Table IX -llfanagemenf opportunrtles for :arlous tzmberiand categories ------Area Timberland category Characteristics iha. 1 ------Prospectl%e harvest area Harsest and regenerate

I less actit e coffee and ee table VIII I sapling seedlingi Commercial thinning Timberland Stand Improvementi Nonstocked timberland 11.TO0 Brush and inhlbitlng Arttficlai regeneration after site vegetation present preparation Leave for natural regeneration All sapllng seedllng stands 29,100 Timber species present but Art~ficlalregeneration after srte 1 except active coffee shade I not majority, some rough trees preparation Pre-commercial thinn~ng Active coffee shade 2 1,400 Low basal area, many rough Intensify agro-forestry efforts bj trees, few small trees, maximizing timber production and species less complex coffee production Abandoned coffee shade: Medium basal area, many rough Stand conversion2 Sawt~mberstands trees, few small trees, species Enrichment planting and cleaning t less exploitable timb. 1 less complex Abandoned coffee shade: Medium basal area, some timber Stand conversion Poletimber stands species present. many rough Enrichment planting and clean~ng i less exploitable timb. trees Timber Stand Improvement (best stands only J Secondary forests: Low basal area. some rough trees, Enrichment planting and cleaning Sawtimber (less complex species, number of growing Timber Stand Improvement exploitable timberland) stock trees acceptable Secondary forests: 14.100 High basal area, many growiag stock Timber Stand Improvement Poletimber t less trees, complex species lnclude No treatment exploitable timberland) timber species

'Cleaning, release, or other intermediate cutting. 'Remove or kill all trees and regenerate.

velopment of management prac- poorly stocked sapling-seedling A sawtimber harvest followed by tices appropriate for Puerto Rico's stands. About 30,000 hectares could regeneration would be possible on young forests is the critical element be treated this way. about 30,000 hectares, and a larger which would allow the island's tim- Many of the low volume sawtim- area could be harvested for fuel- ber production potential to be real- ber stands not included in harvest- wood or fiber. Much of the area ized. able timber are stocked with poor would supply only a small return or Timber stand improvement via quality large trees which should be no return on investment at all. A the removal or killing of undesir- killed or removed. Enrichment more appropriate treatment might able trees or inhibiting vegetation planting or a full conversion to be a commercial thinning or a stand offers promising results on a signifi- plantation would then be neces- improvement cut. cant area of poletimber and sawtirn- sary. These treatments are expen- Tables VIII and IX constitute ber. As long as the current stand sive, however, and they offer little classifications which attempt to contains adequate stocking of immediate return other than fuel- provide direction in a complex acceptable trees, this is one of the wood or wood fiber. situation. A management program - easiest and most reliable ways of More than 20,000 hectares of cof- would have to consider also the improving commercial prospects. fee shade forests could supply tim- different soils, Life Zones, and re- Harvestable timber already pres- ber as well as coffee and fruits, if gions. This analysis is intended to ent could also be removed to help timber production were incorpo- establish very broad guildelines for defray the treatment costs. rated into land management objec- the kind of research on manage- Site preparation and artificial re- tives. Some prior research would be ment of secondary forests, and agro- generation would be appropriate on needed, however, to determine forestry, which is urgently needed all of the nonstocked timberland, which tree species could provide in Puerto Rico, and elsewhere in the and on a large proportion of the optimum shade. tropics.

