Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering

Environmental Statement

August 2015

No

Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Environmental Statement

1. Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 This Environmental Statement (ES) has been prepared on behalf of Nanclach Limited (hereafter referred to as the Applicant), to support an application to repower a permitted 17 turbine wind farm known as the Tom nan Clach wind farm (hereafter referred to as the ‘Permitted Scheme’) located at the hill of Tom nan Clach, north-east of Tomatin in Nairnshire, which lies within the administrative boundary of The Highland Council in Scotland (refer to Figure 1.1). The repowering application described in this ES is for an optimised 13 turbine development, to be known as the Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering (hereafter referred to as ‘the Proposed Development’) which will be located at the site of the previously Permitted Scheme.

1.1.2 The applicant is seeking planning permission from The Highland Council (THC) under the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 (as amended) to construct and operate the Proposed Development as described in this ES.

1.2 The Applicant 1.2.1 The Applicant is the formal entity of a joint venture agreement between Infinergy Limited (a renewable energy developer) and Rt Hon. Earl Cawdor (the land owner). The Applicant secured planning permission for the Permitted Scheme at the site in 2013. As such, the Applicant has extensive knowledge of the site and its capacity to support development of the type and scale proposed.

1.2.2 Nanclach Limited has been set up to: • progress the Proposed Development described in this ES; and to

• develop the Permitted Scheme, should the planning permission not be granted for the Proposed Development.

1.2.3 The Applicant has commissioned Infinergy Limited, as an expert in wind farm development, to design and submit the required application to support the Proposed Development. 1.3 Background

The Permitted Scheme 1.3.1 The Proposed Development is the outcome of a review of the existing planning permission for the Permitted Scheme, which was issued, following appeal to the Scottish Ministers in 2013, to build and operate a 17 turbine wind farm at the site (refer to Figure 1.2).

1.3.2 The letter granting planning permission provides a brief description of the Permitted Scheme as follows (refer to Appendix 1.1 for the full letter):

“...the Scottish Ministers hereby uphold the appeal and grant planning permission for the construction of a wind farm comprising 17 wind turbines with a maximum blade tip height above ground level of 110 m, associated access tracks and infrastructure, 2 temporary construction compounds and 2 temporary

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borrow workings; approximately 8 km North East of Tomatin, subject to the conditions set out in the Annex to this letter”. 1.3.3 A review of the Permitted Scheme described above was primarily conducted as a consequence of the time that had elapsed since the application for the Permitted Scheme was designed and submitted in June 2009, in combination with the fact that a connection to the national grid, necessary to support the transmission of electricity from the site, could not be provided by the local network operator (Scottish and Southern Energy Power Distribution, the District Network Operator) until the end of 2018.

Site Optimisation 1.3.4 Since the original application for the Permitted Scheme, over six years ago, wind turbine technology has evolved significantly, largely due to improvements in turbine energy conversion technology, paired with larger rotors, set on higher towers. As a consequence, technology that was considered innovative in 2009, has now been superseded by new technology that enables significantly more energy to be harvested from a given wind resource. The original design of the Permitted Scheme was based on candidate turbines with a maximum generation capacity of 2.3 MW. Today, turbines with a capacity of at least 3 MW would be considered more appropriate for the wind regime at the site. 1.3.5 In addition, as experience of operational sites has increased, design principals in relation to the optimal layout of a wind farm have also advanced, resulting in further improvements in potential energy yield.

1.3.6 Optimisation studies based on the Proposed Development site’s excellent wind resource, local topography, and current wind turbine technology, found that contemporary turbines in combination with a revised layout would significantly increase electricity output at the site and therefore materially increase environmental benefits compared to the Permitted Scheme. In addition, to ensure that the Proposed Development would remain acceptable in planning terms, the salient planning issues identified through the Public Inquiry into the Permitted Scheme were used to inform the design. 1.3.7 As a result of the above, a scoping request for a 33 turbine wind farm was submitted to the Scottish Minister’s Energy Consents and Deployment Unit (ECDU) in July 2014, in line with the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) (EIA) Regulations 2000 (Appendix 1.2). However, in response to consultees through the scoping process (August through December 2014), and feedback provided at pre application meetings with THC, it was apparent that consultees and THC would like the final design to be more proportional in scale to the Permitted Scheme. As a consequence, the Applicant reduced the overall scale of the development to 13 turbines, broadly within the existing footprint of the Permitted Scheme. At the same time, the design was optimised to ensure that the Proposed Development would maximise environmental benefits by optimising energy yield at the site, whilst ensuring that environmental effects remain acceptable and, at the very minimum, in line with the overall predicted effects associated with the Permitted Scheme.

1.3.8 Further, shortly after the scoping submission, the UK Government released details of the new market support mechanism ‘Contacts for Difference’ (CfD)

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under which any wind energy development at the site would operate (CfD comes into effect in 2017). As a consequence of this, the Applicant determined that the optimised development would need to match the generation capacity of the original Permitted Scheme.

1.3.9 The Proposed Development has therefore been designed as a result of the optimisation review, the Applicant’s response to the scoping process in combination with the constraints presented by the requirements of the new CfD scheme. The optimised design of the Proposed Development reduces the number of turbines to 13, while it is predicted to deliver an increase in renewable energy generation of over 26 % compared to the original Permitted Scheme. 1.3.10 Full details of this design evolution process are provided in Chapter 2.

The Proposed Development 1.3.11 The Proposed Development has been classified as a ‘repowering’. In this context, ‘repowering’ refers to a power plant in general and includes all measures which improve efficiency and capacity by means of retrofit to the latest technology (2015, Inensus). In short, the Proposed Development is a repowering project because it entails a complete redesign of the Permitted Scheme to ensure that the generation potential of the site is optimised and a ‘best-in-class’ design is achieved.

1.3.12 As such, a new planning application (including an EIA) is required so that the Proposed Development can be determined by THC under the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 (as amended).

1.3.13 The Proposed Development will comprise: • 13 wind turbines up to a maximum tip height of 125 m, giving a combined site generation capacity of up to 39 MW as well as associated infrastructure (foundations, external transformers and crane hardstandings); • approximately 18 km of new permanent access tracks nominally 5 m wide, including seven new water crossings; • a substation compound, approximately 170 m by 80 m, comprising an electrical substation and control building; • a temporary construction compound, approximately 210 m by 115 m, for site office, welfare facilities and material laydown area; • an 80 m metrological monitoring mast; and

• three on-site borrow workings/quarries. 1.3.14 Full details of the Proposed Development are provided in Chapter 3 and are shown on Figure 1.3. 1.4 Site Description 1.4.1 The site under consideration comprises largely of open upland moorland habitat with patchy areas of sphagnum bog and intermittent ancient woodland remains. To the immediate north and north-west of the site, the land slopes steeply down towards the River Findhorn, which carves a prominent incision into the

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surrounding hills. A number of minor watercourses cross the site, including sections of Allt an t-Slugain Mhoir and Rhilean Burn. 1.4.2 The elevation of the site ranges from approximately 270 m to 550 m above ordnance datum (AOD) and is centred on grid reference 286401 (eastings) 835189 (northings) occupying an approximate area of 7 km 2.

1.4.3 The site is located within the Cawdor Estate and the Lethen Estate and is shown in Figure 1.1. The site boundary lies approximately 7.2 km to the north-east of the nearest settlement, Tomatin and approximately 1.8 km south of Daless, between the A9 and the B9007. The site is located within parts of the Nairn and Inverness South multi member wards of THC. Adjacent wards are Culloden & Ardersier and Badenoch & Strathspey. No buildings or structures, with the exception of two wooden huts, are present on the site.

1.5 Purpose of the Environmental Statement 1.5.1 The Applicant has undertaken an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Proposed Development in accordance with the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 (‘the EIA Regulations’) (Scottish Government, 2011). The EIA process is reported in this ES, which identifies the methodologies used to assess the environmental effects predicted to result from the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Proposed Development. Where appropriate, it also sets out mitigation measures designed to prevent, reduce and, if at all possible, offset potential significant adverse environmental impacts.

1.5.2 An assessment of residual effects, those expected to remain following implementation of mitigation measures, is presented in this ES along with an assessment of the cumulative effects of the Proposed Development in conjunction with other proposed and existing wind farms. As outlined in paragraph 1.3.10, this application describes a ‘repowering’ of the original Permitted Scheme, which will be built should the Proposed Development not be successful in achieving planning permission. Therefore, in order to assist decision makers in understanding both the relative effects and merits of the repowering, the EIA process also involved consideration of the difference in residual effects between the Permitted Scheme and the Proposed Development, which is provided both as a summary at the end of each technical chapter and by way of conclusion at the end of the ES. 1.5.3 The main findings and conclusions of this ES are summarised in a Non-Technical Summary (NTS), as required by the EIA Regulations. 1.6 Structure of the Environmental Statement

1.6.1 The ES is divided into four parts, as follows: • A Non-Technical Summary (NTS);

• Volume 1: Written Text; • Volumes 2a, b, c, d, e and f: Figures; and

• Volume 3: Appendices.

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1.7 Assessment Team 1.7.1 The assessments were undertaken by the following technical consultancies:

• Energised Environments Limited – project management, ES introductory and concluding chapters, geology, hydrogeology and hydrology, shadow flicker, telecommunication, aviation and air quality; • Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) – policy and consenting framework; • Optimised Environments Limited – landscape and visual assessment;

• AOC Archaeology Group – cultural heritage assessment; • Hayes McKenzie Ltd – noise and vibration assessment;

• Biggar Economics Limited – socio-economics, tourism and recreation assessment;

• WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd – transport and traffic assessment; • BSG – ecology assessment; and

• Natural Research Ltd– ornithology assessment. 1.8 Availability of the Environmental Statement

1.8.1 Copies of the ES are available from Nanclach Ltd (tel: 0800 980 4299) at a charge of £750 + VAT for a hard copy and free of charge for an electronic copy. Copies of the Non-Technical Summary are available free of charge and all related Environmental Statement documents are available on the project website (www.tomnanclachwindfarm.co.uk). 1.8.2 Copies of the ES will also be available to view during opening hours at the following locations:

The Highland Council The Highland Council Strathdearn Hall

Service Point Service Point Tomatin

23 Church Street The Town House Inverness

Inverness The Square IV13 7YN

IV1 1DY Grantown-on-Spey

PH26 3HF

1.9 Representations to the Application 1.9.1 Any representations to the application should be made directly to The Highland Council.

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1.10 References

Scottish Government (2011). The Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 . Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2011/139/contents/made.

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10. Cultural Heritage

10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 This chapter addresses the issues associated with the potential cultural heritage effects of the Proposed Development.

10.1.2 This assessment identifies the archaeological and cultural heritage value of the Proposed Development area and assesses the potential for direct effects on archaeology and heritage assets resulting from the construction and decommissioning of the Proposed Development as well as indirect effects upon the setting of key heritage assets within the wider landscape during the operational phase. This assessment also identifies measures that should be taken to mitigate any predicted significant adverse effects.

10.1.3 The assessment includes all heritage assets identified in the ES (Infinergy, 2009) for the Permitted Scheme and directly compares the predicted effects of the Proposed Development to those of the Permitted Scheme.

10.1.4 This chapter has been produced by a Registered Archaeological Organisation of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA).

10.2 Legislation, Policy and Planning Considerations Legislation

10.2.1 The statutory framework for heritage in Scotland is outlined in the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997, as amended in the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 and The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, both of which are modified by the Historic Environment (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 2011.

10.2.2 The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 provides the legal framework regarding ancient monuments and makes provision for the investigation, preservation and recording of matters of archaeological or historical interest.

10.2.3 The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997 (amended by the Historic Environment Scotland Act 2014) states that when determining applications for development which could impact upon the setting of a listed building:

“…the planning authority or the Secretary of State, as the case may be, shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses” (Scottish Government, 1997).

Policy

10.2.4 Chapter 5 of the ES sets out the planning policy framework that is relevant to the Cultural Heritage Assessment.

10.2.5 The policies set out are those pertinent policies from the Highland Wide Local Development Plan, the aspects of Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) (2014) and the National Planning Framework 3 (2014), Planning Advice Notes and other

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appropriate guidance. The following policies are of relevance to the Cultural Heritage assessment presented within this chapter.

10.2.6 Highland Wide Local Development Policy 57 (THC,2012a). 10.2.7 SPP sets out policy principles for the historic environment in paragraph 137. The principles call for the planning system to ‘…promote the care and protection…’ of the historic environment and to ‘…enable positive change…’ within the historic environment. Paragraphs 141 to 151 deal with specific types of heritage assets, both designated and non-designated. These paragraphs highlight the need to consider changes resulting from development which could directly affect the assets or which would affect the character and setting of the assets (Scottish Government, 2014).

10.2.8 PAN 2/2011 ‘Archaeology and Planning' which expresses a general presumption in favour of preserving heritage remains in situ. The ‘preservation by record’ (i.e. through excavation and recording, followed by analysis and publication, by qualified archaeologists) is a less desirable alternative (Scottish Government, 2011a, Paragraph 4).

10.2.9 SHEP paragraph 1.14.b sets out the Scottish Executive’s policy for the sustainable management of the historic environment. Key principles of the policy note that “there should be a presumption in favour of preservation of individual historic assets and also the pattern of the wider historic environment; no historic asset should be lost or radically changed without adequate consideration of its significance and of all the means available to manage and conserve it” (Historic Scotland, 2011).

10.2.10 Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG) on Historic Environment Strategy (The Highland Council, 2013a). The SPG lays out 34 strategic aims for the Historic Environment of which 16 (Strategic Aims 1-3, 6, 13-17, 25-30 and 33-34) are relevant to the Proposed Development.

Planning Conditions Pertaining to the Permitted Scheme

10.2.11 The ES for the Permitted Scheme made the following statement with regard to the predicted impacts on Cultural Heritage assets: “…Construction is expected to have negligible direct impact on the archaeology or cultural heritage. Precautionary arrangements will be made for a qualified archaeologist to monitor excavations for borrow pits and the construction of contractors compounds, access and cabling routes, turbine bases and switching stations” (Infinergy 2009, 15).

10.2.12 The following condition was applied to the Permitted Scheme:

“No development shall start on site until arrangements for an archaeological watching brief to be carried out on site clearance and excavation works has been submitted to [sic] approved in writing by the Planning Authority. This shall be prepared in accordance with a specification obtained in advance from the Council Archaeology Unit. No site clearance or excavation works shall take place until that approval has been given and all such works shall thereafter be implemented in accordance with the approved arrangements” (Directorate for Planning and Environmental Appeals, 2012, Glenkirk and Tom nan Clach Report 2012, 50).

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10.3 Consultation

10.3.1 The Highland Council Historic Environment Team (THC HET) agreed in June 2014 that areas to be subject to a walkover survey be limited to those areas not surveyed in 2007 and 2009 as part of the assessment for the Permitted Scheme (Wood, 2007; Infinergy, 2009), i.e. areas to the south-west and north-east of the Permitted Scheme (areas subsequently removed from the Proposed Development), and borrow pit search area A. In their Scoping Opinion dated September 2014, THC HET indicated that they were content with the broad methodology of assessment set out in the Scoping Report and noted the need to follow Highland Council Standards for Archaeological Work (THC, 2012b).

10.3.2 Historic Scotland provided an EIA Scoping Opinion on 27th August 2014. They advised that the potential for direct impacts on heritage assets covered by their remit appeared to be low. With regard to indirect effects, they stated that there was potential for effects on the settings of designated heritage assets including Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Inventory Battlefields and Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes. Historic Scotland identified Lochindorb Castle (Scheduled Monument, Index No. 1231) as the asset most likely to be significantly affected. They also indicated that it would be helpful if the ES included appropriate visualisations such as photomontages and wireframes, and that cumulative impacts from similar developments should be considered in the assessment.

Table 10.1 – Consultation Response

Consultee Consultation Response Action

The Highland Council THC HET confirmed that they were A survey for the Historic Environment content that areas to be subject to Proposed Development Team (THC HET) walkover survey be limited to was undertaken only on those areas not surveyed in 2007 those areas that are & 2009 as part of the assessment additional to the for the Permitted Scheme. Permitted Scheme.

The Highland Council THC HET indicated that they were The assessment has been Historic Environment content with the broad undertaken in line with Team (THC HET) methodology set out on the the Scoping Report. Scoping Report.

Historic Scotland Historic Scotland advised in their Potential indirect effects EIA Scoping Opinion that the of the Proposed potential for direct impacts on Development on the heritage assets covered by their settings of identified remit appeared low. designated heritage assets has been With regard to indirect effects, assessed. Historic Scotland stated that there was potential for effects on the settings of designated heritage Appropriate visualisations assets including Scheduled have been provided. Monuments, Listed Buildings, Inventory Battlefields and Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes. Potential cumulative effects from wind farm Historic Scotland indicated that it developments within would be helpful if the 35 km of the Proposed

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Consultee Consultation Response Action Environmental Statement included Development have been appropriate visualisations such as considered. photomontages and wireframes, The ES includes and that cumulative effects from photomontages showing similar developments should be Proposed Development considered. behind Lochindorb Historic Scotland identified Castle. Lochindorb Castle (Scheduled Monument, Index No. 1231) as the asset most likely to be significantly affected.

10.4 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria

10.4.1 This assessment of cultural heritage effects has been undertaken following the broad methodology outlined in Chapter 4. The scope of this assessment meets the requirements of current planning regulations and guidance set out in SPP (Scottish Government, 2014a), SHEP (Historic Scotland, 2011) and PAN2/2011 (Scottish Government, 2011a). It also follows Highland Council Standards for Archaeological Work, including Chapter 4, which covers Environmental Statements (Highland Council, 2012b). This report conforms to the standards of professional conduct outlined in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists' Standards and Guidance for Desk Based Assessments, Field Evaluations etc. (Institute for Archaeologists, 1994-1995).

10.4.2 This chapter should be read with reference to the following appendices:

 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer. Each heritage asset referred to in the text is listed in the Gazetteer. Each has been assigned a ‘Site No.’ unique to this assessment, and the Gazetteer includes information regarding the type, period, grid reference, NMRS number, HER number, designation, and other descriptive information, as derived from the consulted sources.

 Appendix 10.2: Guide for Contextualised Aesthetic Appreciation of monuments. This guide outlines the range of factors considered when determining relative sensitivity of an asset to changes in its setting

 Appendix 10.3: Cultural Heritage Plates. This appendix provides a series of photographic plates illustrating archaeological features identified during the walkover survey.

 Appendix 10.4: Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments within 15 km of Turbine Area. This appendix tabulates all Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments within 15 km of the turbine area of the Proposed Development, including heritage assets not included in the detailed assessment due to them lying outwith the ZTV for the Proposed Development, or being of Low relative sensitivity.

10.4.3 This chapter should also be read with reference to the following figures:

 Figure 10.1: Proposed Development showing adjacent heritage assets;

 Figure 10.2: Proposed Development showing heritage assets within 5 km;

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 Figure 10.3: Designated heritage assets within 15 km which are included in the detailed setting assessment;

 Figures 10.4 to 10.7: Various Historic maps depicting the Proposed Development site and used to establish baseline conditions; and

 Figures 6.45 and 6.62: Viewpoint 15 Lochindorb Castle. Baseline Survey

10.4.4 In order to assess the potential for significant effect on cultural heritage receptors resulting from the Proposed Development, the baseline survey has identified the following:

 All heritage assets within a distance of up to 5 km from the edge of the turbine area of the Proposed Development (see Appendix 10.1), including:

- Scheduled Monuments;

- Listed Buildings; - Conservation Areas;

- Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes; - Inventory Battlefields;

- non-statutory sites of national importance (as identified by THC HET); and

- non-designated heritage assets.

 Designated heritage assets between 5 km and 15 km from the Proposed Development, including:

- Scheduled Monuments; - Listed Buildings;

- Conservation Areas; - Inventory Parks and Gardens;

- Inventory Battlefields; and - non-statutory sites of national importance (as identified by THC HET)

Desk Study

10.4.5 The desk study aims to identify the presence or absence of any heritage assets within the Proposed Development area. It collates known archaeological information on the site and identifies previously unknown archaeological features through inspection of aerial photographic records and cartographic records. Designated heritage assets in the area surrounding the Proposed Development, which could be subject to potential setting impacts, are also identified as set out above.

Sources

10.4.6 The following data sources were consulted during preparation of this assessment:

 The National Monuments Record Scotland;

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 Historic Scotland;

 Royal Commission on Ancient and Historic Monuments for Scotland (RCAHMS);

 The National Map Library, Scotland;

 The Highland Council Historic Environment Record (HER); and  The Permitted Scheme ES chapter.

Walkover Survey

10.4.7 An archaeological walkover survey of the Proposed Development site was undertaken with the aim of identifying any previously unknown remains. It was agreed, in consultation with THC HET, that the walkover would be limited to areas outwith those surveyed as part of the archaeology and cultural heritage assessment for the Permitted Scheme.

10.4.8 Due to a reduction in the application site area at the design stage (refer to Chapter 2), the area surveyed now falls largely outwith the Proposed Development site, though a description of the walkover survey of these areas is retained in this chapter as it aids in understanding the context of the area of the Proposed Development, and the nature of heritage remains in the immediate vicinity.

10.4.9 All known and accessible heritage assets were assessed in the field to establish their survival, extent, significance and relationship to other sites. Weather and any other conditions affecting visibility during the survey were also recorded. All heritage assets encountered were recorded and photographed. A hand-held GPS was used to note and confirm the position of each asset. All heritage assets were marked on plans, at a relevant scale keyed by means of Grid References to the Ordnance Survey mapping.

Assessment of Potential Effects

10.4.10 As outlined in Chapter 4, this assessment distinguishes between the term ‘impact’ and ‘effect’. An impact is defined as a physical change to a heritage receptor, whereas an effect refers to the significance of this impact. The first stage of the assessment involves establishing the value and importance of the heritage receptor and assessing the sensitivity of the asset to change (impact). Using the final design for the Proposed Development an assessment of the magnitude of that impact is made and using those judgments the significance of effect is determined. The methods for determining effect significance for both direct effects and indirect effects are outlined below.

Assessment of Direct Effects

Establishing Cultural Heritage Importance (Sensitivity)

10.4.11 The definition of cultural significance is readily accepted by heritage professionals both in the UK and internationally and was first fully outlined in the Burra Charter, which states in article one that ‘cultural significance’ or ‘cultural heritage value’ means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations (ICOMOS 1999, Article 1.2). This definition has since been adopted by heritage organisations around the world, including Historic Scotland. In the SHEP, Historic Scotland note that to have cultural significance

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an asset must have a particular ”artistic; archaeological; architectural; historic; traditional (factors listed in the 1979 Act); aesthetic; scientific; [and/or] social [significance] – for past, present or future generations” (2011). Heritage assets also have value in the sense that they ”...create a sense of place, identity and physical and social wellbeing, and benefits the economy, civic participation, tourism and lifelong learning” (Scottish Government, 2014).

10.4.12 For clarity, and to avoid confusion with ‘significance’ in EIA terms, the term ‘cultural value’ will be applied throughout this assessment though, as outlined above, it is acknowledged this is the same as cultural significance as defined in SHEP.

10.4.13 All heritage assets have some value, however some heritage assets are judged to be more important than others. The level of that importance is, from a cultural resource management perspective, determined by establishing the asset’s capacity to inform present or future generations about the past. In the case of many heritage assets their importance has already been established through the designation (i.e. scheduling, listing and inventory) processes applied by Historic Scotland.

10.4.14 The criteria used to rate importance of heritage assets in the area of the Proposed Development are presented in Table 10.2 below and relate to the criteria set out in Appendices 1-6 of SHEP. Table 10.2 – Criteria for Establishing Relative Importance (Sensitivity) of Heritage Assets

Importance/ Criteria Sensitivity

International and World Heritage Sites; Scheduled Monuments (actual and potential); National Category A Listed Buildings; Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes; Inventory Battlefields; remains of national or international importance; and/or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or type.

Regional Category B Listed Buildings; Conservation Areas; major examples of some period, style or type, which may have been altered; or assets of a type which would normally be considered of national importance that have been partially damaged (such that their ability to inform has been reduced).

Local Category C Listed Buildings; lesser examples of any period, style or type, as originally constructed or altered, and simple, traditional sites, which group well with other significant remains, or are part of a planned group such as an estate or an industrial complex; and/or

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Importance/ Criteria Sensitivity assets of a type which would normally be considered of regional importance that have been partially damaged or assets of a type which would normally be considered of national importance that have been largely damaged (such that their ability to inform has been reduced).

Negligible Relatively numerous types of remains; and/or findspots of artefacts that have no definite archaeological remains known in their context; and/or Assets of a type which would normally be considered of local importance that have been largely damaged (such that their ability to inform has been reduced).

Direct Impact Magnitude

10.4.15 Potential direct impacts, that is the physical change to known heritage assets, and unknown buried archaeological remains, in the case of the Proposed Development relate to the possibility of disturbing, removing or destroying in situ remains and artefacts during ground breaking works (including excavation, construction and other works associated with the Proposed Development) on this site.

10.4.16 The magnitude of the direct impact upon heritage assets caused by the Proposed Development is rated using the classifications and criteria outlined in Table 10.3 below.

Table 10.3 – Criteria for Classifying Magnitude of Direct Impact

Magnitude Criteria

High Major loss of information content resulting from total or large-scale removal of deposits from a site; and/or major alteration of a monument’s baseline condition.

Medium Moderate loss of information content resulting from material alteration of the baseline conditions by removal of part of a site; and/or moderate alteration of a monument’s baseline condition.

Low Minor detectable impacts leading to the loss of information content; and/or minor alterations to the baseline condition of a monument.

Marginal Very slight or barely measurable loss of information content; loss of a small percentage of the area of a site’s peripheral deposits; and/or very slight alterations to the baseline conditions of a monument.

None No physical impact anticipated.

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Assessment of Direct Effects Significance

10.4.17 The predicted significance of direct effects on each heritage asset is determined by considering the asset’s importance in conjunction with the predicted impact magnitude. The method of deriving the level of significance for a direct effect follows the principles established in Chapter 4 (see Table 4.2), and is provided below in Table 10.4 in terms pertaining to cultural heritage. Table 10.4 – Significance of Direct Effect based on Inter-Relationship between the Importance of the Heritage Asset and the Magnitude of Impact

Importance/Sensitivity of Heritage Asset

National and Regional Local Negligible International (Medium) (Low) Impact (High) Magnitude

High Major Moderate to Minor to Negligible Major Moderate

Medium Moderate to Major Moderate Minor Negligible

Low Minor to Moderate Minor Minor Negligible

Marginal Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible

None no effect no effect no effect no effect

The effects recorded in grey highlighted cells are considered to be ‘significant’

10.4.18 Using professional judgment and with reference to the Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (as updated) (IEMA, 2006), this chapter considers moderate and greater effects to be significant (shaded grey in table 10.4), above while minor and less effects are considered not significant. Assessment of Indirect Effects

Relative Sensitivity

10.4.19 While determining the relative cultural value of a heritage asset is essential for establishing its importance, it is widely recognised (see Lambrick, G 2008) that the importance of an asset is not the same as its sensitivity to changes to its setting. Thus in determining effects upon the setting of assets by the Proposed Development, both importance and sensitivity to changes to setting need to be considered.

10.4.20 Setting is a key issue in the case of some, but by no means all heritage assets. A nationally important heritage asset does not necessarily have high sensitivity to changes to its setting (relative sensitivity). A heritage asset’s sensitivity refers to its capacity to retain its ability to inform this and future generations in the face of changes to its setting. The ability of the setting to contribute to an

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understanding, appreciation and experience of the heritage asset and its value also has a bearing on the sensitivity of that heritage asset to changes to its setting. Heritage assets with high sensitivity will be vulnerable to changes which affect their settings and even slight changes may reduce their information content or the ability of their settings to contribute to the understanding, appreciation and experience of them. Less sensitive heritage assets will be able to accommodate greater changes to their settings without significant reduction in their ability to inform and in spite of such changes the relationship between the heritage asset and its setting will still be legible.

10.4.21 The criteria for establishing a heritage asset’s relative sensitivity is outlined in Table 10.5. Table 10.5 – Criteria for Establishing Relative Sensitivity

Relative Criteria Sensitivity

High An asset whose setting contributes significantly to an observer’s understanding, appreciation and experience of it should be thought of as having High Sensitivity to changes to its setting. This is particularly relevant for assets whose settings, or elements thereof, contribute directly to their significance (e.g. form part of their Contextual Characteristics (Historic Scotland, 2011, Annex 1)). For example, an asset which retains an overtly intended relationship with its setting and the surrounding landscape. These may in particular be assets such as ritual monuments which have constructed sightlines to and/or from them or structures intended to be visually dominant within a wide landscape area e.g. castles, tower houses, prominent forts etc. An asset, the current understanding, appreciation and experience of which, relies heavily on its modern aesthetic setting. In particular an asset whose setting is an important factor in its protection and in retention of its cultural value (as per SPP 2014 definition of setting).

Medium An asset whose setting contributes moderately to an observer’s understanding, appreciation and experience of it should be thought of as having Medium Sensitivity to changes to its setting. This could be an asset for which setting makes a contribution to value but whereby its value is derived mainly from its other qualities (Historic Scotland 2011). This could for example include assets which had an overtly intended relationship with their setting and the surrounding landscape but where that relationship (and therefore the ability of the assets’ surroundings to contribute to an understanding, appreciation and experience of them) has been moderately compromised either by previous modern intrusion in their setting or the landscape or where the asset itself is in such a state of disrepair that the relationship cannot be fully determined. An asset for which the current understanding, appreciation and experience of it relies partially on its modern aesthetic setting regardless of whether or not this was intended by the original constructors or users of the asset. An asset whose setting is a contributing factor to its protection and the retention of its cultural value.

Low An asset whose setting makes some contribution to an observer’s understanding, appreciation and experience of it should generally be thought of as having Low Sensitivity to changes to its setting. This may be an asset whose value is mainly derived from its other

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Relative Criteria Sensitivity characteristics and whereby changes to its setting will not materially diminish our understanding, appreciation and experience of it. This could for example include assets which had an overtly intended relationship with their setting and the surrounding landscape but where that relationship (and therefore the ability of the assets’ surroundings to contribute to an understanding, appreciation and experience of them) has been significantly compromised either by previous modern intrusion to its setting or the landscape or where the asset itself is in such a state of disrepair that the relationship cannot be determined.

Marginal An asset whose setting makes minimal contribution to an observer’s understanding, appreciation and experience of it should generally be thought of as having Marginal Sensitivity to changes to its setting. This may include assets for which the original relationship with their surrounding has been lost, possibly having been compromised by previous modern intrusion, but who still retain cultural value in their intrinsic and possibly wider contextual characteristics.

10.4.22 The determination of a heritage asset’s sensitivity to indirect impacts upon its setting is first and foremost reliant upon the determination of its setting. The criteria set out in Table 10.5 are intended as a guide. Assessment of individual heritage assets is informed by knowledge of the asset itself; of the asset type if applicable and by site visits to establish the current setting of the assets. This allows for the use of professional judgement and each heritage asset is assessed on an individual basis. It should be noted that individual heritage assets may fall into a number of the sensitivity categories presented above, e.g. a country house may have a high sensitivity to alterations within its own landscaped park or garden, but its level of sensitivity to changes may be less when considered within the wider landscape context.

10.4.23 In establishing the relative sensitivity of a heritage asset to changes to its setting, an aesthetic appreciation of that asset and its setting is arrived at. Appendix 10.2 outlines the range of factors considered when establishing an aesthetic appreciation and therefore determining sensitivity. These have been used as a guide in assessing each heritage asset from known records and in the field.

Assessment of Indirect Impact Magnitude

10.4.24 The magnitude of indirect impact by the Proposed Development is an assessment of the magnitude of change to the setting of any given heritage asset, in particular those elements of the setting that inform its cultural value. Assessments of impacts upon the setting of heritage assets have also been informed by site visits, GIS analysis, ZTV mapping and visualisations as necessary.

10.4.25 Table 10.6 outlines the main factors requiring consideration when assessing magnitude of impact.

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Table 10.6 - Factors Affecting Magnitude of Setting Impact

Site Details Importance of Detail for Assessing Magnitude of Setting Impact

Proximity to centre of Increasing distance of an asset from the Proposed Proposed Development Development will, in most cases, diminish the effects on its setting.

Visibility of Proposed The proportion of the Proposed Development that will be Development (based on inter-visible with the asset will directly affect the ZTV model and magnitude of impact on its setting. wireframes where appropriate)

Complexity of landscape The more visually complex a landscape is, the less prominent the Proposed Development may appear within it. This is because where a landscape is visually complex the eye can be distracted by other features and will not focus exclusively on the new development. Visual complexity describes the extent to which a landscape varies visually and the extent to which there are various land types, land uses, and built features producing variety in the landscape.

Visual obstructions This refers to the existence of features (e.g. tree belts, forestry, landscaping or built features) that could partially or wholly obscure the development from view. The form of mapping called ZTV always presents a worst case scenario for visibility precisely because the readily accessible digital mapping does not take account of vegetation, structures and local micro-topography. Ground truthing is always necessary for a real appraisal of the magnitude of impacts.

10.4.26 It is acknowledged that Table 10.6 primarily deals with visual factors affecting setting. While the importance of visual elements of settings, e.g. views, inter- visibility, prominence etc., are clear, it is also acknowledged that there are other, non-visual factors which could potentially result in setting impacts. Such factors could be other sensory factors, e.g. noise or smell, or could be associative. Where applicable these are considered in coming to a conclusion about magnitude of impact.

10.4.27 Once the above has been considered, the prediction of the level of magnitude of impact upon setting will be based upon the criteria set out in Table 10.7 below. In applying these criteria, particular consideration will be given to the relationship of the Proposed Development to those elements of setting which have been defined as most important in contributing to the ability to understand, appreciate and experience the heritage asset and its significance.

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Table 10.7 – Criteria for Classifying Magnitude of Setting Impact

Setting Impact Criteria Magnitude

High Direct and substantial impact on a significant sightline to or from a ritual monument or prominent fort; direct severance of the relationship between an asset and its setting; major alteration to the close settings of a Scheduled Monument; major imposition within a Cultural Landscape; or an impact that changes the setting of an asset such that it threatens the protection (SPP 2014) of the asset and the understanding of its importance.

Medium Oblique impact on an axis adjacent to a significant sightline to or from a ritual monument but where the significant sightline of the monument is not obscured; partial severance of the relationship between an asset and its setting; significant alteration to the setting of an asset beyond those elements of the setting which directly contribute to the understanding of the cultural value of the asset; significant but not major imposition within a Cultural Landscape; or an impact that changes the setting of an asset such that the understanding of the asset and its importance is marginally diminished.

Low Peripheral impact on a significant sightline to or from a ritual monument; minor imposition within a Cultural Landscape; or a change to the setting of an asset which is perceptible, but where those changes do not materially affect an observer’s ability to understand, appreciate and experience the asset.

Marginal All other setting impacts.

None No setting impact anticipated.

Assessment of Indirect Effect Significance

10.4.28 The significance of indirect effects on the setting of heritage assets is judged to be the interaction of the asset’s relative sensitivity (Table 10.5) and the magnitude of the impact (Table 10.7) and also takes into consideration the importance of the asset (Table 10.2). In order to provide a level of consistency to the assessment of sensitivity, the prediction of magnitude of impact and the assessment of significance of effect have been guided by pre-defined criteria. A qualitative descriptive narrative is also provided for each asset to summarise and explain each of the professional value judgements that have been made.

