Vol. 7 • No. 1 • 2013 Published by Umeå University & The Royal Skyttean Society Umeå 2013 The Journal of Northern Studies is published with support from The Royal Skyttean Society and Umeå University © The authors and Journal of Northern Studies ISSN 1654-5915 Cover picture Scandinavia Satellite and sensor: NOAA, AVHRR Level above earth: 840 km Image supplied by METRIA, a division of Lantmäteriet, Sweden. www.metria.se NOAA®. ©ESA/Eurimage 2001. ©Metria Satellus 2001 Design and layout Lotta Hortéll och Leena Hortéll, Ord & Co i Umeå AB Fonts: Berling Nova and Futura Paper: Invercote Creato 260 gr and Artic volume high white 115 gr Printed by TMG Tabergs Contents / Sommaire / Inhalt Editors & Editorial board ................................................................................................................5 Articles / Aufsätze Robert Latham & Lisa Williams, Power and Inclusion. Relations of Knowledge and Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic . 7 Raynald Harvey Lemelin & Michel S. Beaulieu, The Technology Imperative of the Cree. Examining Adaptability and Livelihood in Northern Ontario, Canada ...........31 Kjell Sjöberg, Fishing Gear Used for River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) Catches. Documenting Rivers that Flow into the Baltic Sea. Part I, Sweden ..............49 Reviews / Comptes rendus / Besprechungen Review Essay: Recovering the Heritage of Past Research and Natural Resource Exploitation in Polar and Alpine Regions. Lars Andersson (ed.), Sarek, Arktis och akade-misk vardag. En bok om geografen Axel Hamberg (Skrifter rörande Uppsala Universitet, Serie C, Organisation och Historia 94), Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 2012; Susan Barr, David Newman & Greg Nesteroff, Ernest Mansfield (1862–1924). “Gold—or I’m a Dutchman!”, Trondheim: Akademika Publishing 2012 (Aant Elzinga). 86 Jóhann Páll Árnason & Björn Wittrock (eds.), Nordic Paths to Modernity, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books 2012 (Anders Lidström) ......................................................... 95 Nikolaj Frydensbjerg Elf & Peter Kaspersen (eds.), Den nordiske skolen – fins den? Didaktiske diskurser og dilemmaer i skandinaviske morsmålsfag, Oslo: Novus forlag 2012 (Monica Reichenberg) .............................................................................................. 96 Tuulikki Kurki & Kirsi Laurén (guest eds.), Folklore. Electronic Journal of Folklore, vol. 52, 2012, Borders and Life-Stories (Coppélie Cocq) ......................................................... 98 Cornelia Lüdecke & Kurt Brunner (Hrsg.), Von A(ltenburg) bis Z(eppelin). Deutsche Forschung auf Spitzbergen bis 1914. 100 Jahre Expedition des Herzogs Ernst II. von Sachsen-Altenburg, München, Neubiberg: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Geodäsie der Universität der Bundeswehr München 2012, Heft 88 (Aant Elzinga) . 100 Sigmund Ongstad (ed.), Nordisk morsmålsdidaktikk. Forskning, felt og fag, Oslo: Novus forlag 2012 (Monica Reichenberg) . 111 Marsha Keith Schuchard, Emanuel Swedenborg. Secret Agent on Earth and in Heaven. Jacobites, Jews, and Freemasons in Early Modern Sweden (The Northern World 55), Leiden & Boston: Brill 2012 (Friedemann Stengel) . 113 Instructions to Authors. 130 3 EDITORS Editor-in-chief: Professor Lars-Erik Edlund, Dept. of Language Studies, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Tel.+46-(0)90-7867887 [email protected] Assistant editors: Professor emerita Barbro Klein, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS),Linneanum, Thunbergsv. 2, SE-752 38 Uppsala, Sweden [email protected] Professor emeritus Kjell Sjöberg, Dept. of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden [email protected] Editorial secretary: Associate professor Olle Sundström, Dept. of Historical, Philosophical, and Religious Studies, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Tel. +46-(0)90-786 7627 [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Professor Johann P. Arnason, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; University of Akureyri, Iceland Professor emerita Louise Bäckman, Stockholm, Sweden Associate professor Ingela Bergman, The Silver Museum, Arjeplog, Sweden Professor Susan Brantly, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Professor Ken Coates, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Professor Yvon Csonka, Swiss Federal Statistical Office in Neuchâtel, Switzerland Professor emeritus Öje Danell, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Professor François-Xavier Dillmann, École pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France Professor Thomas A. DuBois, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Professor emeritus Aant Elzinga, University of Gothenburg, Sweden 5 Professor Ericka Engelstad, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Professor