outdoor recreation plan, 1979- Pap. ITF-18. 72 p. Inst. Trop. For. ceedings~8th Annual Hardirold 1981. PR. 57 p. A app. Rio Piedras, PR. of the Hardaood K,,. Cook, M. T and H. A. Gleason. 1928. FAO. 1977. Planning forest roads search Council, NC j Ecological survey of the flora of and harvesting systems. FA0 Leo~old,N. F 1963 Check\lll .,! Puerto Rico. Jour. Dep. Agri. Por- For. Pap. No. 2. Rome, 148 p. birds of Puert0 Rico and the to Rico 12:l-139. FAO. 1978. Assessment of logging gin Islands. Univ of Puerto R!, . Crow, T R. 1980. A rainforest costs from forest inventories in AkTic- EXP.Stn. Rio Piedra,, p~ chronicle: a 30-year record of the tropics. Vol. 1 Principles and 119 p. change in structure and composi- methodology. Vol. 2 Data collec- Little, E. L., Jr. 1979. Checklist ,)I tion at El Verde, Puerto Rico. tion and calculations. FAO For. United States trees tnatlve dnd Biotropica 12 ( 1):42-55. Paps. 10i1 and 10:'2. Rome. 50 p. naturalized!. USDA For. Serv Crow, T R. and F? L. 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Puerto Rico: a structural inven- San Juan, PR. 32 p. Wadsworth, F. H. 1950. Notes on the tory. Area of Scientific Research, Snyder, N. F. R. 1978. Puerto Rican climax forests of Puerto Rico and *. Dep. of Nat. Resour., San Juan, parrots and ~est-sitescarcity. In their destruction and conserva- PR. 149 p. S.A. Temple, ed. Endangered tion prior to 1900. Caribbean d Mosquera, h1. and J. Feheley. (In Birds: management techniques Forester 11 (1):3&47. process). Biliography of forestry for preserving threatened spe- Wadsworth, F. H. 1951. Forest man- in Puerto Rico. USDA For. Serv. cies. Univ. of Wisc. Press, Madi- agement in the Luquillo Moun- Gen. Tech. Rep. Inst. of Trop. For., son. p. 47-53. tains, I. The setting. Caribbean Rio Piedras, PR. Starrett, A. 1962. The bats of Puerto Forester. 12:93-114. Munoz, J. E. 1968, Timber manage- Rico and the Virgin Islands, with Wadsworth, F. H. 1959a. Effects of ment plan for the Luquillo Ex- a check list and keys for identi- the 1956 hurricane on forests in perimental Forest. Inst. of Trop. fication. Carib. J. of Sci. 2 (1):l-7. Puerto Rico. Carib. For. 20 (1 & For., Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. 54 Stehle, H. 1945. Los tipos forestales 2):38-51. P. de las islas del Caribe. Carib. For. Wadsworth, F. H. 1959b. Growth Yurphy, L. S. 1916. Forests of Puer- 6 (suppl.): 273-408 and regeneration of white man- to Rico, past, present, and future. Tschirley, F. H., C. C. Dowler and grove in Puerto Rico. Carib. For. USDA Bull. No. 354. Wash., 99 p. J. A. Duke. 1970, Species diversi- 20 (3 & 4):59-71, Odum, H. T. and R. F. Pigeon ceds.) ty in two plant communities of Wadsworth, F. H. 1968. Clean water 1970. A Tropical Rain Forest. Puerto Rico. In A Tropical Rain for the nation's estuaries. Pro- U.S. Govn. Clearinghouse, Spring- Forest, H. T. Odum and R. F. Pi- ceedings of the Puerto Rico Public field, VA. geon. U.S. Govn. Clearinghouse, Meeting, National Estuarine Outdoor Recreation Resources Re- Springfield, VA. p. B91-96. Pollution Study, Federal Water view commission. 1962. Outdoor USDA Forst Service. Annual Re- Pollution Control Administra- recreation for America. U.S. ports. Forest planting, seeding, tion. Atlanta, GA p. 78-81. Govn. Print. Off. Wash., DC. and silvical treatments in the Wadsworth, F. H. 1971. Import sub- Pestal, E. 1976. Introduction to U.S. USDA For. Serv. stitution: forestry. Industrial methods of wood harvesting in USDA Forest Service, Southern Puerto Rico, Sept.-Oct. 1971. 4 p. the mountains. In Technical Re- Forest Experiment Station. 1977. Weaver, P. L. 1972. The dwarf forest port of FAOlAustria Training Forest resources inventory work of Pico del Este and the Luquillo Course on Forest Roads and Wood plan. New Orleans. 84 p. + sup- Mountains. Revista Interameri- Harvesting in Mountainous plement. cana Review 2 (2):174--186. Forests. Austria, 1975. FAO, USDA, Soil Conservation Service. Weaver, P. L. 1979. Tree growth in Rome. 16 p. + photos. 1968. Puerto Rico conservation several tropical forests of Puerto Pico, R. 1974. The Geography of needs. San Juan, PR. Rico. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. Puerto Rico. Aldine Publishing USDA, Soil Conservation Service SO-152. South. For. Exp. Stn., Company, Chicago, IL. 439 p. and Commonwealth Dept. of Nat. New Orleans, LA. 15 p. Puerto Rico Public Affairs Adminis- Resources. 1973. Rare and en- Weaver, P. L., L. 0. Nieves and T. R. tration. 1979. Puerto Rico, U.S.A. dangered animal species of Puer- Crow. 1977. Roosevelt Roads sur- Wash., DC. 77 p. to Rico. A committee report. San vey of mangrove forest and the Rivero, J. A. 1978. Los anfibios y Juan, PR. 70 p. Rio Daguao watershed, Septem- reptiles de Puerto Rico. Editorial USDA, Soil Conservation Service ber 1976. - Institute of Tropical Universitaria, Universidad de and Commonwealth Dept. of Nat. Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR. 34 p. Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR. 148 Resources. 1975. Rare and en- Zambrana, J. A. 1978. Asociaciones P* dangered plants of Puerto Rico. A de suelos de Puerto Rico y su Roberts, R. C. et al. 1942. Soil Sur- committee report. San Juan, PR. potencial para la siembra de vey of Puerto Rico. USDA Series 85 p. arboles. Dept. Agric. de EEC'U, 1938 No. 8. 503 p. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 1978. Servicio Forestal, Area Suresta, Rundel, P. W. 1974. An annotated Fish and wildlife resource man- Division de Dasonomia, Rio Pied- bibliography of West Indian plant agement plan. Division of Ecolo- ras, PR. 6 p. Tree ferns rn the Caribbean Natronal Forest Appendix that future surveys can reestablish the plot and esti- SURVEY METHODS mate growth, mortality, removals, and changes in land use. The 1980 survey u7asprimarily descriptive and ex- Specific measurements and estimates made at each ploratory. The main purpose was to assess the secon- sample location generally follow the procedures used dary forests of Puerto Rico. The data are used to de- to assess timber in the Southern U. S. (CSDA Forest scribe both the timber resource in Puerto Rico and the Service, 1977). Modifications were made, however. to ecological characteristics of secondary tropical forests. account for basic differences in the nature of secondary The survey also establishes the basis for a continuous tropical forests as compared to southern forests. All assessment of Puerto Rico's forest resources. Subse- procedures followed in Puerto Rico were assembled - quent surveys will build upon the existing data base. into a handbook of field instructions. Important mod- In order to focus the survey on areas with commer- ifications included the use of the metric system for cial potential, land uses which exclude intensive tim- measurements, separate assessments of sound and un- ber production were identified and delineated on a sound cull volume, and a tally of all sound wood in bole 1:120,000 scale base map and excluded from the and branches to a minimum 10 centimeter diameter. ground sample. The potential commercial region was stratified by ecological Life Zone and soil type. The data on forest acreage, timber volume, and species composition were obtained by a sampling method RELIABILITY OF THE involving a forest-nonforest classification on aerial photographs and on-the-ground measurements of DATA trees at sample locations. The sample locations were at Reliability of the estimates may be affected by two the intersections of a grid of lines spaced 3 kilometers types of errors. The first stems from the use of a sample apart. Within the area of commercial potential, 10,925 to estimate the whole and from variability of the items photographic classifications were made and 437 being sampled. This is termed sampling error; it is ground locations were visited. The estimates of forest susceptible to a mathematical evaluation of the prob- area obtained from the aerial photographs were ad- ability of error. The second type -often referred to as justed on the basis of the ground check. reporting or estimating error -derives from mistakes The estimates of forest acreage and timber volume in measurement, judgment, or recording, and from for areas excluded from the ground sample were de- limitations of method or equipment. The Forest Ser- veloped using several data sources. Partial aerial vice attempts to hold it to a minimum by proper train- photographic coverage enabled an additional 3,875 ing, supervision, and precision. forest-nonforest classifications to be made. Adjust- The Puerto Rico survey required a special team ments to these estimates of forest area were made by approach to satisfy fieldwork requirements for accura- extrapolating ground truth information from similar cy. In addition to the regular problems associated with regions visited in the ground sample. Regions without measuring and estimating tree characteristics, the adequate photographic coverage were assessed using heterogeneous species composition required special reference material. knowledge of Puerto Rican dendrology. The approach A cluster of 3 variable-radius plots was established teamed experienced timber cruisers from the Southern at each ground sample location. Each sample tree on area with dendrologists and botanists from Puerto the variable-radius plot represented 2.5 square meters Rico. of basal area per hectare, or 0.83 square