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10.4.29 The interactions determining significance of effect on the setting of the heritage assets in question is shown in Table 10.8 Table 10.8 – Significance of Indirect Effect based on Inter-Relationship between the Relative Sensitivity of the Heritage Asset and the Magnitude of Impact

Relative Sensitivity

High Medium Low Marginal

Impact Magnitude

High major moderate minor- minor moderate

Medium moderate minor- minor negligible moderate

Low minor- minor negligible No moderate effect/negligible

Marginal minor negligible no effect no effect

The effects recorded in grey highlighted cells are considered to be ‘significant’

10.4.30 Following the methodological principles established in Chapter 4, using professional judgment, and with reference to the Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (as updated) (IEMA, 2006), effects established as moderate and greater are defined as significant (those shaded grey in Table 10.8), while those determined to be minor and less, are considered not significant.

Requirements for Mitigation

10.4.31 The Proposed Development has been designed to avoid direct effects upon known heritage assets through careful siting of infrastructure. Where possible, effects upon the setting of heritage assets have been avoided or minimised during the iterative design process.

10.4.32 However, where effects cannot be entirely avoided, this chapter follows best practice and identifies mitigation measures to reduce or minimise effects. Where this is not possible, the potential to offset effects will be identified in line with EIA Guidelines (IEMA, 2006) and PAN1/2013 (Scottish Government, 2013).

Assessment of Residual Effects

10.4.33 The residual effects of the Proposed Development, are those effects remaining after mitigation that will materialise when the Proposed Development is under construction, operation or decommissioning. The assessment of residual effects will follow a similar methodology to that outlined for the assessment of potential effects, and will take into consideration proposed mitigation measures.

Assessment of Cumulative Effects

10.4.34 The assessment of cumulative effects is undertaken in a similar manner to that of the residual effects but takes into consideration other operational, consented

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or application wind farm developments. Developments within scoping are not considered. Cumulative effects relating to cultural heritage are for the most part limited to indirect effects upon the settings of heritage assets.

10.4.35 Those designated heritage assets which have been included in the detailed setting assessment, under operational effects for the Proposed Development, will also be considered when assessing the potential for cumulative effects. However, only those assets which were judged to have the potential to be subject to significant cumulative effects have been included in the detailed cumulative assessment provided in Section 10.9. In assessing cumulative effects all operational, consented and application schemes within 35 km of the Proposed Development (as per the LVIA assessment) have been considered. While all have been considered, only those which contribute to, or have the possibility to contribute to, cumulative effects on specific heritage assets are discussed in detail in the text.

10.4.36 As there are no specific guidelines with regard to undertaking cumulative assessment for heritage assets, this assessment has been guided by the SNH document ‘Assessing the Cumulative Impact of Onshore Wind Energy Developments (SNH 2012). Following the criteria for assessing setting impacts as set out in Table 10.6, the assessment of cumulative effects considers whether there would be an increased impact upon the setting of heritage assets as a result of adding the Proposed Development to a baseline, which may include operational, consented or application wind farm developments. Limitations to the Assessment

10.4.37 This assessment is based upon data obtained from publicly accessible archives as described in the Data Sources in Section 10.4.6 and a walkover survey. National Monument Record data was downloaded from the NMRS in August 2014 and a check for new records was undertaken in July 2015. Historic Environment Record (HER) data was received on 20th June 2014 and a check for additional records was undertaken in July 2015. The assessment does not account for any records that may have been or may be added after this date.

10.4.38 No intrusive archaeological evaluation has been undertaken to inform this assessment, as such there is the potential for hitherto unknown archaeological remains to survive within the Proposed Development area and to be disturbed by the works associated with the Proposed Development. This limitation is taken account of in Section 10.13 and Section 10.14 where measures to avoid or minimise any such effects are provided.

10.5 Baseline Conditions Context

10.5.1 As described in Chapter 3, the site of the Proposed Development is currently largely occupied by open hilly rolling moorland with minor summits including Tom nan Clach at approximately 550 m AOD with several watercourses crossing the area. Known heritage assets include a summit cairn on Tom nan Clach (Site 77) and shieling remains (Sites 67 & 69), their locations are shown on Figure 10.1. Historic map and aerial photographic evidence indicates that the site was undeveloped and entirely covered by open moorland until the late 20th century.

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Numerous grouse butts can be found in and around the Proposed Development site, evidencing the use of the area as a grouse moorland.

10.5.2 The turbine area of the Proposed Development site will be accessed across moorland from the east, from the B9007 near Dunearn Lodge. In places, existing tracks may be used. The desk-based assessment and walkover survey for the Permitted Scheme (Wood, 2007; Infinergy, 2009) identified deserted post- medieval settlement and field system remains at Upper Rhilean (Site 45) and Rhibanchor (Site 65). The B9007 overlies the route of an 18th century military road (Site 124). Prehistoric (pre-AD43)

10.5.3 While no heritage assets of certain prehistoric date are located within the Proposed Development site, a cairn located on a mound on Carn Torr Mheadhoin (Site 146) appears to be of some antiquity, and could potentially be of prehistoric origin. Within the boundary ofthe proposed borrow pit A search area at Carn Bad a’ Churaich is a small burial cairn located on top of a rounded hillock with protruding angular stones and facing stones (Site 123).

10.5.4 Within 5 km of the Proposed Development, an undesignated possible prehistoric burial cairn is recorded at Daless (Site 2) and an undesignated hut circle and an enclosure (possibly from a later period) are recorded at Carnoch Burn (Site 48), to the north. An undesignated hut circle and field system are also recorded at Carn Sgumain (Site 50). A Scheduled hut circle is recorded at Balnught (Site 33), to the north-east, while undesignated hut circles and a field system are recorded at Banchor (Site 107). A Scheduled cairn is recorded at Edinchat (Site 9) to the south-west, while an undesignated hut circle with a possible associated cairnfield, is recorded at Tom nan Cliath (Site 92). Undesignated hut circles are also recorded at Milton of Moy (Site 97). An undesignated roundhouse is recorded at Tom na Slaite (Site 13), to the west.

10.5.5 Two standing stones were recorded during survey works for a proposed wind farm at Glenkirk. The first was recorded at Tom a’ Ghealagaidh (Site 133), to the south-west, while the second (Site 143), was recorded at Glenkirk to the south of the Proposed Development.

10.5.6 There are numerous prehistoric Scheduled Monuments between 5 km and 15 km of the turbine area of the Proposed Development. These include a crannog at Eilean nan Clach (Site 24), to the west; hut circles at Drumbain Cottage (Site 26) and Soilsean (Site 27) to the south, and a late prehistoric fort at Dunearn (Site 30). There is another Scheduled fort at Dunearn (Site 57), to the north, while a Scheduled promontory fort can be found at Dun Davie (Site 147) to the north-west. Also in this direction are the Scheduled settlement, cairns and field system at Craggie Cottage (Site 148).

10.5.7 To the east, a cairn at Aitnoch (Site 60), is Scheduled with a hut circle and field system, and at Rehiran Farm House. Further Scheduled burial cairns are to be found at Rehiran Farm House (Site 61) and Shian Hillock (Site 149), to the north; at Levrattich (Site 31), to the north-east; at Woodend (Site 32), Banchor (Site 150) and at Dalarossie Cottage (Site 151), to the south-west.

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Early Historic and Early Medieval (AD43-1000)

10.5.8 There are no heritage assets of early historic or early medieval date within the Proposed Development site. However, within 5 km a Class 1 Pictish Symbol Stone was formerly located at Invereen (Site 21), to the south-west. Further afield an upright Pictish cross-slab, the Princess Stone (Site 55), which is Scheduled, is located to the north-east, near Glenferness House.

Late Medieval (AD1000-1560)

10.5.9 While no certain late medieval heritage assets are located within the Proposed Development site, to the north a possible pre-Reformation chapel is recorded at Daless (Site 1). Within 15 km there are several Scheduled Monuments of this period, including the fortified island and laird’s house of the Isle of Moy (Site 25), to the west, and Lochindorb Castle (Site 54), a stronghold of the Lords of Badenoch, to the east. To the north-west, the motte at Cantraydoune (Site 59) is also Scheduled. To the north, the ruined 14th century (perhaps late 13th century) church and graveyard of St Barevan’s Church and Churchyard, Foxmoss Wood (Site 58) is a Scheduled Monument.

Post-medieval (AD1560-1900)

10.5.10 Historic, pre-Ordnance Survey maps tend to be schematic and lack detail. Pont’s map of c.1583-96 (not illustrated) is highly schematic, and does not depict any detail at the site of the Proposed Development, but does show settlement in the valleys nearby at “Dalless”, or Daless (Site 1), “Dreynachann”, or Drynachan (Site 3), “Tyrfogrein”, or Tirfogrean (Site 118), “Balecknocken”, perhaps Ballachrochin (Site 120) and “Lyn-moir”, or Lynemore (Site 86). Gordon’s map of 1636-52 (not illustrated) is similarly schematic, but appears to show the Proposed Development site as undeveloped ground to the south-west of a river where several settlements are identifiable including “Dalless” (Site 1); “Dreynachan” (Site 3), “Lynmoir” (Site 86); “Tirfogrein” (Site 118) and “Balcknoken” (Site 120). “Pollochag”, perhaps Pollbeag (Site 7), appears to the south. To the east, the loch of “Lochna-Duyirb” or Lochindorb is depicted. Blaeu’s map of 1654 (Figure 10.4) again shows “Loch Duyrb” to the east, and the Proposed Development site as an open hilly area. Nearby settlements include “Bale-Knoken” (Site 120) and “Tyrfogown” (Site 118) to the west. “Linrlar” may be Lynemore (Site 86). Roy’s survey of 1747-52 (Figure 10.5) again depicts the Proposed Development area as hilly open undeveloped land, again with settlement in the surrounding area, including “Lynemor” (Site 86) to the north and numerous settlements along the river to the west, e.g. Tyrvogrien (Site 118); “Drynochan” (Site 3); “Dalless” (Site 1); “Quolaggan” or Quilichan (Site 119); “Ballinlaggan” or Ballaggan (Site 5) and “Ballknochan” or Ballachrochin (Site 120). “Glen Kirk” (Site 22) appears to the south. John Thomson’s map of 1830 (Figure 10.6) continues to depict the Proposed Development site as undeveloped; settlements in the vicinity include “Daleness” (Site 1); “Balenoken” (Site 120); “Tyrvogrien” (Site 118) and “Glenkeirk” (Site 22). “Pulochaig” may be Pollbeag (Site 7).

10.5.11 First Edition Ordnance Survey mapping of the 1871 (Nairnshire, Sheet XI) (not illustrated) shows a milestone (Site 111) on the west side of the road, labelled “M.S Nairn 15, Carrbridge 10 ½” at the roadside near the proposed access entrance. The First Edition Ordnance Survey mapping (Nairnshire, Sheets X &

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XII) of 1871-6 (Figure 10.7) shows the turbine area of the Proposed Development as open hills, with numerous watercourses. A track (Site 110) with fords over streams, including Allt an t-Sragain Mhor, can be seen to cross the access track of the Proposed Development.

10.5.12 The New Statistical Account indicates that the parish of Cawdor, within which the Proposed Development site is located, was owned by two proprietors, the Earl of Cawdor and Sir John Rose of Holme (McLauchlan, 1842), and that the census of 1841 identified a population of 1150, for the entire parish, generally involved in agriculture (McLauchlan, 1842). It notes the use of peat for fuel (McLauchlan, 1842).

10.5.13 According to the ES for the Permitted Scheme, remains of the extensive post- medieval farm settlement of Upper Rhilean/Rhilean Burn (Site 45/83), comprising footings of structures and enclosures, are located in the vicinity of the access route for the Proposed Development. It is noted that, “Wall or dyke footings appear to lie across the line of the access track” (Infinergy, 2009). Nearby are remains of peat cutting (Site 79) and a linear feature and shielings (Site 84). Similarly, the post-medieval farming settlement of Rhibanchor (Site 65) is located along the access route: “Wall footings relating to former buildings and field enclosures appear to lie on both sides of the Rhilean burn and adjacent to the modern vehicle track.” (Infinergy, 2009). Nearby is a D-shaped drystone enclosure (Site 78). The present route of the B9007 overlies the Duthil-Dulsie Military Road (Site 124).

10.5.14 Various shieling huts were identified both within the Proposed Development site (Sites 67 & 69), and in the surrounding area (Sites 70-73 & 84) during survey work for the Permitted Scheme in 2007 and 2009 (Wood, 2007; Infinergy, 2009).

10.5.15 In addition to the settlements visible on historic pre-Ordnance Survey mapping, the NMRS and HER record numerous post-medieval farmsteads within 5 km of the Proposed Development, indicating that the general area has seen substantial agricultural activity. These include Kincraig (Site 6); Battanmaceachain (Site 12); Shenachie (Site 14), associated with a settlement (Site 15) and ropeway (Site 16); Ruthven (Site 37); Allt Bad na Staing (Sites 40 & 41); Rhilean Burn (Site 44), located to the north of the Proposed Development access; Drynachan (Site 49); Knockandhu (Site 51); Carnoch (Site 52); Carn nan Clach Garbha (Site 81); Badnonan (Site 82); Torgarrow (Site 87); Achandallan Cottage (Site 96); Milton of Moy (Site 98); Dalbuie (Site 105); Druim an Tuirc (Site 139) and Allt Bruachaig (Site 140). Many of these are concentrated along valleys and watercourses. The farmstead remains at Alltlaoigh (Site 47), to the south-east of the Proposed Development, are Scheduled.

10.5.16 Within 5 km and south-west of the Proposed Development is the Scheduled depopulated settlement of Ruthven (Site 19), a well preserved post-medieval township. The HER records another point nearby as a settlement (Site 99). Also nearby are the undesignated post-medieval townships of Invereen (Site 20), Balvraid (Site 23), Edinchat (Site 38), Croftdhu (Site 94) and Milton of Moy (Site 100). To the east remains of the township of Leonach (Site 88) are also undesignated. To the north, the 19th century township of Carn a’ Mhais Leathain (Site 102) is not designated. To the north-east, the depopulated settlement at

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Little Banchor (Site 34) is Scheduled. Beyond 5 km, the deserted township at Soilsean (Site 27) is Scheduled.

10.5.17 The importance of game hunting and shooting to the area is indicated by the presence of such features as Drynachan Lodge (Site 53), to the north. Further to the north-west, copper slag has been found at Kishorn (Site 101) evidencing copper working activity of perhaps post-medieval date, while to the north-east there is a suspension bridge south of Banchor (Site 109).

10.5.18 Within 15 km of the Proposed Development, the depopulated settlement of Easter Rattich (Site 63) is Scheduled. Both the Old Packhorse Bridge at Carrbridge (Site 28) and Sluggan Bridge (Site 29), which cross over the River Dulnain, are Scheduled Monuments of 18th century date. Both are also Listed Buildings, the latter being Category A Listed. To the north-east, the 18th century military road bridge at Burnside (Site 62) is Scheduled while Ardclach Bell Tower (Site 35), which dates to the 17th century, is both Scheduled and Category A Listed. The nearby Ardclach Parish Church is a Category B Listed Building of 19th century date.

10.5.19 Further Listed Buildings of post-medieval date within 15 km of the Proposed Development are numerous, though most lie outwith the ZTV for the Proposed Development. Of note are several country houses including the Category A Listed Glenferness House (Site 153), to the north-east of the Proposed Development, with its associated Category B Listed Stables (Site 154); Walled Garden and Gardener’s House (Site 155) and Gate Lodge, Gate Piers and Entrance Gates (Site 156). To the south-west of the Proposed Development, Kyllachy House (Site 157) is a 19th century Listed Building incorporating an earlier core.

10.5.20 To the north-west of the Proposed Development is the Inventory Battlefield of Culloden (Site 64), the location of the climactic battle of the 1745-6 Jacobite rebellion. Part of the battlefield is also a Conservation Area (Site 159). To the north of the Proposed Development the village of Cawdor is also a Conservation Area (Site 158). The Inventory Garden and Designed Landscape of Cawdor Castle (Site 116) originated in the 17th century and has developed in the subsequent centuries. The Inventory Garden of Dalcross Castle (Site 117) comprises a Designed Landscape that originated in the 18th century. Modern (AD1900-present)

10.5.21 Second Edition Ordnance Survey mapping of 1906 (Elginshire Sheet XXIV.SW; Nairnshire Sheet XI.SE) (not illustrated) continues to show a milestone (Site 111) near the access to the Proposed Development. Second Edition mapping of 1906 depicting the turbine area of the Proposed Development (Nairnshire Sheet X.SE 7 XII.NE) (not illustrated) shows no change to the previous mapping. Ordnance Survey mapping of 1973-1975 (oldmaps 2014) (not illustrated) again shows no significant change, apart from the development of tracks in the area; there is no woodland or forestry in the Proposed Development site. Several lines of grouse butts can be seen both within the turbine area and in and around the proposed borrow pit adjacent the B9007. Up-to-date mapping depicts a rectangular structure (Site 110) adjacent a track on the access route of the Proposed Development; this is a modern hut. A rectangular feature on the access track route to the east of the Proposed Development area was found to be a turf platform (Site 114) during the walkover survey in June 2014.

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10.5.22 Heritage assets of likely modern date located within the Proposed Development area include this turf platform (Site 114) a walker’s cairn (Site 77) and two quarry scoops (Sites 161 and 162).

10.5.23 Within 5 km of the Proposed Development, there are recorded crash sites of aircraft near the River Findhorn (Sites 17 & 18) and at Carn a Choire Moire (Site 91).

10.5.24 Survey work in the surrounding area has identified several cairns (Sites 75 & 76) (Wood, 2007).

Undated Remains

10.5.25 A cairn (Site 68), possibly natural, was encountered during earlier survey work in the Proposed Development area (Wood, 2007).

10.5.26 Field system remains, often including clearance cairns, of uncertain date, are recorded at various locations within 5 km of the Proposed Development, including Edinchat (Site 8); Tom na Slaite (Site 10); Maol an Tailleir (Site 11); Druim an Tuirc (Site 39); Lynemore (Site 85); Tom nan Cliath (Site 93); Tom a’ Ghealagaidh (Site 95) and Balvraid (Sites 135 & 136). Groups of cairns are recorded at Badnonan (Site 89); Allt Laoigh (Site 90); Shearleat (Site 103) and Little Banchor (Site 106). These could be prehistoric features but their date is uncertain.

10.5.27 Within 15 km, the Scheduled circular enclosure and terrace at Auchnahannet (Site 56), locally believed to be a church, to the south-east of the Proposed Development, is also of unclear date. Previous Archaeological Surveys

10.5.28 In 2007 a desk-based assessment was undertaken in advance of the Permitted Scheme (Site 80) (Wood, 2007). A further walkover survey (Infinergy, 2009) was undertaken in 2009 of the proposed access route. These works recorded two shielings (Sites 67 & 69), a possible cairn (Site 68) and a summit cairn (Site 77) within the Proposed Development area, as well as several further cairns, shielings and other features further afield.

10.5.29 In 2004 a walkover survey and desk-based assessment was undertaken for the proposed Glenkirk Wind Farm (Site 131), which extended into the south of the Proposed Development site. In 2007, the proposed access track for the Glenkirk Wind Farm (Site 132) was also the subject of desk-based assessment and walkover survey. The HER records both a walkover survey at Balvraid (Site 130) and a photographic survey of Balvraid Steading (Site 129) to the south-west of the Proposed Development, as well as a walkover survey at Moy Estate (Site 128) to the north-west.

10.5.30 All previous archaeological survey areas are shown on Figure 10.2.

Aerial Photographic Evidence

10.5.31 A search of vertical aerial photographs held by the RCAHMS identified images dating from 1946 to 1988 which depicted the land within and immediately surrounding the Proposed Development.

10.5.32 The photographs indicated that the area of the Proposed Development has been largely covered by moorland from the mid-1940s onwards, with drainage lines

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commonly visible. In images from 1988 (Sortie ASS/610/88; Frame 073) plantation furrows are visible in the south-west of the Proposed Development, where commercial forestry plantation can now be found. The area of the borrow pit search area A was also covered by open moorland until late in the 20th century. The route of a track (Site 110) visible on historic Ordnance Survey maps could be seen crossing the access track at its western extent in numerous images (e.g. Sortie 106G/UK/0169; Frame 3118, dated 1946). Over time, the network of tracks in the north and south-east of the turbine area could be seen to develop (e.g. OS/67/165; Frames 088-090; dated 1967).

10.5.33 Two indistinct features were visible on aerial photographs of 1948 (Sortie 541/A/0435; Frame 4119) and 1954 (Sortie 540/1385; Frame F22: 0104) near the proposed access route at Allt Lag Liatre (Sites 121 & 122). They appeared to be three-sided features open to the north and west respectively. These were found during the walkover survey in June 2014 to be areas of peat cutting (or erosion). Walkover Survey

10.5.34 A walkover survey was undertaken of the Proposed Development area on 24th and 25th June 2014. The walkover area also included the originally proposed extensions to the north and south (now removed from the Proposed Development) and adjacent access routes. The weather was sunny and dry with excellent visibility. A walkover of the proposed borrow pit search area A was undertaken on 25th May 2015 in clear dry conditions with good visibility. The Proposed Development site was found to comprise open hilly moorland, with large areas of eroding peat, and numerous small watercourses. Evidence of former forestry in the area was found in extensive remains of tree roots visible in eroding peat haggs, though it is likely that the reduction and removal of tree cover took place in the later prehistoric period. The proposed borrow pit search area comprises dispersed immature coniferous plantation interspersed with open areas of heather moorland and peat bog with frequent dead coniferous trees.

10.5.35 The 19th century track (Site 110) seen to cross the access route to the east of the Proposed Development area, on the First Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1871-76 (Nairnshire, Sheet X) (Figure 10.7) is still utilised and maintained today and is part of a large network of gravel tracks that cross the moorland. Small modern quarries located at the sides of these tracks demonstrate their continued maintenance. Adjacent to the access route for the Proposed Development, a rectangular structure is shown, adjacent to the track (Site 110), on the 1:10,000 Ordnance Survey map of 1975. During the walkover survey, a modern wooden hut was seen at this location (288855, 836187). To the south of the track that runs towards the southern part of the Proposed Development, a rectangular structure is visible on modern mapping. While no structure is now visible, a sub- rectangular earth mound (Site 114), measuring c. 20 m NE/SW by 15 m NW/SE and between 0.7 and 1.0 m in height, was visible to the south of the track (Plate 1; Appendix 10.3), opposite an area of likely recent peat cutting. It may represent a platform for a temporary 20th century structure, not now present.

10.5.36 Immediately north of the access route for the Proposed Development at 288326, 836640 are the remains of a probable cairn 0.3 m high and 5 m diameter (Site 112) (Plate 2; Appendix 10.3). A circular earthwork ring feature (Site 113),

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measuring 5 m in diameter and 0.3 m high and associated earthwork bank were recorded at 288347, 836599 (Plate 3; Appendix 10.3). Several stones were visible in the bank, concentrated on the south side of the feature; it may be an eroded cairn or roundhouse feature. It is possible that both these features are prehistoric in origin. To the south of the access track, and outwith the Proposed Development, are the sites two indistinct features, visible on aerial photographs of 1948 (Sortie 541/A/0435; Frame 4119) and 1954 (Sortie 540/1385; Frame F22: 0104), were found to be the areas of possible peat cutting or erosion (Sites 121 & 122). There is a smaller possible peat cut near the access track at Allt Lag Liatre (Site 126).

10.5.37 Several small drystone cairns, located outwith the Proposed Development site, were identified on summits and minor prominences (Sites 115 & 125); these are likely to be walkers’ or shepherds’ cairns. A cairn at Carn Torr Mheadhoin (Site 146), just south-west of the Proposed Development, may potentially be of early origin (Plate 4; Appendix 10.3). A possible cairn (Site 68) identified in the south of the Proposed Development during a walkover for the Permitted Scheme was not clearly visible, though a raised area, apparently natural, was seen. Nearby, a shieling (Site 67) identified during the earlier survey work was apparent (Plate 5; Appendix 10.3), though another shieling (Site 69) could not be located. However, the drystone remains of a possible shieling (Site 160) were identified nearby (Plate 6; Appendix 10.3), just outside the Proposed Development site.

10.5.38 Outwith the Proposed Development site, a 10 m wide peat cut (Site 144) was visible within a clearing in modern forestry. Within another clearing, again outwith the Proposed Development site, a possible stone structure, perhaps a shieling (Site 145), was identified on the banks of Allt Seileach under an eroding face on which stone tumble was apparent. A line of stones (varying between c.0.1 m and 1.0 m in size) was visible running roughly north/south (Plate 7; Appendix 10.3) to the east of the stream and at the side of a 2 m high sub- rectangular mound, for which the putative wall line formed a western border. The mound was covered in dense vegetation but stones were identified on its surface. Tentatively, a rectangular structure measuring 7 m north/south by c. 10 m east/west was identified, though it is possible that this represents stone tumble. While structures or drainage features are depicted to the north of the forestry at Carn Torr Mheadhoin, on Ordnance Survey mapping of the mid 1970s, during the survey only scattered fence posts and peat erosion was visible, suggesting that this was a temporary feature. Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Importance

10.5.39 The Cultural Heritage Importance of the heritage known within the Proposed Development site has been classified according to the method shown in Table 10.2 and the results are shown in Table 10.9 below.

Table 10.9 – Cultural Heritage Importance of Heritage Assets within the Development Site

Site No. Site Name Status Description Importance

45/83 Upper Non-designated Settlement Regional Rhilean/Rhilean

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Site No. Site Name Status Description Importance

65 Rhibanchor Non-designated Settlement Regional

67 Tom nan Clach Non-designated Sheiling Hut Local

68 Tom nan Clach Non-designated Possible Cairn Negligible

69 Tom nan Clach Non-designated Sheiling Hut Local

77 Tom nan Clach Non-designated Summit Cairn Negligible

78 Rhibanchor Non-designated Drystone Local enclosure

110 Allt an t-Sragaim Non-designated Tracks; Ford Negligible Mhor

123 Carn Bad a' Non-designated Cairn Regional Churaich

126 Allt Lag Liatre Non-designated Peat Cut Negligible (Possible)

161 Tomlachlan 1 Non-designated Quarry Scoop Negligible

162 Tomlachlan 2 Non-designated Quarry Scoop Negligible

10.5.40 The settlement remains recorded near the access track at Upper Rhilean (Site 45) and Rhibanchor (Site 65) are judged to be of potentially regional importance, as examples of post-medieval settlement.

10.5.41 The cairn at Carn Bad a' Churaich within borrow pit search area A is a prehistoric burial cairn of probable Bronze Age date and is potentially of regional importance due its ability to inform about prehistoric burial practices in the region.

10.5.42 The remains of shieling huts (Sites 67 & 69) and a drystone enclosure (Site 78) are judged to be of at most local importance, given their ability to inform regarding the post-medieval pastoral economy. Other undesignated structures, including a walker’s cairn, track (Site 110) a potential peat cut (Site 126), and two quarry scoops (Sites 161 and 162) are examples of common features of at most negligible importance. The possible cairn (Site 68) appears to be a natural feature and is likely to be of no more than negligible importance.

10.6 Potential Effects Construction Effects

10.6.1 Construction effects on cultural heritage receptors are largely limited to direct impacts on heritage assets. The Proposed Development has been designed to avoid direct impacts on known heritage assets where possible. Table 10.10 below summarises the predicted construction effects on known heritage assets.

Table 10.10 – Summary of Impacts upon Remains within Proposed Development Site

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Site No. Site Name Importance Magnitude of Construction Impact Effect

45/83 Upper Regional Low Minor Rhilean/Rhilean

65 Rhibanchor Regional Low Minor

67 Tom nan Clach Local None No effect

68 Tom nan Clach Negligible None No effect

69 Tom nan Clach Local None No effect

77 Tom nan Clach Negligible None No effect

78 Rhibanchor Local None No effect

110 Allt an t-Sragaim Negligible Marginal Negligible Mhor

123 Carn Bad a' Regional Low Minor Churaich

126 Allt Lag Liatre Negligible None No effect

161 Tomlachlan 1 Negligible Low Negligible

162 Tomlachlan 1 Negligible Low Negligible

10.6.2 The proposed access route crosses in close proximity to the settlement remains at Upper Rhilean (Site 45/83) and, while it avoids the majority of structural remains, it has the potential to cause minor detectable impacts to the remains of field systems and wall footings leading to the loss of information content. This would be an impact of low magnitude and a minor effect, which is not significant. The proposed access route would also run in close proximity to the remains of the post-medieval settlement at Rhibanchor deserted settlement (Site 65). Wall footings relating to former buildings and enclosures are located either side of the existing tracks and further works in this area would potentially lead to a loss of information content. This would be an impact of low magnitude and a minor effect, which is not significant.

10.6.3 The proposed borrow pit search area A includes the location of a prehistoric burial cairn at Carn Bad a' Churaich. Although the borrow pit works will avoid the cairn they will pass in close proximity to the prehistoric monument and have the potential to cause minor detectable impacts to the remains of deposits associated with the cairn leading to a potential loss of information content. This would be an impact of low magnitude and a minor effect, which is not significant. The borrow pit works may also impact upon the remains of two quarry scoops (Sites 161 and 62) relating to access track construction and of negligible value. Both quarry scoops were photographed and recorded as part of this assessment and as such any additional information content lost during groundbreaking works

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during the development would be minimal. This would be an impact of low magnitude and a negligible effect, which is not significant.

10.6.4 The proposed access route also crosses the line of a track marked on 19th century maps (Site 110). This would result in a very slight loss of information content. This would be an impact of marginal magnitude and a negligible effect, which is not significant.

10.6.5 The B9007 off which both the access track and borrow pit search area A are located overlies the route of an 18th century military road (Site 124) and it is possible that remains of the road extend to within the footprint of the access track and/or borrow pit. Given the existence of prehistoric and later remains in the vicinity of the Proposed Development, including the cairn at Carn Bad a ‘ Churaich (Site 123) within borrow pit search area A, and the post-medieval settlements at Upper Rhilean and Rhibanchor (Sites 45 and 65/83), it is possible that, in addition to the heritage assets identified in this report, as yet unknown buried archaeological remains may survive within the Proposed Development area, in particular in proximity to the known remains around the proposed access route and borrow pit search area A. Additionally, there is potential for sub- surface remains to survive under peat, which has remained undisturbed in recent years.

10.6.6 The presence of extensive tree root remains within eroding peat haggs evidences the potential for historic palaeo-environmental evidence to be contained within and underlying the peat that covers the majority of the site. A former forestry plantation in the area of borrow pit search area A is likely to have disturbed or destroyed archaeological remains or deposits and archaeological potential within the borrow pit area search area is limited.

Operational Effects

10.6.7 Operational effects include impacts upon the settings of designated assets such as Listed Buildings, Scheduled Monuments, Conservation Areas and Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes and Inventory Battlefields. No direct effects upon designated or non-designated assets are anticipated during the operational phase. While there are no protected heritage assets within the Proposed Development site, this assessment has identified five Scheduled Monuments within 5 km of the Proposed Development (Figure 10.2): Edinchat, cairn 415 m NNW of chambered cairn (Scheduled Monument 11734) (Site 9); Alltlaoigh, farmstead 1990 m NE of Cnapan a' Choire Odhair Bhig (Scheduled Monument 11878) (Site 47); Balnught, hut circle 1225 m ENE of (Scheduled Monument 11798) (Site 33); Little Banchor, depopulated settlement 1130 m WSW of Banchor (Scheduled Monument 11818) (Site 34) and Ruthven, depopulated township 600 m S of (Scheduled Monument 11901) (Site 19). All of these, with the exception of Little Banchor (Site 34) are located within the ZTV of the Proposed Development.

10.6.8 Designated assets between 5 km and 15 km from the Proposed Development turbines (Figure 10.3), with the potential for significant indirect effects were considered. Study of ZTV data has identified that there would be no visibility of turbines from two Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes, Cawdor Castle (Site 116) and Dalcross Castle (Site 117), which are both located to the north of the Proposed Development. The Inventory Battlefield of Culloden (Site 64) also

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lies within 15 km, but is located outwith the ZTV. While there are over 100 Listed Buildings or elements of such structures within 15 km and an additional 44 Scheduled Monuments (see Appendix 10.4 for details) and two Conservation Areas located between 5 km and 15 km of the turbine area, the majority of these designated assets (including both the Conservation Areas at Cawdor and Culloden (Sites 158 & 159) do not lie within the ZTV. Furthermore several of the Listed Buildings that lie within the ZTV have been judged to not be susceptible to significant effects on their settings, due to factors including limited sensitivity of several Listed Buildings (such as farmhouses, bridges and an AA sentry box), to changes to their wider setting; distance from the Proposed Development, and the likelihood of limited, if any, intervisibility.

10.6.9 From those designated heritage assets between 5km and 15km which are enumerated in the paragraph above, a total of eleven Scheduled Monuments (one of which is also Listed), in addition to the four noted in Paragraph 10.6.6, have been identified for inclusion in the detailed setting assessment. Six Listed Buildings between 5km and 15km have also been identified for detailed assessment. This is because these assets have the potential to incur greater than negligible effects on their settings. These designated heritage assets are included in Table 10.11 below and a qualitative discussion of their sensitivity to change and the potential effects upon their setting resulting from the Proposed Development is provided.

10.6.10 A summary of the predicted impacts and effects upon the settings of designated cultural heritage assets by the Proposed Development is provided in Table 10.11.

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Table 10.11 - Summary of the Predicted Operational Effects upon the Settings of Selected Heritage Assets by the Proposed Development

Site Name and Status No of Distance to Other factors affecting setting Relative Magnitude Operational No Turbines Nearest sensitivity of setting Effect Visible turbine impact

9 Edinchat, cairn; 7-9 5.2 km Open views across the landscape. Medium Low Minor Scheduled Turbine tips would be seen beyond Monument the watershed of the wider setting of the cairn.

19 Ruthven, 1-3 4.8 km Adjacent forestry to east of Low Marginal No effect depopulated settlement will inhibit views. township; Scheduled Monument

27 Soilsean, deserted 10-12 7.7 km Rising ground and summit of Carn a Low Low Negligible township and hut Choire Mhoir would block lower circles; Scheduled portions of turbines. Monument

30 Dunearn fort; 1-3 8.3 km Mature trees on fort summit restrict High Marginal Minor Scheduled views out across the landscape. Monument

31 Levrattich, cairn; 13 12.6 km Setting dominated by electricity Medium Low Minor Scheduled pylons and woodland. Monument

33 Balnaught, hut 13 5.7 km Steeply rising slope above River Medium Medium Minor- circle; Scheduled Findhorn will block bases of some Moderate Monument towers.

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Site Name and Status No of Distance to Other factors affecting setting Relative Magnitude Operational No Turbines Nearest sensitivity of setting Effect Visible turbine impact

35 Ardclach Bell 13 13 km Surrounded by mature deciduous High Marginal Minor Tower; Scheduled woodland which along with Monument topography would block views of most of turbines.

47 Alltlaoigh, 10-12 5.6 km Open views across landscape. Rising Medium Medium Minor- farmstead; landform will block views of lower Moderate Scheduled parts of turbine bases. Monument

54 Lochindorb Castle; 13 10.8 km Open views towards Proposed High Low Minor- Scheduled Development beyond forestry Moderate Monument plantation.

60 Aitnoch, cairn, hut 1-3 12.1 km Located in rough pasture. Forestry Medium Marginal Negligible circle and field and intervening topography will system; Scheduled partially block views of turbines. Monument

62 Burnside, bridge; 13 8.9 km Located in low lying pasture Low None No effect Scheduled surrounded by trees which prevent Monument any views towards the Proposed Development either form the monument or on approach.

