DOCSLIB.ORG

Mangals & Salt Marshes- Vascular Plant Tidal Communities Switching

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mangals & Salt Marshes- Vascular Plant Tidal Communities Switching Mangals & Salt Marshes- Switching gears from algae to angiosperms Vascular Plant Tidal Communities Low – energy coastal regions such as estuaries or coastal habitats protected by barrier islands blade flower leaves stem holdfast roots/rhizomes • Less tissue specialization • More tissue specialization • Happy in salt water • Stressed by salt water 1 2 Types of flowering plants Zonation Patterns- physical factors and biotic interactions 1. Mesophytes/ Glycophytes- grow where freshwater is available & lack specialized adaptations that prevent water loss 2. Hydrophytes- live in water, partially or fully submerged (seagrass) 3. Xerophytes- have, morphological, anatomical, & reproductive adaptations to aid in the retention of water ( mangroves & salt marsh plants) 1. Halophytes- adaptations to prevent water loss & can grow in saline habitats 1. Facultative- do not require saline conditions 2. Obligate- specific requirement for sodium to complete their life cycle 3 1 Zonation Patterns Salt Marshes -typically areas of natural salt- tolerant herbs, grasses, or low shrubs growing on unconsolidated sediments bordering saline water bodies physical whose water levels fluctuates tidally factors biotic Over 400 species- 9 maritime formation interactions physical biotic factors interactions Dave Lohse 6 Salt Marsh Zonation Some adaptations for salt marsh living: flooding Salt stress salinity • Epidermal salt glands • Salt vacuoles – store salt in Salt Distichlis Juncus Sarcocornia stem, drop stems seasonally Spartina water Graciliaria • Thick cuticle – reduce contact • Succulent Zostera LdLand SilSoil anoxi:ia: • Aerenchyma = tissue with air spaces • Lacunae = space in stem to root + Relatively high nutrients - detritus - Soil anoxia - Hypersaline to evaporation - Disturbance from beach wrack 7 8 2 Some adaptations for salt marsh living: Ecological Roles of Salt Marshes Soil Anoxia & Substrate Type: • Rhizomes- thick anchoring & delicate absorbing roots, 1. Primary Production- below ground biomass 90%, 10 x sequestration rates of terrestrial forest, 90% in soil so bind unconsolidated sediments to reduce erosion, long term blue carbon storage release oxygen reduce anaerobic conditions suppress methane production 2. Food Sources- detrital food chain 3. HbHabitats-important nursery hbhabitats for marine fis h 4. Stabilization of Sediments- root systems 5. Filtration- removal of organic waste by marshes lowers the sediment and nutrient loading to adjacent shores 9 10 Blue Carbon- carbon sequestration in coastal ecosystems, mangroves, salt marshes & seagrass beds Even though global area is 1- 2 orders of magnitude smaller than terrestrial forests, contribution to carbon sequestration per unit area of coastal ecosystems is much greater 11 12 McLoed et al 2011 3 Spartina foliosa – native cord grass Salt Marshes & Climate Change- Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta 750,000 acre vast and complex wetland Levee construction & land drainage changed this to farmland Drinking water to 25 million people & irrigation of 3 million acres of farmland This has released 0.9 billion tCO2, land subsides 1.5 inches a year releasing 22tCO2 per acre Conservation – Carbon Farming on Twitchell Island restore native tules & cattails on 15 acre plot • Monocot in the ggyrass family-Poaceace plan for 2,500 acres by 2017 costing $5,000 per acre • 3m tall culms (stems) Greenhouse gas benefits •Culms & leaves only 1/3 to 1/10 of biomass 14 tCO2 per acre per year •Salt glands excrete excess salt, leave salt crystals on soil accretion of more than an inch leaves per year • Have lacunae tissue in stems/roots allows oxygen Reduce cost of levee maintenance & lower transport to roots (often aneorobic soil) risk of levee failure • Occur in lowest parts of salt marsh 13 14 Spartina foliosa/alterniflora Sarcocornia pacifica – pickle weed HYBRID •Dicot-Chenopodiaceae •Succulent- water containing cells •Concentrates salt in tissues, drops stems every year • Problem in salt marsh communities •Often parasitized by dodder, in the SF Bay & Puget Sound Cuscuta salina • Occurs in the low-mid marsh Negative impacts: • Changes physical environment (oxygen, nutrients, hydrology, accretion rates) • Displaces native cordgrass (S. foliosa) and pickleweed • Changes invertebrate community (much less rich) • Decreases available water – chokes water channels, decreases foraging area for birds • Eradication is difficult Grosholz lab, UC Davis15 16 4 Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions East coast: An experiment Distichlis sp, the salt grass examining the effects of salt stress on species interactions: • Has salt glands (Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat) • Occurs in