meters of A one-week training session was held in Puerto Rico basal area per hectare when the plots were clustered. to familiarize the timber cruisers with the characteris- Trees less than 12.5 centimeters in diameter at breast tics of tropical trees, to standardize measurements and height were tallied on fixed-radius plots of approx- estimates, and to develop working teams. A noted tax- imately 40 square meters around the plot centers. onomist was hired as a consultant to identify unrecog- Each sample location was classified by numerous nized tree species. site characteristics. Each sample tree 12.5 centimeters Statistical analysis of the data indicates a sampling 9nd larger was measured and assessed to determine error of plus or minus 1.5 percent for the estimate of wood volume and quality. Species was accurately de- total timberland, and 7.6 percent for timber volume. termined for more than 99 percent of all sample trees. As these totals are broken down by various strata, Ground sample locations were selected on U.S. species, tree size, and other subdivisions, the possi bil- Geological Survey topographic maps and transferred ity of error increases and is greatest for the smallest to aerial photographs. The center of each forest loca- subdivisions. The order of this increase is suggested in tion was established on the ground by running a com- the following tabulation, which shows the sampling puted azimuth and distance from a selected starting error to which the timber volume and area estimates int. Each plot at a sample location was marked so are liable, two chances out of three: Sampling errors for tirnberlzd and timber volumes, Nonstocked land-Commercial fr !and less Puerto Rico, 1980 than 10 percent stocked6 with grow-. -,.:k trees. This includes areas covered by inhibitl-rls -e.;letation Timberland Sampling Tinber Sampling I brush, vines, ferns, etc.) classed as forest lar,d. errori vo'iume error1 Secondary forest land-Forest land resulting from the abandonment of cropland or pasture, and thousand forest resulting from the regeneration of previously hectares percent cubic meters percent cutover or disturbed forest land. Abandoned coffee 130,500 1.5 5433.8 7.6 shade is excluded from this class. 5 1,200 3.5 2519.7 14.0 Coffee shade-A multi-story, multi-crop system 20,800 4.4 348.6 19.6 used principally for the production of coffee. An upper 8,900 9.9 ...... story of shade trees is characteristic. Abandoned coffee shade-Secondary forest land 'By random-sampling formula resulting from the abandonment of coffee production under shade trees. The sampling error for estimates based on extrapo- Iated or secondary information cannot be determined. These estimates should be considered less reliable Timberland Strata than the estimates for timberland and timber volume. Subtropical Moist Forest-Forest occurring in an ecological Life Zone delineated by a mean annual rainfall of 1000 or 1100 millimeters to about 2000 or 2200 millimeters, and a mean biotemperature between about 18 and 24 degrees centigrade (Holdridge 1967). Subtropical Wet Forest-Forest occurring in an DEFINITIONS OF ecological Life Zone delineated by a mean annual rainfall of about 2000 to 4000 millimeters, and a mean TERMS annual biotemperature between about 18 and 24 degrees centigrade (Holdridge 1967). Deep volcanic soils-Deep soils of the wet volcanic Forest Land Class uplands, with clayey texture, typically red and acid (Zambrana 1978). The soil depth is generally more Forest Land-Land at least 10 percent stocked6 by than 50 centimeters. forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such Shallow volcanic soils-Shallow soils of the wet tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest volcanic uplands, with clayey texture (Zambrana use. The minimum area for classification of forest land 1978). The soil depth is generally less than 50 centi- is ?Lz hectare, and the minimum width for forest strips meters. is 35 meters. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, Granitic soils-Shallow soils of the wet uplands and clearings in forest areas are classed as forest if less with granitic origin, and with a typically sand clay than 35 meters in width. loam texture (Zambrana 1978). Timberland-Forest land that is producing or is Limestone soils-Shallow soils over limestone, capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not found in the moist coastal hills (Zambrana 19781. withdrawn from timber utilization. Forest lands with higher priority uses, yet not specifically withdrawn from timber utilization, are excluded from this class of Noncommercial Forest Strata forest land. These excluded lands were delineated on a base map. CofTee shade is included in this category. Subtropical Dry Forest-An ecological Life Zone Noncommercial forest land-Forest land incap- delineated by a mean annual rainfall of between 600 able of yielding crops of industrial wood because of millimeters and 1000 or 1100 millimeters, and a mean adverse site conditions, forest land withdrawn from annual biotemperature between about 18 and 24 de- timber utilization through statute or administrative grees centigrade (Holdridge 1967). regulation, or forest land with higher priority use (ex- Critical watersheds-Upland areas with an aver- cept coffee shade). age slope greater than 60 percent or rainfall greater than 2500 millimeters per year. These areas require a continuous protective forest cover. Some timber re- 'Ten percent of "normal" stocking as defined for the Midsouth forest moval would be feasible; however, much of the area is survey. not highly productive. Unproductive soils-Soils incapable of .;leiding timber-size trees, and with poletimber basal area ex- crops of industrial wood. ceeding that of sawtimber basal area. Alluvial regions-River floodplains ~~thagrlcul- Sapling-seedling stands-Stands with at least 5 tural land use. quare meters per hectare of basal area, with more 31etropolitan regions-Regions with primarily than half of this basal area in saplings or seedllngs, or urban or residential use. stands with less than 5 square meters per hectare of Mangrove and swamp-Coastal wetlands with basal area. unique characteristics and values requiring special management considerations. Noncontiguous regions-Islands and other land bodies separated from mainland Puerto Rico. Volume Class of Timber Volume of sawtimber-Net volume of the sawlog portion of sawtimber trees in cubic meters, calculated Growing stock trees-Sawtimber trees, poletim- according to the International rule, 0.635 centimeter ber trees, saplings, and seedlings: that is, all live trees inch) kerf. except rough and rotten trees. Volume of growing stock-Volume of sound wood Desirable trees-Growing-stock trees that have no (less cull volume) in the bole and branches of sawtim- serious defects to limit present or prospective use, are ber and poletimber trees from stump to a minimum 10 of relatively high vigor, and contain no pathogens that centimeter diameter outside bark or to the point past may result in death or serious deterioration before which a one-meter section meeting minimum qual- ratation age. These trees would be favored in silvi- ifications can no longer be measured because of limbs cultural operations. or other cull. Acceptable trees-Trees meeting the specifica- Volume of timber-Volume of all sound wood (in- tions for growing stock but not qualifying as desirable cluding sound cull) in the bole and branches of growing trees. stock, rough. rotten. and salvable dead trees 12.5 centi- Rough and rotten trees-Live trees that are un- meters and larger in dbh, from stump to a minimum 10 merchantable for sawlogs now or prospectively be- centimeter diameter outside bark. The minimum cause of defect or rot. length of any section included is one meter. Sawtimber trees-Growing stock trees, 22.5 centimeters and larger in dbh for softwoods and 27.5 centimeters and larger for hardwoods, and containing at least one 3.5 meter sawlog. Poletimber trees-Growing stock trees 12.5 to 22.5 Miscellaneous Definitions centimeters in dbh for softwoods and 12.5 to 2'7.5 centimeters for hardwoods, and of good form and vigor. Basal area-The area in square meters of the cross Saplings-Growing stock trees 2.5 to 12.5 centi- section at breast height of a single tree or of all the meters in dbh, and of good form and vigor. trees in a stand, expressed as square meters per Salvable dead trees-Standing or down dead trees hectare. that are currently or potentially merchantable. Dbh (diameter at breast height)-Tree diameter in centimeters, outside bark, measured at 1.3 meters above ground. Log grades-A classification of logs based on exter- Stand-Size Class nal characteristics as indicators of quality or value. Logs are graded according to standards used for hard- Sawtimber stands-Stands with at least 5 square woods in the southern U.S. Grade 1 logs have very meters per hectare of basal area in sawtimber or pole- little sweep, crook, cull, or other defects, are the * timber-size trees, and with sawtimber basal area at largest, and are suitable for standard lumber. Grade 4 least equal to poletimber basal area. logs need only be 20 centimeters at the small end, and Poletimber stands-Stands with at least 5 square are used only for ties and timbers. Grades 2 and 3 are meters per hectare of basal area in sawtimber or pole- between the two extremes. STANDAR.7: TABLES

