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Dowry and Division Assesses the Situation, Priorities, and Expectations of South Sudan’S Massive Youth Population in the Context of Building the New Nation

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Dowry and Division Assesses the Situation, Priorities, and Expectations of South Sudan’S Massive Youth Population in the Context of Building the New Nation UNIteD StAteS INStItUte of Peace www.usip.org SPeCIAL RePoRt 2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPO R T Marc Sommers and Stephanie Schwartz This is one in a series of United States Institute of Peace special reports on state building in the Republic of South Sudan following its creation on July 9, 2011. Each report analyzes an aspect of the state-building challenge and recommends priorities for the government of South Sudan. This report Dowry and Division assesses the situation, priorities, and expectations of South Sudan’s massive youth population in the context of building the new nation. Drawing from field interviews with youth, adults, Youth and State Building in South Sudan and government and nongovernment officials in the capital, Juba, the mainly pastoralist oil-rich state of Unity, and the mainly agricultural state of Western Equatoria, this report found that strikingly conservative cultural norms are mixing with Summary new social and economic changes to create a host of pressing • Most South Sudanese youth are undereducated and underemployed, and their priorities challenges. The report highlights the impact of dramatic dowry (bride price) inflation on youth and finds that it is stimulating and perspectives are largely unknown. To address this critical knowledge gap, the authors rises in insecurity, crime, and population growth while conducted field research between April and May 2011 with youth, adults, and government intensifying threats against and control over female youth. and nongovernment officials in Juba and two South Sudanese states. • The increasing inability of male youth to meet rising dowry (bride price) demands was the ABOUT THE AUTHO R S main research finding. Unable to meet these demands, many male youth enlist in militias, Marc Sommers is a 2011−12 fellow with the Woodrow Wilson join cattle raids, or seek wives from different ethnic groups or countries. International Center for Scholars and a visiting researcher with Boston University’s African Studies Center. He is the author • Skyrocketing dowry demands have negatively and alarmingly affected female youth. They of Islands of Education: Schooling, Civil War and the Southern are routinely viewed as property that can generate family wealth. Sudanese (1983−2004), as well as Stuck: Rwandan Youth and • Potent new postwar identities involving youth returning from Khartoum, refugee asylum the Struggle for Adulthood. Sommers is a former Jennings- countries, and those who never left South Sudan, are stimulating hostility and conflict. Randolph Senior Fellow at the United States Institute of Peace. Stephanie Schwartz is a doctoral student in political science • Excess demand on government jobs, widespread reports of nepotism in government hiring at Columbia University and the author of Youth in Post-Conflict practices, cultural restrictions against many kinds of work, and a general lack of entrepre- Reconstruction: Agents of Change. She is a former senior neurial vision are fueling an exceptionally challenging youth employment situation. program specialist at the United States Institute of Peace. • Gang activities continue to thrive in some urban centers in South Sudan. They are report- edly dominated by youth with connections to government officials and by orphans. © 2011 by the United States Institute of Peace. All rights reserved. • While most undereducated youth highlighted dowry and marriage as their primary concerns, members of the elite youth minority emphasized vocational training and scholarships for higher education. SPECI A L REPO R T 295 NOVEMBE R 2011 • While South Sudanese youth view their government as the primary source of educa- CO N TE N TS tion, jobs, and hope, the government of South Sudan does not appear poised to provide substantial support to vital youth priorities related to dowry, employment, education, Introduction 2 and training. Research Methods and Youth Definitions in South Sudan 2 • The government of South Sudan and its international partners need to proactively address The South Sudanese Context 2 nonelite youth priorities. They must find ways to cap dowry demands, protect female youth, The Situation and Priorities of Youth in South Sudan 4 and support orphan youth, in addition to expanding quality education, job training, and Recommendations 14 English language training. ABOUT THE IN STITUTE Introduction The United States Institute of Peace is an independent, 1 nonpartisan institution established and funded by Congress. The world’s newest nation has one of the world’s youngest populations. Nearly all South Its goals are to help prevent and