the high marsh Positive interaction = Facilitation Negative interaction = Competition Research question: Juncus spp, the spiny rush Is the nature of species interactions • Occurs in the high mediated by the physical environment? marsh 17 18 Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions The players: The experiment: • Spartina zone gets flooded more, less saline • Juncus zone becomes hypersaline thru evaporation • Remove all vegetation in plots of both zones • Distichlis co-occurs with both Spartina and Juncus • Remove neighbors (potential competitors or facilitators) in half of plots • Water (alleviates salt stress) in half of plots • Count percent cover of target species, see whether targgpet species increases or decreases based on neighbors and physical stress Distichlis Juncus Juncus Spartina Spartina Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat19 20 Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat 5 Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions The experiment: The results: Spartina zone (less • Remove all vegetation in plots of both zones stressful): • Remove neighbors (potential competitors or Spartina outcompetes Distichlis in both watered and control plots facilitators) in half of plots Distichlis more abundant when • Water (alleviates salt stress) in half of plots neighbors are removed. • Count percent cover of target species, see whether targgpet species increases or decreases based on neighbors and physical stress Treatments in each zone: Juncus zone (more -Water + Neighbor stressful): - Water - Neighbor “Control” + Water + Neighbor “Watered” Juncus + Water - Neighbor Spartina A “FACTORIAL” DESIGN21 modified from Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat 22 Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions The results: The results: Spartina zone (less Spartina zone (less stressful): stressful): Spartina outcompetes Distichlis in Spartina outcompetes Distichlis in both watered and control plots both watered and control plots Distichlis more abundant when Distichlis more abundant when neighbors are removed. neighbors are removed. Competition is prevailing Competition is prevailing interaction interaction Juncus zone (more Juncus zone (more stressful): stressful): Control plots – presence of neighbors increased abundance of Juncus = facilitation modified from Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat 23 modified from Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat 24 6 Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions Salt marsh ecology: changing interactions The results: Spartina zone (less The conclusion: stressful): Alleviating salt stress shifts nature of Spartina outcompetes Distichlis in interactions from facilitative to competitive both watered and control plots Distichlis more abundant when Bertness and Shumway 1993, AmNat neighbors are removed Associational Neighborhood habitat defenses amelioration Competition is prevailing tion s c interaction n Juncus zone (more stressful): Negative intera Control plots – presence of interactio Positive neighbors increased abundance of Juncus = facilitation Physical stress Watered plots – Neighbors Consumer pressure decrease abundance of Distichlis = modified from Bertness and Shumway 1993 25 26 competition modified from Bertness and Callaway 1994,TREE Mangal taxonomy Domain Eukaryote Mangals Kingdom/Clade Plantae Phylum/Division Magnoliophyta -angiosperms Class Magnoliopsida Order Malpighiales Family Rhizophoracea Genus Rhizopora species mangle- red mangrove Mangroves & associated tidal marsh communities 27 28 7 Mangal Distribution Mangal Genera Share the following features: 1. Species restricted to mangals. 2. Trees exhibit major role in community structure. 3. Morphological specializations, including aerial roots & vivipary 4. Plants exhibit salt- exclusion physiology 5. Taxonomic isolation from terrestrial relatives at the level of genera - Tropical tidal habitats - 40 species of Mangroves dominate 75% of the tropical coastline between 25 N & 25 S - Orders Myrtales & Rhizophrales make up 50% of the species 29 30 Mangrove Forest Classification 1 Coastal Fringe- along protected shoreline berms 2 Overwash- low intertidal 3 Riverine- along streams and rivers and extend several miles inland 4 Basin- occur in a depression behind a berm or fringing mangals, connected to streams or tidal creeks 5 Scrub- occur where abiotic conditions are severe due to limited water 6 Hammock- inland tropical wetlands, isolated by fresh water 31 32 8 Mangrove Leaves Adaptations of Mangroves 1. Mechanical adaptations for attachment in soft sediment 2. Aerial roots are common & specialized for diffusion of gases to subterranean portions. evergreen 3. Vivipary- germination of seedlings while fruit remains complex leaf anatomy attached to tree thick outer walls & cuticles salt is accumulated in leaves causing succulence and 4. Seeds & seedlings