Forest Area

Page 1.-Area by t and classes ...... 40 2.-Forest area by Life Zone and forest class ...... 40 3.- Area of timberland by Life Zone, soil group. and forest class ...... 40 4.- Area of timberland by stand-volume class and forest class ...... 41 5.- Area of timberland by stand-volume class and soil group ...... 41 6.- Area of timberland by stand-size class and forest class ...... 41 7.- Area of timberland by stand-size class and soil group ...... 42 8.-Area of timberland by stand age class and forest class ...... 42 9.-Area of timberland by stand age class and soil group ...... , ...... 42 10.-Area of timberland by basal area class and forest class ...... , ...... 43 11.- Area of timberland by basal area class and stand-size class ...... 43 12.- Area of timberland by Life Zone, soil group, and slope class ...... 43

Species Composition

13.....Number of live trees by species and diameter class, ranked by basal area plurality ...... 44 14.-Number of growing stock trees by species and diameter class, ranked by basal area plurality ...... 46 15.- Number of live trees on stocked timberland by diameter class and forest class ...... 48 16a.- Basal area and number of live trees per hectare of stocked timberland for selected species, secondary forests ...... 48 16b.-Basal area and number of live trees per hectare of stocked timberland for selected species, abandoned coffee shade ...... 49 16c.- Basal area and number of live trees per hectare of stocked timberland for selected species, active coffee shade ...... 49 17.- Basal area of poletimber and sawtimber trees by tree class and forest class ...... 50 18.-Basal area of poletimber and sawtimber trees by tree class, Life Zone, and soil group ...... 50

Timber Volume

19.-Volume of timber on timberland by class of timber and forest class ...... 51 20.- Volume of timber on timberland by Life Zone, soil group, and tree class ...... 51 21.- Volume of timber on timberland by species and diameter class ...... 52 22.- Volume of growing stock on timberland by species and diameter class ...... 54 C . 23.- Volume of sawtimber on timberland by species and diameter class ...... 33 24.- Volume of sawtimber on timberland by species and butt log grade ...... 56 25.- Volume of timber, growing stock, and sawtimber on timberland by stand-size class ...... 56 26.- Volume of timber on timberland by Life Zone, soil group, and slope class ...... 56 Table 1 -Area bt land classes, Puerlo Rlco, 1980 Table 2.--Foreai urea by L~fiZone and forest land class,Puerto Rrco. ------l9h: Land class - - Subtropical All Timberland Noncommerctai hectares Llfe Zone' forest land forest land Forest Commerc~alsurvey region 1 timberland) ...... hectares ------Publ~c 8.200 Prlvate 122,300 Dry Forest 40,500 . .. 40,500 hlolst Forest 122,400 60,400 62.000 Total 130.500 Wet Forest 103,700 70.100 33.600 Noncommercial survey region Rain Forest Subtropical Dry Forest Zone Lower Montane Critical watersheds Wet Forest Other' Lower Montane Rain Forest Total Total Total Forest

Nonforest 'According to Holdridge system t Holdridge 1967 1 Commercial survey region Cropland Pasture Other2 Total Noncommercial survey region Total Nonforest All land

11C nproductive soils, alluvial and metropolitan regions, mangroves and swamps, non-contiguous land areas. 'Idle farmland, water, roads and rlghts of way, urban and industrial areas.