147 Dun Davie fort; 4-6 14.2 km Setting currently dominated by Medium Marginal Negligible Scheduled quarry operations to the south. Monument

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Site Name and Status No of Distance to Other factors affecting setting Relative Magnitude Operational No Turbines Nearest sensitivity of setting Effect Visible turbine impact

149 Shian Hillock, 10-12 14.8 km Located in open agricultural land. High Marginal Minor cairn; Scheduled Distant views of Proposed Monument. Development.

150 Banchor, cairn; 7-9 13.7 km Located on slight rise in landscape Medium Marginal Negligible Scheduled overlooking River Findhorn. Rising Monument. ground to south limits views towards the Proposed Development. The proposed development would not be seen on approach to the cairn.

151 Dalarossie 10-12 14 km Located on north facing slope Medium Marginal Negligible Cottage; overlooking River Findhorn. Rising Scheduled partially wooded ground to south Monument severely limits views towards the Proposed Development. The Proposed Development would not be seen on approach to the cairn.

152 Ardclach Parish 1-3 13.1 km Set on roadside surrounded by Medium None No effect Church; Category woodland, which along with B Listed Building topography prevents any intervisibility with Proposed Development.

153 Glenferness 10-12 10.1 km Set within mature parkland policies High None No effect House; Category A which inhibit visibility out towards the Listed Building Proposed Development.

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Site Name and Status No of Distance to Other factors affecting setting Relative Magnitude Operational No Turbines Nearest sensitivity of setting Effect Visible turbine impact

154 Glenferness 10-12 10.1 km Set within mature parkland policies Low None No effect House, Stables: which inhibit visibility out towards the Category B Listed Proposed Development. Building

155 Glenferness House 10-12 10.1 km Set within mature parkland policies Low None No effect Walled Garden and which inhibit visibility out towards the Gardener’s House; Proposed Development. Category B Listed Building

156 Glenferness House 13 11.2 km Set within mature scots pine Low None No effect Gate Lodge, Gate woodland. Piers and Entrance gates; Category B Listed Building

157 Kyllachy House; 4-6 11.1 km Open views south over valley towards Medium Marginal Negligible Category C Listed Proposed Development. Building.

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10.6.11 The remains of the 13th century Lochindorb Castle (Site 54) are set on an island in Lochindorb Loch. The castle survives as a stone built quadrilateral enclosure with round towers at its corners. The entrance gateway to the castle is placed within the east wall and gives access to the landing stage on the loch shore. The castle is a prominent feature within the loch and is a highly visible feature when viewed from across the landscape. Owing to its location within the loch, the castle was not accessed during the assessment visits but it was viewed and assessed from the loch shore and on approach to the loch from south, south-west, east, north and north-west. The immediate setting of the castle comprises the island, loch and gently sloping sides of the loch shore with the wider setting comprising open moorland hills which rise most steeply to the west. Coniferous forestry plantation to the west features in views of the castle from the east with upland heather moorland hills beyond, including those of the Proposed Development. The setting to the north features the operational turbines of Berry Burn and Paul’s Hill wind farms, seen against a backdrop of moorland hills and occasionally against the skyline. The loch setting of the castle contributes directly to an understanding and appreciation of the defensive nature of the castle and its control over adjacent lands. It is of high sensitivity to changes in its setting.

10.6.12 The photomontage (Viewpoint 15, Figure 6.45 and Figure 6.62) shows that all 13 turbines would be seen behind the castle when viewed from the east. The turbines would appear above the skyline and all turbines would be seen to hub height although the towers of turbines 6, 7 and 10-12 would be hidden by the intervening landform. Visibility from within the castle itself would be limited to the west of the castle and the turbines would not be seen in views from its main east entrance. The turbines would be seen at a distance of 10.8 km and would be beyond those elements of setting that contribute directly to the understanding of the castle. The magnitude of impact is judged to be low and the effect would be minor-moderate and not significant.

10.6.13 Allt Laoigh Farm, Kiln barn and limekiln (Site 47), comprises a post-medieval rural settlement visible as upstanding remains in remote open moorland on the west bank of a tributary of Alt Laoigh. Although such remote locations often accommodate only temporary settlement, the complexity of the remains is indicative of pre-clearance permanent settlement. The setting of this settlement relates to the surrounding moorland, the remoteness of which, at least in part, contributes to an observer’s understanding of post-medieval settlement in upland marginal areas. The remains are judged to be of medium sensitivity to changes in their setting.

10.6.14 The ZTV indicates that 10-12 turbines of the Proposed Development would be seen 5.8 km north-west of the settlement beyond the valley of the Allt Laoigh Burn which comprises its immediate setting, but in the wider upland moorland setting of the remains. The change although perceptible, would be beyond the elements that contribute directly to an observer’s understanding of the settlement location and would constitute a medium magnitude of impact. The effect would be minor-moderate and not significant.

10.6.15 Balnaught hut circle and associated field clearance heaps (Site 33) comprise the remains of a domestic prehistoric settlement located on gently sloping upland

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marginal land, above the steeply sloped banks of the River Findhorn. The setting of these remains relates to the surrounding moorland, the remoteness of which, in contrast to the fertile valley below, at least in part, contributes to an observer’s understanding of prehistoric settlement in an upland landscape. The remains are judged to be of medium sensitivity to changes in their immediate setting.

10.6.16 Ten to twelve turbines of the Proposed Development would be visible 5.7 km south of the hut circle. This would constitute a significant alteration to the wider setting but would be beyond those elements that contribute directly to our understanding of the remains and the magnitude of impact would be medium. The effect would be minor-moderate and not significant

10.6.17 Edinchat cairn (Site 9) is located on the summit of a small hill in rough pasture. It measures roughly 9 m in diameter and is 0.4 m high. A modern walkers’ cairn has been placed on top of the monument lending it greater height and visibility, although it cannot be seen on approach from any direction until within 50 m. As a ritual burial monument, the cairn retains a high potential for preservation of archaeological evidence which could enhance our understanding of Bronze Age funerary practices and how such monuments were placed within the landscape. The deliberate positioning of the cairn on top of a small hill with clear views over the valley below is indicative that setting was a key consideration in the siting of this monument. The denuded condition of the cairn, alongside the imposition of a modern walkers cairn, somewhat diminish the field characteristics of this monument in the landscape and it is of medium relative sensitivity.

10.6.18 The ZTV indicates that up to nine turbines would be visible from the cairn. They would be seen on the skyline at a distance of 5.2 km above open heather moorlands and beyond commercial forestry plantation which is visible in the foreground. The change to the setting of the cairn would not materially affect an observer’s ability to understand, appreciate and experience it and as such the impact would be at worst of low magnitude. The effect would be minor and not significant.

10.6.19 Shian Hillock cairn (Site 149) is visible as a distinct grass covered mound within a ploughed field above the Muckle Burn. As a prominent well preserved ritual burial monument the cairn retains a high potential for preservation of archaeological evidence which could enhance our understanding of Bronze Age funerary practices and how such monuments were placed within the landscape. The immediate setting of the cairn comprises the arable fields in which it is located with improved pasture interspersed with small areas of conifer and deciduous woodland plantation and some isolated settlement. The wider setting extends to include the forested hills with remote upland moorlands including the Proposed Development site visible in the distance. The deliberate positioning of the cairn above the burn with clear views across the landscape both to and from it, is indicative that visual setting and visibility within the landscape were key considerations in the siting of this monument. It is of high sensitivity to changes in its setting.

10.6.20 The ZTV indicates that 10-12 turbines would be seen at distance of 14.8 km from the cairn and on its approach. They would be barely perceptible and would be seen beyond any elements of setting that contribute directly to the cultural value

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or understanding of the cairn. The magnitude of impact would be marginal. The effect would be minor and not significant.

10.6.21 Dunearn hill fort (Site 30) is located on the summit of a prominent rocky outcrop east of the River Findhorn. The outcrop commands a strategic prominent position owing to its relatively isolated elevated location above the lower lying fertile land along the Findhorn valley and lends an associated prominence and strategic importance to the fort. The remains of two lines of defence around the perimeter of the fort can be traced although the interior is now featureless as a consequence of later ploughing. Although somewhat damaged by the ploughing of its interior, the monument is clearly legible within its current setting and its command of panoramic views across the surrounding landscape contributes to the understanding of its strategic placement. Its location allows clear views over the rich agricultural land in the Findhorn valley, contemporary settlement and key communication routes. The fort is of high relative sensitivity.

10.6.22 The ZTV indicates that up to three turbines would be visible from the fort. The turbines would occupy a small proportion of the wider setting of the fort and any views of turbines would be impeded in summer months when deciduous trees would partially block views out. The steep ascent required to access the fort and moderately steep valley sides east of the River Findhorn would prevent any views of the Proposed Development on approach to the fort. The wider setting of Dunearn hill fort would thus be marginally altered by the Proposed Development and the magnitude of impact is similarly judged to be marginal. The effect would be minor and not significant.

10.6.23 Levrattich cairn (Site 31) is a grass and nettle covered mound located on a plateau within improved pasture. The monument survives in good condition and is visible from across the landscape when approached from the north, east and south. The ground rises behind the cairn to the west and visibility from approach in this direction is limited by topography. As a prehistoric burial cairn it is probable that the extensive views across the landscape were a key factor in the siting of the cairn. The immediate setting of the cairn comprises the pasture field in which it is located with large electricity pylons running north-west to south- east, the nearest at a distance of approximately 50 m from south-west of the cairn. The wider setting comprises a mixture of coniferous and deciduous woodland interspersed with improved pasture and dispersed settlement with upland moorland hills rising beyond. Owing to its location within a relatively complex landscape with its immediate setting dominated by a large electricity pylon, the cairn is judged to be of medium sensitivity to changes in its setting.

10.6.24 The Proposed Development would be seen at a distance of 12.6 km beyond rolling moorland hills above which 13 turbines would be seen on the skyline. This is judged to be a small alteration beyond those elements of setting that contribute to the understanding of the cairn and is judged to be of low magnitude. The effect would be minor and not significant.

10.6.25 Ardclach Bell Tower (Site 35) is a very well preserved mid-17th century, unusual bell tower associated with the Covenanters. The tower is sited on a prominent knoll overlooking the steep banks of the River Findhorn to its south. It is signposted from the road and a well maintained footpath and stairs provide access to the tower where an interpretation board is located and access to the

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interior can be gained. The immediate setting of the tower comprises the knoll on which it is located, alongside the steeply sloping hill slopes which are occupied by mature deciduous and conifer trees. The ground rises behind the tower to the north where its setting is defined by mature trees. The wider setting of the tower comprises views over the River Findhorn valley and beyond, dominated by coniferous woodland interspersed with occasional pasture and isolated farm buildings with low moorland hills visible beyond. A line of electricity pylons cross the River Findhorn valley running north-west to south-east and are visible from the tower. The relatively isolated and elevated setting of the tower contributes to our understanding of it as a watch tower, belfry and prison and it is of high sensitivity to changes in its setting.

10.6.26 The Proposed Development would be situated on moorland hills at 13 km distance and would be seen beyond the wider setting of the tower. The steep approach to the tower would prevent any views of the Proposed Development on approach to the tower. The magnitude of impact would be marginal. The effect would be minor and not significant.

10.6.27 Aitnoch cairn, hut circle and field system (Site 60) are located in heather moorland on the moderately sloping hillside above Dorback burn and overlooking Lochindorb to the south. The placing of prehistoric settlements such as Aitnoch was to a large extent determined by their function, though an allowance has to be made for the positioning of the site in an elevated valley. Such a positioning may indicate that it was placed so as to appear prominent within the adjacent valley of the Dorback Burn. The ability to exact control over the valley may have also been a consideration. The remains are therefore judged to be of medium sensitivity to changes beyond their immediate valley setting.

10.6.28 The ZTV indicates that between one and three turbines would be visible at a distance of 12.1 km from the more elevated elements of the Scheduled area around the cairn. Owing to the low lying nature of surrounding land the turbines would not be viewed on approach to the cairn except from the south when they would be seen offset to the east of the settlement and not in the same view. The turbines, where visible, would be seen beyond those elements of the setting that contribute to the understanding of the prehistoric settlement and impacts would be of marginal magnitude. The effect would be negligible and not significant.

10.6.29 Sites 150 and 151 comprise prehistoric burial cairns set on a north facing slope above the River Findhorn valley. Site 150 occupies a small hilltop plateau affording it extensive views across the landscape. The cairn is relatively well preserved and survives to nearly 1 m in height and it is visible in rough pasture on approach and across the landscape from other nearby prehistoric monuments and post-medieval settlement. Site 151 stands on a steeper slope south of Site 150 and is similarly well preserved and visible across the landscape. Both cairns are ritual burial monuments located in close proximity to other archaeological features. The immediate setting of both cairns comprises the rough open moorland slopes on which they and other nearby archaeological sites are located. The wider setting primarily relates to views over and along the River Findhorn valley with upland moorland hills rising beyond. The cairns are of medium sensitivity to changes beyond their immediate settings.

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10.6.30 The Proposed Development would be seen from and on approach to the cairns from the south-west at a distance of 13.7 km and 14 km respectively. The Proposed Development would be located north-east of the cairns beyond the wider setting of the River Findhorn to which the cairns relate. Therefore, the magnitude of impact is judged to be marginal. The effect on both cairns would be negligible and not significant.

10.6.31 The Category A Listed Kyllachy House (Site 157) is a Victorian sporting lodge set above the River Findhorn within native woodland with extensive south facing views across the valley. The land rises behind the house and views in this direction are limited. The main elevation faces south away from the Proposed Development and features the fertile cultivated land of the river valley floor, with steeply rising moorland hills beyond. These extensive views across land still used for hunting and fishing contribute to the understanding of this building as a hunting lodge and it is judged to be of medium sensitivity to changes in its setting.

10.6.32 Between four and six turbines of the Proposed Development would be theoretically visible beyond the immediate setting of farmland and adjacent hills. Turbines would be offset to the north-east of the house away from its main elevation and at a distance of 11.1 km. The turbines would be barely perceptible and would not affect an observer’s understanding and appreciation of the house in its setting. The magnitude of impact would be at worst marginal. The effect would be negligible and not significant

10.6.33 Dundavie Fort (Site 147) occupies a hill top west of the A9 dual carriageway. Panoramic views across the surrounding landscape from the fort contribute to the understanding of its strategic placement in the landscape. This is particularly true given its placement on a landform that affords views across the Nairn Valley and north and west to Inverness and the west highlands. Views of the open moorland above Strathdearn to the south and east are also possible. Part of the scheduled area is currently fenced off owing to quarry operations adjacent to the south-east side of the fort. Both the adjacent quarry and A9 dual carriageway are audible, highly visible features and along with recently felled forestry form part of the current setting of the fort which is judged to be of medium sensitivity to changes in its setting.

10.6.34 The Proposed Development would be visible at a distance of 14.2 km and 4-6 turbines would be visible on the skyline east of the fort. The turbines would be visible beyond modern infrastructure including the A9, railway, and commercial forestry plantations. The inclusion of the proposed turbines in this view is judged to be a slight alteration to the asset’s setting, beyond those elements that contribute to the understanding of the fort. The impact is judged to be of marginal magnitude. The effect would be negligible and not significant.

10.6.35 Soilsean and Sheanevall deserted settlements and round house (Site 27) survive as heather-covered footings of a single hut-circle and upstanding stone built remains of rectangular and sub-rectangular post-medieval structures within an area of rough pasture above the River Findhorn Floodplain on the east side of Strathdearn. The remains are extensive and well-preserved and the evidence for multi-phase occupation of this site, alongside evidence for the consequences of land clearances, lend a sense of time-depth to this landscape. The A9 dual

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carriageway is located 400 m south-west of the monument and, although not visible from the monument or on its approach, the road is an audible feature which somewhat detracts from the otherwise seemingly remote setting of this former settlement. Understanding of the setting of the hut circle and settlement is related primarily to exploitation of and control over adjacent fertile ground and the floodplain of the River Findhorn and it is of low sensitivity to changes beyond that immediate setting.

10.6.36 The ZTV indicates that 10-12 turbines would be visible from this monument beyond the steeply rising moorland hills to the east. The turbines would be seen in the opposite direction to the relevant elements of the settings of these structures. However, turbines would be glimpsed on approach to the remains from the west, albeit at a distance of 7.7 km. This would constitute a change to the wider setting of the remains beyond those elements that contribute to its understanding and appreciation and any impact would be of low magnitude. The effect would be negligible and not significant.

10.6.37 Ruthven depopulated post-medieval township (Site 19) is located north of Edinchat cairn on the south bank of the Funtack Burn. The township comprises the upstanding remains of two areas of linear settlement alongside associated rig and furrow cultivation and a head-dyke. The ruins are well-preserved and the complexity of the remains is indicative of at least two phases of occupation and of a system of land division commonly associated with the pre-improvement period. As a domestic agricultural dwelling sited to exploit the adjacent agricultural land, the setting of the township relates primarily to the immediately adjacent associated cultivated land and floodplain of the Funtack Burn. The wider setting is not considered to be a primary factor in the understanding of these remains. The township is judged to be of low sensitivity to changes beyond its immediate setting.

10.6.38 The ZTV indicates that between one and three turbines would be visible from the township. The intervening steeply rising landform of Tom na Slaite to the north- east and adjacent commercial forestry plantation to the east would block all but the tips of these turbines from within the township and on approach to it. The ability of an observer to understand the township and its relationship to the surrounding land would be unaffected by glimpses of turbine tips in distant views and the magnitude of impact would be at worst of marginal magnitude. There would be no effect on the setting of the township.

10.6.39 It should be noted that ZTV mapping always presents a worst case scenario for visibility because the readily accessible digital mapping does not take account of vegetation, structures and local micro-topography. Site visits confirmed that a number of assets, identified as theoretically intervisible with the Proposed Development, will be unlikely to experience any indirect impact or effect on their settings due to local topography or vegetation. These include the Scheduled Monument known as Burnside Bridge (Site 62) which is located within a low lying river valley and surrounded by mature trees which restrict its visual setting to within 100 m. Similarly the settings of the Listed Buildings at Glenferness including the House (Site 153), Stables (154) Gardener’s House and Walled Garden (Site 155) and Lodge (Site 156) are defined by mature parkland vegetation comprising rhododendron and mature deciduous and scots pine

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woodland which prevents any intervisibility with the Proposed Development. The Parish Church at Ardclach (Site 152) is set within mature deciduous woodland to its south-west which prevents distant views towards the Proposed Development. There will be no effect on these assets.

Decommissioning Effects

10.6.40 Any direct impacts during the decommissioning phase would be at worst extremely limited and would only occur if fresh ground works are required beyond the areas disturbed during the original construction works 25 years previously. All operational effects upon the settings of designated assets would be reversed with the removal of the turbines following decommissioning.

10.6.41 Consequently, no significant decommissioning effects are predicted. 10.7 Mitigation

10.7.1 National planning policies and planning guidance, (SPP, SHEP and PAN2/2011) as well as the local planning policies outlined in Section 10.2 require that account is taken of potential effects upon heritage assets by proposed developments and that where possible such effects are avoided. Where avoidance is not possible these policies require that any significant effects on heritage assets be minimised or offset.

10.7.2 No significant construction effects on known heritage assets have been identified. This assessment has identified minor direct effects on the remains of two post- medieval settlements (Sites 45 and 65) in close proximity to the proposed access track and a prehistoric cairn (Site 123) within proposed borrow pit search area A. Although these effects are not judged to be significant, the settlements and cairn will be subject to topographical survey to record their full extent prior to construction. Following survey, all visible elements relating to these settlements and the cairn will be fenced off under archaeological supervision prior to construction to avoid inadvertent damage to them by plant movement.

10.7.3 A negligible effect on a 19th century track has been identified. The access track construction will result in the removal of only a small portion of the track. The track was recorded during the walkover survey and no further mitigation is advised. A negligible effect is also predicted on two quarry scoops within borrow pit search area A. Both quarry scoops are located in very close proximity to the prehistoric cairn and as such will be fenced off as part of the protection of the cairn. Both quarry scoops were recorded during the walkover survey and no further mitigation is advised.

10.7.4 A further five heritage assets lie close to the proposed infrastructure; two Sites, (161) and (162) represent small quarries with a third (Site 126) being the remains of peat cutting and are of negligible importance and require no mitigation. The remains of a drystone enclosure (Site 78) of local importance located adjacent to the proposed access track will be fenced off under archaeological supervision prior to construction. All protective fencing will be maintained throughout the construction period to ensure the preservation of these assets.

10.7.5 Given the potential for presently unknown archaeological remains, in particular of prehistoric and post-medieval date, to survive within the Proposed

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Development area an archaeological watching brief will be undertaken on a representative proportion of groundbreaking works. The purpose of such works will be to identify any archaeological remains threatened by the Proposed Development, to assess their significance and to mitigate any effect upon them either through avoidance or, if preservation in situ is not warranted, through preservation by record. The watching brief will be focused upon areas adjacent to known remains and areas at lower elevations where the potential for the survival of archaeological remains is greater (e.g. along the access track and at borrow pit search area A). Details of mitigation will be agreed in consultation with THC HET through a Written Scheme of Investigation post-determination.

10.7.6 Any archaeological field work commissioned in order to mitigate direct effects would result in the production and dissemination of a professional archive, which could add to the understanding of the cultural heritage of the area.

10.7.7 Although unlikely, if additional groundworks are required during the decommissioning works, or if plant movements are required beyond the hardstanding comprising the turbine infrastructure, then all known sites within 50 m of the proposed working areas will be fenced off with a visible buffer under archaeological supervision. This will be undertaken prior to decommissioning in order to avoid accidental damage by heavy plant movement.

10.7.8 The design of the Proposed Development took into consideration indirect effects on cultural heritage sites and no significant operational effects on the settings of heritage assets have been identified.

10.8 Residual Effects

10.8.1 The Proposed Development has been designed, where possible, to avoid direct impacts on known heritage assets and no significant direct residual effects on cultural heritage assets are anticipated. The implementation of the above outlined mitigation measures will ensure preservation by record of Sites 45, 65 and 123; prevent inadvertent damage to known heritage assets; and investigate the potential for previously unknown assets. Following the completion of construction and decommissioning works no further groundworks would be undertaken and as a consequence no residual direct effects are anticipated.

10.8.2 The predicted residual indirect effects on the settings of designated heritage assets will be the same as the potential operational indirect effects. All operational indirect effects upon the settings of designated assets would be reversed with the removal of the turbines following decommissioning, leading to a neutral residual effect.

10.9 Cumulative Effects

10.9.1 As set out in paragraph 10.4.34 above cumulative effects relating to cultural heritage are for the most part limited to indirect effects upon the settings of heritage assets. While there can, in some rare cases, be cumulative direct effects, none are anticipated to result from the construction, operation or decommissioning of the Proposed Development. As such this assessment will consider the potential for cumulative effects upon the setting of heritage assets which have the potential to occur during the operational phase.

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10.9.2 With regard to potential cumulative effects on cultural heritage, the assessment considers operational, consented and within-planning developments at distances up to 35 km from the Proposed Development. Developments considered are shown on Figure 6.13. However, only those which have the potential to contribute to cumulative effects upon individual heritage assets are discussed in the text below. As explained in paragraph 10.4.354 wind farm developments at the scoping stage are not considered.

10.9.3 As indicated in paragraph 10.4.35 only heritage assets which were considered to have the potential for significant cumulative effects are included in the detailed assessment below. These heritage assets include:

 Edinchat, cairn 415n NNW of (Scheduled Monument 11734) (Site 9);  Dunearn, fort 510m S of (Scheduled Monument 2470) (Site 30);

 Levrattich, cairn 340m W of (Scheduled Monument 11738) (Site 31);  Balnaught, hut circle 1125m ENE of (Scheduled Monument 11798) (Site 33);

 Ardclach Bell Tower (Scheduled Monument 90020 and Listed Building 551 (Site 35);

 Alltlaoigh, farmstead 1990m NE of Cnapan a’Choire Odhair Bhig (Scheduled Monument 11878 (Site 47);

 Lochindorb Castle (Scheduled Monument 1231) (Site 54); and  Shian Hillock, cairn 445m SE of The Knapp (Scheduled Monument 3135) (Site 149).

10.9.4 The operational turbines of Berry Burn and Paul’s Hill are visible on approach to Lochindorb Castle (Site 54) from the west and south and can be seen to the north when viewing the castle from the east. The turbines are seen beyond the immediate lochside setting of the castle within its wider open moorland setting and do not prevent understanding of the castle within that setting. The addition of the in-planning turbines at Carn Duhie and consented turbines at Hill of Glaschyle will create an apparent cluster of turbines north of the loch on the approach to Lochindorb with those of Carn Duhie being most proximate and prominent. No other wind farm schemes would be visible from the castle itself. It would be possible to see both the Proposed Development turbines and the aforementioned schemes on approach to Lochindorb Castle from the south although they would be offset and not seen within the same view. The addition of the Proposed Development to the existing, proposed and Permitted Schemes is judged to be an impact of low magnitude. The cumulative effect would be minor-moderate and not significant.

10.9.5 The operational turbines at Farr are intermittently visible beyond forestry plantation on approach to the cairn at Edinchat (Site 9) from the south and from the south west. As the cairn is not visible until one is within 50 m of it, views of both the cairn and the turbines at Farr are not possible until within close proximity to the cairn. Farr Wind Farm is visible on open moorland hills north of the cairn. No other operational turbines were noted on the site visit. The consented turbines at Kyllachy and the turbines under construction at Moy will

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also be theoretically visible from the cairn and will create a potential cluster of turbines when in views south-west from the cairn. The Proposed Development would not be seen in the same view. Other schemes such as the operational schemes at Berry Burn and Paul’s Hill and the proposed scheme at Cairn Duhie which would potentially be seen in the same view as the Proposed Development are located at distances of over 20 km to the north-east and will not be visible from the cairn. Although the turbines at Farr are visible from Edinchat cairn, the current setting of the cairn within rough pasture remains fully legible and the presence of turbines do not affect the understanding or appreciation of the cairn. The addition of the Proposed Development turbines to the existing, proposed and consented wind farms is judged to be an impact of marginal magnitude. The cumulative effect would be minor and not significant.

10.9.6 The operational turbines at Berry Burn, Paul’s Hill and Farr were not visible from Dunearn Fort (Site 30) in clear conditions during the site visit. The proposed turbines at Cairn Duhie would be visible from the fort at a distance of 4 km north- east with the consented turbines of Hill of Glaschyle also theoretically visible beyond Cairn Duhie at a distance of over 11 km. Both of these developments would be seen beyond the immediate setting of the fort on distant forested hills. It should be noted however that actual visibility would be partially restricted by intervening vegetation and dependent upon clear weather. The impact of the Proposed Development turbines in addition to other wind farms would thus be restricted to glimpses of three turbines from within the fort and on distant approaches. The addition of the Proposed Development to existing, consented and proposed wind farms will not prevent or detract from an observer’s ability to understand or appreciate the strategic defensive setting of the fort. It is judged that the addition of the Proposed Development would form at worst a marginal magnitude of impact. The cumulative effect would be minor and not significant.

10.9.7 The operational turbines of Berry Burn and Paul’s Hill are visible in distant views south-east from Levrattich Cairn (Site 31). They are seen beyond the immediate setting of the cairn across a complex landscape which features pasture dispersed settlement and forestry. The proposed turbines at Cairn Duhie would also be seen south-east of the cairn at a distance of approximately 3.7 km. The consented turbines at Hill of Glaschyle would potentially be seen at a distance of 8.5 km north-east of the cairn. The addition of Carn Duhie and Hill of Glaschyle to the operational turbines at Berry Burn and Paul’s Hill would result in visibility of turbines in an arc from the cairn from north-east through to south-east. The turbines of the Proposed Development would be seen south-west of the cairn and would not be visible in the same views. The operational turbines at Moy and Farr could not be seen from the cairn during the site visit. The addition of the Proposed Development to existing, proposed and consented wind farms would constitute an alteration to the wider setting of the cairn of at worst low magnitude. The cumulative effect would be minor and not significant.

10.9.8 No operational turbines could be seen from the Balnaught hut circle (Site 33) during the site visit, despite the clear conditions and none of the consented or proposed schemes assessed would be theoretically visible. There would be no cumulative effect on this monument. Similarly, no operational turbines are currently visible from the scheduled remains of the farmstead at Alltlaoigh. ZTV

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indicates that the proposed turbines at Cairn Duhie would be visible on approach and from the remains. The addition of the Proposed Development alongside the Cairn Duhie development would add additional complex modern elements into an otherwise open moorland landscape in which there is currently little evidence for modern activity. The Proposed Development turbines would be seen at a distance of 5.7 km with those of Cairn Duhie visible at a distance of over 10 km. Both schemes would be located outwith the immediate open moorland setting that contributes to the understanding of the settlement but would be visible within its wider setting. This would constitute an impact of low magnitude. The cumulative effect would be minor and not significant

10.9.9 The operational turbines at Berry Burn are theoretically visible from Ardclach Bell Tower (Site 35) however no turbines were visible either from the tower or on its approach when it was visited for the setting assessment. The proposed Cairn Duhie wind farm would be theoretically visible to the south-east and would be seen as part of the wider setting of the tower, above forestry plantation and in the same view as electricity pylons that can currently be viewed from the tower. The Proposed Development would not be visible on the same view. The addition of the Proposed Development, which would be only partially glimpsed beyond dense tree cover, would constitute a marginal magnitude of impact. The cumulative effect would be minor and not significant

10.9.10 There were no operational turbines visible from Shian Hillock (Site 149) when it was visited for the setting assessment, although the operational turbines at Berry Burn are theoretically visible from the cairn. The proposed scheme at Cairn Duhie located south-east of the cairn would be theoretically visible and the consented turbines at Hill of Glaschyle would be seen to the east-south-east. The turbines would be visible at distances of 10 km and 12 km respectively and beyond a relatively complex landscape featuring road infrastructure, agricultural land, settlement and forestry plantations. The Proposed Development turbines would not be seen in the same view and would be seen south-west of the cairn also across a complex landscape and at a distance of 14.8 km. The addition of the turbines of the Proposed Development to those proposed at Carn Duhie and the consented wind farm at Hill of Glaschyle would form an insignificant alteration to the wider setting of the monument of marginal magnitude of impact. The cumulative effect would be minor and not significant

10.10 Comparison between Permitted Scheme and the Proposed Development Comparison of Methodology

10.10.1 The Archaeology and Cultural Heritage chapter of the ES for the Permitted Scheme assessed direct effects and indirect visual effects on cultural heritage features. The method for assessing direct effects for the Permitted Scheme broadly reflected the methodology used in this assessment for the Proposed Development and compared the ‘cultural significance’ of known features against the magnitude of predicted physical impact. A judgement on the significance of direct effect was not provided for each individual heritage asset. However, the ES for the Permitted Scheme stated that the development was “... expected to have negligible direct impact on the archaeology or cultural heritage” within the study area (Infinergy 2009). The methodology for assessing direct effects used

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in this assessment establishes the importance of each heritage asset, the predicted magnitude of direct impact and arrives at a judgement of the significance of direct effect. It is considered that any difference in the assessed level of effect between the Permitted Scheme and the Proposed Development results from differences in infrastructure locations rather than methodological approach.

10.10.2 The method for assessing indirect effects on the setting of heritage assets for the Permitted Scheme focussed on establishing sensitivity of an asset to changes in its setting according to the visibility, accessibility and promotion of the site based on the premise that a site is more sensitive to changes in its setting if it is frequently visited and accessed by the public. The magnitude of settings impact was measured according to the predicted ‘scale’ of development, the ‘complementarity’ of the development and the ‘permanence’ of the development. The definitions of feature sensitivity and impact magnitude were then combined to define a ‘visual impact’ for each site, which can be seen as correlating to significance of effect.

10.10.3 The indirect effect methodology used in this assessment for the Proposed Development by contrast focuses on establishing the ‘relative sensitivity’ of each asset based on the extent to which setting contributes to the understanding, experience and appreciation of each asset as per Historic Scotland’s guidance on setting (2010). The magnitude of indirect impact is assessed following detailed on-site analysis and a judgement is made according to the extent to which the Proposed Development would affect an observer’s ability to understand and appreciate the asset in its setting. This assessment reaches a judgement on the significance of effect based on the relative sensitivity compared with the magnitude of impact upon the setting.

10.10.4 Differences in assessment of effect between the Permitted Scheme and the Proposed Development can be attributed to differences in the methodologies used to establish sensitivity, as outlined in the preceding paragraphs, or differences in visibility of the Permitted and Proposed turbines. However, it should be noted that neither assessment found significant effects on the setting of heritage assets and that the comparison below accounts for the methodological differences.

Comparison of Impacts and Effects

10.10.5 The ES for the Permitted Scheme identified a potential direct impact on a modern walkers’ summit cairn (Site 77) on Tom nan Clach. While no judgement of the magnitude of impact or significance of effect was given within the section entitled ‘Assessment of Impacts’ the ES for the Permitted Scheme made an overall conclusion that direct impacts upon archaeology would be negligible (Infinergy 2009). The layout of the turbines of the Proposed Development avoids this cairn and this assessment has identified no impact and no effect on Site 77, thereby removing the impact previously identified.

10.10.6 The ES for the Permitted Scheme also identified deserted post-medieval settlement and field system remains at Upper Rhilean (Site 45) and Rhibanchor (Site 65), which lie along the route of the Permitted Scheme access and could potentially be impacted by works on the track. No judgement of the magnitude of impact or significance of effect was given, though as noted above the

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conclusions of the ES for the Permitted Scheme indicated that direct impacts upon archaeology would be negligible. This assessment of the Proposed Development has identified a minor-moderate effect on both assets resulting from the Proposed Development. While this assessment judges the significance of the effect to be greater than the level identified in the ES for the Permitted Scheme, the effect still does not reach the threshold for significance.

10.10.7 This assessment for the Proposed Development identified a potential impact on the line of a track marked on 19th century maps (Site 110). This would result in a very slight loss of information content. This would be an impact of marginal magnitude and a negligible effect, which is not significant. This site was not identified in the assessment of the Permitted Scheme and no assessment of impacts was undertaken.

10.10.8 The archaeology and cultural heritage chapter presented in the ES for the Permitted Scheme considered potential indirect settings effects for all nationally designated heritage assets within 15 km. The Permitted Scheme ES identified five Scheduled Monuments from which the turbines would be visible and discussed the potential effects upon these heritage assets. Other effects were tabulated and no further discussion was provided. As discussed above, the methodology for assessing sensitivity to changes in settings used in the Permitted Scheme ES differed from that used in this assessment for the Proposed Development. The ES for the Permitted Scheme found all five Scheduled Monuments to be of low sensitivity in each case because they were not promoted. The magnitude of impact was assessed as negligible for Edinchat Cairn (Site 9), and Soilsean, deserted township and hut circles (Site 27), Allt Laoigh (Site 47), Lochindorb Castle (Site 54) and Burnside Bridge (Site 62).

10.10.9 The overall ‘visual impact’ (understood here to be the same as effect significance) for all five Scheduled Monuments was assessed as low and not significant in each case.

10.10.10 This assessment, for the Proposed Development, has also looked at a study area of up to 15 km and, using the ZTV and assessment of relative sensitivity, has assessed potential settings impacts on a greater number of heritage assets. Impacts of low magnitude were identified for Soilsean, deserted township and hut circles (Site 27) and Edinchat Cairn (Site 9). However, owing to a difference in the way in which sensitivity has been defined, this assessment has then gone on to find a negligible indirect effect for Soilsean deserted township and hut circles, and minor effect for Edinchat cairn (Site 9). As with the Permitted Scheme these effects are determined to be not significant.