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pollen Evolution and Its Taxonomic Significance in Cuscuta (Dodders, Convolvulaceae)
    Plant Syst Evol (2010) 285:83–101 DOI 10.1007/s00606-009-0259-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pollen evolution and its taxonomic significance in Cuscuta (dodders, Convolvulaceae) Mark Welsh • Sasˇa Stefanovic´ • Mihai Costea Received: 12 June 2009 / Accepted: 28 December 2009 / Published online: 27 February 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract The pollen morphology of 148 taxa (135 spe- unknown in other Convolvulaceae, has evolved in Cuscuta cies and 13 varieties) of the parasitic plant genus Cuscuta only in two lineages (subg. Monogynella, and clade O of (dodders, Convolvulaceae) was examined using scanning subg. Grammica). Overall, the morphology of pollen electron microscopy. Six quantitative characters were supports Cuscuta as a sister to either the ‘‘bifid-style’’ coded using the gap-weighting method and optimized Convolvulaceae clade (Dicranostyloideae) or to one of the onto a consensus tree constructed from three large-scale members of this clade. Pollen characters alone are insuf- molecular phylogenies of the genus based on nuclear ficient to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships; however, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and plastid trn-LF palynological information is useful for the species-level sequences. The results indicate that 3-zonocolpate pollen is taxonomy of Cuscuta. ancestral, while grains with more colpi (up to eight) have evolved only in two major lineages of Cuscuta (subg. Keywords Convolvulaceae Á Cuscuta Á Dodders Á Monogynella and clade O of subg. Grammica). Complex Evolution Á Phylogeny Á Pollen morphology Á morphological intergradations occur between species when Scanning electron microscopy Á Taxonomy their tectum is described using the traditional qualitative types—imperforate, perforate, and microreticulate. This continuous variation is better expressed quantitatively as Introduction ‘‘percent perforation,’’ namely the proportion of perforated area (puncta or lumina) from the total tectum surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Marsh Recovery Plan Habitat Creation Or Enhancement Project Within 5 Miles of OAK
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California California clapper rail Suaeda californica Cirsium hydrophilum Chloropyron molle Salt marsh harvest mouse (Rallus longirostris (California sea-blite) var. hydrophilum ssp. molle (Reithrodontomys obsoletus) (Suisun thistle) (soft bird’s-beak) raviventris) Volume II Appendices Tidal marsh at China Camp State Park. VII. APPENDICES Appendix A Species referred to in this recovery plan……………....…………………….3 Appendix B Recovery Priority Ranking System for Endangered and Threatened Species..........................................................................................................11 Appendix C Species of Concern or Regional Conservation Significance in Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California….......................................13 Appendix D Agencies, organizations, and websites involved with tidal marsh Recovery.................................................................................................... 189 Appendix E Environmental contaminants in San Francisco Bay...................................193 Appendix F Population Persistence Modeling for Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California with Intial Application to California clapper rail …............................................................................209 Appendix G Glossary……………......................................................................………229 Appendix H Summary of Major Public Comments and Service
    [Show full text]
  • Researchcommons.Waikato.Ac.Nz
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Identifying Host Species of Dactylanthus taylorii using DNA Barcoding A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Biological Sciences at The University of Waikato by Cassarndra Marie Parker _________ The University of Waikato 2015 Acknowledgements: This thesis wouldn't have been possible without the support of many people. Firstly, my supervisors Dr Chrissen Gemmill and Dr Avi Holzapfel - your professional expertise, advice, and patience were invaluable. From pitching the idea in 2012 to reading through drafts in the final fortnight, I've been humbled to work with such dedicated and accomplished scientists. Special mention also goes to Thomas Emmitt, David Mudge, Steven Miller, the Auckland Zoo horticulture team and Kevin.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration Feasibility Study: Site Report Mcinnis Marsh, Marin County, California