resolve violent conflicts, Sudanese youth are profoundly undereducated and underemployed, which deeply affects the promote postconflict peacebuilding, and increase conflict government’s ability to wrestle with the mechanics of nationhood. Yet youth priorities and management tools, capacity, and intellectual capital world- perspectives have thus far remained almost entirely unknown. wide. The Institute does this by empowering others with Drawing from field research between April and May 2011, this report addresses this knowledge, skills, and resources, as well as by its direct knowledge gap by assessing the situation of South Sudanese youth at the dawn of indepen- involvement in conflict zones around the globe. dence. It features the central priorities and factors that shape youth lives, which extend BO ar D OF DI R ECTO R S from marriage dowry (bride price) costs and divisive new identities to an array of other J. Robinson West (Chair), Chairman, PFC Energy • influences.2 It also highlights youth expectations of and relations with their new govern- George e. Moose (Vice Chairman), Adjunct Professor of ment, with the questionable status and impact of youth civil society as part of the mix. With Practice, The George Washington University • Judy Ansley, Former Assistant to the President and Deputy National Secu- an eye to domestic and international actors, the report concludes with a set of recommenda- rity Adviser under President George W. Bush • eric edelman, tions for more effectively addressing the priorities of South Sudanese youth.3 Hertog Distinguished Practitioner in Residence, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies • Kerry Kennedy, President, Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Research Methods and Youth Definitions in South Sudan Rights • Ikram U. Khan, President, Quality Care Consultants, LLC • Stephen D. Krasner, Graham H. Stuart Professor The authors’ three weeks of field research featured interviews with ordinary South Sudanese of International Relations, Stanford University • John A. youth in three locations: urban and periurban neighborhoods in the nation’s capital, Juba; Lancaster, Former Executive Director of the National Council Unity State (Bentiu, the state capital, and its sister town, Rubkona); and Western Equatoria on Independent Living • Jeremy A. Rabkin, Professor, State (the capital city, Yambio, and a rural village). The main interview themes were the George Mason School of Law • Judy Van Rest, Executive Vice situation, priorities, and expectations of youth. The field-research team conducted exten- President, International Republican Institute • Nancy Zirkin, sive interviews with youth; adults; South Sudanese government officials at the national, Executive Vice President, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights state, and county levels; international agency officials; and members of South Sudanese ME M BERS EX OFFICI O civil society, particularly youth groups. Significant constraints on research time in the field Michael H. Posner, Assistant Secretary of State for and the consequent limitation to three of ten states mean that follow-up research on youth Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor • James N. Miller, concerns in other parts of South Sudan is required. That said, the main findings here were Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy • Ann e. Rondeau, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy; President, broadly discussed and confirmed by many government and nongovernment officials. National Defense University • Richard H. Solomon, The definition of “youth” in South Sudan is extremely broad and highly contested. Some President, United States Institute of Peace (nonvoting) respondents stated that being a youth started just after puberty and local manhood initia- tion ceremonies (around age thirteen); others said that being a youth started at age eigh- teen. The upper limit was just as contested. One official said that his international agency defined youth as up to age forty; however, a forty-six-year-old senior government official stated that “youth are the majority in the government, including myself.” He said that a person was a youth up to age fifty.4 Despite these definitional differences, men and women of all ages agreed that youth has almost always meant male youth exclusively. the South Sudanese Context At the time of writing, serious security threats understandably remained a government preoccupation. Although a violent standoff in the disputed territory of Abyei had been dees- calated, fighting had erupted in the northern Sudanese states of Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile. Reports claim that the Khartoum government has committed egregious human rights violations against Southern Kordofan’s Nuba population.5 Within the new borders of South Sudan, the government of South Sudan (GOSS) is also combating an array of rebel The views expressed in this report do not necessarily
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