Table 3.-Area of tzmberland by Lzfe Zone, sozl group, and forest class, Puerto R~co,1980 - - - - - Forest class ------All Secondary Abandoned Active Nonstocked Life Zone and soil group classes forest coffee shade coffee shade areas

Subtropical Moist Forest Deep volcanic soils Shallow volcanic soils Granitic soils Limestone soils Total Subtropical Wet Forest Deep volcanic soils Shallow volcanic soils Granitic soils Limestone soils Total Table ' .,-pa of timberland by stand-bolume class and Forest class, Pr~ertcR (rc. 1980 - - Timot-: , ne cub:^ rrii"icr.5 per hectare I

------hectares ------.-----.--...------Less than 25 52.700 27,200 17.200 8,600 11,700 25 to 50 59,200 14,700 15,800 8,700 50 to 75 16,400 3,700 9,500 3,200 75 to 100 12.000 5,500 .5.600 900 . . llore than 100 10,200 8,100 2.100 . ------.- All classes 130,500 59.200 38.200 21,400 1f ,700

Table 5.-Area of t~rnberlandby stand-tolume class and sod group, Puerto Rtco, 1980 ------

Timber volume ------Soii group 1 cubic meters All Deep Shallow Granitic L~mestone per hectare) groups volcanic volcanic

...... hectares ...... Less than 25 52,700 14,600 15,900 7,800 14,400 25 to 50 39,200 19,900 7,400 7,600 4,300 50 to 75 16,400 8,100 3,400 2,000 2,880 75 to 100 12,000 9,000 1,900 1,100 ..... More than 100 10,200 - - 8,300------1,900 ...... -- All classes 130,500 59,900 30,500 18,500 21,600

Table 6.-Area of t~rnberlandby stand-s~zeclass and forest class, Puerto Rico, 1980 ------Forest class ------A11 Secondary Abandoned Active Nonstocked Stand-size class classes forest coffee shade coffee shade areas ------...... hectares ...... Sawtimber 40,900 15,300 17,800 7,800 . . Poletimber 44,700 18,700 16,500 9,500 Sapling and seedling 33,200 25,200 3,900 4,100 .... Nonstocked areas 11,700 ...... 11,700 ------All classes 130,500 59.200 35.200 2 1,400 11,700 ------Table 7 -Area of t~mberlandby statzd-stze class and sot1 group, Puerto Rtco, 2980 ------S0ll group ------All Deep Sha1lo.r~ Gran~tlc Llme~tone Stand-slze class groups volcan~c voicanic

...... hectares ...... Sawtrmber 40,900 2 1.800 9,700 5,000 4.409 Potet~mber 44.700 27,900 5,600 8,300 2,900 Sapling and seedling 33.200 8.200 10,800 4.100 10.100 Xonstoeked areas 11,700 2.000 4,400 ------1,100 - 4.200 All classes 130.500 59,900 30,500 18.500 21,600

Table 8.-Area of tzmberland by stand age class and forest class, Puerto RLCO,1980 ------Forest class -- - Stand age All Secondary Abandoned Active Nonstocked (years classes forest coffee shade coffee shade areas ------...... hectares ...... Less than 30 86,300 42,200 16,900 15,500 11,700 More than 30 38,000 14,900 18,100 5,000 . . . . . Mixed ages 6,200 2,100 3,200 900 ..... ------All ages 130,500 59,200 38,200 2 1,400 11,700 ------

Table 9.-Area of timberland by stand age class and sod group, Puerto Rrco, 1980

------Soil group Stand age All Deep Shallow Granitlc Limestone (years) €CrOUPS volcanic volcanic

...... hectares ...... Less than 30 86,300 38,300 22,600 15,300 10,100 More than 30 38,000 18,900 7,900 2,600 8,600 Mixed ages 6,200 2,700 ..... 600 ------2.900 - .-- All ages 130,500 59,900 30.500 18,500 2 1,600 Table 10.-Area of tzmberland by basal area class and forest class, Puerto Rrco, 1980 Forest class Basal area ------square meters A11 Secondary Abandoned Active Nonstocked per hectare) classes forest coffee shade coffee shade areas

------hectares ...... Less than 5 21,100 8.000 1,400 11,700 5 to 10 34,900 13,200 9 300 12,400 10 to 15 52,600 15,800 10,500 6 300 15 to 20 24,700 3,100 13,900 2,700 20 to 25 8,700 6,500 2,200 25 to 30 8,500 7,600 - - - - - 900 All classes 130,500 59,200 38,200 21,400 11,700

Table 11.-Area of timberland by basal area class and stand-size class, Puerto Rico, 1980

Basal area -- Stand-size class c square meters All classes Sawtlmber Poletimber Sapling & N~r~stocked per hectare) seedling areas

...... hectares ------Less than 5 21,100 ...... 9,400 11,700 5 to 10 34,900 15,500 5,400 14,000 ..... 10 to 15 32,600 7,000 18,600 7,000 ..... 15 to 20 24,700 12,700 10,600 1,400 ..... 20 to 25 8,700 2,900 4,400 1,400 ..... 25 to 30 --8,500 2,800 5,700 ..... --..... All classes 130,500 40,900 44,700 33,200 11,700

Table 12.-Area of stocked timberland by LLife Zone, soil group, and slope class, Puerto Rico, 1980 Percent slope class Life Zone and -- soil group All classes 0 to 10 11 to 25 26 to 45 More than45

...... hectares ------Subtropical Moist Forest Deep volcanic soils 7,700 1,900 ..... 1,900 3,900 ShalIow volcanlc sods 16,900 2,900 2,200 5,200 6,600 Granitic soils 9.600 .... 3,700 1,500 4,400 Limestone soils' 17.400 3,500 ...... 11,600 Total 5 1,600 10,600 5,900 8,600 26,500 Subtropical Wet Forest Deep volcanic soils 50,200 1.800 5,400 12,500 30,500 Shallow volcanic soils 9,200 ...... 2,300 6,900

Gran~ticsoils 7,800 ...... 1,100 6,700 * Total 67,200 1,800 5,400 15,900 44,100 All areas 118,800 11,400 11,300 24,500 70,600

'Includes small area from Subtropical Wet Forest. - c =x33~q==wbC~?36ze==*W====- LC , 3d"- -- 3