10.10.11 Whilst the Permitted Scheme ES judged Lochindorb Castle (Site 54) to be of low sensitivity due to a lack of promotional information, this assessment for the Proposed Development considers it is of high sensitivity to changes in its setting owing to its island setting contributing to its understanding and appreciation (see paragraph 10.6.9 above). The ES for the Permitted Scheme judged that there would be an impact of negligible magnitude on the setting of Lochindorb Castle resulting in a Low ‘visual impact’, understood here to be equivalent to an effect of no significance. While this assessment for the Proposed Development predicted a minor to moderate effect. Despite this assessment, judging the sensitivity of Lochindorb Castle to be much higher than the assessment for the

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Permitted Scheme, it is considered that the assessments of level of effect, low for the Permitted Scheme and minor to moderate for the Proposed Development, are largely comparable in that the effects upon the setting of the castle are judged to be not significant.

10.10.12 This assessment has also identified a higher sensitivity for the farmstead at Allt Laoigh as it is its’ remoteness that in part contributes to our understanding of it as a settlement in marginal land (see paragraph 10.6.12). However, the minor to moderate effect predicted by this assessment is largely comparable to the Low ‘visual impact’ (read ‘effect’) predicted in the ES for the Permitted Scheme. In both cases, the effects upon the setting of the farmstead are judged to be not significant.

10.10.13 The Permitted Scheme ES identified a low ‘visual impact’ (read ‘effect’) upon the setting of Burnside Bridge whereas this assessment found, following a site visit, that the adjacent topography and surrounding trees would prevent any visibility with the Proposed Development from the bridge and on its approach and therefore there would be no impact, and no effect.

10.10.14 Other identified operational effects for the Permitted Scheme are tabulated without further discussion of how decisions on these judgements have been made and as such a direct comparison between the two assessments is not possible. However, it should be noted that no significant operational effects were determined for either the Permitted Scheme or the Proposed Development.

10.10.15 The ES for the Permitted Scheme very briefly considered general cumulative effects noting that the Permitted Scheme would be located at a height above sea level above most areas of known archaeological and cultural heritage importance. No assessment of cumulative effects on the setting of heritage assets was provided. Detailed assessment of potential cumulative effects has been undertaken in this assessment.

10.10.16 In summary no significant direct effects, operational indirect effects or cumulative effects were identified in the ES for the Permitted Scheme and, equally, no significant direct effects, operational indirect effects or cumulative effects have been identified within this assessment.

10.11 Summary 10.11.1 This chapter identifies the archaeological and cultural heritage value of the Proposed Development area, assesses the potential both for direct and indirect effects on archaeology and heritage assets resulting from the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Proposed Development. This chapter also identifies measures that should be taken to mitigate predicted adverse effects.

10.11.2 This assessment has identified 12 heritage assets of prehistoric to modern date within the Proposed Development area. The proposed access route crosses in close proximity to the regionally important post-medieval settlement remains at Upper Rhilean (Site 45/83) and Rhibanchor (Site 65) and while it avoids the majority of structural remains, it has the potential to cause minor detectable impacts to the remains of field systems and wall footings leading to a loss of information content. This would be an impact of low magnitude and minor effect in both cases. The proposed borrow pit search area A includes the location of a regionally important prehistoric burial cairn at Carn Bad a' Churaich. Although

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the borrow pit works will avoid the cairn they will pass in close proximity to the prehistoric monument and have the potential to cause minor detectable impacts to the remains of deposits associated with the cairn leading to a potential loss of information content. This would be an impact of low magnitude and a minor effect, which is not significant. The borrow pit works may also impact upon the remains of two quarry scoops (Sites 161 and 62) of negligible value leading to an impact of low magnitude and a negligible effect.

10.11.3 The ES for the Permitted Scheme also identified potential direct effects upon heritage assets at Upper Rhilean (Site 45/83) and Rhibanchor (Site 65), as with this assessment no significant effects were determined. The proposed access route also crosses the line of a track marked on 19th century maps (Site 110). This could result in a very slight loss of information content and would be a negligible effect. No significant direct effects have been identified.

10.11.4 The B9007 overlies the route of an 18th century military road (Site 124) and it is possible that remains of the road extend to within the footprint of the access track and/or borrow pit search area A. A further two heritage assets lie close to the proposed infrastructure; Sites 78 and 126.

10.11.5 Given the existence of prehistoric and later remains within the Proposed Development, including the cairn at Carn Bad a ‘Churaich (Site 123) and the post-medieval settlements at Upper Rhilean and Rhibanchor (Sites 45 and 65/83), it is possible that, in addition to the assets identified in this assessment, as yet unknown buried archaeological remains may survive within the Proposed Development site.

10.11.6 National planning policies and planning guidance, (SPP, SHEP and PAN2/2011) as well as local planning policies require that cognisance is taken of potential effects upon heritage assets by proposed developments and that where possible such effects are avoided. Where avoidance is not possible these policies require that effects on any significant remains be minimised or offset.

10.11.7 Sites 45, 65 and 123 will be recorded by topographical survey prior to commencement of construction; identified remains will be fenced prior to construction to avoid inadvertent damage to them by plant movement. Sites 161, 162 and 126 are of negligible importance and require no mitigation. Site 78 will require fencing under archaeological supervision prior to the start of construction so as to ensure its preservation. In addition, an archaeological watching brief will be undertaken on a proportion of ground breaking works to identify and mitigate the potential for direct effects upon hitherto unknown archaeological remains which may survive on site. This watching brief should be focussed in the areas that are proximate to known remains, particularly along the access track and near borrow pit search area A. The exact scope of the watching brief will be agreed with THC HET via a ‘Written Scheme of Investigation’ post-determination.

10.11.8 This assessment for the Proposed Development has identified no significant operational effects on the settings of heritage assets. Potential minor-moderate effects have been identified for Balnught hut circle (Site 33); Allt Laoigh farmstead (Site 47) and Lochindorb Castle (Site 54). In addition, minor effects are predicted upon five designated heritage assets. The ES for the Permitted

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Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Environmental Statement

Scheme predicted no significant operational effects on the setting of heritage assets.

10.11.9 The possibility of cumulative effects, the potential for additional cumulative change, resulting from the effects of the Proposed Development in combination with other operational, consented or proposed wind farms has also been considered. No significant cumulative effects were identified.

10.11.10 Overall, there will be no significant direct, indirect or cumulative effects on heritage assets, or their settings, as a consequence of the construction, operation or decommissioning of the Proposed Development.

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Table 10.12 –Summary Table

Description Significance of Potential Effect Mitigation Significance of Residual Effect Significance of Effect of Effect Measure identified in ES for Permitted Scheme

Site Magnitude Significance Beneficial Magnitude Significance Beneficial/ Significance Beneficial No. of Impact / Adverse of Impact Adverse / Adverse

Impact on Sites Low Minor Adverse Survey of Marginal Negligible Adverse Negligible Adverse known 45/83, remains prior to archaeologic 65 & construction. al remains. 123 Archaeological evaluation of access track and borrow pit search area A in vicinity of remains. Fence off known assets in close proximity to construction works to prevent inadvertent damage by plant movement.

Sites Marginal Negligible Adverse These sites Marginal Negligible Adverse N/A N/A 110, were recorded 161 during the &162 walkover survey for this assessment. No further mitigation necessary.

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Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Environmental Statement

Description Significance of Potential Effect Mitigation Significance of Residual Effect Significance of Effect of Effect Measure identified in ES for Permitted Scheme

Site Magnitude Significance Beneficial Magnitude Significance Beneficial/ Significance Beneficial No. of Impact / Adverse of Impact Adverse / Adverse

Sites None No Effect Neutral NA None No Effect Neutral Negligible Adverse 67-69, (for Site 77 (for Site 77, 78 only) 77 only) & 126

Impact on N/A Low Minor Adverse Undertake Marginal Negligible Adverse Negligible Adverse unknown archaeological archaeologic evaluation al remains and/or watching brief on a proportion of groundbreaking works prior to development.

Operational Sites Low to Minor to Adverse N/A Low to Minor- Adverse Very Low to Adverse Effects on 33, Medium Moderate Medium Moderate Low the settings 47, 54 of heritage assets

Sites Marginal to Minor Adverse N/A Marginal to Minor Adverse Very Low to Adverse 9, 30, Low Low Low ** 31, 35 & 149

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Description Significance of Potential Effect Mitigation Significance of Residual Effect Significance of Effect of Effect Measure identified in ES for Permitted Scheme

Site Magnitude Significance Beneficial Magnitude Significance Beneficial/ Significance Beneficial No. of Impact / Adverse of Impact Adverse / Adverse

Sites Marginal to Negligible Adverse N/A Marginal to Negligible Adverse Nil to Low** Neutral/ 27, Low Low Adverse 60, 147, 150 & 151

Sites None to No Effect Neutral N/A None to No Effect Neutral Nil to Low ** Neutral/ 19, 62 Marginal Marginal Adverse & 152- 157

*NOTE: no effects are shown to be moderate or above and therefore no effects are shown to be significant **NOTE: Site 147, 149-157 not assessed in the Permitted Scheme ES

Table 10.13 – Cumulative Summary Table

Description of Cumulative Wind Farm Significance of Potential Mitigation Measure Significance of Residual Effect Cumulative Effect Effect

Wind Farm Status Significance Beneficial/ Significance Beneficial/ Adverse Adverse

Effect on setting of Moy Operational Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse designated heritage assets Farr Operational Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse

Kyllachy Consented Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse

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Description of Cumulative Wind Farm Significance of Potential Mitigation Measure Significance of Residual Effect Cumulative Effect Effect

Wind Farm Status Significance Beneficial/ Significance Beneficial/ Adverse Adverse

Cairn Duhie In Planning Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse

Hill of Consented Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse Glaschyle

Berry Burn Operational Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse

Paul’s Hill Operational Minor Adverse N/A Minor Adverse *NOTE: no effects are shown to be moderate or above and therefore no effects are shown to be significant

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10.12 Bibliographic References

Directorate for Planning and Environmental Appeals (2012). Glenkirk and Tom nan Clach Report Summary of Report of Inquiry into: an application under Section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 and a recovered appeal under Section 47 of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997. Historic Scotland (2010). Managing Change in the Historic Environment: Setting. Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/setting-2.pdf. Historic Scotland (2011). Scottish Historic Environment Policy (SHEP). Available at: http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/shep-dec2011.pdf. Historic Scotland (2014). Data Search. Available at: http://data.historic- scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2300:30:0. IEMA (2006). Guidelines for Environmental Imapct Assessment.

Infinergy (2009). Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Environmental Statement Chapter 12: Archaeology and Cultural Heritage.

Institute for Archaeologists (1994-5). Institute for Archaeologists (IfA) Standards and Guidance for Desk Based Assessments, Field Evaluations, etc.

Lambrick, G (2008). Setting Standards: A Review prepared on behalf of the IFA http://www.archaeologists.net/modules/icontent/inPages/docs/Setting.pdf.

McLauchland, S.F. (1842). “Parish of Cawdor”, in New Statistical Account of Scotland (1834-45), vol. 13, 19-26. Available at: http://stat-acc- scot.edina.ac.uk/sas/sas.asp/?account=2&accountrec=013421&action=publicdi splay&county=Elgin&monospace=&naecache=8&navbar=&nohighlight=&pagesi ze=&parish=Cawdor&session- id=06e19939e5aae44c80a5b6c0f1b8a0b1&transcript=&twoup.

National Monuments Record of Scotland (2014). National Monuments record entries. Available at: http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/. Scottish Government (1997). Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas (Scotland)) Act 1997. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/9.

Scottish Government (2011). Historic Environment (Amendment)(Scotland) Act 2011. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2011/3/enacted.

Scottish Government (1997). Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/8/contents.

Scottish Government (2011). Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment)(Scotland) Regulations 2011. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/06/01084419/0. Scottish Government (2011a). PAN2/2011 Planning and Archaeology 2011. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/08/04132003/0.

Scottish Government (2013). Planning Advice Note 1/2013: Environmental Impact Assessment. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2013/08/6471.

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Scottish Government (2014). Historic Environment Scotland Act. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2014/19/contents/enacted. Scottish Government (2014a). SPP Scottish Planning Policy 2014. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0045/00453827.pdf.

Scottish Natural Heritage (2009). Siting and Designing Wind Farms in the Landscape. Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A337202.pdf.

Scottish Natural Heritage (2012). Assessing the Cumulatibve Impact of Onshore Wind Energy Developments. Available at: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A675503.pdf The Highland Council (2000 & 2012). Nairnshire Local Plan Adopted Plan 2000 As continued in force April 2012. Available at: http://www.highland.gov.uk/downloads/file/2357/nairn_local_plan_- _written_statement. The Highland Council (2012a). Highland-Wide Local Development Plan April 2012. Available at: http://www.highland.gov.uk/downloads/download/230/highland- wide_local_development_plan. The Highland Council (2012b). Standards for Archaeological Work. Available at: http://www.highland.gov.uk/downloads/file/1022/standards_for_archaeological _work. The Highland Council (2013). The Inner Moray Firth Local Development Plan. Available at http://www.highland.gov.uk/downloads/file/2364/high- quality_version_of_the_proposed_plan.

The Highland Council (2013a). The Highland Council Supplementary Guidance: Historic Environment Strategy (Version that is recommended to the Planning, Environment and Development Committee (16 January 2013) to be statutorily adopted and issued). Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/url?url=http://www.highland.gov.uk/download/meeti ngs/id/19914/highlandhistoricenvironmentstrategyforpedjan2013pdf&rct=j&fr m=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=4byhU6b9DrTT7AbIiIGYAw&ved=0CBYQFjAA&usg =AFQjCNG_inQG1YVXWwNA7XZkJRNTgo7DaQ.

UK Government (1979). The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/46.

Wood, J. (2007). Tom nan Clach Wind Farm, Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Baseline Survey and Recommendations. Unpublished report by Highland Archaeology Services.

10.13 Cartographic References Blaeu, Joan (1654). Moravia Scotiae provincia, ex Timothei Pont / scedis descripta et aucta per Robert: Gordonium a Strathloch. Amsterdam: Blaeu, 1654.

Gordon, Robert (c.1636-1652). Aberdeen, Banf [sic], Murrey [sic] &c. to Inverness: [and] Fra the north water to Ross / Robertus Gordonius a Strathloch describebat 1640.

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Oldmaps (2014). 1973-1975 Ordnance Survey maps. Available at: http://www.old-maps.co.uk/maps.html. Ordnance Survey (1871). Nairnshire, Sheet XI (Survey date: 1869; Publication date: 1871). Scale 1:10,560.

Ordnance Survey (1871-1875). Nairnshire, Sheet XII (Survey date: 1869- 1871; Publication date: 1871-1875). Scale 1:10,560.

Ordnance Survey (1871-1876). Nairnshire, Sheet X (Survey date: 1869-1870; Publication date: 1871-1876). Scale 1:10,560.

Ordnance Survey (1906). Elginshire, Sheet XXIV.SW (Revised: 1903; Publication date: 1906). Scale 1:10,560.

Ordnance Survey (1906). Nairnshire, Sheet X.SE (Revised: 1904; Publication date: 1906). Scale 1:10,560.

Ordnance Survey (1906). Nairnshire, Sheet XI.SE (Revised: 1904; Publication date: 1906). Scale 1:10,560.

Ordnance Survey (1906). Nairnshire, Sheet XII.NE (Revised: 1904; Publication date: 1906). Scale 1:10,560.

Pont, Timothy (c.1583-1596). Moray and Nairn. Roy, William (1747-1752). Military Survey of the Highlands.

Thomson, John (1830). Nairn and Elgin. Edinburgh: J. Thomson & Co.

10.14 Photographic References

Library Sortie Frames Date Scale Reference

B_0069 106G/UK/0169 3112-3123 26/08/1946 1:10,000

B_0242 541/A/0399 3464-3470 21/05/1948 1:10,000

B_0246 541/A/0435 3118-3124; 27/07/1948 1:9,500 4108-4124

B_0311 541/A/0480 3322-3325; 21/06/1949 1:10,000 4235-4237

C_0164 540/1385 F22: 16/08/1954 1:25,344 0059-0063; 0101-0105

OS_63_110 OS/63/110 046 30/05/1963 1:27,000

OS_67_165 OS/67/165 086-090 11/06/1967 1:22,000

OS_68_124 OS/68/124 185-187 24/05/1968 1:27,000

OS_68_171 OS/68/171 184-190 10/06/1968 1:12, 000

C_0235 ASS/610/88 067-073 14/05/1988 1:24,000

Cultural Heritage 10-53 August 2015 Volume 1: Written Text

Figure 10.1: Proposed Development at Tom nan Clach showing adjacent heritage assets

!(53 85 Legend !(3 !( Site Boundary ¯ 118 !( Met mast

Turbines 1 !( 18 !( 78 65 !( Heritage assets !( !( Access track 4 11 12 162 !( !( !( !( 123 Borrow pit 2 !( 161 !( Construction compound 111 !( Construction hard standing 119 Substation !( 5 Site 110 !(

7 !( 127 !( !( 120 !( 44 112 !( 113 !( !( 83 !( !( 121 122 126 !( !( 45 !( !( 110 T13 !( 84 T10 !( 79 T12 !(

T6 114 T11 !(

T7 T8

77 T9 T3 !(

T4

T5 46 82 81 T1 67 !( !( !( 146 69!( !( T2 68!(!(160 70 !( 88 71 !( 125 !( 72 40 80 17 144 !(!( !( Title: Proposed Development 145 !( 73 !( at Tom nan Clach showing !( !( 41 115 !( adjacent heritage assets !( 89 !( Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering

141 Source: © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. !( 47 Ordnance Survey 0100031673 !( Client: 90 Infinergy !( Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 17/08/2015 10.1

7475 Scale: Revision No: !( 0 0.25 0.5 !( km 1

131 !(

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.1 Figure 10.2: Proposed Development at Tom nan Clach with heritage assets within 5 km

¯ 103 Legend !( 102 Site Boundary !( 48 66 Met mast !( 50 3333 106 !( !( !( 107 108109 2470")!(30 101 ")!( Turbines !( 49 !( !(!( 30 !( 104 105 6262 52 !( !( 3434 87 ")!( Borrow pit !( 51 ")!( !( 86 !( !( Access track 53 85 !(!( !( Construction 1183 compound !( Substation 1 18 78 !( !( 5 km Study area 4 11 12 !(!(65 162 !( 2 !( !( !(!(123 ") Scheduled !( 161 Monuments 111 119 !( !( Heritage assets 5 !( !( Site 110

7 Archaeological 127 ") !( !(") 124 events 120 !( 44 Archaeological !( 112113 128 !( !( events polygons !(") 6 !(83 !( 122 121 126 54 !( !( 45 ")!( 110 !( T13 54 T10 !( 84 T12 !(!(79 T6 114 T11 !( T7 14 T8 15 77 T9 !(!( T3 !( !(16 T4 !(13 82 81 T5 67 46 146 T1 6968 !( !( !( !( T2 71 !(!( !( 160 88 ") 125 70 !( !( 72 80 17 40 145 144 !(!( !( 10 !( !(") !( !( 115 73 !(41 89 37 !( !( !( !( 141 !(99 !( 4747 !(36 ")!( !(90 96 9519 100!( !( ")!(11901 134 !( 98 19!(133 !( 7475 !(!( !(!( 97 132 135 14022 131 !(") 136 137 !( !(") 20 !(!( 139 23 !( 142 !( 138 !(!(")129 76 !( !( 9 !( 21 8 !( Title: Proposed Development ")!( 13043 !( !( at Tom nan Clach showing 9 !(!(") 42 39 38 !( heritage assetswithin 5 km !( !( 143 !( Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering

Source: © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. 94 93 92 91 Ordnance Survey 0100031673 !( !( !( !( Client: Infinergy

Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 18/08/2015 10.2

Scale: Revision No: 163 0 0.5 1 !( km 1

27 ")!(11806

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.2 Figure 10.3: Designated heritage assets within 5 km, and selected designated heritage assets within 15 km

Legend ¯ Site boundary Turbines

5 km Study area 158 149 ") 15 km Study area

116 ") Scheduled Monuments 117 *# Listed Buildings 57 ") 58 ") Inventory Battlefield Inventory Garden 59 152 ") 61 31 *# Conservation Area 63 ") ") 35 64 159 ") ") ")

155 156 154*#*# *# 55 ") 153

33 30 ") 34 ") 62 ") ") 147 ") 148 60 ") ")

54 ")

25 ")")24 47 19 ") ")

9 ")

27 ") 56 32 26 ") ") ") Title: Designated heritage assets 157 within 5 km, and selected designated *# heritage assets within 15 km

Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering 151 ") Source: 150") © Crown copyright and database rights 2015. Ordnance Survey 0100031673 28 ") Client: Infinergy 29 ") Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 18/08/2015 10.3

Scale: Revision No: 0 1 2

km 1

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.3 Figure 10.4: Extract from map by Blaeu, 1654

Legend ¯ Site Boundary

Title: Extract from map by Blaeu, 1654

Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Reproduced with the kind Source: permission of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Client: Infinergy

Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 08/06/2015 10.4

Scale: Revision No: 0 490 980 Meters 1

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.4 Figure 10.5: Extraxt from map by Roy, 1747-52

Legend

¯ Site Boundary

Title: Extract from map by Roy,1747-52

Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Reproduced with the kind Source: permission of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Client: Infinergy

Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 08/06/2015 10.5

Scale: Revision No: 0 290 580 Meters 1

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.5 Figure 10.6: Extract from map by Thomson, 1830

Legend

¯ Site boundary

Title: Extract from map by Thomson, 1830

Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Reproduced with the kind Source: permission of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Client: Infinergy

Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 08/06/2015 10.6

Scale: Revision No: 0 240 480 Meters 1

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.6 Figure 10.7: Extract from the Ordnance Survey map, 1871-76

Legend ¯ Site boundary

Title: Extract from the Ordnance Survey map, 1871-76

Project: Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Reproduced with the kind Source: permission of the Trustees of the National Library of Scotland Client: Infinergy

Drawn by: Checked: LR VO

Date: Figure: 08/06/2015 10.7

Scale: Revision No: 0 110 220 Meters 1

Environmental Statement - Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering - August 2015 Figure 10.7 Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Environmental Statement

Appendix 10.1 Site Gazetteer

Appendix 10.1 1 August 2015 Volume 3: Technical Appendices Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Site Number 1 Site Name Daless Type of Site Chapel (possible) NMRS Number NH83NE 1 HER Number MHG6873; MHG40726; NH83NE0001 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 286080 Northing 838860 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Sub-rectangular enclosure, oriented ESE to WNW within a denuded bank of earth and stones. It is locally thought to have been a burial ground but no tombstones or chapel found.

NH83NE 1 8608 3886

A pre-Reformation chapel-of-ease with a small glebe existed at Daless (NH 86 38). It was disused after the Reformation but its site can still be identified. G Bain 1928.

At NH 8608 3886 on the flat haugh-land of the River Findhorn is a sub-rectangular enclosure, oriented ESE to WNW and measuring c. 78.0m by c. 26.0m within a denuded bank of earth and stones. It is locally thought to have been a burial ground but there is not trace of tombstones or a chapel. Visited by OS (R L), 3 December 1970.

NMRS References: Bain, G (1893) History of Nairnshire, Nairn Page(s): 101 Held at RCAHMS D.6.3.BAI RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 16, No. 117 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5).

Settlement appears at 'Dalless' on Pont's map of 1583-96 and on Gordon's map of Aberdeen, Banf, Murrey &c to Inverness (1636- 52), while 'Daleness' appears on Thomson's map of 1830.

Site Number 2

Page 1 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Site Name Daless Type of Site Burial cairn (possible) NMRS Number NH83NE2 HER Number MHG7264; NH83NE0002 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 286200 Northing 838310 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A cairn with an incomplete kerb

NH83NE 2 8620 3831

Area NH 860 384. On the edge of a river terrace is a cairn, about 7.0m in diameter and 0.5m high, bounded by an incomplete kerb of stones. Visited by OS (NKB) 29 September 1975.

NH 861 383. The remains of a probable burial-cairn are visible in improved pasture on a small bluff overlooking the River Findhorn. Oval on plan, the cairn measures 8.8m from ENE to WSW by 7.6m transversely, and stands to a maximum height of 0.8m. Kerb- stones appear at intervals around the circumference and are most prominent on the W side. RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978.

This cairn is at NH 8620 3831 and is as described above. Surveyed at 1:2500. Visited by OS (JM), 2 February 1981.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 8, No. 14 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 3 Site Name Drynachan Mill Type of Site Watermill NMRS Number NH83NE 3 HER Number MHG7266; NH83NE0003 Status Not Designated Easting 286410 Northing 839540 Parish Cawdor

Page 2 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Council Highland Description Watermill shown on 1st ed OS 6"map, Nairnshire

NH83NE 3 8641 3954.

OS 6"map, Nairnshire, 1st ed., (1869).

Settlement appears at 'Dreynachann' on Pont's map of 1583-96, at 'Dreynachan' on Gordon's map of Aberdeen, Banf, Murrey &c to Inverness (1636-52) and at 'Dreinachan' on Blaeu's map of 1654. Roy (1747-52) depicts ‘Drynochan’.

Site Number 4 Site Name Daless Type of Site Sluice, well NMRS Number NH83NE 4 HER Number MHG7265; MHG43204; NH83NE0004 Status Not Designated Easting 286030 Northing 838470 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Well shown on 1st ed OS 6"map, Nairnshire

NH83NE 4 8603 3847.

OS 6"map, Nairnshire, 1st ed., (1869)

Site Number 5 Site Name Ballaggan Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH83NE 5 HER Number MHG7263; MHG42125; NH83NE0005 Status Not Designated Easting 285030 Northing 837660 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Former farm, represented by the remains of a mortared rubble cottage, a corn drying kiln and several stone-built pens.

NH83NE 5 8503 3766

Page 3 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

NH 8503 3766: Ballaggan - A couple of small huts on the NW bank of the River Findhorn. Name Book 1869.

This former farm is represented by the remains of a mortared- rubble cottage, a corn-drying kiln and several stone-built pens. RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978.

NMRS References: Ordnance Survey (Name Book) Object Name Books of the Ordnance Survey (6 inch and 1/2500 scale) Page(s): Book No. 1, 53 Held at RCAHMS Ref RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 20, No. 148 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Roy's map of 1747-52 depicts settlement at ‘Ballinlaggan’.

Site Number 6 Site Name Kincraig Type of Site Farm, kiln NMRS Number NH83NW 1 HER Number MHG7261; NH83NW0001 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 283900 Northing 836400 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Remains of a large dry stone farm, incorporating a kiln- barn and numerous enclosures.

NH83NW 1 839 364.

NH 839 364. Kincraig: A few ruins on the W bank of the River Findhorn. Name Book 1869.

Remains of a large dry-stone farm, incorporating a kiln-barn and numerous enclosures. RCAHMS 1978

NMRS References: Ordnance Survey (Name Book) Object Name Books of the Ordnance Survey (6 inch and 1/2500 scale) Page(s): Book No. 1, 55 Held at RCAHMS Ref

Page 4 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 21, No. 172 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 7 Site Name Pollbeag Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH83NW 2 HER Number MHG6876; NH83NW0002 Status Not Designated Easting 284700 Northing 837200 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Remains of a former farm comprising three dry-stone buildings and an enclosure

NH83NW 2 847 372.

Remains of a former farm comprising three dry-stone buildings and an enclosure. RCAHMS 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 22, No. 183 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5).

Settlement appears at 'Pollochag' on Gordon's map of Aberdeen, Banf, Murrey &c to Inverness (1636-52) and at 'Pulochaig' on Thomson's map of 1830.

Site Number 8 Site Name Edinchat Type of Site Field System NMRS Number NH83SW 3 HER Number MHG2810; NH83SW0003 Status Not Designated Easting 281800

Page 5 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Northing 831100 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Field system including clearance heaps, and fields bounded by lynchets

NH83SW 3 818 311.

Centred at NH 818 311 and occupying the N, E and S slopes of a once wooded hill is a field system marked by stone clearance heaps, best preserved in the S where several fields bounded by lynchets vary between about 30.0m x 15.0m and 15.0m by 10.0m. Visited by OS (A A) 24 February 1972.

Site Number 9 Site Name Edinchat, cairn 415m NNW of Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH83SW 4 HER Number MHG2809; NH83SW0004 Status Scheduled Monument 11734 Easting 281660 Northing 831170 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Description The monument comprises a cairn situated on the summit of a small hill in a field of rough grazing 415m NNW of the buildings at Edinchat.

The circular cairn measures approximately 9m in diameter and, in its denuded condition, it stands about 0.4m high. The centre of the cairn appears to be undisturbed. A modern marker cairn has been built on top of the monument.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the middle of the cairn at NH 81664 31177, to include the visible remains of the cairn and an area around it within which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The scheduling excludes the modern marker cairn situated on top of the monument.

National Importance

Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Page 6 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Intrinsic characteristics: Although the cairn is denuded and does not retain distinct field characteristics, it appears undisturbed. It therefore retains high potential for the preservation of archaeological evidence to enhance our understanding of Bronze Age funerary practices. Capacity exists for deposits relating to the prehistoric environment to be present; a buried soil would reveal important details about the environment during which the cairn was constructed. A lack of intensive landuse combined with an awareness of the monument appears to have benefited the cairn's survival.

Contextual characteristics: Given the undisturbed nature of this cairn, the potential exists for the site to add value to the knowledge of the monument class as a whole. Comparing and contrasting the cairn to nearby Bronze Age funerary monuments can enable an understanding of how prehistoric people positioned such sites within the landscape, as well as provide contexts for identity and society.

Associative characteristics: The deliberate positioning of the monument, on a small hill with good views over the valley below, adds an aesthetic attribute to its overall significance.

National Importance: The monument is of national importance because it is a valuable example of a relatively undisturbed, although denuded, Bronze Age cairn. It has the potential to add to our understanding of the monument site type as a whole, as well as the relationship of this site to its class. Its loss would impede our ability to understand the placing of such monuments within the landscape, as well as our knowledge of Bronze Age funerary rites.

Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH83SW 4 (Historic Scotalnd).

NH83SW 4 8166 3117.

At NH 8166 3117 in a felled plantation and on the summit of a hill is a denuded cairn measuring 9.0m in diameter and 0.4m high. The centre appears undisturbed. A modern marker cairn is built on it. Surveyed at 1/10000 Visited by OS (A A) 24 February 1972.

Denuded burial cairn. A modern marker cairn has been built on top of it.

Site Number 10 Site Name Tom na Slaite Type of Site Field system NMRS Number NH83SW 5 HER Number MHG2808; NH83SW0005 Status Not Designated

Page 7 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Easting 281500 Northing 833400 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Field system marked by stone clearance heaps and traces of occasional lynchets.

NH83SW 5 815 334.

Centred at NH 815 334 on the SW facing slopes of Tom na Slaite is a field system marked by stone clearance heaps and traces of occasional lynchets. The boundaries of the fields are not well defined and no measurements were obtained. Visited by OS (A A) 25 February 1972.

Site Number 11 Site Name Maol an Tailleir Type of Site Field system NMRS Number NH93NW 1 HER Number NH93NW0001; MHG7184; MHG44470; MHG44472; MHG44474 Status Not Designated Easting 290200 Northing 838500 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Clearance heaps and occasional lynchets, with cultivation plots.

NH93NW 1 902 385.

(Area centred NH 900 384) Field clearance. Visible on RAF air photographs CPE/Scot/UK/252: 3177-18, 4176- 8 - Flown 9 August 1947.

Centred at NH 902 385 is a field system comprised of stone clearance heaps and occasional lynchets, with cultivation plots varying between c.40m by c.25.0m and c.20.0m by 15.0m. In the NE part of the area is a square turf and stone enclosure wall with sides c.30.0m long, which is pro- bably contemporary with the depopulated farmstead of Baltanmaceachain to the E. There is a clearance heap in the NW corner. Visited by OS (A A) 24 February 1971.

These small cairns are situated on the E slope of Maol an Tailleir. RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

NMRS References:

Page 8 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 14, No. 93 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 12 Site Name Battanmaceachain Type of Site Farm, kiln barn NMRS Number NH93NW 4 HER Number NH93NW0004; MHG7180; MHG41806; MHG7182 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 290550 Northing 838480 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description 3 buildings of dry-stone construction, 1 with traces of turf walling, another a kiln- barn, shown on 1st edition OS map.

NH93NW 4 9055 3848

Three buildings of dry-stone construction, one of them showing traces of turf walling, another a kiln-barn. OS 6" maps, Nairnshire, 1st ed., (1871), sheet xi; 2nd ed., (1906), sheet xi SW; RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 20, No. 151 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 13 Site Name Tom na Slaite Type of Site Round House NMRS Number NH83SW 8 HER Number MHG14330; MHG16129; NH83SW0010 Status Not Designated Easting 282680 Northing 834640 Parish Moy and Dalarossie

Page 9 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Council Highland Description Hut circle truncated by a modern track.

NH83SW 8 8268 3464

(Location cited as NH 827 346). Pronounced remains of a hut circle truncated by a modern track. Ovoid plan woth diameters of 13.5 and 11.6m. Wall slump of c2m visible beyond current hut outline. Scooped interior with entrance probably to SE. R G Hanley and D Hughes 1992.

NMRS References: Hanley and Hughes, R G and D (1992) 'Tom na Slaite (Moy and Dalarossie parish): hut circle', Discovery Excav Scot Page(s): 42

Site Number 14 Site Name Shenachie Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH83SW 13 HER Number MHG26461; NH83SW0023 Status Not Designated Easting 282860 Northing 834940 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Farmstead comprising 1 roofed and 2 unroofed buildings and 2 enclosures depicted on the 1st edition OS 6-inch map.

NH83SW 13 8286 3494

A farmstead comprising one roofed and two unroofed buildings and two enclosures is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1871-5, sheet xxi). An enclosure is shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 24 June 1996

Site Number 15 Site Name Shenachie Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number HER Number MHG14525; MHG32185; NH83SW0026 Status Not Designated

Page 10 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Easting 282710 Northing 834910 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Small settlement complex with associated outbuildings, tracks and enclosures shown on 1st edition Ordnance Survey map.

Site Number 16 Site Name Shenachie Type of Site Ropeway NMRS Number HER Number MHG32184; NH83SW0025 Status Not Designated Easting 282740 Northing 834850 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A 'ropeway' is depicted on the current Landmark and OS mapping. This is reported to consist of a wooden box in which persons can be carried over the river by means of a winding rope mechanism.

Site Number 17 Site Name River Findhorn Type of Site Aircraft NMRS Number HER Number MHG30846; NH83SE0003 Status Not Designated Easting 289300 Northing 833600 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A Sea Hawk crashed on May 5th, 1959. No further details surrounding the circumstances of the crash. Serial No. WM986. Sqd. 736.

Information supplied by Alan Clark, 11/04/02. Macclesfield Aviation Group, a member of the British Aviation Archaeological Council. J Aitken : 15/04/02.

Website - www.the-ateam.supanet.com or e-mail at

Page 11 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

[email protected] Website details supplied by A Clark, 11/04/02. J Aitken : 17/04/02.

Site Number 18 Site Name River Findhorn Type of Site Aircraft NMRS Number HER Number MHG30844; NH93NW0008 Status Not Designated Easting 290300 Northing 838800 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description An Oxford aircraft crashed here on December 6th, 1951. No further details available of the circumstances of the crash.

A Oxford aircraft crashed on December 6th, 1951. No further details surrounding the circumstances of the crash. Serial No. V3910. Sqd. 8 AFTS.

Information supplied by Alan Clark, 11/04/02. Macclesfield Aviation Group, a member of the British Aviation Archaeological Council. J Aitken : 15/04/02.

Website - www.the-ateam.supanet.com or e-mail at [email protected] Website details supplied by A Clark, 11/04/02. J Aitken : 17/04/02.

Site Number 19 Site Name Ruthven, depopulated township 600m S of Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number NH83SW 7 & 10 HER Number MHG14326; NH83SW0007; NH83SW0008; NHSW0010 Status Scheduled Monument 11901 Easting 281350 Northing 832400 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland

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Description Deserted settlement of 12 unroofed buildings, 2 of which are long buildings, and 2 enclosures visible as upstanding ruins.