    Restoration Feasibility Study: Site Report McInnis Marsh, Marin County, California PREPARED FOR: Marin County Parks and The California Coastal Conservancy BY: Kamman Hydrology & Engineering, Inc. 7 Mt. Lassen Drive, Suite B-250 San Rafael, CA 94903 (415) 491-9600 IN ASSOCIATION WITH: Avocet Research Associates M. Carbiener, Fisheries Biologist Demgen Aquatic Biology Peter Baye, PhD., Wetland Ecologist June 1, 2015 Services provided pursuant to this Agreement are intended for the use and benefit of Marin County Parks and the California Coastal Conservancy. No other person or entity shall be entitled to rely on the services, opinions, recommendations, plans or specifications provided without express written consent of Kamman Hydrology & Engineering, Inc., 7 Mt. Lassen Drive, Suite B-250, San Rafael, CA 94903. Contributors: Rachel Kamman, Principal Engineer, KHE Inc. Corey Hayes, Engineer, KHE Inc. Greg Kamman, Principal Hydrologist, KHE Inc. Jules Evens, Wildlife Biology - Avocet Research Associates Michael Carbiener, Fisheries Biologist Patrick Furtado, Biologist, KHE Associated Consultant Francesca Demgen, Wetland Ecologist Demgen Aquatic Biology Elise Holland, Planner, KHE Associated Consultant Peter Baye, Ph.D., Wetland Ecologist Analysis of Site Conditions McInnis Marsh Restoration Feasibility Study Table of Contents 1 Purpose and Scope ......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Lead Agency and Project Partners ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary History and Taxonomy of the Cuscuta Umbellata Complex (Convolvulaceae): Evidence of Extensive Hybridization from D
    TAXON 59 (6) • December 2010: 1783–1800 Costea & Stefanović • Systematics of the Cuscuta umbellata complex Evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Cuscuta umbellata complex (Convolvulaceae): Evidence of extensive hybridization from discordant nuclear and plastid phylogenies Mihai Costea1 & Saša Stefanović 2 1 Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3C5, Canada 2 Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada Author for correspondence: Mihai Costea, [email protected] Abstract The Cuscuta umbellata complex is one of the 15 major clades recently circumscribed in C. subg. Grammica. Most of its members occur in North America and the Caribbean (C. desmouliniana, C. lacerata, C. leptantha, C. liliputana, C. odontol- epis, C. polyanthemos, C. tuberculata, C. umbellata), but three species (C. acuta, C. membranacea, C. umbellata) grow in South America, and one (C. hyalina) is found as a native species in India, Pakistan and Eastern to South Africa. Basic morphology, scanning electron microscopy and sequence data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the plastid trnL-F region were used to reconstruct the phylogeny, gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history, and determine species boundaries. Our results show that in its currently accepted delimitation C. umbellata is polyphyletic. Discordances between phylogenies derived from plastid and nuclear data strongly suggest that at least four independent hybridization events have occurred in the evolution of this species group, rendering relationships among its members more complex than previously thought. One of these reticulation events involves C. umbellata var. reflexa, a taxon that has been considered synonymous to C. umbellata var. umbellata in the last decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Elk River Natural Resources Conservation Area Vascular Plant List
    Elk River Natural Resources Conservation Area Vascular Plant List Courtesy of DNR staff. Nomenclature follows Flora of the Pacific Northwest 2nd Edition (2018). Scientific Name Common Name Family Achillea millefolium yarrow ASTERACEAE Agrostis stolonifera * red top GRAMINEAE Alnus rubra red alder BETULACEAE Angelica lucida sea-watch APIACEAE Atriplex prostrata * fat hen CHENOPODIACEAE Calamagrostis nutkaensis Pacific reedgrass POACEAE Carex lyngbyei Lyngby’s sedge CYPERACEAE Carex obnupta slough sedge CYPERACEAE Cuscuta salina salt-marsh dodder CONVOLVULACEAE Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass POACEAE Distichlis spicata saltgrass POACEAE Festuca rubra red fescue POACEAE Frangula purshiana cascara RHAMNACEAE Gaultheria shallon salal ERICACEAE Glaux maritima saltwort PRIMULACEAE Grindelia integrifolia gumweed ASTERACEAE Isolepis cernua low clubrush CYPERACEAE Jaumea carnosa jaumea ASTERACEAE Juncus balticus Baltic rush JUNCACEAE Lilaeopsis occidentalis lilaeopsis APIACEAE Lonicera involucrata black twinberry CAPRIFOLIACEAE Malus fusca western crabapple ROSACEAE Picea sitchensis Sitka spruce PINACEAE Plantago maritima seaside plantain PLANTAGINACEAE Polystichum munitum western swordfern DRYOPTERIDACEAE Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Pacific silverweed ROSACEAE Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir PINACEAE Pteridium aquilinum western brackenfern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Rubus spectabilis salmonberry ROSACEAE Rubus ursinus trailing blackberry ROSACEAE Rumex occidentalis western dock POLYGONACEAE Salicornia depressa pickleweed AMARANTHACEAE Sidalcea