Lri C*

t+tO~~OWW~hCOW63303P,%OZCC5 Lcrn=Oor-(Dm9 ?? ~2-m~rr ma 04 m ma* C,

.tirt rt,i,/~~,/~,( h1-1 zopli, /lo~tft,sl'let 1 I* illI(}t~)~t'/i,'~cl/[~b(~~1/1#2/1.21.5 (Ldlll A f(.l~jl ex Wdl (1' utrci Irur o;lyfutt (Sw ) M~L Spottdlas rtto~rtb111 1. 'ibrt~zlrtalla culuppa L Uyrsontmu cortucea (Sw.) I.)( Ntvtattdra s~rltertlslrhle~ Zunthoxylurrt tt~urtitzu~er~.~t.( L,dm ) UC. Artocurpus ultrlts t hrklnson) Fosbetg Muttgrferu lntlrcu L. Buchenauru cuprtutu iVahl) Eichl Neetandru trzerrtbrc~riacea(Sw.) Griseb. Phoebe elorzgatu (Vahl) Nees Quthea arborea (L.)J.E Smith Clus~uroseu Jaccl. Loncfiocurpus pentuphyllu:, (Poir.) L)C. Buc~dabuceras L. Syrrtplocos nzarttrz~censrsJacq. Orr~~os~akrugrr Urban Meltosnzu herbertil Rolfe Dtphol~ssulic~fol~u (L.) A.D.C. Petztru dornz~tgenszsJacq. Necturtdru cortaceu (Sw.1 Cr~setu. Mrcropholts garciriraefol~aPierre Other specles (35) All species

'l'otals may not add due to rounding. T&:e 1.5 -1Vumber of Zzue trees on stocked tzmberland by d~arneterclass and forest class. Puerto Rrto 1980

Forest class Dtarneter ------class All Secondary Abandoned Actice (centimetersf classes forest coffee shade coffee shade

------trees per hectare ------5 2,220 1,307 10 3 10 191 15 107 96 20 55 49 25 26 3 5 30 16 24 35 8 11 40 5 7 45 2 4 50 1 2 55 + '11 4 All classes 2,752 1,728

'Less than one tree per hectare.

Table i6a.-Basal area and number of lrve trees per hectare of stocked ttmberland for selected speczes, secondary forests, Puerto RLCO,19801 ------Basal area ------. - -- - - Species Scientific Square meters Number of trees code name per hectare Percent per hectare

Cecropza peltata L. Tabebuza heterophylla (DC.) Britton Guarea gutdonta (L.1 Sleumer Eugenul jambos L. Inga uera Willd. Andzra tnermts (W. Wright) DC Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Prestoea montana iR. Grah.) N~chols. Calophyllum calaba L. Mangtfera zndtca L. Roystonea bortnguena O.F. Cook Thoutnta strrata Radlk. Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw. I Mez Alchornea Latzfolta Sw Dtdymopanax morototonz iAubl J Decne & Planch Myrc~asplendens i Sw i DC Clus~arosea Jacq. Terebrarza reslnosa (Vahli Sprague Casearra gutanensts r Aubl. i Lrban lnga faglfolta iL 1 Willd. Tetrazyg~aeiaeagnotdes (Sw i DC Dzpholzs saltctfolta iL.1 A.D C Unidentified specles Guettarda scabra (L.1 Vent. Psrdtum guajaca L

Other specles ( 147 1 All specles ------'Totals may not add due to rounding. "otential timber species. Table 16b.-Basal area and numheroflli Q treesper hec: iked ttmberland for selected spectes, abandoned coffee shade, Puerto Rrco, 1980" ------Basal area Species Sclentlfic Square meters Number of trees code name per hectare Percent per hectare

Guarea gutdonia L i Sleurner Inga .ern Wtlld

Inga iSzgzblza f L., WIIld Cecrop~apeEtota L

Andlra incrrnts 1 W Wr~ght)DC. Erythrlna poepplgzana (Walp.) O F Cook

Dendropanax arboreus f L. 1 Decne & Planch Cztrus sLnensLs Osbeck 12fang~ferarnd~ca L. Spathodea campanulata Beauv Eugenza jumbos L. Drdyrnopanax morototont iAub1.i Decne. & Planch. Coffea arabtca L. Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw. Mez. iVectandra stntentsts Mez. Cordta sulcata DC. Cttharexylum fruttcosum L. Zanthoxylum marttn~censet Lam.) DC. ;Mtconta praszna iSw.) DC. Cordta alltodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Other species (61) All species

'Totals may not add due to rounding. 'Potential timber species.

Table 16c.-Basal area and number of live trees per hectare of stocked timberland for selected species, actiue coffee shade, Puerto Rico, 1980'

Basal area Species Scientific Square meters Number of trees code name per hectare Percent per hectare

Inga vera Willd. Guarea gutdonta tL.1 Sleumer Andtra tnermcs (W. Wright) DC. Coffea arabtca L. Inga fagzfolza tL.1 Willd. C~trussznenscs Osbeck Cecrop~apeltata L. Dendropanax arbo~eus(L. 1 Decne. 6i: Planch. Anthocephalus chznensts (Lam.) A. Rich. ex Walp. Cyathea arborea iL.) J E. Smith 'Vectandra rnernbranacea (Sw 1 Griseb. Cordta allzodora (Ruiz & Pav.1 Oken Ficus cltrtfolza Mill. Tabebu~aheterophylla (DC.1 Br~tton Coffea dewevrec Wildem. & T Dur. Cltdemla umbrosa r Sw f Cogn. H~btscuselatus Sw. Erythrzna poepptgtana {Walp.)O.F. Cook LMang~feralndtca L. Cordla sulcata DC. Other specles (24) All specles

"lbtals may not add due to rounding. 'Potential timber species. ,'Less than 1. Table 17.-Basal area of poletzmbtr and sau ttm her trees by tree class and forest class, Puerto R~co, 1980