Description The monument comprises a depopulated township visible as upstanding ruins. It lies 600m S of the occupied farmstead at Ruthven, to the south of the River Findhorn on a raised platform above the flood plain, at around 260-90m above sea level.

The township comprises two main areas of settlement that are partially separated by a copse marked on the Ordnance Survey First Edition mapping of 1871-5. The first group consists of 15 structures and a small enclosure. These structures are spread out in a widely linear fashion, covering an area of 240m by 100m, and could possibly be grouped into three smaller clusters of buildings. The structures consist of stone footings that have been partially covered by turf with only the four main corner stones visible on some of the structures. There was no evidence of bonding on any of the masonry and it is likely that the stone footings are of drystone construction. The first cluster of five buildings is orientated ENE- WSW and consists of two long houses, measuring between 21m and 25m in length and 4.7m to 5.2m in width. These structures are probably dwellings, as they both retain more complex architectural elements than the other buildings, such as internal divisions and more complicated floor plans. One of these buildings has an alcove that measures 4.5m by 2m and is possibly interpreted as a bedneuk, where the family would sleep, although archaeological evidence from other townships, such as Easter Raitts, has interpreted similar architectural additions as dairies and even stalls for the cattle. The other three buildings have no internal divisions and measure between 10m to 12.5m in length by 4m to 5m in width. The lack of architectural features and internal compartments may indicate that these structures are either barns or possibly even industrial buildings. However, this is again difficult to ascertain from the form alone, as simple buildings, such as these, have been interpreted as dwellings in the past. This cluster of structures has a trapezoidal-shaped enclosure to the west, probably for animals. It measures 17.1m in width and narrows to 12.4m, with a length of 16.2m.

The second cluster of five structures, to the east, consists of a similar mix of possible dwellings and barns orientated NW-SE. There are three possible dwellings, one of which is slightly different from those described above. Although it has an internal division, the building is shorter and only measures 15.9m in length. It is also simpler in design with no additional alcoves. The other two structures measure between 10.8m and 11.7m in length and 4.7m and 5m in width. They are similar in design and size to the structures in the first cluster that were interpreted as barns. There is a further structure approximately 50m to the N of this group, which measures 17m by 4.7m. It has no evidence of internal partitions but the measurements of this building are very similar to the more 'simple' dwelling noted in this cluster of structures.

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The third cluster consists of three dwellings to the E of the second group. All of these buildings are slightly different. The first building is orientated N-S and measures 15m by 5m with no internal partitions. The second building is orientated NE-SW and measures 13.1m in length by 5.3m wide with one internal partition. The third building measures 18m by 5m and also has one internal partition. This building is orientated ENE-WSW in parallel with the track. The second group of seven buildings seem to be more formalised and is situated around a large rectangular enclosure. These buildings sit on the high ground above the first group of structures, to the east of the copse. These structures appear to be better preserved as the stone footings, of drystone construction, are visible above the ground and stand to a height of approximately 0.7m high. The buildings consist of three possible dwellings, measuring approximately 24m in length and 5 m in width with two internal partitions. The dwellings appear to be more formulaic in comparison to the first group of structures and are orientated NE to SW. The other four structures have no internal divisions and vary in length from 12.5m to 20.5m and 4.5m to 5m in width. One of the structures is outwith the main group. However, it is aligned with the two dwellings to the SE of the enclosure and so is likely to be associated.

The township also has other features that are commonly associated with this type of settlement, such as rig and furrow down on the floodplain, a head dyke separating the second group of structures from the common grazing land, cultivation beds or lazy beds within the settlement and a kiln barn. The kiln barn is situated to the NW of the settlement on a lower terrace next to a small spring. It measures 12.8m by 6.3m and the interior of the kiln bowl measures 2.2m. There is also an additional enclosure, measuring 4.6m by 4.1m, abutting the kiln barn to the east.

The monument is a good example of a well-preserved post- medieval early township in this region. It is a complex site and the levels of preservation between the two groups may suggest that there are at least two phases to this particular settlement. It includes evidence of how townships were constructed. The form of the township exemplifies how its inhabitants used and perceived the land. This is illustrated by the divisions of land within the township, such as 'outfields' (on the floodplain), 'doorland' (lazybeds within the settlement), enclosures for animals, and the head dyke, dividing the township from the wild common summer grazing land immediately above the settlement. It is an example of a way of life that was eradicated by changes in land divisions and agricultural techniques. Although in some parts of Scotland this way of living lasted until the 19th century, this type of communal township had largely come to an end. This is partly attributable to the change in land ownership from common to private in the Highland region, the push to tie single people to the land through crofting tenures and the agricultural revolution, which dramatically changed the way people farmed the land.

The area to be scheduled has two parts - one is irregular on plan

Page 14 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

(the boundary to the SE follows, where applicable, the copse's boundary), and the other rectangular on plan - to include the remains described and an area around in which evidence for their construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. Both scheduled areas specifically exclude the above-ground elements of fences and gates and the enclosure that abutts the sheepfank to the east, to allow for their maintenance. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: This well-preserved early post-medieval township contains many different construction styles and architectural elements. It shows a level of complexity, both in its layout and building types, as well as the potential for two phases of occupation. This site therefore adds to our understanding of how people laid out rural townships and what was important to the people who lived and worked on the land at this period. The monument also has the archaeological potential to add to our understanding of how people in the Post-Medieval Period worked and lived within the limitations of the landscape and how they adapted to accommodate those limitations. It could also add additional information to the historical sources that already exist.

Contextual characteristics: This monument is representative of the way the rural population lived and worked in early townships in the Highland region prior to the changes in land management that led to the demise of this type of settlement. It is also part of a wider complex settlement pattern associated with historical influences such as tenure, common grazing rights and population growth. It has the potential to allow us to add to our understanding of the differing types of settlement pattern and farming styles, both geographically and historically

Associative characteristics: This settlement exemplifies a way of living commonly associated with the Pre-Improvement Period, prior to land and settlements being divided into consolidated holdings. This type of monument is set within an important and turbulent part of Scottish history. Its demise marks major political changes as the clan system begins to fade and a union with England brings major change to Scotland's traditions. The end of the old clan system and the role of the clan chief as a father figure brought major changes in the perception of who owned land and subsequently how this land could be used by the lower levels of society. Therefore this type of settlement may add to our understanding about this important aspect of the region's and Scotland's history.

National Importance The site is of national importance because it has the inherent potential to make a significant addition to our understanding of later rural settlement in the Highlands as well as in wider Scotland. The retention of structural and architectural elements to a marked degree also allows us to understand how these settlements were

Page 15 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

constructed and how people lived and worked in rural Scotland in the Pre-Improvement Period. This type of settlement is integral to understanding how the rural population exploited the landscape in the Post-Medieval Period and adds to our understanding of the history of that period.

Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH83SW 10. The monument is recorded in the Highland Council SMR as NH83SW0011 (Historic Scotland).

Site Number 20 Site Name Invereen Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number NH73SE 24 HER Number MHG25826; NH73SE0030 Status Not Designated Easting 279850 Northing 831500 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description 7 roofed buildings and 1 unroofed building on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map.

Grid Reference: NH 7985 3150 Map Sheet: NH73SE Civil Parish: MOY AND DALAROSSIE Geographical Area: INVERNESS

Monument Types •TOWNSHIP (Post Medieval - 1560 AD to 1900 AD) Other References/Statuses •Historic Environment Record: MHG25826 •NMRS NUMLINK Reference: 114315 •NMRS Record Details: NH73SE24 INVEREEN •Old SMR Reference Number: NH73SE0030 Full description

NH73SE 24 7985 3150

A township, comprising seven roofed buildings and one unroofed building is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxii). Four roofed buildings and two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1982). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

Page 16 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Site Number 21 Site Name Invereen Type of Site Class 1 Pictish symbol stone NMRS Number NH73SE 5 HER Number MHG2865; NH73SE0005 Status Not Designated Easting 279680 Northing 831080 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A Pictish symbol-stone of light red sandstone was found at Invereen, Moy, in 1932. It is incised on one face. Removed to NMS.

Notes NH73SE 5 7968 3108.

(Area: NH 798 315) A Pictish symbol-stone of light red sandstone was found at Invereen, Moy, in 1932. It is 3' 10 1/2" x 2' 2 1/2" x 7 5/8" and incised on one face. In the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland (NMAS, IB 227) Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1934.

The findspot of the symbol stone, was pointed out on the ground by the finder (Mr A Dunbar, Invereen, Tomatin, Inverness-shire) at NH 7968 3108. It was unearthed whilst ploughing. Surveyed at 1/2500. Visited by OS (NKB) 9 November 1966.

This slab measures 1.0m x 0.8m x 0.15m. The face is inscribed with the crescent and V-rod symbol; 2 smaller crescents lie inside the larger one. Below this is the double disc intersected by an ornamental Z-rod. At the top-left are the remains of what appears to be a penanular brooch. In the Royal Museum of Scotland (NMAS) Accession no IB 227. Information from R Jones 1980.

NMRS References: Alcock, E A (1991a) 'Pictish stones class I: where and how?', Glasgow Archaeol J, vol.15 Page(s): 19 Jackson, A (1984) The symbol stones of Scotland: a social anthropological resolution to the problem of the Picts, Kirkwall Held at RCAHMS E.11.JAC Mack, A (1997) Field guide to the Pictish symbol stones, Balgavies, Angus Page(s): 35 Held at RCAHMS E.11.MAC PSAS (1934) 'Donations to and purchases for the Museum and Library', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.68 Page(s): 56 fig. 2. Ritchie, J N G (1985) Pictish symbol stones: a handlist 1985, Edinburgh

Page 17 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Page(s): 12 Held at RCAHMS A.1.6.RIT Thomas, C (1964) 'The interpretation of the Pictish symbols', Archaeol J, vol.120 Page(s): 94 Held at RCAHMS E.11.THO.P

Site Number 22 Site Name Glenkirk Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH83SW 16 HER Number MHG14329; NH83SW0009 Status Not Designated Easting 283460 Northing 831770 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Farmstead, comprising 2 roofed buildings, 1 partially roofed L- shaped building, 1 unroofed building, 3 enclosures and a field, depicted on 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map.

NH83SW 16 8346 3177

A farmstead, comprising two roofed buildings, one partially roofed L- shaped building, one unroofed building, three enclosures and a field is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxiii). One roofed building, two unroofed buildings and two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

One roofed building and 3 unroofed and overgrown buildings and an enclosure survive (2010). (Grid reference is for roofed building). Easy access by parking near the gate at Balvraid.

Photographs taken of one of the derelict buildings by Ann Glynne- Percy in the 1990s show remains of cruck beams. Information from the ARCH Community Timelines Course, 2010.

‘Glen Kirk’ appears on Roy's survey of 1747-52 while ‘Glenkeirk’ appears on Thomson's map of 1830.

Site Number 23 Site Name Balvraid Type of Site Settlement; Steading NMRS Number NH83SW 15

Page 18 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

HER Number MHG52607; MHG26453; NH83SW0019 Status Not Designated Easting 282900 Northing 831420 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Settlement comprising 6 roofed buildings, 1 unroofed building and 1 enclosure shown on the 1st edition OS 6- inch map.

NH83SW 15 8293 3142

A township, comprising six roofed buildings, one unroofed building and one enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxii). Three roofed buildings and one enclosure are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

An L-shaped steading depicted in part on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map c.1874.

An L-shaped single-storey steading with planning consent for conversion to a house and garage. The north-eastern range is depicted on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map c.1874. Photographs of the steading were submitted to the HER to comply with a condition on planning consent.

Site Number 24 Site Name Eilean nan Clach, crannog Type of Site Crannog NMRS Number NH73SE 3 HER Number MHG2868; MHG44811; NH73SE0003 Status Scheduled Monument 11447 Easting 277700 Northing 834000 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description This artificial island was used as a temporary prison and place of execution by the clan chiefs before the abolition of heritable jurisdictions. A gallows stood here within the memory of old people living in 1845.

Description The monument comprises a crannog (an artificial island) at the S end of Loch Moy that is between 2700 and 1000 years old.

Page 19 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

The crannog is composed of well-compacted stones, although 19th- century investigations recorded that the stone rested on wooden piles. On top of the island is a rough pile of stones, or cairn, approximately 1.2 m in diameter at its base, and 0.9 m high.

Since its last occupation, the surrounding loch has been drained and considerably lowered. A history of the loch, written in the 1790s, suggests that the crannog was entirely submerged at this time.

Traditionally, the crannog was associated with the administration of justice by the local lord/chief, who had his residence on another island in the loch, 120 m to the north. However, details of the traditions conflict. One says that the crannog was the site of the gallows where wrong-doers were executed, which may account for the cairn, although crannogs with small cairns built on them are a common occurrence. The second states that the accused had to wait for 24 hours on the crannog until judgement was passed, with the guilty facing the gallows at the southern end of the loch.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the crannog, to include the crannog and any associated archaeological deposits above and below the present water mark, as marked in red on the accompanying map.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument is a good example of a little understood monument form that was constructed throughout northern and western Scotland in later prehistory and the early medieval period, remaining in use into the 17th century. The preservation of timbers at the base of the crannog mound suggests that there is high potential for the preservation of other organic archaeological deposits associated with the crannog's original use and occupation. The high levels of preservation at this site indicates that it can inform future research into crannog construction techniques and has the potential to shed light on the past environs of the crannog and the socio-economic lifestyles of its inhabitants.

Contextual characteristics: Numerous crannogs have small cairns built upon their summits, the reason for this is, as yet, unknown, but the preservation of any example can only aid future understanding of this issue. Additionally, it is common for crannogs that were in use in the Middle Ages to be associated with early ecclesiastical sites, lordly residences and judiciary administration. This example lies to the S of an island lordly residence, cartographic evidence reveals a church with a 'kirk' place-name on the shore immediately to the W of the crannog, and it has traditional associations with being a place of confinement and/or execution. This monument has the potential to inform on an understanding of these associations and their place at the heart of medieval

Page 20 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Gaelic/Highland lordships.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is a fine and well-preserved example of a monument of its type. It has the potential to inform upon the methods and dating of crannog construction, as well as about the status and life style of the difference people that may have occupied the crannogs throughout later prehistory and/or the early historic period. Together with an understanding of its landscape setting and associated monument types, it can also expand our understanding of the role of crannogs in the administration of lordly practices throughout the medieval period, and later. The loss of this example would severely hinder our understanding of these issues.

Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH73SE3 and it is recorded in the Highland SMR as NH73SE0003.

Aerial photographs: 91/01/1/26, 1991, Monument and Castle. Highland Regional Council.

References: ISSFC 1888, Excursion to Craggie and Loch Moy. Saturday 4th June 1881, TRANS INVERNESS SCI SOC FLD CLUB 2, 109.

Meldrum E A 1972, LOCH MOY AND ITS ISLANDS. HIGHLAND INDUSTRIES AT MOY HALL.

Stuart J 1868, Notice of a group of artifical islands in the Loch of Dowalton, Wigtonshire, and of other artificial islands or Crannogs throughout Scotland, PROC SOC ANTIQ SCOT, 1868, 18-20.

Site Number 25 Site Name Isle of Moy, fortified island and laird's house Type of Site Fortified island and laird’s house NMRS Number NH73SE 2 HER Number MHG2869; MHG42157; NH73SE0002 Status Scheduled Monument 11446 Easting 277600 Northing 834200 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description According to Stuart, the island is built of stones resting on piles.

Description The monument comprises a largely artificial island in Loch Moy

Page 21 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

which was fortified, probably during the Middle Ages and which, by the 17th century, supported a laird's house along with a considerable number of service buildings. The island also supports a B-listed obelisk (HBNUM 14889). Since its last occupation, the surrounding loch has been drained and considerably lowered, and much of the island is covered in low vegetation and trees.

The draining of the loch has exposed the natural rise of what was once the loch bed and that may have formed a small natural island with gently sloping sides. The higher elements of the island have been heavily modified, with near vertical edges steeply rising around the circumference of the interior. The interior was divided into two parts that a raised walkway, now 0.6 m high and almost 2 m across, perhaps initially separated and linked. In places a 0.3 m high, 1 m wide lip is visible around the circumference of the level surface of the interior, indicating that this once formed an outer ring-work or castellated wall.

The enclosure wall may be contemporary with occupation attributed to the site in the 14th century by oral historical tradition, recorded in the late 18th century, both locally and in Moidart, linking the 'Isle' or 'Castle' to the chiefs of the Mackintosh lineage/Clann Mac an Tiosich. Written evidence for the site's occupation belongs to the 17th century when a number of documents were signed on the island. In the 1790s, a local writer and the Old Statistical Account record almost verbatim passages. These describe the island as comprising an abandoned house containing four fire-rooms, the remains of a street running the length of the island with the foundations of buildings visible on either side, and a garden with a gate bearing an inscription dating its construction to Lachlan, the 20th Laird of Mackintosh, in 1665.

The gate no longer survives, but the ruined remains of the house remain on the southern half of the island. The S gable still stands to 2.7 m in height, indicating a multi-storeyed dwelling, with mortared walls 1 m thick and an interior measuring 15.75 m long from N to S, by 4.65 m transversely. Much of the interior is now infilled with rubble. A drystone structure, measuring 6 m by 4.5 m, has been built onto the southern end. Only the footings of some of the external buildings remain at the southern end of the S island.

Cartographic evidence, provided by Robert Gordon and General Roy, additionally indicates occupation of the island in the 17th and mid-18th centuries.

Much of the northern and central area of the southern island has subsequently been capped by a 0.3 m deep layer of concreted pebbles, associated with the construction of the large early 19th- century obelisk. A well-built causeway/boat noost, with iron rings inserted into it, extending to the W of the southern island may also belong to this phase.

With the exception of the raised walkway, no remains are visible through the undergrowth on the northern island.

Page 22 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

The area to be scheduled is irregular polygon on plan, to cover the whole surface of the island, its associated structures and archaeological deposits, as marked in red on the accompanying map. The scheduling excludes the above-ground elements of the B- listed obelisk.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological and historical significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The well-preserved structural remains chart developments in the dwelling patterns and architectural styles employed by the upper strata of Gaelic/Highland society, from the construction of modified islands, to a castellated monument form resembling a motte-and-bailey, and eventually a more genteel domestic dwelling with a range of supporting outbuildings. The draining of the loch means that there is little likelihood of the preservation of waterlogged deposits at the surface of the island, and in parts this will be exacerbated by the growth of trees. However, the lower portions are likely to remain waterlogged, and the build up of deposits over numerous phases of occupation means that there is a high potential for well-preserved structural, environmental and other archaeological deposits to have survived. This evidence can provide essential information for the future study of the status, life-style and consumption patterns of the island's occupants and for how they lived in and interacted with the communities and environments within the surrounding landscape.

Contextual characteristics: These types of monument sit at the centre of medieval and post-medieval Gaelic/Highland lordships. This example has the potential to inform future research into the mechanics of those lordships. In particular, it can tell us about how people might use island occupation to fulfil a multitude of roles, including display, defence and domesticity, and to demonstrate reclusiveness or accessibility. Developments at this site can therefore illuminate changes in the practice of lordship in this region, as well as its cultural and architectural accoutrements. This lordship sat on the border between the Highlands and the Lowlands, each with differing cultural concepts of society, religion and politics. Central Highland lordships were also very different in practice from those Gaelic lordships further N and W. Study of this monument, when compared with those from elsewhere, has the potential to reveal much about the interactions of these spheres of Scottish society.

Associative characteristics: The later stages of occupation on this island reveal how Highland lairds in the 1600s and 1700s were adopting Lowland architectural styles and practices, such as building gardens.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is a fine

Page 23 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

example of monument of its type, reflecting changes in the practice of Gaelic/Highland lordship. This includes developments in the architectural styles employed to demonstrate the cultural and social position of the social elite during the transformation of the heads of the Clann Mac an Toisich/Mackenzies from lords to chiefs and eventually lairds. The likelihood of preserved archaeological and environmental remains has the potential to support and sustain future research into life, society and culture in this part of the Highlands. Differences between this monument and others of a similar type elsewhere in the Highlands and the rest of Scotland can reveal much about the local and wider social, political and cultural interactions between lords in this region, fellow Gaels and Lowlanders. The loss of this example would severely hinder our understanding of these issues.

Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH73SE 2. It is recorded in the Highland SMR as NH73SE0002.

Aerial photographs: 91/01/1/01, 1991, Castle (remains of) and monument. Highland Regional Council.

91/01/1/02, 1991, Castle (remains of) and monument. Highland Regional Council.

91/01/1/26, 1991, Monument and Castle. Highland Regional Council.

References: ISSFC 1888, Excursion to Craggie and Loch Moy. Saturday 4th June 1881, TRANS INVERNESS SCI SOC FLD CLUB 2, 109.

Meldrum E A 1972, LOCH MOY AND ITS ISLANDS. HIGHLAND INDUSTRIES AT MOY HALL.

Stuart J 1868, Notice of a group of artifical islands in the Loch of Dowalton, Wigtonshire, and of other artificial islands or Crannogs throughout Scotland, PROC SOC ANTIQ SCOT, 1868, 18-20.

Site Number 26 Site Name Drumbain Cottage, hut circles 725m, 845m and 975m ESE of Type of Site Round Houses NMRS Number NH82NW 7 HER Number MHG2822; NH82NW0007; NH82NW0016 Status Scheduled Monument 11673 Easting 281800 Northing 826900 Parish Moy and Dalarossie

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Council Highland Description The remains of 6 hut circles, visible as low circular banks in heather moorland on a gentle SW-facing slope to the E of the river Findhorn in Strathdearn, at 400m OD.

Description The monument comprises the remains of three hut circles, visible as low circular banks in heather moorland, located on a gentle SW- facing slope to the E of the river Findhorn in Strathdearn, at around 400m OD. The hut circles are likely to be Late Bronze Age or Iron Age, dating to the first or second millennium BC.

Each hut circle measures approximately 10m in diameter and survives as a circular stone and earth bank measuring about 2 m wide with an entrance gap in the SE quadrant. Inner and outer facing stones are visible in each hut circle, and all three have been terraced into the slope. The entrance is visible as a gap in the wall on the S. The E hut circle, measuring about 12m in diameter, survives as a stone and earth bank about 1.2m wide. Inner and outer facing stones are visible on this wall and the N part of the interior has been terraced into the slope. The entrance is visible as a gap in the wall on the S.

The scheduled area comprises three separate circular areas, centred on each hut circle, to include the remains described and an area around them within which related material may be expected to be found, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The above- ground elements of the fenceline running NNE through the easternmost of the three hut circles and the top 300mm of the track running WNW to ESE are specifically excluded from the scheduling, to allow for their maintenance. National Importance Cultural Signifcance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic Characteristics: The monument comprises three well- preserved examples of later prehistoric roundhouse, with upstanding remains dating to the first or second millennium BC. The monument retains well-constructed drystone walls, with some facing stones still evident. The upland location of the hut circles and relatively low impact landuse since their construction suggests that deposits, materials and features relating to the roundhouses' construction and use, and evidence for the prehistoric environment, are likely to survive below the surface. Archaeological investigation within the confines of the wider group of roundhouses and field system has confirmed the presence of a buried hearth and charcoal material. The site has considerable potential to enhance understanding of later prehistoric roundhouses and the daily lives of the people who occupied them.

Contextual characteristics: The monument is a good representative of a once common class, and part of a larger complex of similar but more poorly surviving monuments and agricultural enclosures.

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These elements have the potential to provide a better understanding of later prehistoric domestic arrangements and, specifically, the inter-relationship between individual buildings and their place in a worked agricultural landscape.

National Importance: The monument is of national importance because it has an inherent potential to make a significant addition to the understanding of the past, in particular Bronze or Iron Age society and the nature of later prehistoric domestic practice. This potential is enhanced by a good state of preservation and the survival of marked field characteristics. The loss of the example would significantly impede our ability to understand the Bronze and Iron Ages in northern Scotland. Other Information RCAHMS records the monument as NH82NW7. It is recorded in the Highland SMR as NH82NW0007.

References: Council for Scottish Archaeology 1999, Creag an Bhig, Tomatin (Moy & Dalarossie parish), prehistoric field system, DISCOVERY EXCAV SCOT, 59.

Site Number 27 Site Name Soilsean, deserted township and hut circle 745m ESE of Type of Site Settlement and Round Houses NMRS Number NH82NW 14; NH82NW 37 HER Number MHG2835; MHG26460; MHG43328; MHG43330; MHG43329; MHG43 Status Scheduled Monument 11806 Easting 281450 Northing 827800 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Soilsean, deserted township and hut circle 745m ESE of... the remains of a late prehistoric hut circle and Sheanevall, a deserted rural township of post- medieval date.

Description This monument comprises the remains of a late prehistoric hut circle and Sheanevall, a deserted rural township of post-medieval date, surviving as a series of upstanding rectangular and sub- rectangular building plots and stone courses, earthen banks, dykes, corn-drying kiln and a single hut circle. The monument lies at approximately 380 above sea level in open and rough pasture on the E side of Strathdearn and the river Findhorn.

Seven unroofed buildings are depicted and named on the Ordnance Survey First Edition map, all of which survive today as upstanding remains. These remains survive up to four or five stone courses

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high. The structures of the township include five buildings oriented N-S and measuring 10m and 25m long by approximately 5m wide, a sixth rectangular building adjoining one of these and measuring approximately 12m by 5m oriented E-W, and a seventh building appearing as a corn-drying kiln measuring approximately 5m by 5m. Likely to be associated with the township in the area immediately to the W and N are the remains of enclosures and agricultural boundaries, surviving as low stone walls. Immediately to the N of the township is a late prehistoric hut circle measuring approximately 10m in diameter and surviving to a height of 1m. There is a break in the structure of the hut circle in its southern arc, likely to be the entrance. Lastly, there is a linear, earthen bank feature running across the contours and overlain by a later stone wall that may be associated with the hut circle.

The area proposed for scheduling is irregular on plan, to include the remains described and an area around them within which evidence relating to their construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. Specifically excluded from the schedule area is the fenced bird pen fence located to the NW of the site. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument is a well-preserved example of a hut circle and highland rural township with upstanding remains dating from the Late Bronze Age/ Iron Age and post-Medieval periods. The hut circle has survived well with evidence of its circular rough stone construction and entrance intact, alongside a curious earthen bank, overlain by a later stone wall. The individual buildings and enclosure walls that define the later township retain their basic architectural detail, in places up to several courses high and despite stone robbing. The site has considerable potential to enhance our understanding of settlement and small-scale rural economy during later prehistory. It also represents the agricultural economy of highland Scotland during more recent times.

Contextual characteristics: As a well preserved example of an upland rural settlement and single hut circle, this monument reflects landuse and settlement over an extensive time-frame, dating back to the Late Bronze Age / Iron Age. The comparison of this example to others in Strathdearn and the wider landscape of the highlands will help to create a fuller picture of the region's character during later prehistory and in more recent times, such as the periods of agricultural improvement or widespread clearance.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is well preserved and has inherent potential to add to our understanding, not only of settlement and upland economy in later prehistoric and post-medieval times, but also how monuments like these from different periods inter-relate. The loss of this example would impede any future ability to understand this time-depth and sequence of

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landuse and the intrinsic nature of the settlement, its structures and the people who lived here. Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH82NW 37. It is recorded in the Highland Regional Council SMR as NH52NW0059.

Site Number 28 Site Name Carrbridge,old packhorse bridge Type of Site Bridge NMRS Number NH92SW 12 HER Number MHG4627; NH92S0012 Status Scheduled Monument 960; Listed Building: Category B Easting 290600 Northing 822900 Parish Duthil and Rothiemurchus Council Highland Description H.B. No. 241.

Built 1717. High single span humpback rubble bridge over River Dulnain ; tooled rubble arch springing from natural rock abutment. Neither surfacing nor parapet survive.

CARRBRIDGE, OLD BRIDGE OVER RIVER DULNAIN (Ref:241)This building is in the Highland Council and the Duthil And Rothiemurchus Parish. It is a category B building and was listed on 05/10/1971.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 906 229.

Description 1717. High single span humpback rubble bridge; tooled rubble arch ring springing from natural rock abutment; neither surfacing nor parapet survive.

Notes Scheduled monument.

References Ted Ruddock, ARCH BRIDGES AND THEIR BUILDERS, 1735-1835 (1979) pp. 21-2.

Site Number 29 Site Name Sluggan Bridge,bridge,Carrbridge Type of Site Bridge NMRS Number NH82SE 9

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HER Number MHG4465; NH82SE0009 Status Scheduled Monument 961; Listed Building: Category A Easting 286980 Northing 822000 Parish Duthil and Rothiemurchus Council Highland Description H.B. No. 240.

Giant semi-circular arch of c. 23m span. Long approaches and steep roadway. No parapets. 18th century, replacing previous Wade 2- arch bridge destroyed by flood.

SLUGGAN BRIDGE OVER RIVER DULNAIN (Ref:240)This building is in the Highland Council and the Duthil And Rothiemurchus Parish. It is a category A building and was listed on 05/10/1971.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 869 220.

Description 1729-30, General George Wade military bridge substantially repaired 1830-40. Single span rubble bridge with drystone causeway approach from E and W banks. Dressed rubble arch ring springing from squared rubble footings; slight remains of parapet; turf roadway. Pinned rubble buttress at S side of W bank causeway. Approximate span; 65'.

Notes Scheduled Monument. Between 1798 and 1813 the military road from Carrbridge to Dalmagarrie was realigned, by-passing Sluggan Bridge. In 1838 said to be still be "scarcely passable" after flood damage in 1829.

References NEW STATISTICAL ACCOUNT xiii (1838), p. 134. William Taylor, THE MILITARY ROADS IN SCOTLAND (1976), p. 52. Ted Ruddock, ARCH BRIDGES AND THEIR BUILDERS (1979), pp. 21, 22.

Site Number 30 Site Name Dunearn, fort 510m S of Type of Site Hillfort NMRS Number NH94SW 1 HER Number MHG7083; NH94SW0001 Status Scheduled Monument 2470 Easting 293240 Northing 840670 Parish Ardclach

Page 29 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Council Highland Description A vitrified hill-fort on the level S-shaped summit of a wooded hill, within 2 ruinous, turf-covered walls.

Description The monument comprises the remains of a later prehistoric fort, visible as a series of turf- covered walls around the contours of a rocky outcrop. The monument was first scheduled in 1964 and is being rescheduled in order to clarify the extent of the scheduling.

The monument measures around 245 m from NE to SW by 45 m transversely, within two ruinous turf-covered walls. The inner wall conforms to the lip of the summit of the hill and is spread to about 4 m. The outer wall, visible as a stony scarp averaging some 3.5 m wide, is separated from the inner by a terrace which varies in width from 1.5 to 3 m. Given the close proximity of each, it is likely that these walls form the remains of a single timber-laced rampart. In 1963 the archaeologist Feachem recorded signs of vitrification on the SE sector of the 'inner' wall. Although vegetation obscures this area today, any vitrification is likely to have been the result of intense fire.

A gap in the NE may mark an entrance to the fort, however it is likely that the main entrance was located to the S, where the approach is easier. A gap in the walls at the head of a rough track which leads up the slope from the SW may represent the original approach. However, it is likely also to have been utilised in recent history, during cultivation of the interior of the fort, which took place until 1906. As a result of cultivation, the centre of the fort is now featureless. Downslope to the S of the entrance, there is evidence of scarping in two places. On the W slopes, traces of terracing can be seen. These may represent the remnants of outworks defending more vulnerable slopes.

The area to be scheduled is an irregular polygon on plan, to include the fort and an area around in which evidence for its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument has considerable potential to enhance understanding of Iron Age domestic and defensive activity. The external features of the monument are reasonably well preserved and it is likely that archaeologically significant deposits relating to the construction, use and abandonment of the fort remain in place. The significance is increased by documentary accounts of evidence of vitrification within the ramparts, suggesting an episode of intense fire at the outer defences of the monument. This was undoubtedly an important event in the history of the

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monument, and the vitrified stone has the potential to provide dating material which would further clarify the chronology of the site. In addition, it is likely that deposits survive that could provide data relating to the later prehistoric environment. Although the inner area of the hillfort has been levelled by ploughing, it is likely that buried archaeological deposits survive that could provide further information on the nature of settlement, occupation and abandonment of the site.

Contextual characteristics: The prominence of this crag within the Findhorn Valley means that this monument would have formed a significant and imposing part of the landscape in later prehistory, and would have attracted settlement through the need for defence and/or display. The monument is the only known fort in the parish of Ardclach, and lies on the E extent of the distribution of hillforts in the N of Scotland. Around 180 hillforts are known of in the Highland region. Of these, around 30 are confirmed to have evidence for vitrification. Dunearn therefore forms part of an important subset of highland forts, and has parallels in construction and size with a number of hillforts in the Inverness-shire area.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is a well- preserved example of a poorly understood monument type. It could have formed a significant part of the landscape of later prehistoric times and been a central place for local communities and emerging chiefdoms in the need for defence, communal events and the demonstration and display of status. The loss of this monument would detract from a future ability to interpret the surrounding landscape and the nature of the societies that occupied it in later prehistory. It loss would also impact on our ability to understand the date and nature of occupation of forts throughout Scotland. Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH94SW 1.

References: Feachem R W 1963, A GUIDE TO PREHISTORIC SCOTLAND, London, 140.

Keillar I 1974, Ardclach, iron slag, DISCOVERY EXCAV SCOT 47.

Nisbet H C 1975, A geological approach to vitrified forts, part II: bedrock and building stone, Science and Archaeology, 15, 13, No.53.

RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series No 5, 11, No. 44, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Site Number 31 Site Name Levrattich, cairn 340m W of

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Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH94NW 3 HER Number MHG7167; NH94NW0003 Status Scheduled Monument 11738 Easting 294470 Northing 845690 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Turf-covered cairn. The perimeter has been accentuated by ploughing.

Description The monument comprises a turf-covered burial cairn, likely to date to about 4500-3500 years ago. It lies in the middle of a field 340m uphill and W of Levrattich.

The round cairn measures about 14.5m in diameter and varies in height from 1.0m to 1.5m on its southern side. In otherwise fairly good condition, the northern arc of the monument has been damaged due to a cattle feeding stance being placed at the site.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the middle of the cairn (NH 94477 45684), to include the visible remains of the cairn and an area around within which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: This Bronze Age burial cairn has impressive upstanding remains and appears relatively undisturbed, despite a degree of cattle damage to the northern arc and ploughing having accentuated the perimeter. The monument as a whole is clearly visible in the landscape, being on a gently sloping hillside above a deep river valley, and the cairn potentially preserves archaeological deposits relating to Bronze Age burial rites within it.

Contextual characteristics: Comparing and contrasting the cairn to nearby Bronze Age funerary monuments can enable an understanding of how people positioned such sites within the landscape, as well as provide contexts for identity and society. Round cairns often contain a central cist with an inhumation and grave goods, and given the fair condition of this monument, potential exists for this monument to add value to the knowledge and understanding of the group as a whole.

Associative characteristics: The deliberate positioning of the cairn, on a gently sloping hillside with good views over the valley below, adds an aesthetic attribute to its overall significance. Prehistoric

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people designed the cairn so they could see over the landscape from it, as well as to it.

National Importance: The monument is of national importance because it is a good example of a relatively undisturbed Bronze Age round cairn. It has the potential to reveal important information about funerary practice in the local Bronze Age community, as well as, by association, the rest of northern Scotland. Its loss would impede our ability to understand the placing of such monuments within the landscape, as well as our knowledge of Bronze Age funerary rites. Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH94NW3.