    [Show full text]
  • Costea Et Al. – Dispersal of Cuscuta Seeds Waterfowl Endozoochory: An
    1 Costea et al. – Dispersal of Cuscuta seeds 2 3 4 Waterfowl endozoochory: an overlooked long-distance dispersal mode for Cuscuta (dodder, Convolvulaceae)1 5 6 7 Mihai Costea2, 7, Saša Stefanović3, Miguel A. García3, Susan De La Cruz4, Michael L. Casazza5, and Andy J. Green6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1Manuscript received ___________; revision accepted ___________. 21 2Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada 22 3Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada 23 4U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Centre, San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Station, 505 Azuar 24 Drive, Vallejo, California 94592, U.S.A 25 5U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Centre, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, 26 Dixon, CA 95620, U.S.A] 27 6Wetland Ecology Department, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla 41092, Spain 28 7Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected] ) 29 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 30 A.J. Green received financial support through the Severo Ochoa Program for Centers of Excellence in R+D+I (SEV- 31 2012-0262). M. Costea and S. Stefanović gratefully acknowledge financial support from NSERC of Canada 32 Discovery grants (327013 and 326439, respectively). Field work was supported by the USGS Western Ecological 33 Research Center Coastal Ecosystems program. Kyle Spragens, Mason Hill, Jessica Donald, Vivian Bui and Cory 34 Overton provided essential help collecting and processing samples. Ádám Lovas-Kiss provided vital assistance in 35 the initial identification of the Cuscuta seeds. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 2 59 ABSTRACT 60 Premise of study.
    [Show full text]
  • Haustorium #57, July 2010
    HAUSTORIUM 57 July 2010 1 HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter ISSN 1944-6969 Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society (http://www.parasiticplants.org/) July 2010 Number 57 CONTENTS Page Message from the IPPS President (Jim Westwood)....………………………………………………………………2 Rafflesia in the Philippines: an era of discovery (Dan Nickrent)…………………….……………………………...2 Literature highlights: Evidence for nuclear theft (Ken Shirasu)……………………………...................................................................4 Cellular interactions at the host-parasite and pollen-pistil interfaces in flowering plants (Chris Thorogood)…………………………………………………….............................5 Obituary: Alfred M. Mayer (1926-2010) (Danny Joel)……………………………………..…………………………..…..6 Congratulations: Bristol botanist (Chris Thorogood) wins Linnean Society prize …………………………………………...……7 News: Striga quarantine lifted in South Carolina after a half century (Jim Westwood and Al Tasker)…………………7 Press releases: Affordable solution to costly pests (‘push-pull’/ stalk-borer/ Striga )…………………………………………..….8 Drought-tolerant and Striga-resistant maize for Ghana……………………………………………………..….…9 New varieties to boost maize output in West and Central Africa…………………………………..……………..9 Striga-resistant varieties to boost sorghum yields………………………………………………………………....9 Nigerian scientists introduce two new cowpea varieties…………………………………………………………10 Africa: scientists develop drought-resistant cowpea……………………………………………………………..10 Wetlands organization says rival group’s planting of parasite akin to a ‘restoration
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition
    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogenetically Based Infrageneric Classification of the Parasitic Plant Genus Cuscuta (Dodders, Convolvulaceae)
    Systematic Botany (2015), 40(1): pp. 269–285 © Copyright 2015 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364415X686567 Date of publication February 12, 2015 A Phylogenetically Based Infrageneric Classification of the Parasitic Plant Genus Cuscuta (Dodders, Convolvulaceae) Mihai Costea,1,3 Miguel A. Garcı´a,2 and Sasˇa Stefanovic´2 1Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3C5, Canada. 2Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada. 3Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Communicating Editor: Jennifer A. Tate Abstract—Cuscuta (dodders, Convolvulaceae) is one of the largest and most economically important lineages of parasitic plants. The genus has a sub-cosmopolitan distribution with more than 75% of the species diversifying in the New World. The last monograph, published by Truman George Yuncker in 1932, provided a solid species-level taxonomic foundation. However, as revealed by recent phylogenetic studies, its infrageneric classification has been in great need of a taxonomic reappraisal, mainly because the morphological characters used in the previous classifications have been greatly affected by convergent evolution. Several recent phylogenetic and character evolution studies with broad sampling, as well as species-level revisions, have illustrated the deficiencies of previous classifications and provided an explicit and robust phylogenetic framework. Here we propose a new phylogenetic classification that places all 194 currently accepted species of Cuscuta into four subgenera and 18 sections. Sections have a strong morphological and biogeographical predictive value and include from one to 31 species. Thirteen section names are new or applied for the first time at the sectional rank: Babylonicae (Yunck.) M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ajo Peak to Tinajas Altas: a Flora of Southwestern Arizona: Part 2
    Felger, R.S., S. Rutman, J. Malusa, and T.R. Van Devender. 2013. Ajo Peak to Tinajas Altas: A flora of southwestern Arizona: Part 2. The checklist. Phytoneuron 2013-27: 1–30. Published 9 April 2013. ISSN 2153 733X AJO PEAK TO TINAJAS ALTAS: A FLORA OF SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA PART 2. THE CHECKLIST RICHARD STEPHEN FELGER Herbarium, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 [email protected] & Sky Island Alliance P.O. Box 41165 Tucson, Arizona 85717 *author for correspondence SUSAN RUTMAN 90 West 10th Street Ajo, Arizona 85321 JIM MALUSA School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 [email protected] THOMAS R. VAN DEVENDER Sky Island Alliance P.O. Box 41165 Tucson, Arizona 85717 [email protected] & Herbarium, University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 ABSTRACT A checklist is provided for the modern and fossil vascular plant flora of the contiguous protected areas of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, and the Tinajas Altas Region in southwestern Arizona. The modern flora includes 741 native and non-native taxa. The fossil record includes more than 219 species documented by specimens recovered from packrat ( Neotoma spp.) middens spanning the last 43,000+ years. An additional checklist is provided for the approximately 135 taxa restricted to higher-elevation mountains in Organ Pipe Cactus NM. This article is the second contribution for our flora of southwestern Arizona. KEY WORDS : Sonoran Desert, vascular plant flora, Arizona, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, Tinajas Altas, deep history, non-native species, desert sky islands This article provides a checklist for the vascular plant flora of the three contiguous protected areas of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, and the Tinajas Altas Region in southwestern Arizona—the heart of the Sonoran Desert (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Cuscuta Pentagona Engelm.) USING GLYPHOSATE, AMMONIUM SULFATE, and the BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT Alternaria Destruens Simmons, Sp
    INTEGRATED CONTROL OF DODDER (Cuscuta pentagona Engelm.) USING GLYPHOSATE, AMMONIUM SULFATE, AND THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT Alternaria destruens Simmons, sp. nov. By JENNIFER COLLEEN COOK A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 To my husband, Jeffrey Cook, for his love, understanding, and support. I could not have done this without you. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Raghavan Charudattan for his guidance, patience, and support. In addition, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Erin Rosskopf, without whose support I would never have made it on my own through this journey. I can’t thank her enough. I would also like to acknowledge the members of my committee, Drs. Greg MacDonald, William Stall, and Thomas Zimmerman for their support and guidance. I would like to thank Dr. Tom Bewick for his counsel and unending information on dodder; Jim DeValerio for his friendship and always being there when I had a problem or needed an answer, and for his experimental and statistical knowledge; Eldon Philman and Herman Brown for all of their assistance at the greenhouse, including building some crazy stuff for me; Philip Ruck for providing me citrus plants whenever I needed them; Camilla Yandoc for all her time in helping me with my field study; Sylvan and John Cascino for providing Smolder™ to accomplish this work; Dr. Portier for his statistical consulting services; Alana Den Breeyen, Abby Guerra, and Linley Smith for all their time and help in getting me through the molecular part of this research; Everyone in Charu’s lab, past and present, who has assisted me with this project; USDA-CSREES-Special Grants Program for the award of a TSTAR grant to the University of the Virgin Islands and the University of Florida that supported this research; and USDA-ARS-USHRL for a cooperative research agreement that partially supported this research.
    [Show full text]