------Forest class ------A11 Secondary Abandoned Active Tree class classes forest cofTee shade coffee shade ------square meters of basal area ------Polet~mber-sizetrees: Growlng stock 333,900 183,700 98,400 5 2,800 Rough & rotten 227,000 96,300 87 .OOO 43,700 ------Total 560,900 280.000 185,400 95,500 ------Sawtimber-sue trees: Growing stock 25 1.400 111,300 107.000 33,200 Rough & rotten 265,400 103,100 120,300 41,900 ------Total 516,800 214,400 227,300 75 100 ------All growing stock 585,300 295,000 205,400 85,000 All rough & rotten 492,400 199,400 207,300 85,600 - - -- All poletimber & sawtimber 1,077,700 494,400 412,700 170,600 -

Table 18.-Basal area ofpoletmber and saqlmber trees by tree class, Llfe Zone, and soil group, Puerto R~co,1980

-- -\- ---_I----- _ - _------Soil group Tree class - - and All Deep volcanic Shallow volcanic Granit~c Limestone Life Zone €TOUPS solls soils soils soils - -- - ...... square meters of basal area ...... Subtropical Moist Forest Poletimber-size trees Growing stock Rough & rotten Total Sawtimber-size trees Growing stock Rough & rotten Total All growing stock All rough & rotten Total

Subtropical Wet Forest Poletimber-size trees Growing stock Rough & rotten Total Sawtimber-size trees Growing stock Rough & rotten Total All growing stock All rough & rotten Total All Life Zones

Table 23.-Volume of sawttrnber on i~mberlandby speczes and drarrr ' -s, Puerto Rrco, 1980' ------

I>l-jrrt :. - - 1 centimeters~ - --- Specles All 3 0 ,3 5 40 43 50 55 and code Sc~entrficname classes greater ------thousand cubzc meters ------Inga Lera Wllld 22.1 12.3 12.3 6.1

Guarea guidonla r L 1 Sleumer 8.8 14.2 6.8 5.9 Crcropra peltata L 26.9 22.1 11.9 4 8 Andtra tnerrnts W Wright) DC 2.6 5.0 4.8 0.0 Inga fbgifol~a L Wtlld. 19.3 6 2 5.4 4.6 Eugen~ajumbos 0 5 0.0 1.0 0.0 Spathodea campanulata Beauv 7 1 4.2 3.3 0.0 .tlang~feraindrca L. 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.1 Erythrzna poepptglana (Walp 1 0 F. Cook Dendropanax arboreus i L ) Decne. Sc Planch. Dtdymopanax morototont t Aubl. J Decne. & Planch. Calophyllum calaba L. Alchornea lattfolta Sw Cordta sulcata DC. Clldemza umbrosa (Sw.) Cogn. Unidentified species Cordta all~odorat Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pox DC Nectandra stntentszr Mez. Cedrela odorata L. Spondras mombtn L. Mtcropholts chrysophyllotdes Pierre Zanthoxylum martzntcense (Lam.) DC. Byrsoncma corzacea iSw. DC. Artocarpus alttlts (Parkinson) Fosberg il.ltcon~apraslna (Sw ) D.C. Pouterta mult~flora(A.DC) Eyma) ,Montezuma speccossLma Sesse & Moc. Magnolta portorzcensts Bello Hymenaea courbar~lL. Dacryodes excelsea Vahl Spondtas dulcts Parkinson ~Wel~osmaherbertzt Rolfe Sloanea bertertana Choisy itlammea amerzcana L. Buchenauza capttata (Vahl) Eichl. Terrntnalta catappa L. Symplocos martt ntcensts Jacq. liltex dtvarzcata Sw. Roll~ntamucosa tJacq.1 Baill. Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Gnseb. Phoebe elongata iVahi Nees Polygala penaea L. Other species Totals

'Totals may not add due to rounding. Table 24 -Volume of sawttmber on timberland by speczes and butt log grade. Puerto R~co.I980 ------Butt log grade' Species All - - -- - Volume In code Scientific name classes 1 2 3 4 ungraded portlon

thousand cubic meters - Irzga Lera Wlild 1.9 6.6 36.9 Guarea guzdon~a{L, i Sleumer 1.8 11.6 23.9 Cecropla peltata L 9.0 6.7 44.1 Andrra rnermts IW. Wr~ghtlDC 1.6 3.4 4.1 Znga fq;;Tblta iL.) Wllld. 0.0 3.6 23.8 Spathodea campanulata Beauv 0.8 0.8 14.2 Erythrina poeppLgtana tWalp ) O F Cook 7.9 3.3 6.4 Dtdymopancu: morototon~(Aubl. i Decne. & Planch. Calophyllum calaba L. ,%ftconta sp. Cordra all~odora(Ru~z & Pav ; Oken Spond~asmornbzn L. Dacryodes excelsea Vahl ,Vectandra membranacea (Sw 1 Griseb. Other species All Species

'Graded by hardwood log grade standards used in the southern C.S

Table 25.-Volume of ttrnber, grouctng stock, and sawt~rnberon ttmberland by stand -sLze class, Puerto R LCO,1980

Volume of Volume of Volume of Stand-size class timber growing stock sawtimber

------thousand cub~cmeters ------Sawtimber 2,565 5 1,435.1 286.1 Poletimber 2,519.7 1,584.7 179.1 Sapling-seedl~ng 348.6 180.3 18.7 All classes 5,433.8 3,200.1 484.7

Table 26.-Volume of tzmber on tzmberland by Life Zone, sot1 group, and slope class, Puerto Rico. 1980 ------. Percent slope class Life Zone and ------soil group All classes 0 to 10 11 to 25 ------...... thousand cubic meters ...... Subtropical Moist Forest Deep volcanic soils Shallow volcanic soils Granitic soils Limestone soils Total Subtropical Wet Forest Deep volcanic soils Shallow volcanic soils Granitic soils Total All Life Zones 5,433.8 543 0 490.2 1.074 7 3,325.9 UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS Metric to English and English to Metric Conversions

1 cm. = 0.393'7 in. 1 in. = 2.54 em. 1 m. = 3.251 ft. 1 ft. = ,3048 in. 1 km. = .6214 mi. 1 mi. = 1.6093 km. 1 sq. m. = 10.7639 sq. ft. 1 sq. ft. = 0.0929 sq. m. 1 sq. km. = 0.3861 sq. mi. 1 sq. mi. = 2.59 sq. km. 1 ha. = 2.471 ac. 1 ac. = 0.4047 ha. 1 cu. m. =35.3145 cu. ft. 1 cu. ft. = 0.0283 cu. m. 1 sq. m. per ha. = 4.356 sq. ft./ac. 1 sq. ft.,ac. = 0.2296 sq. m.. ha. 1 cu. m. per ha. = 14.29 cu. ft.,ac. 1 cu. ft.,'ac. =0.07 cu. m.:ha.