Aerial photographs: Visible on RAF air photographs: CPE/Scot/UK/184: 2411-12 (flown 9th October).

Visible on OS air photographs: 67/140:144-5 (flown 2nd June 1967).

References: RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series No. 5, 9, No. 21, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Site Number 32 Site Name Woodend, cairn 760m NW of Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH72NE 4 HER Number MHG2899; MHG43666; MHG43665; MHG51052; NH72NE0004 Status Scheduled Monument 11739 Easting 278620 Northing 826790 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Well-preserved circular kerbed cairn with at its centre an exposed open cist orientated E to W. Also a settlement of three oval stone walled huts (A-C), a well-preserved contemporary field system.

Description The monument is a well-preserved cairn situated on a sloping hillside above the River Findhorn, 760m NW of the buildings at Woodend.

The circular cairn measures 6.4m in diameter, about 0.5m in height, with nine intermittent kerb-stones visible around its perimeter. At

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its centre an exposed open cist survives, formed with four slabs set on edge. The cist is orientated E to W, and internally measures 1.2m in length, 0.6m in width at the W and 0.5m in width at the E, and 0.5m deep. Neither a capstone nor skeletal/artefact remains are visible in the cist. The W edge of the cairn is less disturbed by vegetation growth than the E side.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the cairn, to include the remains described and an area around it within which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: A well-preserved cairn with a central cist, this monument can add a great deal of information to our understanding of burial cairns, in particular their structure and association with the immediate landscape. Cairns of this type date from the Bronze Age, between 3500 and 4000 years ago. Situated on a grouse moor surrounded by blanket peat and heather moorland, a lack of intensive land use combined with an awareness of the monument appears to have benefited its survival.

Funerary remains potentially exist within the mound, which would enhance our understanding of Bronze Age burial practices. Given the good level of preservation, there is a likelihood that deposits relating to the prehistoric environment, such as an old ground surface, will be preserved beneath and within the cairn.

Contextual characteristics: The cairn lies on a false crest overlooking the River Findhorn, and is in view of three possible prehistoric hut circles and an associated field system. The association of the cairn with the wider prehistoric landscape may reveal information that can facilitate our understanding of prehistoric identity and society. The potential for an integrated analysis of a variety of possibly contemporary monument types is high, and the cairn can play a key role in such a study.

Associative characteristics: Being in a prominent position on a false crest, the deliberate positioning of the monument adds an aesthetic attribute to its overall significance. Prehistoric people deliberately built the cairn to look over a landscape, as well as to be seen from within it.

National Importance: The monument is of national importance because it is a well-preserved example of a largely undisturbed Bronze Age burial cairn with central stone-lined cist which is situated within a possible contemporary landscape. It has the potential to add value to our understanding of the monument site type as a whole, as well as the relationship of this site to its class. The capacity exists for this monument to form the key part of an integrated landscape study. Its loss would harm our ability to

Page 34 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

understand the placing of such monuments within the landscape, as well as our knowledge of cairn structure and funerary rites. Other Information RCAHMS records the monument as NH72NE 4.

Site Number 33 Site Name Balnught, hut circle 1225m ENE of Type of Site Round House NMRS Number NH84SE 7 HER Number MHG6964; MHG40382; MHG14333; MHG41611; MHG41636; NH84S Status Scheduled Monument 11798 Easting 289420 Northing 840660 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Hut circle internally with nearby field clearance heaps spaced from 20.0m to 40.0m apart. Later cultivation strips, abandoned in the 18th/19th century.

Description The monument comprises a single hut circle, a Bronze-Age domestic structure dating to the first or second millennium BC. It lies in rough moorland on a hillside 1225m ENE of Balnught.

The hut circle comprises a 3 m wide by 0.7m high circular bank enclosing a central area 8 m in diameter. An entrance (2.5m wide) is visible to the E, at either side of which the bank ends taper slightly to 2.5m wide. The hut circle is covered by up to 0.25m of peat. The outer face of the bank to the N is indistinct, as it is set into the slope of the hillside. Probing suggests that the bank is built with stone and turf and possibly has a stone facing.

The area to be scheduled is a circle, centred on the hut circle, to include the hut circle and an area around it within which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: A well-preserved hut circle on a hillside above the river Findhorn, the site has potential to further our understanding of prehistoric domestic structures. Associations with the surrounding field clearance heaps can provide information on landuse and economy. Hut circles like this date to the first or second millennium BC. Lack of cultivation and intensive landuse indicates that the potential exists for the preservation of

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archaeological deposits relating to the monument's construction, use and abandonment. In addition, it is likely that deposits survive that could provide data relating to the later prehistoric environment.

The site has considerable potential to enhance understanding of later prehistoric roundhouses and the daily lives of the people who occupied them.

Contextual characteristics: This hut circle is situated on a sloping hillside adjacent to cultivable land, with views over the river below. As it is not a complex site, it lies undisturbed and thus offers potential to add value to the group as a whole. Comparing and contrasting the hut circle to other nearby sites of the same type or date can enable an understanding of how such monuments are positioned within the landscape and their relationships with one another.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is an excellent example of an undisturbed single hut circle. It has potential to add to our knowledge of the monument type as a whole, given its level of preservation and association with the surrounding field clearance heaps. The capacity exists for this monument to form part of a wider study of the later prehistoric upland landscape. Its loss would impede our ability to understand the placing of such monuments within the landscape, as well as our knowledge of later prehistoric domestic structures and economy. Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH84SE 7.

References: RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series No. 5, Edinburgh, p14, No. 90 (Historic Scotland).

Site Number 34 Site Name Little Banchor, depopulated settlement 1130m WSW of Banchor Type of Site Settlement; Farmstead, Kiln Barn, Lime Kiln NMRS Number NH94SW 13 HER Number MHG7079; MHG44234; MHG44235; NH94SW0013 Status Scheduled Monument 11818 Easting 290180 Northing 840130 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Ruins of a farmstead and associated structures, including a kiln and large enclosure, next to the River Findhorn.

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Description The monument comprises the ruins of a farmstead and associated buildings and structures, including a kiln and large enclosure, situated on a terrace next to the River Findhorn, 1140m WSW of Banchor. The settlement is named as Little Banchor on the Ordnance Survey (OS) First and Second Edition maps. Its name reflects the older, larger settlement of Banchor 1140m to the E.

The settlement consists of an enclosed area surrounded by three buildings, a kiln with enclosure and a length of walling, and a fourth building to the NW separated from the others by a modern road.

The three buildings to the S of the enclosure are marked on the OS First and Second Edition maps. Of this group, the easternmost building is split into three compartments, with the pair to the W being separated only by a narrow passage. A possible trackway runs NNW from the W end of the easternmost building to join up with the line of the modern road, crossing in front of the pair of buildings and alongside the W edge of the enclosure.

To the E of the enclosure lie the ruins of a kiln, approximately 2m high, with an associated enclosure. This kiln enclosure measures 14m by 21m, and is aligned NE-SW, with an entranceway on its SE side. The OS First and Second Edition maps appear to indicate the enclosure wall curving around to join a section of straight walling that runs NE-SW along the SE boundary of the farmstead.

The fourth building lies to the N of the kiln, on the N side of what is now a modern road, but may in the past have been a trackway or drove road. This building stands one course high (0.3m), with walls indicated by a spread of rubble approximately 0.75m wide. It measures 18m from E to W and 5m transversely, with three internal compartments - the W one being 7.5m long, the central one 5.5m long, and the E one 6m long.

A fence running NE to SW along the line of what could be an old stream leading down to the river forms the SE boundary of the farmstead. To the S of the farmstead a small eroding cliff-face drops down to the River Findhorn.

The area to be scheduled is a pair of irregular polygons, separated by the modern road, to include the remains described and an area around in which associated evidence may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The farmstead buildings and associated structures survive in good condition, indicating that this monument dates from the late 18th or early 19th century; the layout here next to the river, with buildings organised around a central enclosure and

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an associated kiln, is typical of low-lying farmsteads of the post- medieval period. The kiln and its enclosure is an interesting feature, in that there is no evidence of burning. This suggests that it was not a limekiln (as labelled on the OS First Edition map) but perhaps a hop kiln; comparable examples are found elsewhere. Differences in build quality may indicate a developmental sequence between the isolated building to the N, the kiln and enclosure to the E, and the three buildings to the SW. Potential exists for this monument to add a great deal of information to our understanding of post-medieval farmsteads, in particular their structure and association with the landscape around them.

Contextual characteristics: A complete kiln and associated enclosure ensure that this well-preserved farmstead is a valuable representation of its class of monument. Possible complexities in type of building suggest some element of longevity at the site. Analysis of the surrounding landscape may enhance our understanding of settlement location and economy, in particular the relationship between this site and nearby contemporary post- medieval settlements. The farmstead's location, on reasonable agricultural land adjacent to a steady water source and upland pasture, helps us to identify the economical and practical concerns that would have been considered prior to the settlement being constructed.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is a well- preserved example of a late 18th- or early 19th-century farmstead with associated kiln and enclosure. It has the potential to contribute towards our understanding of post-medieval settlement patterns, structures, and economy. The unusual kiln has the ability to provide important information about resource processing. The capacity exists for this monument to form part of an integrated landscape study, and so its loss would harm our ability to understand the distribution of post-medieval farmsteads and their structure, as well as our understanding of early 19th century environmental constraints upon agriculture.

Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH94SW 13.

References: RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series No. 5, 21, No. 175, Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (Historic Scotland).

Site Number 35 Site Name Ardclach Bell Tower Type of Site Bell Tower NMRS Number NH94NE 1

Page 38 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

HER Number MHG7175; MHG42898; NH94NE0001 Status Scheduled Monument 90020; Listed Building: Category A Easting 295381 Northing 845334 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description H.B. No. 551.

Dated 1655. Simple square, 2-storey tower with double pitched roof. Harled, windows below eaves in east elevation; low doorway at SE; 2 gun loops in north gable.

Description The monument consists of a small detached tower built as a bell tower for the church (founded 1626, apparently on a virgin site), sited 0.3km away but 60m lower in the bottom of the valley of the River Findhorn.

The two-storey tower, approximately 4.3m square, is constructed of harled stonework with ashlar dressings and with a slated, double- pitched roof with a stone ridge. The tower was used not only as a belfry but also as a watch tower and local prison, the first two functions making necessary a hilltop site.

The tower is dated 1655 externally, and internally a further plaque displays the monogram MGB for Alexander Brodie of Lethen and his wife Margaret Grant, on whose estate it was situated. It is suggested that the building of the tower may have been a response to attacks by Royalist forces on Brodie, a noted Covenanter. If it is any earlier than this date, it is not greatly so.

The south gable contains both date stone and belfry; the latter has a pyramidal capping and openings in all four sides. The tower is entered at the SE corner and contains a windowless vaulted chamber on the ground floor, together with stairs to the upper floor, which has a chimneypiece in the north wall, flanked by 2 gunloops. There is one further gunloop in the N gable and 3 windows, 2 in the E and one in the W wall, all at first floor level.

The area to be scheduled comprises a square of side 15m, centred on the tower, to contain the tower and an area around it which may provide evidence for activities connected with its construction and use, as marked in red on the accompanying map.

National Importance The monument is of national importance as an unusual bell tower of 17th century date, associated with post-Reformation ecclesiastical reorganisation. Study of its standing remains is likely to provide evidence for building practices and ecclesiastical and social organisation during the early modern period. Other Information RCAHMS records the monument as NH 94 NE 1.

Page 39 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

References: Hay, G. (1957) The architecture of Scottish post-Reformation churches, 1560-1843, Oxford, 173.

MacGibbon, D. and Ross, T. (1892) The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, 5v, Edinburgh, Vol. 5, 218.

Ritchie, J. B. (1932) The Pageant of Morayland, Elgin, 163-7.

Site Number 36 Site Name Ruthven or Carn nan Eag Type of Site Cairns NMRS Number NH83SW 7 HER Number MHG2806; NH83SW0006 Status Not Designated Easting 280900 Northing 832800 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A few stone clearance heaps of uncertain date, amongst lazy beds.

NH83SW 7 809 328

A few stone clearance heaps of uncertain date, amongst lazy beds. Visited by OS (A A) 24 February 1972.

Site Number 37 Site Name Ruthven Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH83SW 12 HER Number MHG26459; NH83SW0022 Status Not Designated Easting 281080 Northing 833240 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description 2 unroofed buildings depicted on the 1st edition OS 6-inch map.

NH83SW 12 8108 3324

Page 40 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Two unroofed buildings are depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6- inch map (Inverness-shire 1871-5, sheet xxi) and on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974), but only the building to the E is in the same location as on the 1st edition. Information from RCAHMS (SAH), 24 June 1996.

Site Number 38 Site Name Edinchat Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number NH83SW 14 HER Number MHG26452; NH83SW0018 Status Not Designated Easting 281800 Northing 830750 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Settlement including 9 roofed buildings, 1 unroofed building and 3 enclosures shown on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map.

NH83SW 14 8180 3075

A township, comprising nine roofed buildings, one unroofed building and three enclosures is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxii). Two roofed buildings, two unroofed buildings and two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

Site Number 39 Site Name Druim an Tuirc Type of Site Field System NMRS Number NH83SW 2 HER Number MHG2811; NH83SW0002 Status Not Designated Easting 281200 Northing 830700 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Field system marked by stone clearance heaps.

NH83SW 2 812 307.

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Centred at NH 812 307 on the gentle S facing slope of Druim an Tuirc is a field system marked by stone clearance heaps. The boundaries of the field are obscured by peat build up and no measurements were obtained. There is an isolated small area of similar clearance centred at NH 812 310 to the N in a felled-off plantation. Visited by OS (A A) 24 February 1972.

Site Number 40 Site Name Allt Bad Na Staing Type of Site Farm; Sheepfold NMRS Number NH83SE 1 HER Number MHG25448; NH83SE0001 Status Not Designated Easting 289550 Northing 833660 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Farmstead of 3 unroofed buildings attached to a sheepfold shown on the 1st edition OS 6- inch map.

NH83SE 1 8955 3366

A farmstead, comprising three unroofed buildings of which one is a long building and one unroofed structure attached to an enclosure which is annotated as a sheepfold are depicted on the 1st edition of the 6-inch map (Nairnshire, Inverness-shire and Elginshire 1871-4, sheet xiii). One roofed building, two unroofed buildings and the pecked outline of an enclosure and an unroofed structure are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1973). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 7 August 1996

Site Number 41 Site Name Allt Bad Na Staing Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number NH83SE 2 HER Number MHG25449; NH83SE0002 Status Not Designated Easting 289550 Northing 833430 Parish Cawdor Council Highland

Page 42 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Description Possible unroofed building depicted on the 1st edition of the 6-inch OS map.

NH83SE 2 8955 3343

What may be an unroofed building is depicted on the 1st edition of the 6-inch map (Nairnshire, Inverness-shire and Elginshire 1871-4- 5, sheet xiii), but it is not shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1973). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 7 August 1996

Site Number 42 Site Name Allt Bruachaig Type of Site Enclosure; Wall NMRS Number NH83SW 17 HER Number MHG26421; NH83SW0017 Status Not Designated Easting 284050 Northing 830950 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Enclosure with an attached short length of wall depicted on the 1st edition OS 6-inch map.

NH83SW 17 8405 3095

An enclosure with an attached short length of wall are depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxiii), but they are not shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

Site Number 43 Site Name Balvraid Lodge Type of Site Lodge NMRS Number HER Number MHG14524; NH83SW0012 Status Not Designated Easting 283900 Northing 831000 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland

Page 43 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Description No details recorded.

Site Number 44 Site Name Rhilean Burn Type of Site Settlement; Farm; Corn- Drying Kiln NMRS Number NH83NE 7 HER Number MHG7262; MHG42056 - MHG42059; NH83NE0007 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 289440 Northing 836700 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description 3 buildings, an enclosure and the fragmentary remains of a corn- drying kiln.

NH83NE 7 8944 3670

This farm consists of three buildings, an enclosure and the fragmentary remains of a corn-drying kiln, all standing in cleared ground. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 1st ed. (1871), sheet xi. RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978

One roofed, two unroofed buildings, two enclosures and a sheepfold are depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871-5-6, sheet xi). One unroofed building lying within an enclosure and a length of field wall are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1975). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 23, No. 190 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 45 Site Name Upper Rhilean Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number NH83NE 8 HER Number MHG6875; NH83NE0008 Status Not Designated Easting 289260

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Northing 836200 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Dry-stone footings of a farm consisting of 2 buildings and associated enclosures.

NH 9435 3840 – NH 8685 3490 A walkover survey was conducted 22–29 January 2009 as part of an environmental assessment for a possible access route to a proposed wind farm. Thirty-three structures were identified and recorded, most of which were within three post-medieval rural settlements in the Rhilean Burn valley. The previous RCAHMS, HHER and OS records of these settlements were found to be inaccurate. NH 892 361 Upper Rhilean The 1st Edition OS 1:10560 map does not show the settled area of Upper Rhilean, although it could correspond with Rhilean Burn 1 on the HHER. The settlement is on the haugh c550m S of Rhilean township. It is much closer to Rhilean Burn and appears to have been subject to greater fluvial erosion. Seven structures were recorded and all of the visible buildings are wasted stone footings that may have supported turf walls. Only a pentagonal enclosure is of stone and turf construction and may well have been rebuilt more than once. Archive: RCAHMS. Report: HHER and LPeteranna and Wombell, M and J (2009a) 'Tom nan Clach Wind Farm - Eastern Access Route, Highland (Ardclach / Cawdor parishes), walkover survey', Discovery Excav Scot, New, vol.10 Cathedral Communications Limited, Wiltshire, England. Page(s): 87-88 RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 23, No. 189 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5) ibrary Service Funder: Savills Ltd Mary Peteranna and John Wombell – Highland Archaeology Services Ltd

NMRS References:

Site Number 46 Site Name Leonach Burn Type of Site Enclosure NMRS Number NH93SW 7 HER Number MHG26571; NH93SW0007 Status Not Designated Easting 291100 Northing 834400

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Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description An enclosure depicted on the 1st edition OS 6-inch map.

NH93SW 7 9110 3440

An enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the 6-inch map (Nairnshire, Inverness-shire and Elginshire 1871-4-5, sheet xiii), but it is not shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1971). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 7 August 1996

Site Number 47 Site Name Alltlaoigh, farmstead 1990m NE of Cnapan a' Choire Odhair Bhig Type of Site Farm; Kiln Barn; Limekiln NMRS Number NH93SW 6 HER Number MHG7176; MHG41803; NH93SW0003 & 6 Status Scheduled Monument 11878 Easting 292220 Northing 832900 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description At least 4 dry-stone buildings, 1 of them a kiln-barn, and several enclosures.

Description The monument comprises a post-medieval rural settlement, visible as upstanding ruins. It lies in moorland on the W bank of the tributary Allt Laoigh (meaning 'Brook of the Calf'), approximately 1.5km NW of Loch Ille Mhor, at around 350m above sea level.

The monument consists of five structures (one of which is a kiln barn) and an enclosure. The kiln barn is to the N of the complex and is orientated NNW-SSE. It measures 17.5m by 4.5m and has an internal partition to the NNW and a kiln to the SSE. The internal partition creates a small room that measures approximately 4.5m by 4.5m. The kiln bowl has an internal diameter of 2.7m and is 0.58m in depth, while the kiln walls measure approximately 1m in width at the top. The second structure consists of coarsely built wall- footings, is rectangular and measures 12.5m by 4.8m. The walls are approximately 1m wide. The third structure, is orientated NE-SW, and measures 17.5m by 5m. It includes identifiable architectural features such as internal walls, door lintels, cruck-frame slots, a bedneuk and niche. This structure is very well preserved and the walls stand to a maximum height of 1.8m with a width of 0.7m. The fourth structure is also rectangular and consists of coarsely built wall footings. It is orientated NW-SE and measures 15m by 6m. The fifth structure is rectangular and measures 17m by 4.3m. The walls

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are 0.7m in width, stand to 0.5m high on average and consist of 3- 4 courses. The structure has an internal wall partition 9m from the NE end and a possible entrance in the most southerly compartment on the NW wall. In general this structure is well built, although still coarser in build than the third structure. The enclosure is roughly rectangular with slightly curved walls.

The monument is a later historic rural settlement in high rough pasture and moorland. The Ordnance Survey First Edition map dating to 1871-5 describes it as 'in ruins' at this time. It is therefore likely to date to the early 19th century. Although the remoteness of the location in an area where the elements would have been harsh may suggest that this was a temporary residence in summer months, the complexity of the structures indicates that it is likely that this was a permanent residence. The third structure was the main dwelling and was surrounded by barns and other working structures, such as the kiln barn and the livestock enclosure to the south. The fifth structure may have been a secondary residence. There is also evidence of a head dyke and possible rig and furrow in the surrounding landscape, which would suggest that the inhabitants of this small farmstead or croft grew crops as well as farmed livestock. It is likely that the kiln barn is a corn drying kiln, which would have been used to dry grain before grinding.

The area to be scheduled is irregular shape on plan, to include the visible remains described above and an area around in which evidence for their construction and use is likely to survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: This is a well-preserved later historic rural settlement with many of its architectural features intact. Many of its elements would add to our understanding of rural settlement in the late 18th and early 19th century. The monument also has the archaeological potential to add to our understanding of farming, housing construction, and general living conditions in the post- medieval period prior to the Clearances in the Highland region.

Contextual characteristics: This monument is representative of the way the majority of the rural population lived and worked in the late 18th and early 19th century and shows a type of settlement that is associated with upland dwelling, in a location that would be perceived today as unsustainable. The monument exemplifies a complex settlement pattern associated with historical influences such as land tenure and population growth. It has the potential to allow us to add to our understanding of the differing types of settlement pattern throughout upland, lowland and marginal areas. It allows us to understand how people in the 19th century worked within the limitations of the landscape and how they adapted to accommodate those limitations.

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Associative characteristics: Changes in the political climate in the second half of the 19th century, such as the Highland Clearances and the Industrial Revolution, caused major population movement and meant that many of these types of rural dwellings became unoccupied during the late 19th century. The archaeological potential of the monument may add to our understanding of the abandonment of this type of rural settlement.

National Importance The complexity and preservation of this site has the potential to add to our understanding of later historic rural settlement both in the Highlands and in wider Scotland. The retention of structural and architectural elements to a marked degree will provide information about how these settlements were constructed and how each element was important to surviving in an upland environment during this period. This type of settlement is integral to understanding how the landscape was used historically and how it was perceived by the people in the late 18th and early 19th century. Other Information RCAHMS record this monument as NH96SW 6. It is recorded in the Highland Council SMR as NH93SW0003.

References: RCAHMS, 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The Archaeological Sites and Monuments of Scotland Series No 5, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (Historic Scotland).

Site Number 48 Site Name Carnoch Burn Type of Site Hut-Circle; Enclosure NMRS Number NH84SE 1 HER Number MHG7039; MHG41241; NH84SE0001 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 286830 Northing 840870 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Oval stone-walled hut within an enclosure divided into two sub- rectangles.

NH84SE 1 8683 4087.

At NH 8683 4087 on a dry rise beside the Carnoch Burn is an oval stone-walled hut measuring c. 14.0m from the W through the simple entrance in the E, by c. 12.5m transversely between the centres of a wall spread to c. 3.0m all round. There is no trace of the type of cultivation which is normally found with stone-walled

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huts, ie. clearance heaps, lynchets etc. The hut falls within an enclosure divided into two sub-rectangles of unequal size by a cross bank which clips the N arc of the hut. There is evidence of late cultivation in the N part, which indicates that the enclosure is later than the hut. Visited by OS (A A) 3 February 1971.

This hut-circle is situated in dense heather close to the Carnoch Burn. RCAHMS 1978, visited April 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 12, No. 65 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 49 Site Name Drynachan Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH84SE 16 HER Number MHG6973; NH84SE0016 Status Not Designated Easting 286090 Northing 840350 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Fragmentary traces of a former farm comprising dry-stone footings standing in cleared ground.

NH84SE 16 8609 4035

Fragmentary traces of a former farm comprising dry-stone footings standing in cleared ground. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 1st ed. (1871), sheet x; RCAHMS 1978, 21, visited April 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 21, No. 169 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 50

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Site Name Carn Sgumain Type of Site Field System; Hut Circle NMRS Number NH84SE 2 HER Number MHG6969; MHG41654; MHG41670; MHG41662; NH84SE0002 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 287070 Northing 840680 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Denuded circular stone-walled hut with a clearance heap against the wall . To the E is an area of stone clearance heaps and occasional lynchets.

NH84SE 2 centred 871 406.

At NH 8707 4068 is a denuded circular stone-walled hut measuring c. 10.5m in diameter between the centres of a wall spread to c. 2.5m. The entrance is not evident. A clearance heap lies against the wall in the W arc. To the E of the hut, mainly on a S-facing slope, is an area of stone clearance heaps and occasional lynchets, forming a contemporary field system. Details of the fields are greatly obscured by peat but two can be seen to measure c. 30.0m by c. 20.0m and c. 20.0m by 15.0m. Surveyed at 1/10,000. Visited by OS (A A) 3 February 1971.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 12, No. 66 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 51 Site Name Knockandhu Type of Site Farm; Corn- Drying Kiln NMRS Number NH83NE 6 HER Number MHG6874; NH83NE0006 Status Not Designated Easting 287770 Northing 839920 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Remains of a dry- stone farm incorporating a corn- drying kiln.

NH83NE 6 8777 3992

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Knockandhu - A small farmhouse with offices attached. Name Book 1869

Remains of a dry-stone farm incorporating a corn-drying kiln. RCAHMS 1978

One unroofed, one partially roofed, three roofed buildings and an enclosure are depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871-5-6, sheet x). Three unroofed buildings and an incomplete enclosure are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1975). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996

NMRS References: Ordnance Survey (Name Book) Object Name Books of the Ordnance Survey (6 inch and 1/2500 scale) Page(s): Book No. 1, No. 53 Held at RCAHMS Ref RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 21, No. 173 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 52 Site Name Carnoch Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number NH84SE 24 HER Number MHG26418; NH83SE0024 Status Not Designated Easting 287200 Northing 840120 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Farmstead shown on the 1st edition OS 6- inch map.

NH84SE 24 8720 4012

A farmstead comprising one unroofed building, two roofed buildings, one of which is arranged around a courtyard, and an enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871- 5-6, sheet x). One roofed, one partially roofed building and four enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1978). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996.

Page 51 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Site Number 53 Site Name Drynachan Lodge Type of Site Shooting Lodge NMRS Number NH83NE 9 HER Number MHG27972; NH83NE0009 Status Not Designated Easting 286520 Northing 839610 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description 19th c. Shooting lodge.

NH83NE 9 8652 3961

Drynachan Lodge [NAT] OS 1:10,000 map, 1975.

Site Number 54 Site Name Lochindorb Castle Type of Site Castle NMRS Number NH93NE 1 HER Number MHG6778; NH93NE0001 Status Scheduled Monument 1231 Easting 297400 Northing 836300 Parish Cromdale, Inverallan and Advie Council Highland Description 13th c. stone castle standing on an island in a loch. Slighted in 1458.

NH93NE 1 9745 3632

(NH 9745 3532 ) Lochindorb Castle (NR) (In Ruins) Human Remains found AD 1866 (NAT) OS 6" map, Inverness-shire, 2nd ed., (1900)

Substantial remains of a 13th century island castle of enceinte comprising a large quadrilateral curtained enclosure with angles strengthened by round towers of comparatively slight projection. No special arrangments appear to have been made for the defence of the entrance gateway, which is centrally placed in the east wall and gives access to a landing stage on the loch shore. A peculiarity of the site is a forewall on the south possibly a 14th century basse-court addition, with its own port-cullis gateway but with no access to the inner court. Traces of a range of buildings along with south wall of the main

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enclosure are still discernable, and the most westerly is known as 'The Chapel'. Lochindorb was a stronghold of the Comyns Lords of Badenoch and was captured by Edward I in 1303 and again by his son, who strengthened it, a few years later. From 1372 it was occupied by 'The Wolf of Badenoch', Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, who died in 1394 [1405 has also been suggested as his date of death]. It was ordered, by royal mandate, to be destroyed in 1458, having been fortified against the king, but the walls still stand to almost full height. The Statistical Account (OSA, 1793) quotes local opinion as saying that the castle is built on an artifical island - apparently confirmed by the appearance of great rafts, or planks of oak, by the beating of the water against the old walls. Ordnance Survey name book (ONB, 1871) gives no further information on the human remains found in 1866. OSA 1793; Name Book 1871; D MacGibbon and T Ross 1887-92; J G Dunbar 1966.

(Lochindorb Castle, 10.4km NW of Grantown-on-Spey). Island stronghold in the loch of the same name. The castle is first recorded during the Wars of Independence when Sir John ('the Black') Comyn died there in 1300. By 1455 the castle was in the hands of Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray, The next year, after Douglas's defeat and death at Arkinholm, Lochindorb was again forfeited to the Crown and this time ordered to be slighted, the work of dismantling its defences being entrusted to the Thane of Cawdor. Since then, it has been left as a ruin. J Gifford 1992.

In August 1993 the Scottish Trust for Underwater Archaeology (STUA) carried out preliminary underwater investigation in the area around the castle following the discovery of artefacts and the recognition of structures during diving by Mr K McComiskie and others. The loch reaches a maximum depth of about 17m, has an average depth of 4m, and is shallower than this over about half its area. Underwater survey around the main island suggested that the mound may have been artificially constructed before the construction of the castle, no bedrock being apparent either on the island or in the surrounding waters. On the W side of the island, the underwater profile is a gentle slope which gradually merges with the loch bed. Many of the stones that make up the mound appear to have been artificially deposited, but their wide range in size and type may point to a natural origin. On the S and E sides, the mound has far more of an artificial appearance, the angle of slope being steeper and the stones more homogenous, as has been noted around artificial islands in Loch Tay. The submerged area to the N of the island displays features (specifically, fallen walls) which are clearly man-made, but is otherwise more like the W side than the S and E. The loch bed slopes away gently on this side, layers of natural clay being apparent. The walls off the N side of the island were planned and drawn. Their

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date, function and origin remain uncertain but they may incorporate the remains of one of the curtain walls that were demolished in 1458 or, alternatively, represent another feature, specifically a landing-stage or small harbour or the robbed remains of a pre- castle structure. A large oak beam was found projecting from the loch bed near the submerged walls and may be one of those noted in the Old Statistical Account. The suggested existence of an earlier crannog cannot be substantiated. Clearly-defined ridges of sand and gravel were observed between the island and the E shore of the loch and initially thought to be the remains of a causeway or similar structure; their situation at a minimum depth of 3m underwater makes this improbable and they display little evidence of artificial construction. They are thus assumed to be of natural, presumably glacial, origin. Two stone balls were found during examination of these features and another three later. They measure between 0.24 and 0.28m in diameter, are apparently of granite and were all found between 25 and 30m from the shore. They were most probably fired as stone shot from a trebuchet during Sir Andrew Murray's siege of 1335. A trench 1m square was laid out and a small area within this excavated off the NE corner of the island in an area from which Mr McComiskie lifted a large storage jar in 1992. Within the loose silt that had fallen into the hole since the removal of the pot, there were found small pieces of wood (some with cut-marks), a few fragments of burnt peat, and other comminuted burnt material. The stratigraphic sequence was found to comprise fine, mobile silt (context 001) overlying a slightly thicker and more sticky sediment (context 002) which contained weeds and appeared to have been naturally deposited. A fragment of a pot-handle was also found but left in situ. Beneath context 002 there was a layer (context 003) which is characterised by black specks, pieces of charcoal, burnt peat and fragments of cut wood and appears to represent a period of habitation. By contrast, context 001 is evidently transitory, mobile and, therefore, modern while context 002 (which measures about 50mm in thickness) is related to related to a period of occupation of the island. Context 003, therefore, must represent either an earlier phase of castle occupation or the occupation of the island before the construction of the castle. The jar that was recovered in 1992 is believed to be contemporary with the 15th century occupation of the castle, and is displayed in Inverness Museum. The four fragments of handle found nearby are different from it, and need not be chronologically related. A few planks and a knee from a small boat were found in shallow water to the E of the island; they were not deeply embedded in the loch bottom and may be associated with the second layer of sticky silt noted in the trench, or may be associated with the pottery fragments. The significance of fragments of bone and a perforated stone found in no clear association (the latter off the SE side of the island) remains unclear. The demonstration (or otherwise) of pre-castle occupation remains the major topic of interest, the following proposals for further study being made accordingly: 1. examination and radiocarbon dating of timber fragments from contexts 002 and 003

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2. bathymetric and remote sensing (sonar/sub-bottom profiling) survey of the loch 3. detailed study of the submerged forest and peat bank at the S end of the loch 4. excavation of the area around the fallen walls and oak beam to establish their relationship with the castle 5. excavation of [random] areas of the loch-bed, of the area around the finds and across one or more of the ridges. NMRS, MS/974/4.

The 1974 edition of the OS 1:10,000 map notes the winter water level of Lochindorb as being at an altitude of 295m above Newlyn datum in 1965. Information from RCAHMS (RJCM), 7 October 1998.

NMRS References: Anderson I and Dixon P (2011) 'Inverlochy and Lochindorb Castles - A Comparative Study', in Gregory N Architect Heritage, vol.22 Edinburgh Page(s): 1-17 Held at RCAHMS P.35 Close-Brooks, J (1995a) The Highlands, Exploring Scotland's Heritage series, ed. by Anna Ritchie Edinburgh Page(s): 99, 105 Held at RCAHMS A.1.4.HER Cumming, A D (1912) 'Loch-in-Dorb, an ancient royal fortress', Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.46 Page(s): 357-64 Held at RCAHMS D.5.43.LOC.P Dunbar, J G (1966) The historic architecture of Scotland, London Page(s): 27 Held at RCAHMS F.2.1.DUN Gifford, J (1992) Highland and Islands, The buildings of Scotland series London Page(s): 47, 94-5, 273 Held at RCAHMS Ref Lindsay, M (1994) The castles of Scotland, London Page(s): 341-2 Held at RCAHMS F.5.21.LIN MacGibbon and Ross, D and T (1887-92) The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, 5v Edinburgh Page(s): Vol. 1, 70-2 plan, illust. Held at RCAHMS F.5.21.MAC OSA (1791-9) The statistical account of Scotland, drawn up from the communications of the ministers of the different parishes, in Sinclair, J (Sir) Edinburgh Page(s): Vol. 8, 259 Held at RCAHMS B.2.2.STA Ordnance Survey (Name Book) Object Name Books of the Ordnance Survey (6 inch and 1/2500 scale) Page(s): Book No. 6, 34 Held at RCAHMS Ref Simpson, W D (post-1931) Lochindorb Castle, {s.l.} (Elgin) Held at RCAHMS D.5.43.LOC.P Thomson, R (1902) 'The Castle of Lochindorbh', Trans Inverness Sci Soc Fld Club, vol.5 Page(s): 123-34

Site Number 55

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Site Name Princess Stone, cross- slab 250m SSW of Glenferness House Type of Site Cross-slab NMRS Number NH94SW 10 HER Number MHG7082; NH94SW0010 Status Scheduled Monument 1233 Easting 293600 Northing 842600 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description An upright Pictish sandstone cross-slab on a small cairn, carved in relief on four faces. Very weathered and not in original position.

Description The monument comprises a symbol-bearing Pictish cross-slab, known as the Princess Stone, that probably dates to the 8th or 9th century AD. First scheduled in 1923, it is being rescheduled because it has been moved and because the original scheduling documentation is missing.