Sherrill E. Grace, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, Canada Professor Michael Harbsmeier, Roskilde University, Denmark Professor Annegret Heitmann, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany Reader, PhD Cornelia Lüdecke, University of Hamburg, Germany Professor Else Mundal, University of Bergen, Norway Professor emeritus Einar Niemi, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Professor Jill Oaks, University of Manitoba, Canada Professor Lars Östlund, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden Professor Anssi Paasi, University of Oulu, Finland Professor emeritus Andrejs Plakans, Iowa State University, Ames, USA Professor Neil Price, University of Aberdeen, UK Professor Håkan Rydving, University of Bergen, Norway Professor Elena N. Sibileva, Northern State Medical University, Archangelsk, Russia Professor emerita, Academician of Science, Anna-Leena Siikala, University of Helsinki, Finland Professor Peter Sköld, Umeå University, Sweden Professor Björn Wittrock, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), Uppsala, Sweden 6 JOURNAL OF NORTHERN STUDIES Vol. 7 • No. 1 • 2013, pp. 7–30 ROBERT LATHAM & LISA WILLIAMS Power and Inclusion Relations of Knowledge and Environmental Monitoring in the Arctic ABSTRACT This article is a critical study of the planning and design process of the Sustaining Arctic Observing Network (SAON). SAON, in its ambition to build a comprehensive, pan-Arctic monitoring system, seeks to integrate all relevant scientific and environmental monitoring sites in the Arctic, guided by an ethic of inclusion regarding the know- ledge of indigenous Arctic peoples (KIAP). It is argued that the logics of inclusion in play, paradoxically, risks limiting the capacity for Arctic indigenous peoples to control their knowledge and its uses, to monitor the activities and outputs of SAON itself, and to appropriate the SAON system and its data for uses they control. This article also suggests an alternative approach: rather than place KIAP within SAON, it calls for planners to consider establishing knowledge relations between SAON and KIAP so that the distinct status of KIAP—in a position of exterior- ity to the comprehensive monitoring system—is acknowledged. Within these knowledge relations, differences in the production of knowledge can be effectively recognized, a site can be created for reviewing SAON’s monitoring work by local communities and practices, and strategies for open, adaptable data systems for local users can be established. KEYWORDS Arctic, monitoring, epistemology, environmental politics, science and technology, SAON 7 ROBERT LATHAM & LISA WILLIAMS, POWER AND INCLUSION Introduction A central locus of monitoring ambitions since the nineteenth century (see Levere 1993), the Arctic is now understood to be a crucial region for observ- ing the effects of global climate change, including increases in temperature, melting sea-ice and glaciers, and shifts in terrestrial and marine life (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 2005: 8).1 Accordingly, efforts are underway to organize the myriad Arctic obser- vation networks into a comprehensive system-of-systems to improve the understanding of the Arctic (SAON 2008) and increase capacities for de- cision-making as part of Arctic environmental governance. This drive will materialize in the formation of the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON). This paper explores the logics of knowledge production involved in the planning of SAON and what is at stake in the effort to build SAON as a comprehensive monitoring system in the Arctic region. It argues that a comprehensive approach—one that integrates all the sites of knowledge production judged to be relevant to monitoring the Arctic, including the variety of knowledges of indigenous Arctic peoples (KIAP)—risks produc- ing a system that limits the capacity for Arctic indigenous peoples to: a) control their knowledge and its uses; b) monitor SAON itself; and c) access SAON data and information in ways and for uses they control. Through an analysis of documents released since 2007 that outline the fundamental plans for SAON, we will explore the attempt to be inclusive and comprehensive regarding forms and sites of knowledge produced and accessed in the Arctic. Even if SAON changes course (toward or even away from what is suggested here) or fails to be developed, this analysis remains relevant. This is because the process of planning SAON speaks to a par- ticular way of thinking about building systems for mastering knowledge that remains prevalent in the realm of Western science, even a science that increasingly attempts to be inclusive of other forms of knowledge.2 We cri- tique the planned starting point for SAON not only because of what SAON may limit but also to point to the potential for an alternative