METRIC INVENTORY STANDARDS USED IN THE 1980 SURVEY Item Pdetric standard

Prism size BAF 2.5 Grid spacing 3 km. Cluster point spacing 25 m. Fixed plot size 40 m.?r = 3.6 m.) 15 m.2(r= 2.2 m.) Breast height 1.3 m. Stump height 30 cm. Diameter classes 5cm. = 2.5 to 7.5 cm. dbh 10cm. = 7.5 to 12.5cm. dbh 15cm. = 12.5 to 17.5cm. dbh 20cm. = 17.5 to 22.5cm. dbh etc, Tree size classes Sapling 2.5 to 12.5 cm. dbh Poletimber !hardwood) 12.5 to 27.5 cm. dbh Sawtimber (hardwood) 27.5 cm. + dbh Sawtimber (softwood) 22.5 cm. 4dbh Minimum top D.O.B. Cubic volume 10 cm. Hardwood sawlog 22.5 cm. Softwood sawlog 17.5 cm. Sapling 2.5 cm. Minimum D.I.B. sawlog Hardwood 20 cm. Softwood 15 cm. 3linimum length Cubic section 1 m. Sawlog 2.5 rn. Sawtimber tree 3.5 m. sawlog LIST OF TREE SPECIES INCLUDED IN STANDARD TABLES

Code Common name number Scientific name

Cyathea arborea (L.J.E. Smith Helecho gigante, tree-fern .r Prestoea montana (R. Grah.) Nichols. Palma de sierra, sierra palm Roystonea borinquena O.F. Cook Palma real, royal palm, Puerto Rico royalpalm Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson I Fosberg Panapen, pana de pepitas, breadfruit Cecropia peltata L. Yagrumo hembra, trumpet-tree Ficus Citrifolia Mill. Jaguey blanco, shortleaf fig ivagnolia portoricensis Bello Jaguilla Xectandra coriacea (Sw.) Griseb. Laurel avispillo, Jamaica nectandra Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez Laurel geo Inga fagifolia (L.) Willd. Guama, "sweetpea" Inga Vera Willd. Guaba Hymenaea courbaril L. Algarrobo, West-Indian-locust Andira inermis (W: Wright) DC. Moca, cabbage angelin Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook Bucayo gigante, mountain immortelle Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.) DC. Retama Ormosia krugii Urban Palo de matos Citrus sinensis Osbeck China, sweet orange ZanthoxyLurn rnartinicense (Lam.) DC, Espino rubial, white-prickle Dacryodes excelsea Vahl Tabonuco Cedrela odorata L. Cedro hembra, Spanish-cedar Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Cuaraguao, American muskwood Byrsonima coriacea (Sw.) DC. Maricao Alchornea latifolia Sw. Achiotillo Mangifera indica L. Mango Spondias dulcis Parkinson Jobo de la India, ambarella Spondias rnombin L. Jobo, hogplum, yellow mombin Thouinia striata Radlk Ceboruquillo kleliosrna herbertii Rolfe Aguacatillo Sloanea berteriana Choisy Motillo Montezuma speciossirna Sesse & Moc. Maga CalophyLlurn calaba L. Maria, santa-maria Clusia rosea Jacq. Cupey, wild-mammee, copey clusia Mammea americana L. Mamey, mammee-apple Casearia guianensis (Aubl.) Urban Palo blanco, wild-coffee Casearia syluestris Sw. Cafeillo B uchenauia capitata (Vahl) Eichl. Granadillo Bucida buceras L. Ucar, gregre, oxhorn bucida Terminalia catappa L. Almendra, Indian-almond Eugenia jambos L. Pomarrosa, Rose-apple iwyrcia splendens iSw.1 DC Hoja menuda Psidium guajaua L. Guayaba, common guava Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC Camasey Tetrazygia elaeagnoides (Sw.) DC Verdiseco Dendropanar arboreus (L.)Decne. & Planch. Poll0 Didymopanm morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch. Yagrumo macho, matchwood Dipholis salicifolia (L.)A.D.C. Sanguinaria, wild mespel, willow bustic Micropholis chrysophyllo~desPierre Caimitillo It;l~rropholisgarciniaefolia Pierre Caimitillo verde p-,,.::. :a multiflora (A.DC.)Eyma Jacana LP;.'?:?OF TREE SPECIES INCLUDED J -. STANDARD TABLES-Continued

Code number Scientific name Common name

SympLocos martzn~censisJacq. Aceituna blanca, candlewood t Cordia alliodora iRuiz & Pav.) Oken Capa prieto, capa Cordia sulcata DC. Moral, white manjack Citharexylum fruticosum L. Pendula, pasture fiddlewood, Florida fiddlewood Petitia domingensis Jacq. Capa blanco Vitex divaricata Sw. Higuerillo, white fiddlewood Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Tulipan africano, African tuliptree Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton Roble blanco, "white-cedar" Coffea arabica L. Cafe, coffee Guettarda scabra (L.) Vent Palo de cucuban6; "greenheart," roughleaf velvetseed Terebraria resinosa (Vahl) Sprague Aquilon Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill. Anon cimarron Nectandra mern branacea (Sw.) Griseb. Laurel prieto ~Vectandrasintenisii Mez. Laurel amarillo Phoebe elongata (Vahl) Nees Laurel avispillo

Polygala penaea L. ....*....a Hibiscus elatus Sw. bfajo, mahoe Clidemia umbrosa (Sw.) Cogn. Camasey Anthocephalus chinensis t Lam.) A. Rich. ex 'CValp. Kadam Coffea dewevrei Wildem. & T Dur. Cafe excelsa, dewevre coffee