The monument lies close to the River Findhorn, at a height of around 175 m above sea level. In around 1957 it was moved a short distance from its original position, next to a cairn, in order to protect it from flooding. It is a roughly pointed slab of greenish sandstone with quartz veins, standing 1.6 m above the ground and carved on both faces. The stone broke when it was moved and has been repaired. It is now supported by two stone flankers. On the front-face there is a cross, the interior of which is infilled with knotwork. Beneath the cross are a series of geometric designs and the silhouettes of two figures embracing or wrestling. On the back- face there are two panels, one with interlaced work on it and the other showing several so-called Pictish symbols - two Pictish beasts, a double disc and Z-rod, and a crescent and V-rod - and a hunter with a cross-bow and a hound.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the cross- slab, to include the upstanding monument, the supporting flanking stones and an area around for its support and preservation, as shown in red on the accompanying map. It specifically excludes the top 20 cm of the path running past the monument, to allow for its maintenance. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument is a well-preserved, elaborately carved symbol-bearing Pictish cross-slab. It survives despite having been broken while being moved from its original location next to a cairn. The combination of Christian and apparently non-Christian symbols carved on the monument vividly represents the establishment of Christianity in NE Scotland amidst

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the prevailing culture of the Picts.

The carving has the potential to enhance the study of Pictish symbol stones, the development of the so-called Insular art that was created in parts of Britain and Ireland in the early medieval period, and technical aspects of carving stones. Carved stones such as this are particularly important evidence for the early church in Scotland because we have little other archaeological evidence for contemporary sites, as well as a low survival of Pictish liturgical metalwork and an absence of manuscripts that art in other media suggests will have existed. They also hint at the nature of some of our missing liturgical resources, such as holy reliquaries made of fine metals.

Contextual characteristics: The Picts used symbols in a range of contexts, but we find the majority of surviving examples carved on stone. Only 60 or so symbol-bearing cross-slabs survive in Scotland; these are mostly in the NE of the country and concentrated in Southern Pictland. They are relatively rare in the Inverness area. This indicates regional diversity in the use of different types of sculpture in the Pictish church.

Comparing and contrasting the geographical location and artistic detail of this monument to other early medieval carved stones in Scotland provides information about the spread of Christianity into NE Scotland, cultural influences and the relationship of early church sites to the subsequent establishment of the parish system.

The stone seems originally to have been associated with a cairn. While this may simply have been a clearance cairn of relatively recent date, it remains a possibility that this was contemporary with the monument (this is the case with some symbol-incised stones).

The Pictish beast, double-disc and Z-rod and crescent and V-rod are amongst the most common symbols on Pictish sculptured stones. The Pictish beast may be related to the Kelpie, the malevolent water-horse of later Scottish folklore. The hunter figure is not as common. A small number of Pictish monuments depict crossbows and the image of the hooded man kneeling with his bow on the Princess Stone bears comparison with the hunter figures depicted on The Drosten Stone, St Vigeans and the Shandwick Stone. It is possible that this figure relates to a particular person or story, of which no other trace survives. Whether it does or not, it bears witness to the practice of stalking boar and other wild animals.

The meaning of the symbols is much debated, but they may represent personal names. Such carvings provide evidence for the cultural links that existed between different parts of the British Isles in the early medieval period. While the symbol designs are unique to the Picts, their content provides evidence for how the art of the Picts relates to the Insular art style of this period, and the relationship to art in different media, such as metalwork. This provides important evidence for extensive connections between the Picts and their early medieval neighbours.

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The cross-slab stands close to its earlier location on a bend in the River Findhorn. The sculpture is likely to have been associated with an early church; a promontory location is often characteristic of such sites.

Associative characteristics: The stone is known, and marked on all editions of the Ordnance Survey map, as The Princess Stone. It is associated with a local legend about a Pictish princess who drowned in the river nearby with her Danish lover, having been pursued after eloping.

National Importance This monument is of national importance because it is a relatively rare, elaborately carved Pictish symbol-bearing cross-slab. It therefore has the potential to contribute to our understanding of Pictish art and monumental sculpture, the introduction and development of Christianity in Scotland and cultural contacts in the early medieval period. The loss of the monument would affect our ability to understand the Pictish people who inhabited much of Scotland N of the Forth between the 4th and 9th centuries AD, particularly as the historical record covering this region in this period is extremely limited. Other Information RCAHMS records the monument as NH94SW10; Highland SMR as NH94SW0010.

References: Allen J R and Anderson J 1903, THE EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS OF SCOTLAND: A CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE MONUMENTS WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR SYMBOLISM AND ORNAMENTATION, Edinburgh.

Farrell S 2000, 'Glenferness (Ardclach Parish): Survey', DISCOVERY EXCAV SCOT 1, 46.

Gilbert J M 1976, 'Crossbows on Pictish Stones', PROC SOC ANTIQ SCOT 107, 316-317.

Henderson G and Henderson I 2004, THE ART OF THE PICTS: SCULPTURE AND METALWORK IN EARLY MEDIEVAL SCOTLAND, London: Thames and Hudson.

MacBean H 1845, 'PARISH OF ARDCLACH, PRESBYTERY OF NAIRN, SYNOD OF MORAY', New Statistical Account of Scotland Vol 13, Edinburgh.

Murray G 1986, 'The Declining Pictish Symbol - a reappraisal', PROC SOC ANTIQ SCOT 116, 223-253.

RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The Archaeological Sites and Monuments of Scotland Series, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

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Site Number 56 Site Name Auchnahannet, circular enclosure and terrace Type of Site Enclosure NMRS Number NH92NE 5 HER Number MHG4584; NH92NE0005 Status Scheduled Monument 2706 Easting 297500 Northing 827000 Parish Duthil and Rothiemurchus Council Highland Description The remains of two concentric circles, with a heap of boulders, possibly building stones, locally believed to be a church within the "Field of the Temple" (Auchnahannet).

NH92NW 5 9750 2701.

At approximately NH 973 272 are the remains of two concentric circles, with nearby a heap of gathered boulders, possibly building stones. It is locally believed to be a church within the "Field of the Temple" (Auchnahannet). Information from MPB&W, Ms plan, visited 29 March 1967.

At NH 9750 2701 at the base of a gentle SW slope, where it meets marshy haughland, in what is locally known as "the Field of the Horse", are the two concentric banks of earth and stone as planned by the MPB&W. Their purpose cannot be ascertained. The outer bank, 3.0m wide and 0.5m high, forms a circle c10.0m in diameter crest to crest, the SW arc being mutilated, and the NE arc destroyed by the road. The inner bank, 1.8m wide and 0.3m high, forms a circle 3.8m in diameter crest to crest. There is a gap, 0.6m wide, in the lower SW arc. Immediately to the SE is an area of disturbed ground of indeterminate nature. Some 6.0m to the SW is a spring. Visited by OS (N K B) 21 September 1970.

Site Number 57 Site Name Dun Evan, fort Type of Site Fort NMRS Number NH84NW 5 HER Number MHG6906; NH84NW0005 Status Scheduled Monument 2896 Easting 282700 Northing 847500

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Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A vitrified hill-fort with outworks.

Description Dun Evan is a fort with outworks which occupies the fairly level summit of a steep-sided rocky hill. The fort measures about 56m NE-SW by 23m NW-SE. The defences consist of a turf covered wall which is spread to about 10m across and survives to about 0.4m in height. Traces of vitrification have been recorded in the rampart. The entrance is to the NE of the fort and is defined by a low dip in the wall. Around the fort at a lower level is another wall which, except to the N, has tumbled down the slope. The course of this outer wall is marked by a stony terrace. The outer rampart is heavily defended on the NE to protect the main means of access to the fort. The approach to the fort is up a terrace 4m wide, which may be partly of relatively modern construction.

The area to be scheduled measures a maximum of 180m SW-NE by 85m NW-SE, to include the fort and outworks, as shown in red on the attached map. The forestry plantation partially overlaps the outer rampart to the N of the fort and this is excluded from the scheduled area. National Importance The monument is of national importance for its potential contribution to an understanding of prehistoric defensive architecture. The fort will also incorporate important information on the economy and domestic life of the community who built and lived within it. Other Information The monument is RCAHMS number NH 84 NW 5.

Site Number 58 Site Name St Barevan's Church and Churchyard, Foxmoss Wood Type of Site Church NMRS Number NH84NW 6 HER Number MHG7043; MHG44926; MHG31375; MHG 7041; NH84NW0006 Status Scheduled Monument 3116 Easting 283600 Northing 847200 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Ruined 14th c. church and graveyard, parish church of Cawdor until 1619. Description The monument consists of the remains of the St Barevan's Church and its burial ground. St Barevan's was the parish church of Barevan or Cawdor until it was superseded in 1619. The church was

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originally scheduled in 1971. On this occasion, an inadequate area was included to protect all of the archaeological remains: the present rescheduling rectifies this.

There is little known of the history of the church. The dedication to St Barevan (AD 500-550) and the existence of a quadrangular iron hand-bell at Cawdor Castle, supposedly from St Barevan's, suggests that it may have early Christian origins. Certain details of the building however, resemble those found at nearby Rait castle, and suggests that much of the fabric of the church dates from the late 13th/early 14th century.

The church measures approximately 21.5m E-W by 6m and is complete to near wall-head level on its N and S sides only. The E and W gables collapsed in the 19th century, but were reportedly crowstepped; architectural fragments lying beside the S wall of the church include a number of crowsteps. The walls are of well-coursed rubble with fine dressings in yellow and red sandstone.

The church is a single-chambered structure, although a plain freestone corbel appears to indicate the position of the rood screen, dividing off a chancel approximately 10m in length. There are no indications of windows in the nave, only the normal arrangement of N and S doors; the N door is now blocked, the S has a draw-bar hole, and both have lost their dressings. The chancel was well lit with two single lancet windows on the N side and one single lancet and one double lancet window on the S. The double lancet window is similar to that found at Rait Castle. The E end retains its piscina niche with a double bowl, although its arch and jambs have been robbed.

To the S and SW of the church are some late mediaeval grave- slabs, and, to the N of the church, a mediaeval stone coffin. In the 19th century it was reported that there were also at least a dozen cup-marked grave-slabs in the churchyard. These can no longer be identified.

The area to be scheduled includes the church and the old burial ground. It is defined by the boundary wall of the burial ground, which is excluded from the scheduling. The area is an irregular quadrangle with maximum dimensions of 50m from NW corner to SE corner, by 58 me transversely, as marked in red on the attached map. All modern burial lairs still in use are excluded from the scheduling

National Importance The monument is of national importance as an example of a relatively well-preserved late 13th/early 14th century parish church; as such it contributes to an understanding of medieval art, architecture, religious practices and material culture. The monument's importance is accentuated by its architectural details which associates it with the hall-house at Rait. Other Information RCAHMS record the site as NH84NW 6.

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References: Bourke C 1984, The hand-bells of the early Scottish church, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 113, 1983, 466, 467.

Dunbar J G 1966, The historic architecture of Scotland, London, 156.

Farrell S 1998, Inverness and Nairn Graveyard Survey (Cawdor; Nairn; Inverness & Bona parishes), Discovery Excav Scot, 49.

Farrell S 1997, Inverness and Nairn Graveyard Survey (Ardclach; Croy & Dalcross; Daviot & Dunlichity; Moy & Dalarossie; Nairn; Urquhart & Glenmoriston parishes), Discovery Excav Scot, 43.

Jolly W 1882, On cup-marked stones in the neighbourhood of Inverness; with an appendix on cup-marked stones in the Western Island, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 16, 1881-2, 361-9.

Simpson W D 1937, 'Rait Castle and Barevan Church, Nairnshire, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 71, 1936-7, 111-15.

Watson W J 1926, The history of the Celtic place-names of Scotland: being the Rhind lectures on archaeology (expanded) delivered in 1916, Edinburgh, 271.

Site Number 59 Site Name Cantraydoune, motte 100m W of Type of Site Motte NMRS Number NH74NE 7 HER Number MHG2933; NH74NE0007 Status Scheduled Monument 3189 Easting 278800 Northing 846000 Parish Croy and Dalcross Council Highland Description A sandy mound, probably a motte, about 16m high, surrounded by a partly ruined retaining wall.

Description The monument comprises a medieval motte situated adjacent to a small stream known as the Burn of Cantraydoune, in an area of uncultivated ground at the edge of an arable field. The monument was first scheduled in 1972 and is being rescheduled in order to clarify the extent of the scheduling.

The motte has the classic 'truncated cone' profile of a motte. Its base is sub-circular in shape and measures approximately 40 m

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across. The mound is about 15 m in height and has a slightly flattened oval top. There is a deep groove in its E slope, which may mark the position of antiquarian excavations. A curving drystone dyke, only part of which remains upstanding, encloses the motte. A single tree grows on the lower SE slope of the motte, and the upper slopes and summit have a thin covering of gorse and whin.

Mottes are mounds, usually artificial, which formed the foundations for timber (sometimes stone) castles. In Scotland these date from the 12th to the 13th centuries, appearing in N Scotland in the third quarter of the 12th century. They were generally surrounded by a ditch and accompanied by a bailey (enclosed courtyard for ancillary buildings), although there are no surviving traces of either at this site.

The area to be scheduled is irregular on plan, to include the remains described and an area around in which evidence for their construction and use may survive, bounded on the NE by the Burn of Cantraydoune and on the SE, S, W and NW by a modern post and wire fence, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The modern post and wire fence is specifically excluded from the scheduling, to allow for its maintenance.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological and historic significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: Although there has been some disturbance to the monument probably caused by antiquarian excavations, the disturbance is localised in nature. The monument retains a substantial proportion of its estimated original shape, extent and structure. Its profile, a truncated cone, is characteristic of this class of monument. The monument retains the potential to provide information about the date and nature of its construction and subsequent use, and to add to the body of knowledge on medieval dispersed rural settlement.

Contextual characteristics: Around 300 mottes are found in Scotland. Varying in form, they represent the earthwork substructures of a type of fortified lordly dwelling that became common across the British Isles from perhaps as early as the later 11th century, and that archaeologists now think to have been still under construction in some parts of Scotland into the 14th century. They chart the extent of royal power, reflecting where land was granted to incomers in return for military service. The majority are found in peripheral parts of the kingdom where political unrest might be expected. Mottes therefore indicate where local power centres, often undocumented, are to be found. They also have the potential to enable us to understand the impact of feudalism, patterns of land tenure and the evolution of the local landscape.

Associative characteristics: While we still have much to learn about the date, form and development of mottes in Scotland, they reflect

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the introduction of new, southern political ideas (feudalism) and foreign forms of castle building. With its characteristically prominent form, the construction and occupation of a motte such as that at Cantraydoune would have spoken loudly of the presence of new lords and new ways of doing things. It is possible that this motte was built at one of those periods when royal control was being more firmly established over the periodically disruptive province of Moray, and perhaps after David I's suppression of the rising of Malcolm MacHeth and Oengus of Moray in 1130. One of the landholders introduced into the area by the crown in order to establish more effective centralised control may have constructed the motte to provide a residence and fortifiable base.

National Importance This monument is of national importance because it is a prominent, visual reminder of the advance of a new form of centralised, royal authority into N Scotland during the 11th to 14th centuries. As a centre of local lordship, it can contribute to the relatively small body of knowledge for this process, as well as evidence for medieval rural landuse, settlement and economy. The well-preserved earthwork has the potential to provide information about its date, construction and use which can contribute to our understanding of the development and use of medieval castles in the Highland zone, and in Scotland in general.

Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH74NE 7.

References: Yeoman P 1988, 'Mottes in Northeast Scotland', Scott Archaeol Rev, 5, 125-133.

Site Number 60 Site Name Aitnoch, cairn, hut circle and field system 1400m SSE of Type of Site Cairn, round house, field system NMRS Number NH93NE 5 HER Number MHG17640; MHG43113-5; NH93NE0006 Status Scheduled Monument 4362 Easting 298500 Northing 838300 Parish Edinkillie Council Highland Description Denuded circular stone-walled hut, visible as a raised platform about 8m in diameter with some wall footings visible. Also contemporary stone clearance heaps and lynchets; and a probably contemporary kerbed cairn.

Description

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The monument consists of a hut circle, cairn and field system. The hut circle is visible as a platform: a low flat topped knoll 8mm in diameter projecting from a gentle slope of SE aspect, near the SE edge of a field system marked by stone clearance heaps and some lynchets, with the fields averaging about 10m x 20m. Among the clearance heaps is a cairn 8m in diameter and about 0.5m high. It has a low kerb composed of slabs up to 0.8m long and best visible to the SE.

To the east, the ground falls to the Dorback Burn; to the SW it falls to the burn and then slopes on down to a large loch. To the WSW of the area is slightly improved pasture, now wet and rough, and beyond that is scrub woodland.

National Importance The monument is important as a well defined and self contained land use unit with co-occurring house, cairn and field systems. So far as the author is aware, no excavations of this type of round house have been published and its dating must rest on the kerbed cairn which is more likely to be of the 2nd millenium BC than the 1st millenium or 3rd millenia BC. Other Information The monument is RCAHMS number NH 93 NE 5.

Site Number 61 Site Name Rehiran Farm House, cairn 1530m ESE of Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH84NW 16 HER Number MHG7238; NH84NW0016 Status Scheduled Monument 11797 Easting 284600 Northing 845600 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A heather-covered kerbed cairn on the edge of a field system.

Description The monument is a prehistoric burial cairn, likely to date to the Early Bronze Age and surviving as a roughly circular, heather- covered stony mound. It lies in heather moorland on the W bank of the Riereach Burn, within an area of prehistoric hut-circles and field systems.

The cairn measures 8.5 m in diameter and about 0.8 m high. It is edged by an almost continuous kerb of boulders, each up to 0.8 m across. One kerbstone is absent and one has tumbled downslope. The interior mound of stones appears to be undisturbed and there is a slab measuring 0.5 m by 0.3 m visible in the surface at the centre

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of the cairn, which may form part of a central burial cist.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the cairn, to include the visible remains and an area around in which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument appears to be in an unusually good state of preservation. It is upstanding and clearly visible in the landscape. Despite a degree of apparent collapse and erosion, the kerb and interior stones of the cairn appear to be substantially intact and it is therefore likely that its structure preserves high-quality archaeological deposits relating to prehistoric burial rites, as well as sealing evidence for the earlier environment.

Contextual characteristics: Comparing and contrasting this cairn to nearby cairns and others outside the region can create an understanding of regional identity and society. The monument forms an intrinsic part of the group of prehistoric landscape features flanking the Riereach Burn and is visually prominent within it.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is an upstanding prehistoric burial cairn, probably belonging to the early Bronze Age, with the potential to reveal much about funerary practice in the prehistoric communities of NE Scotland. It has the potential to make a significant contribution to our knowledge of prehistoric society in this locality and, by association, the rest of Scotland. The loss of the monument would affect our future ability to appreciate and understand the prehistoric landscape and its inhabitants. Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH84NW 16. It is recorded in the Highland Council SMR as NH64NW0016.

References: RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series No.5, 9 No 23, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Site Number 62 Site Name Burnside, bridge 300m W of Type of Site Bridge NMRS Number NH94SW 21 HER Number MHG34539; NH94SW0039

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Status Scheduled Monument 11832 Easting 294300 Northing 840200 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description A single span, stone Wade-type military bridge, now isolated in a pasture field. The river has changed its course and the modern road passes by to the N.

Description The monument is a military-road bridge, surviving as upstanding structural remains, which once spanned Tomlachlan Burn to the W of Burnside.

The bridge, a single span constructed in stone, is now disused. It is isolated in a pasture field, the river having changed its course and the modern road passing close by to the N, on a slightly modified route to the original path of Wade's road. The bridge measures 25m in length, surviving to a height of 4.6m. The voussoir and soffit of the bridge are complete, although little of the parapet and upper spandrels remain. There is evidence of alteration on the E edge of the bridge, and the revetting of the SW wall of the bridge has been merged into the modern bridge revetting.

The bridge was part of a section of the Corgarff to Fort George military road that was built following a recommendation in a memorial on the state of the Highlands presented to George I in 1724 by Lord Lovat. Following inspection of the area by Major- General George Wade later that year, Wade advocated the re- establishment of Highland companies, the construction of a number of forts, and the provision of a boat on Loch Ness. The construction of a network of roads to enable rapid troop movement was an essential concomitant of this proposal. Wade was soon afterwards appointed Commander-in-Chief of North Britain, and the first of the network of roads was being built in 1725.

By 1809 the road was showing signs of decay, and the Commissioners for Highland Roads and Bridges said it had been constructed 'without regard to the rugged nature of the country', following which there was extensive reconstruction.

The area to be scheduled is irregular in plan, to include the bridge and an area around in which evidence for its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The area is bounded on the S by a modern fence, and on the W by the current path of Tomlachlan Burn. The section of modern bridge which abuts the SW edge of the bridge, and the modern fenceline are specifically excluded from scheduling, to allow for maintenance. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological and historical significance can be expressed as follows:

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Intrinsic characteristics: The main structural elements of the bridge are well preserved. The state of preservation has benefited from the diversion of the road across a modern bridge.

Contextual characteristics: The bridge provides a valuable insight into the relationship between the early 18th-century military roads and the Highland landscape through which they ran.

Associative characteristics: The 18th century 'pacification' of the Highlands, in response to the Jacobite threat, and the Rising of 1715 in particular, resulted in a network of fortifications and roads that are an important feature of the early modern history of what had come to be known as North Britain. Although now divorced from the road which it served, the bridge represents an important element of this network. Its direct association with General Wade adds to its interest.

National Importance The monument is of national importance as a well-preserved example of a bridge crossing dating from the earlier 18th-century 'pacification' of the Highlands.

Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH94SW 21. It is recorded by the Highland SMR as NH94SW0039.

References: Logie M 1997, COUPAR ANGUS TO FORT GEORGE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE 18TH CENTURY MILITARY ROADS WHICH LIE WITHIN THE HIGHLAND COUNCIL BOUNDARIES, Historic Scotland / Highland Council.

Site Number 63 Site Name Easter Rattich, depopulated settlement 575m SSW of Ruallan Type of Site Farm NMRS Number NH84NW 43 HER Number MHG6912; NH84NW0025 Status Scheduled Monument 11876 Easting 282200 Northing 845200 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Three dry-stone buildings and associated enclosures.

Description The monument comprises a small, single-dwelling farmstead with associated structures and a revetted enclosure, possibly for animals, visible as upstanding remains. It lies in moorland, between

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two burns, 575m SSW of the occupied farmstead of Ruallan, at approximately 235m above sea level.

The visible remains comprise two structures with associated artificial platforms and enclosures. The first structure to the NE, orientated NE to SW, consists of a main building with two annexes. The main element of the structure is 20m long and approximately 4.5m in width. It has two alcoves, or bedneuks, that measure three square metres. The walls are 0.8m high and approximately 0.75m in width. They were constructed using drystone techniques: large rounded cobbles make the face with smaller stones used for the core. There is a gap in the wall to the N of the eastern bedneuk, which measures 0.7m. This may be a possible entrance or evidence of robbing. The main dwelling structure has two annexes tacked on to the NW of the structure. The first measures 7.5m by 4.5m, narrowing to 4m, and the second, which attaches to the first annexe, measures 3m by 2.5m.

The second structure lies 12.5m to the SW of the first. It measures 10.3m by 4m and is orientated NW to SE. It is a single rectangular building, partially built into the slope. A platform abuts the SW wall of the structure and is 0.5m in height with a more coarsely constructed platform to the NW. A small enclosure is revetted into the slope to the SW, the wall measuring up to 1m in height. Stone clearance dumps lie within the enclosure, probably deposited after the enclosure and dwelling fell out of use.

The monument is a small rural settlement that typifies the colonisation of the marginal farmland in the early 19th century due to population growth. The Ordnance Survey First Edition map dating to 1871-5 show it as already unroofed by this time. It is therefore likely to date to the early 19th century and there is some suggestion that people still lived there during the 1841 census.

The area to be scheduled is rectangular on plan and includes the remains described and an area around, in which traces of associated activity may be expected to survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: This is a well-preserved later rural settlement with associated enclosures and platforms. It includes certain different architectural elements that add to our understanding of rural settlement and rural building construction in the early 19th century. The monument also has the archaeological potential to add to our understanding of farming and general living conditions in the post-medieval period prior to the Clearances in the Highland region.

Contextual characteristics: This monument is representative of the way the rural population lived and worked in the early 19th century

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in areas of marginal farmland. It is part of a complex settlement pattern associated with historical influences such as tenure and population growth and has the potential to allow us to add to our understanding of the differing types of settlement pattern throughout upland, lowland and marginal areas. It also has the potential to add to our understanding of how people in the 19th century worked within the limitations of the landscape and how they adapted to accommodate those limitations.

Associative characteristics: This monument exemplifies a type of settlement associated with population growth in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, as people moved out from over-exploited traditional farmland. However, changes in the political climate and events in the second half of the 19th century, such as the Highland Clearances and the Industrial Revolution, caused major population movement. This meant that many of these types of dwellings became unoccupied very soon afterwards. This type of monument signifies a site with a short developmental sequence historically and archaeologically, which adds to its significance for providing information about a specific historical period.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it has an inherent potential to make a significant addition to the understanding of the past, in particular our understanding of later rural settlement in the Highlands and the rest of Scotland. The retention of structural and architectural elements to a marked degree also allows us to understand how these settlements were constructed and how people lived in 19th-century rural Scotland. The loss of this example would impede our future ability to understand the history of that period and how rural communities exploited the landscape in the post-medieval period. Other Information RCAHMS record this monument as NH84NW 43. It is recorded in the Highland Council SMR as NH84NW0025.

References: RCAHMS 1978, THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND MONUMENTS OF NAIRN DISTRICT, HIGHLAND REGION, The Archaeological Sites and Monuments of Scotland Series No. 5, 21, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

Site Number 64 Site Name Culloden Type of Site Inventory Battlefield NMRS Number HER Number Status Inventory Battlefield Easting 273900

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Northing 844900 Parish Daviot and Dunlichity; Croy and Dalcross Council Highland Description Battle of Culloden Alternative Names: Cùil Lodair Date of Battle: 16 April 1746 Local Authority: Highland NGR Centred: NH 739 449 Date of Addition to Inventory: 21/03/2011 Date of last update: 14/12/2012

Overview & Statement of Significance The battle of Culloden is significant as the last pitched battle fought on the British mainland. It was also the last battle of the final Jacobite Rising that commenced in 1745 when Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), grandson of the exiled King James VII & II, arrived in Scotland from France in July and raised his standard at Glenfinnan on 19 August. His aim was to put his father on the throne in place of the Hanoverian George II.

The battle was a total and bloody defeat for the Jacobites which effectively marked the end of almost sixty years of the Jacobite struggle, as never again would an armed uprising be used in the attempt to return the Stuarts to the throne. The Government victory also paved the way for a sustained programme to destroy the power base of the rebel clans.

Culloden is one of the most important battles in the history of the British Isles, and has international significance. It is the final battle fought on the British mainland, and brings to an end more than half a century years of Jacobite conflict, itself played out against a background of wider international wars. Its aftermath transforms the Highlands, bringing to an end the traditional way of life of the area and contributing to the subsequent Clearances. The battle also holds a prominent place within the Scottish cultural legacy, frequently depicted and commemorated in art, music, literature and film. The battlefield itself is one of the most visited tourist sites in the Highlands, and the site holds a particularly high significance and emotional connection to many within Scotland and to the ancestors of the Scottish diaspora.

Site Number 65 Site Name Rhibanchor Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number NH93NW 7 HER Number MHG26505; NH93NW0007 Status Not Designated Easting 291200

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Northing 838700 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Identified from 1st edition OS mapping and described as a farmstead on the NMRS and HHER. Field survey in 2009 identified further features including buildings and enclosure wall footings.

NH93NW 7 912 387

What may be a farmstead comprising three unroofed buildings is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871- 5-6, sheet xi), but it is not shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996

NH 9435 3840 – NH 8685 3490 A walkover survey was conducted 22–29 January 2009 as part of an environmental assessment for a possible access route to a proposed wind farm. Thirty-three structures were identified and recorded, most of which were within three post-medieval rural settlements in the Rhilean Burn valley. The previous RCAHMS, HHER and OS records of these settlements were found to be inaccurate. NH 912 387 Rhibanchor The settlement lies above a river valley and adjacent to a modern road. Rhibanchor is shown on the 1st Edition OS 1:10560 map as three unroofed structures (or open pens) and is annotated as being ‘in ruins’. It does not appear on the present day 1:25000 OS map and is recorded by name only, Rhilean Burn, on the HHER. It is on a moraine terrace c10m above the river and may have existed before the 1829 flood and survived, or have replaced earlier buildings in the haugh that were destroyed by the flood. The farms of Banchor and Little Banchor are in the Findhorn valley less than 2km N of Rhibanchor and it is probable that Rhibanchor was first used as a summer shieling attached to the farm of Banchor. There are at least five dry stone building structures and one dry stone enclosure wall. One of the structures sits detached and four are semi-detached in pairs. The present track runs on the N side of the township, so close that a corner of one building, the end wall of another building and one wall of the pen have been truncated. Two sub-circular structures, possibly shielings, lay 40m E of the settlement surrounded by evidence of earlier land use. On the haugh below the settlement terrace there is a ‘D’-shaped, flat- topped moraine mound 15m wide with a substantial turf and stone- built pen attached to its eastern end, retained by dry stone walling. Archive: RCAHMS. Report: HHER and Library Service Funder: Savills Ltd Mary Peteranna and John Wombell – Highland Archaeology Services Ltd

NMRS References: Peteranna and Wombell, M and J (2009a) 'Tom nan Clach Wind Farm - Eastern Access Route, Highland (Ardclach / Cawdor

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parishes), walkover survey', Discovery Excav Scot, New, vol.10 Cathedral Communications Limited, Wiltshire, England. Page(s): 87-88

Site Number 66 Site Name Dunearn Type of Site Chapel (possible) NMRS Number NH94SW 5 HER Number MHG7072; MHG40728; NH94SW0005 Status Not Designated Easting 293380 Northing 840860 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Possible site of chapel and burial ground.

Site Number 67 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Shieling hut NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287430 Northing 834340 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A shieling hut was recorded beside a river during walkover for the original Tom nan Clach Wind Farm at NH 87414 34322.

During walkover survey in June 2014, a roughly 5m by 3 m crudely rectangular drystone feature was identified, oriented NE/SW, standing to a height of 0.5 m. It was located betwen NH 87432 34340 and NH 87431 34340.

Site Number 68 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Possible cairn NMRS Number

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HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287390 Northing 834260 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Possible cairn, on a small ridge rising 1.5m above surroundings. Deep ditch / river channel on west side. Situated within ‘bowl’ of eroded river bank from 3 to 4 m high.

During walkover survey in June 2014 no clear sign was encountered of this feature, though there was a slight (c.1 m high) rise in this area.

Site Number 69 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Shieling hut NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287400 Northing 834260 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Shieling hut - probable door 4m from south end, identified during walkover survey for original Tom nan Clach wind farm.

During walkover survey in June 2014, a roughly 8m N/S by 3 m E/W crudely rectangular drystone feature was identified, standing to a height of 0.5 to 0.7 m. It was centred at NH 87418 34251.

Site Number 70 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Shieling hut NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287370 Northing 834130 Parish Cawdor

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Council Highland Description Shieling hut, with annexe,identified during survey for original Tom nan Clach wind farm.

During walkover survey in June 2014 a rectangular feature, marked by earth and stone banks, was identified with corners at NH 87368 34128, NH 87366 34131, NH 87370 34136 and NH 87375 34135, measuring c. 7 m by 3m and between 0.5 and 0.7 m in height, incorporating a 2 m by 3 m annexe to the north.

Site Number 71 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Shieling hut NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287365 Northing 834118 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Small structure (probable dairy store), cut into the bank, identified during survey for original Tom nan Clach wind farm .

During walkover survey in June 2014 a 4 m diameter subsquare hollow was seen at NH 87365 34118

Site Number 72 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Shieling huts NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287360 Northing 833690 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Two shieling huts, and two possible indistinct structures beside the burn.

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Site Number 73 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Sheiling hut (possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287330 Northing 833650 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Possible shieling, but indistinct.

Site Number 74 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 286900 Northing 832090 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A substantial but overgrown cairn of uncertain date.

Site Number 75 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 286980 Northing 832060 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A modern cairn, of limited cultural significance.

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Site Number 76 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288130 Northing 831320 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A modern cairn, of limited cultural significance.

Site Number 77 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Summit cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 286420 Northing 834860 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description The summit cairn on Tom nan Clach. It is a modern feature.

Site Number 78 Site Name Rhibanchor Type of Site Drystone enclosure NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 291030 Northing 838700 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description ‘D’-shaped drystone enclosure wall built into ‘D’-Shaped mound; 1m-high drystone retaining wall along mound edge; S-facing entrance.

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Site Number 79 Site Name Upper Rhilean Type of Site Peat cuttings NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 289188 Northing 835827 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Remains in landscape from peat cutting.

Site Number 80 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Event: Desk-Based Assessment NMRS Number NH83SE 3 HER Number EHG2900 Status Event Easting 286500 Northing 833600 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description NH 865 336 A desk-based assessment of relevant records and aerial photographs was undertaken and the areas of the proposed turbine sites and access tracks were walked and examined for archaeological evidence. Survey grade DGPS equipment was carried. This work was undertaken from February to November 2007. The land rises from about 360m to over 530m above sea level. It is a remote and very high area, which has been in use as grouse moor for many years. No new archaeological features were recorded in the affected area apart from modern grouse butts. Large areas of wet, deep peat were noted with potential to preserve buried evidence, especially organic materials. In some places erosion had exposed extensive evidence of former tree cover. Archive deposited with RCAHMS. Funder: Savills (L&P) Ltd.

NMRS References: Wood, J (2007b) 'Tom nan Clach Windfarm, Highland (Cawdor parish), desk-based assessment and field survey', Discovery Excav Scot, vol.8 Cathedral Communications Limited, Wiltshire, England. Page(s): 107

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Site Number 81 Site Name Carn Nan Clach Garbha Type of Site Farmstead; Kiln Barn NMRS Number NH93SW 5 HER Number MHG7177 & MHG41804 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 293630 Northing 834420 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93SW 5 9363 3442

The fragmentary remains of a former farm comprising two buildings, two enclosures and a small kiln-barn; all are of dry-stone construction. RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 21, No. 164 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 82 Site Name Badnonan Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number NH93SW 4 HER Number MHG7178 Status Not Designated Easting 291740 Northing 834430 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93SW 4 9174 3443

A modern cottage stands amid the footings of two dry-stone farm buildings and associated enclosures. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 2nd ed. (1906), sheet xiii NW; RCAHMS 1978, Visited May 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and

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monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 19, No. 146 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 83 Site Name Rhilean Type of Site Township NMRS Number NH83NE 10 HER Number MHG54495 Status Not Designated Easting 289300 Northing 836500 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description NH83NE 10

NH 9435 3840 – NH 8685 3490 A walkover survey was conducted 22–29 January 2009 as part of an environmental assessment for a possible access route to a proposed wind farm. Thirty-three structures were identified and recorded, most of which were within three post-medieval rural settlements in the Rhilean Burn valley. The previous RCAHMS, HHER and OS records of these settlements were found to be inaccurate.

NH 893 365 Rhilean A settlement is identified on the 1st Edition OS 1:10560 map, showing one large roofed building, and referred to as Rhilean Burn 2 on the HHER. Eleven structures were recorded at Rhilean township in varying states of preservation that suggest multiple periods of occupation. The buildings were mostly small and round-ended with sub-rectangular outshots consisting of low, turf- covered footings. Some remains are very low to the ground, with only the turf-covered stone footings surviving. There is a well preserved, stone-lined corn kiln and attached kiln-barn of turf and stone. The most recent structures are of low, double-faced dry stone construction. There is also clear evidence of two phases of enclosure, of cultivation in the surrounding fields, and of a turf mound with stone footings and ditch enclosure that surrounds most of the site and partially underlies a later enclosure. Archive: RCAHMS. Report: HHER and Library Service Funder: Savills Ltd Mary Peteranna and John Wombell – Highland Archaeology Services Ltd

NMRS References: Peteranna and Wombell, M and J (2009a) 'Tom nan Clach Wind Farm - Eastern Access Route, Highland (Ardclach / Cawdor parishes), walkover survey', Discovery Excav Scot, New, vol.10 Cathedral Communications Limited, Wiltshire, England.

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Page(s): 87-88

Site Number 84 Site Name Rhilean Type of Site LINEAR FEATURE, SHIELING HUT(S) NMRS Number NH83NE 11 HER Number MHG54496 Status Not Designated Easting 289100 Northing 835900 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description NH 9435 3840 – NH 8685 3490 A walkover survey was conducted 22–29 January 2009 as part of an environmental assessment for a possible access route to a proposed wind farm. Thirty-three structures were identified and recorded, most of which were within three post-medieval rural settlements in the Rhilean Burn valley. The previous RCAHMS, HHER and OS records of these settlements were found to be inaccurate. NH 891 359 (centred on) Two shielings and three sub-circular features were recorded outside the other settlements. Archive: RCAHMS. Report: HHER and Library Service Funder: Savills Ltd Mary Peteranna and John Wombell – Highland Archaeology Services Ltd

NMRS References: Peteranna and Wombell, M and J (2009a) 'Tom nan Clach Wind Farm - Eastern Access Route, Highland (Ardclach / Cawdor parishes), walkover survey', Discovery Excav Scot, New, vol.10 Cathedral Communications Limited, Wiltshire, England. Page(s): 87-88

Site Number 85 Site Name Lynemore Type of Site FIELD SYSTEM NMRS Number NH93NW 2 HER Number MHG7183; MHG41674; MHG41681 Status Not Designated Easting 292500 Northing 839500 Parish Ardclach Council Highland

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Description NH93NW 2 925 395.

Centred at NH 925 395 is a field system comprising of stone clearance heaps and occasional lynchets, with cultivation plots varying between c. 30.0m by 20.0m and c. 20.0m by c. 15.0m. Visited by OS (A A) 24 February 1971.

There are numerous small cairns on the hillside 400m S of Lynemore. RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 14, No. 92 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 86 Site Name Lynemore Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number NH93NW 6 HER Number MHG26482 & MHG44097 Status Not Designated Easting 292450 Northing 839920 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93NW 6 9245 3992

A farmstead comprising one unroofed, two roofed buildings, one of which is arranged around a courtyard, has an attached enclosure and an attached horse gang, and another enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871-5-6, sheet xi). Three roofed buildings and two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996.

Settlement appears at 'Lyn-moir' on Pont's map of 1583-96, 'Lynmoir' on Gordon's map of Aberdeen, Banf, Murrey &c to Inverness (1636-52) and at 'Linrlar' on Blaeu's map of 654 (Moravia Scotiae provincia). On Moll's map of Murray and Nairn of 1745, the settlement of 'Lyn' is marked, while Roy (1747-52) depicts settlement at 'Lynemor'.

Site Number 87

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Site Name Torgarrow Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number NH94SW 15 HER Number MHG7077 Status Not Designated Easting 291800 Northing 840070 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH94SW 15 9180 4007 Scanty remains of several rectangular buildings of dry-stone construction with associated enclosures. RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 23, No. 196 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 88 Site Name Leonach Type of Site KILN BARN, TOWNSHIP (POSSIBLE) NMRS Number NH93SW 3 HER Number MHG7179 & MHG41805 Status Non_Statutory Register Easting 290770 Northing 834000 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description NH93SW 3 9077 3400

Farm consisting of three, or possibly four, dry-stone buildings, one of them a kiln-barn, with numerous enclosures and a large area of cleared ground. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 1st ed. (1871), sheet xiii; RCAHMS 1978, visited by RCAHMS May 1978

What may be a township, comprising one partially roofed long building, three unroofed long buildings and one enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire, Elginshire, Inverness-shire 1871-4-5, sheet xiii). Five unroofed buildings of which three are sub-divided and two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1971).

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Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 8 August 1996

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 21, No. 174 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 89 Site Name Cairns 1.1km SSW of Badnonan Type of Site CAIRNFIELD NMRS Number NH93SW 2 HER Number MHG7283 Status Not Designated Easting 291400 Northing 833300 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93SW 2 914 333.

NH 914 333. There is small cluster of cairns measuring up to 4m in diameter and 0.5m in height about 1.1km SSW of Badnonan. (For discussion on the period and purpose of monuments of this type, see NT05SE 3.) RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978.

There are no cairns of any description at the above map reference or in the vicinity. Visited by OS (J M) 29 January 1981.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 14, No. 80 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 90 Site Name Clearance cairns, E of Allt Laoigh Type of Site CAIRNFIELD NMRS Number NH93SW 1 HER Number MHG7180 Status Not Designated Easting 292100

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Northing 832700 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93SW 1 921 327.

NH 921 327. There is a group of about twenty-four small cairns situated on sloping ground E of the Allt Laoigh. (For discussion on the period and purpose of monuments of this type, see NT05SE 3.) RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978.

The area of the above map reference is naturally hummocky ground. There are no cairns of any description. Visited by OS (J M) 29 January 1981.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 13, No. 77 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 91 Site Name Aircraft Crash Site, Carn a Choire Moire Type of Site AIRCRAFT CRASH SITE NMRS Number HER Number MHG30822 Status Not Designated Easting 284300 Northing 829790 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Grid Reference: NH 8430 2979 Map Sheet: NH82NW Civil Parish: MOY AND DALAROSSIE Geographical Area: INVERNESS

Monument Types •AIRCRAFT CRASH SITE (CRASHED 1901; CRASHED 2100; , Modern - 1901 AD to 2100 AD) Other References/Statuses •Historic Environment Record: MHG30822 •Old SMR Reference Number: NH82NW0062 Full description

A Whitley aircraft crashed on Jan. 6th, 1942. It flew into the hill called 'Carn a Choire Moire'. A memorial was erected at the top of the wreckage trail 20 yards from the Trig point. Serial No. N1498.

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Sqd. 19 O.T.U.

Information supplied by Alan Clark, 11/04/02. Macclesfield Aviation Group, a member of the British Aviation Archaeological Council. See assoc. docs. File. J Aitken : 15/04/02.

Website - www.the-ateam.supanet.com or e-mail at [email protected] Website details supplied by A Clark, 11/04/02. J Aitken : 17/04/02.

Site Number 92 Site Name Clearance Cairn, Tom Nan Cliath Type of Site Clearance Cairn; Cairnfield (Possible), Hut Circle NMRS Number NH82NW 21 HER Number MHG2794 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 282600 Northing 829780 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description NH82NW 21 8260 2978.

At NH 8260 2978 on level moorland at about 1,350ft OD is an oval stone-walled hut measuring c. 9.5m NW-SE by 8.5m transversely between the centres of a denuded wall heavily obscured by heather. The entrance is not evident. To the N of the hut are several overgrown clearance heaps probably from contemporary cultivation plots. Surveyed at 1/10,000. Visited by OS (A A) 25 February 1972.

Site Number 93 Site Name Field System, Tom Nan Cliath Type of Site Field System NMRS Number NH82NW 22 HER Number MHG2793 Status Not Designated Easting 282400 Northing 829800 Parish Moy and Dalarossie

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Council Highland Description NH82NW 22 824 298.

Centred at NH 824 298 at about 1,350ft OD on a hilltop, is a field system, separated from NH82NW 21 by a boggy hollow. It is marked by stone clearance heaps, occasional lynchets, and traces of ruinous walls. Two typical fields measured 30.0m x 20.0m and 20.0m x 10.0m. On the E side of the hill are traces of lazy beds. Visited by OS (A A) 25 February 1972.

Site Number 94 Site Name Croftdhu Type of Site Township NMRS Number NH82NW 35 HER Number MHG26450 Status Not Designated Easting 281820 Northing 829820 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description NH82NW 35 8182 2982

A township, comprising four roofed buildings, four unroofed buildings and one enclosure is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxii). Two roofed buildings and two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1982). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

Site Number 95 Site Name Tom A' Ghealagaidh Type of Site Field System NMRS Number HER Number MHG14327 Status Not Designated Easting 281000 Northing 832400 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Grid Reference: NH 8100 3240 Map Sheet: NH83SW Civil Parish: MOY AND DALAROSSIE

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Geographical Area: INVERNESS

Monument Types •FIELD SYSTEM (Undated) Other References/Statuses •Historic Environment Record: MHG14327 •Old SMR Reference Number: NH83SW0024 Full description

Renumbered from NH83SW0007A JHooper, 7/10/2002

Site Number 96 Site Name Achandallan Cottage Type of Site FARMSTEAD (POSSIBLE), FIELD BOUNDARY NMRS Number NH83SW 11 HER Number MHG26458 Status Not Designated Easting 280230 Northing 832450 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description NH83SW 11 8023 3245

What may be a farmstead comprising two conjoined unroofed buildings and an enclosure with an attached length of wall is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1871-5, sheet xxi). The enclosure and a roofed building, both within another enclosure, and the wall are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1974). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 24 June 1996

Site Number 97 Site Name Hut Circle, Milton of Moy Type of Site Hut Circles NMRS Number NH83SW 6 HER Number MHG2807 Status Not Designated Easting 280000 Northing 832000 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland

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Description NH83SW 6 800 320.

Two hut circles have been noted in the garden ground attached to this house. That to the SW is approximately 11m in external diameter, and 7m internal diameter, without any clear entrance, the wall remaining to a height of c 0.5m. That to the south of the house has been partly destroyed by the access drive, but appears to have been similar in size to the other. G Harden 1985.

NMRS References: Harden, G (1985h) 'Milton of Moy (Moy and Dalarossie p) hut circles', Discovery Excav Scot Page(s): 26

Site Number 98 Site Name Milton Of Moy Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number NH83SW 18 HER Number MHG49474 Status Not Designated Easting 280045 Northing 832069 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description NH83SW 18 80045 32069

Site Number 99 Site Name Ruthven Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number HER Number MHG14328 Status Not Designated Easting 281000 Northing 833100 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Grid Reference: NH 8100 3310 Map Sheet: NH83SW Civil Parish: MOY AND DALAROSSIE Geographical Area: INVERNESS

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Monument Types •SETTLEMENT (Undated) Other References/Statuses •Historic Environment Record: MHG14328 •Old SMR Reference Number: NH83SW0008

Full description No Description (Highland HER).

Site Number 100 Site Name Milton of Moy Type of Site Township NMRS Number NH73SE 25 HER Number MHG14253 Status Not Designated Easting 279820 Northing 832280 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description NH73SE 25 7982 3228

A township, comprising four unroofed buildings and two enclosures (one of which was formerly NH73SE 20) is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Inverness-shire 1875, sheet xxxii). Two enclosures are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1982). Information from RCAHMS (AKK) 3 July 1996.

Site Number 101 Site Name Copper slag, Kishorn Type of Site Bronze Working Site NMRS Number NH84SW33 HER Number MHG28581 Status Not Designated Easting 283960 Northing 840460 Parish Lochcrron Council Highland Description Grid Reference: NH 8396 4046 Map Sheet: NH84SW Civil Parish: LOCHCARRON Geographical Area: ROSS AND CROMARTY

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Monument Types •BRONZE WORKING SITE (Post Medieval - 1560 AD to 1900 AD) Associated Finds •SLAG (Undated) Other References/Statuses •Historic Environment Record: MHG28581 •NMRS NUMLINK Reference: 132430 •NMRS Record Details: NG84SW33 KISHORN, LAG AN DUIN •Old SMR Reference Number: NH84SW0009 Full description

NH84SW 9 8369 4046

NH 8369 4046 Within a rectangular drystone enclosure to the E of the Dun, traces of copper slag have been exposed by erosion. As the mines to the E, worked at the beginning of this century exploited iron ore, this slag is probably connected with an earlier exploitation of the copper ore. J Wordsworth 1995 (Highland HER).

Site Number 102 Site Name Carn A' Mhais Leathain Type of Site Township NMRS Number NH84SE 10 HER Number MHG7038; MHG43386; MHG43388 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 285900 Northing 841100 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description NH84SE 10 centred on 859 411

Dry-stone footings of four buildings including a small kiln-barn. Associated enclosures and traces of former cultivation. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 1st ed. (1871), sheet x; RCAHMS 1978, visited April 1978.

A township comprising five unroofed buildings is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871-5-6, sheet x). Four unroofed buildings are shown on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1978). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological

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sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 20, No. 161 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 103 Site Name Shearleat Type of Site BUILDING, CAIRNFIELD NMRS Number NH84SE 3 HER Number MHG6968; MHG14332; MHG41498; MHG41501; MHG45662 Status Not Designated Easting 286900 Northing 841500 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description NH84SE 3 869 415

At NH 8696 4158 is a building foundation measuring c. 8.0m N-S by c. 4.0m transversely. To the N and S of it are several peat grown stone clearance heaps of a much earlier period and similar to those normally associated with hut circles. Visited by (A A) 3 February 1971.

Numerous cairns, measuring up to 3m in diameter, are visible on a moderately steep slope both E and W of the public road. Among them is the site of a former cottage or farm. RCAHMS 1978, visited April 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 15, 23, Nos. 97, 192 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 104 Site Name Balnaclach Type of Site Building NMRS Number NH84SE 9 HER Number MHG6963 Status Not Designated Easting 288770 Northing 840180 Parish Ardclach Council Highland

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Description NH84SE 9 8877 4018

Site of a cottage existing in 1869 but demolished before 1906. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 1st ed. (1871), sheet x; 2nd ed. (1906), sheet x NE; RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 20, No. 149 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 105 Site Name Dalbuie Type of Site CORN DRYING KILN, FARMSTEAD NMRS Number NH84SE 18 HER Number MHG6970; MHG41488 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 289190 Northing 840200 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Archaeological Notes NH84SE 18 8919 4020

A large dry-stone farm incorporating a corn-drying kiln. OS 6" map, Nairnshire, 1st ed. (1871), sheet x; RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

One roofed L-shaped building, one unroofed long building and two enclosures are depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871-5-6, sheet x). Both buildings are shown unroofed on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1978). Only one compartment at either end of the long building is marked and the L- shaped building is shown with four compartments. Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 21, No. 168 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

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Site Number 106 Site Name Little Banchor Type of Site Cairnfield NMRS Number NH84SE 8 HER Number MHG7255 Status Not Designated Easting 289800 Northing 840700 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH84SE 8 898 407.

NH 898 407. Numerous small cairns are visible on a S-facing slope at about 325m OD. (For discussion on the period and purpose of monuments of this type, see NT05SE 3.) RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978.

The general area has been deep-ploughed and planted with conifers. No cairns are extant. Visited by OS (J M) 2 February 1981.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 14, No. 91 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 107 Site Name Banchor Type of Site FIELD SYSTEM, HUT CIRCLE(S) NMRS Number NH94SW 2 HER Number MHG7075; MHG41653; MHG41661;MHG41669 Status Non-Statutory Register Easting 290200 Northing 840500 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH94SW 2 902 405.

Centred at NH 902 405 on a SE-facing slope are two circular stone- walled huts (A and B) with a contemporary field system. Hut 'A' set into the slope measures c. 12.0m in diameter between the centres of a wall spread to an indefinite width. The ill-defined entrance is in the ESE. A clearance heap lies against the wall

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outside the hut in the W. The hut has recently had a drain cut through it. Immediately to the N of the hut are traces of what may be another c.8.5m in diameter. Hut 'B', c. 12.0m in diameter between wall centres, is denuded. The wall is spread to c. 3.0m at the simple entrance in the E, but is ill- defined elsewhere. The field system comprises stone clearance heaps and lynchets, with cultivation plots varying between c. 45.0m by c. 25.0m and c. 20.0m by c.10.0m. Surveyed at 1/2500. Visited by OS (A A) 23 February 1971.

A large group of cairns is visible on a gentle S-facing slope about 1km W of banchor. Lynchets, plots and hut-circles recorded by the OS were not visible in dense heather at the date of visit. RCAHMS 1978, visited May 1978.

NMRS References: RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 11, No. 52 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

Site Number 108 Site Name Banchor Type of Site Building NMRS Number NH94SW 27 HER Number MHG26478 Status Not Designated Easting 291160 Northing 840560 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH94SW 27 9116 4056

An unroofed building is depicted on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map (Nairnshire 1871-5-6, sheet xi). A roofed building is shown at this location on the current edition of the OS 1:10000 map (1976). Information from RCAHMS (SAH) 9 August 1996

Site Number 109 Site Name Suspension Bridge, S of Banchor Type of Site Suspension Bridge NMRS Number

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HER Number MHG31322 Status Not Designated Easting 291320 Northing 840510 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Grid Reference: NH 9132 4051 Map Sheet: NH94SW Civil Parish: ARDCLACH Geographical Area: NAIRN

Monument Types •SUSPENSION BRIDGE (Post Medieval - 1560 AD to 1900 AD) Other References/Statuses •Historic Environment Record: MHG31322 •Old SMR Reference Number: NH94SW0035 Full description

"Suspension Bridge" marked on 1st ed OS S of Banchor in Woods designated Ghamhna - HAW 12/2002

Site Number 110 Site Name Allt an t-Sragaim Mhor Type of Site Track; Fords NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288800 Northing 836000 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A track with fords over streams, including Allt an t-Sragain Mhor, is visible on the First Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1871-76 (Nairnshire, Sheet X). The track and fords are still present on the map of 1906 (Nairnshire Sheet X.SE), and the track is still utilised today.

Site Number 111 Site Name Milestone Type of Site Milestone NMRS Number HER Number

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Status Not Designated Easting 294290 Northing 838040 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description On the First Edition Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 map of 1871 a milestone appears on the west side of the present B9007 road (M.S Nairn 15, Carrbridge 10 ½) at the roadside near a turn in the road. On the map of 1906 (Nairnshire Sheet XI.SE), the milestone is still present, though marked ‘M.S. Forres 16, carrbridge 10 1/2’.

Site Number 112 Site Name Allt Lag Liatre Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288326 Northing 836640 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description During walkover survey in June 2014 a 0.3 m high and 5 m diameter earth and stone mound was seen at NH 88326 36640.

Site Number 113 Site Name Allt Lag Liatre Type of Site Cairn or Roundhouse (possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288347 Northing 836599 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A circular earthwork ring feature, measuring 5 m in diameter and 0.3 m high, surrounding a 3 m diameter inner hollow, was seen during walkover survey in June 2014. Several stones are visible in the bank, concentrated on the south side of the feature. This may be an eroded cairn or roundhouse feature.

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Site Number 114 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Turf Platform NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288548 Northing 835472 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A rectangular structure is visible on modern mapping to the south of a track. During survey in June 2014 no structure was visible, though a sub-rectangular earth mound, measuring c. 20 m NE/SW by 15 m NW/SE and between 0.7 and 1.0 m in height, was visible to the south of the track, opposite an area of likely recent peat cutting. The corners of this platform were at NH 88562 35482, NH 88570 35478, NH 88558 35466 and NH 88548 35472. It may represent a platform for a temporary 20th century structure, not now present.

Site Number 115 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Walker's Cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 286291 Northing 833364 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description During walkover survey a walker's cairn was visible at a minor peak (NH 86291 33364). It was c. 0.7 m in diameter and 0.3 m high.

Site Number 116 Site Name Cawdor Castle Type of Site Inventory Garden NMRS Number HER Number Status Inventory Historic Garden

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Easting 284827 Northing 848592 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Summary Dates Date of Inclusion: 1987 Reason for Inclusion The formal gardens, parkland, woodland and built features form the setting for one of the most romantic 16th century Scottish castles, and the whole composition makes a huge contribution to the surrounding scenery. The sessile oak trees in Cawdor Wood are believed to be part of an ancient primeval forest and host the largest variety of lichens in the UK. The flower garden was originally laid out in 1720 and in the early 20th century was remodelled on a theme of Dante's passage through hell. There has been a designed landscape here for more than 350 years, and the castle has been lived in by the same family for more than 600 years.

Type of Site A magnificent composition of designed landscape layers with informal parkland dating from the mid 19th century evolved from 18th century beginnings, woodlands, some managed continuously over a period of 350 years with dramatic gorge paths and woodland walks, a woodland or 'wild' garden created under the canopy of a mid-19th-century pinetum and flower garden first laid out in 1720 and further developed in the 20th century.

Main Phases of Landscape Development First laid out early 17th century, the policies and woodland planted in the late 18th century, altered in the mid-19th century and the Flower Garden replanted in the 19th century and again in the mid- 20th century.

Site Number 117 Site Name Dalcross Castle Type of Site Inventory Garden NMRS Number HER Number Status Inventory Historic Garden Easting 277867 Northing 848366 Parish Croy and Dalcross Council Highland Description Summary Dates Date of Inclusion: 1987

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Reason for Inclusion The 16th century castle has a long association with the Mackintosh family, head of Clan Chattan, and there has been a designed landscape around it, remaining relatively unchanged, since the mid 18th century. The landscape consists of traditional lawns, formal and kitchen gardens near the castle, with some parkland and woodland further away.

Site Number 118 Site Name Tirfogrean Type of Site NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 286300 Northing 839200 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Settlement appears at 'Tyrfogrein' on Pont's map of 1583-96, 'Tirfogrein' on Gordon's map of Aberdeen, Banf, Murrey &c to Inverness (1636-52), while both 'Tyrfogrein' and 'Tyrfogown' appear on Blaeu's map of 1654 and 'Tyrvogrien' on Roy's survey of 1747-52.

Site Number 119 Site Name Quilichan Type of Site Settlement NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 285400 Northing 837800 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description Settlement appears at 'Quolachan' on Roy's survey of 1747-52.

Site Number 120 Site Name Ballachrochin Type of Site Settlement

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NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 284650 Northing 836800 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description The modern settlement of Ballachrochin appears on pre-Ordnance Survey maps e.g. as ‘Balecknocken’ on Pont's map of 1583-96, as ‘Balcknoken’ on Gordon's map of 1636-52, as ‘Bale-Knoken’, on Blaeu's map of 1654, as 'Ballknochan', on Roy's survey (1747-52) and as ‘Balenoken’ on Thomson's map of 1830.

Site Number 121 Site Name Allt Lag Liatre Type of Site Peat Cut (Possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288460 Northing 836315 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description An indistinct feature is visible on aerial photographs of 1948 (Sortie 541/A/0435; Frame 4119) and 1954 (Sortie 540/1385; Frame F22: 0104). It appears to be a three-sided feature open to the north.

Survey in June 2014 identified a likely rectangular peat cut, with corners at NH 88460 36315, NH 88466 36317, NH 88471 36305 and NH 88463 36303. It measured c.15 m NW/SE by 8 m NE/SW.

Site Number 122 Site Name Allt Lag Liatre Type of Site Peat Cut (Possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288442 Northing 836259 Parish Cawdor

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Council Highland Description An indistinct feature is visible on aerial photographs of 1948 (Sortie 541/A/0435; Frame 4119) and 1954 (Sortie 540/1385; Frame F22: 0104). It appears to be a three-sided feature open to the west.

Survey in June 2014 identified a possible peat cut or peat erosion feature, which measured 10 m wide N/S and 50 m long W/E. Its SE corner was at 88442 36259.

Site Number 123 Site Name Carn Bad a' Churaich Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NJ93NW 3 HER Number MHG7282 Status Not Designated Easting 294260 Northing 838440 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93NW 3 9426 3844.

NH 942 384. Carn Bad a' Churaich: The remains of this small burial- cairn measure about 5.7m in diameter and stand 0.3m in height. RCAHMS 1978, visited 1978.

The name "Carn Bad a' Churaich" appears on OS maps at NH 9617 3765, and according to the Ordnance Survey Name Book (ONB), applies to "a large round hill, crossed by the Nairn / Moray boundary." Name Book 1869.

The remains of the cairn are at NH 9426 3844 on a rise. It measures some 6.0m in diameter and is little more than 0.1m high. The periphery is discernible as a slight, heather-covered ridge of stones; the body content shows as a scant spread of rounded and angular stones protruding through a level cover of turf. Surveyed at 1:10,000. Visited by OS (J M) 29 February 1981.

NMRS References: Ordnance Survey (Name Book) Object Name Books of the Ordnance Survey (6 inch and 1/2500 scale) Page(s): Book No. 1, 79 Held at RCAHMS Ref RCAHMS (1978f) The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland. The archaeological sites and monuments of Nairn District, Highland Region, The archaeological sites and monuments of Scotland series no 5 Edinburgh Page(s): 8, No. 13 Held at RCAHMS A.1.2.ARC(5)

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This cairn was noted during a walkover survey of a proposed borrow pit by AOC Archaeology Group on 25th May 2015. The cairn is located on top of a ntural knoll in heather and gorse covered moorland with angular stones protruding from the centre. The knoll on which the cairn is located has been [artially quarried away on its west side but teh ciarn itself appears undamaged.

Site Number 124 Site Name Duthil-Dulsie Bridge Military Road Type of Site Military Road NMRS Number NH93NW 8 HER Number MHG34405 Status Not Designated Easting 294710 Northing 837000 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description NH93NW 8.00 from 9499 3521 9414 3999. MR 27 (formerly Lin 502 [part of]).

NH93NW 8.01 9466 3663 Bridge.

The military road heads N through an area of moor and peat bog on the line of the B 9007. W Taylor 1976.

NH 9499 3521 to NH 9418 3884 modern road on line. NH 9454 3636 to NH 9468 3683 abandoned section - heather- covered metalled track 6m wide between flanking banks, terminating in bog. NH 9466 3663 modern bridge (NH93NW 8.01). NH 9418 3884 to NH 9414 3997 heather-covered metalled carriageway 6.5m wide. NH 9414 3997 to NH 9414 3999 no trace. Visited by OS 25 February 1971.

The military road continues N on the line of the B 9007 as far as NH 9418 3888, where a section of road is visible heading due N across the moor from a junction with the B 9007. It takes the form of a well-defined heather-covered track running between flanking banks. M Logie (Highland Council) 1997; NMRS MS 1007/7.

NMRS References: Taylor, W (1976) The military roads in Scotland, Newton Abbot Page(s): 166 Held at RCAHMS J.6.6.TAY

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Site Number 125 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Walkers' Cairn; Mound NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 286142 Northing 833860 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description During walkover survey in June 2014 a walkers' cairn was visible at NH 86142 33860. a 0.8 m diameter and 0.4 m high drystone cairn overlay a low earth mound, measuring 2 m in diameter and approximately 0.2 m in height.

Site Number 126 Site Name Allt Lag Liatre Type of Site Peat cut (Possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 288740 Northing 836265 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A sub-rectangular hollow, possibly a peat cut was identified during walkover survey in June 2014. It measured c. 10 m by 10 m and had corners at NH 88738 36269, NH 88733 36266, NH 88736 36262 AND NH 88742 36261.

Site Number 127 Site Name DBA and walkover survey - Rhilean (proposed Tom nan Clach Wind F Type of Site Desk Based Assessment; Walkover Survey NMRS Number HER Number EHG3511 Status Event Easting 290500 Northing 837100 Parish Ardclach

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Council Highland Description Centred NH 905 371 (7331m by 3925m)

A walkover survey was conducted by Highland Archaeology Services in early 2009 as part of an environmental assessment for a possible access route to a proposed wind farm at Tom nan Clach. Thirty- three structures were identified and recorded, most of which were within three post-medieval rural settlements in the Rhilean Burn valley. The previous RCAHMS, HHER and OS records of these settlements were found to be inaccurate. In addition two shielings and three sub-circular features were recorded outside the other settlements. <1>

Highland HER references: Infinergy Ltd. 06/2009. Tom nan Clach Wind Farm; Environmental Statement. Infinergy Ltd. . Digital.

Site Number 128 Site Name Walkover survey - Moy Estate, Moy and Dalarossie Type of Site Walkover Survey NMRS Number HER Number EHG687 Status Event Easting 278424 Northing 836533 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Rathmell Archaeology Ltd Apr-May 2012 Centred NH 78424 36533 (4948m by 3013m) A walkover survey was carried out by Rathmell Archaeology Ltd on the Moy Estate in 2012 in advance of a proposed windfarm development. The survey identified sixteen potential sites, five of which were assessed to be natural features. The remaining eleven all appeared to be relate to farming or estate activities from the C19 and C20. Only two ruinous buildings were considered to be significant. However, none of these sites were in locations that were to be impacted by the development. <1>

Highland HER references: Gorman, D. & Klemen, P.. 2012. Moy Estate Wind Farm, Highland: Archaeological Walkover Survey, Data Structure Report. Rathmell Archaeology Ltd. Digital.

Site Number 129

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Site Name Photographic survey of The Steading, Balvraid Type of Site Field Survey/Photographic Survey NMRS Number HER Number EHG3011 Status Event Easting 282983 Northing 831463 Parish Council Highland Description Centred NH 82983 31463 (23m by 16m) (Centred) A photographic survey was undertaken to comply with a condition on planning consent for conversion to a house and garage. <1>

Highland HER references: Image/Photograph(s): Private individual. 2009. Pre-Conversion Photographic Record: The Steading, Balvraid, Tomatin, Inverness- shire, IV13 7XY. Black and white. . Digital (scanned).

Site Number 130 Site Name Walkover survey - Balvraid, Tomatin Type of Site Walkover Survey NMRS Number HER Number EHG4137 Status Event Easting 284000 Northing 831000 Parish Council Highland Description October 2013 No further details.

Site Number 131 Site Name DBA and walkover survey - proposed Glenkirk Windfarm Type of Site Desk Based Assessment; Walkover Survey NMRS Number HER Number EHG748 Status Event Easting 285960 Northing 831760 Parish Moy and Dalarossie

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Council Highland Description Headland Archaeology Ltd Sept-Dec 2004 Centred NH 8596 3176 (5810m by 4788m) A desk-based assessment and walkover survey were undertaken by Headland Archaeology in 2004 to provide data for a cultural heritage chapter in an Environmental Statement for the propsed Glenkirk Windfarm near Tomatin. An initial walkover of the search area was undertaken over the period 15-22 September 2004; a second walkover survey was undertaken over the period 14-15 December 2004 to assess specific changes to the earlier plan. A large part of the area covered by the proposal contained substantial peat deposits, with vegetation being largely rough moor and heather, with the ground being relatively undulating and uneven throughout. The walkover survey covered a series of 100m wide areas and corridors, centred on the proposed locations of turbines and other elements of the scheme likely to cause ground disturbance, including access tracks, site compounds and crane bases. Three new sites were located during the walkover survey, a possible cairn, a relatively modern marker cairn and an upright stone. <1>

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology Ltd. 09/2005. Glenkirk Wind Farm; Environmental Statement: Chapter 10: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology Ltd. . Paper and Digital.

Site Number 132 Site Name DBA and walkover survey - access track for proposed Glenkirk Windf Type of Site Desk Based Assessment; Walkover Survey NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Event Easting 281560 Northing 831730 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Headland Archaeology Ltd May 2007 Centred NH 8156 3173 (5128m by 2013m) A DBA and walkover survey were conducted by Headland Archaeology in 2007 to provide supporting information for an Environmental Statement for an access track to the proposed Glenkirk Windfarm near Tomatin. The walkover survey was carried out for two other route options and the extent of this also covered the 'preferred access track' and 1km study corridor. This identified a number of new sites, although none of these were located within the footprint of the preferred route. It was, however, considered

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that there was potential for unknown buried remains within the proposed development footprint and that further investigation may be needed to define an appropriate mitigation strategy to protect any remains which maybe present. <1> A subsequent Environmental Statement for the proposed access track was submitted in 2010. However, although minor changes had been made to the route of the track as originally envisaged, a new survey was not carried out, as these were still within the study corridor of the original survey. <2>

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 133 Site Name Tom a' Ghealagaidh Type of Site Standing stone NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 281632 Northing 832195 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Upright standing stone identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 134 Site Name Tom a' Ghealagaidh Type of Site Shielings; Enclosures NMRS Number

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HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 282344 Northing 832205 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Sheiling comprising two buildings and enclosures identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 135 Site Name Balvraid Type of Site Field System NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 282460 Northing 831710 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Field system comprising possible clearance cairns identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 136 Site Name Balvraid Type of Site Field System

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NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 282482 Northing 831624 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Field system comprising possible clearance cairns identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 137 Site Name Glenkirk Type of Site Field System NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 283260 Northing 831600 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Field system comprising possible clearance cairns identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 138 Site Name Druim an Tuirc

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Type of Site Sheepfold NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 281470 Northing 831330 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Sheepfold identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 139 Site Name Druim an Tuirc Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number HER Number EHG878 Status Not Designated Easting 281050 Northing 831354 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description Farmstead with three buildings and two enclosures identified during walkover for proposed Glenkirk wind farm access track.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2007. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track; Supporting Environmental Report: Chapter 9 Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 22/10/2007. Paper and Digital. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. 2010. Glenkirk Wind Farm Access Track: Environmental Statement: Vol II & III: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology & Eurus Energy. Digital.

Site Number 140

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Site Name Allt Bruachaig Type of Site Farmstead NMRS Number HER Number EHG748 Status Not Designated Easting 283460 Northing 831770 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A farmstead identified during assessment and walkover survey works for the proposed Glenkirk wind farm.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology Ltd. 09/2005. Glenkirk Wind Farm; Environmental Statement: Chapter 10: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology Ltd. . Paper and Digital.

Site Number 141 Site Name Glenkirk Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number HER Number EHG748 Status Not Designated Easting 286066 Northing 832999 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A cairn identified during assessment and walkover survey works for the proposed Glenkirk wind farm.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology Ltd. 09/2005. Glenkirk Wind Farm; Environmental Statement: Chapter 10: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology Ltd. . Paper and Digital.

Site Number 142 Site Name Glenkirk Type of Site Shepherd's cairn NMRS Number HER Number EHG748 Status Not Designated

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Easting 286919 Northing 831367 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A shepherd's cairn identified during assessment and walkover survey works for the proposed Glenkirk wind farm.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology Ltd. 09/2005. Glenkirk Wind Farm; Environmental Statement: Chapter 10: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology Ltd. . Paper and Digital.

Site Number 143 Site Name Glenkirk Type of Site Standing Stone NMRS Number HER Number EHG748 Status Not Designated Easting 287745 Northing 830587 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A standing stone identified during assessment and walkover survey works for the proposed Glenkirk wind farm.

Highland HER references: Headland Archaeology Ltd. 09/2005. Glenkirk Wind Farm; Environmental Statement: Chapter 10: Cultural Heritage. Headland Archaeology Ltd. . Paper and Digital.

Site Number 144 Site Name Allt Seileach Type of Site Peat Cut NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 285144 Northing 833563 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A 10 m wide peat cut was visible within a clearing in modern

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forestry during wallover survey in June 2014. It zig-zagged roughly SW/NE from NH 85101 33469 to NH 85144 33563 to NH 85226 33576 to NH 85233 33586.

Site Number 145 Site Name Allt Seileach Type of Site Shieling (Possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 284931 Northing 833520 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description During walkover survey in June 2014 a possible stone structure, perhaps a shieling, was identified on the banks of Allt Seileach, under an eroding face on which stone tumble was apparent. A line of stones (varying between c.0.1 m and 1.0 m in size) was visible running N/S from NH 84932 33523 to NH 84930 33517 to the east of the stream and at the side of a 2 m high roughly rectangular mound, for which the putative wall line formed a western border. The mound was covered in dense vegetation but stones were identified on its surface. Tentatively, a rectangular structure measuring 7 m N/S by c. 10 m east/west was identified, though it is possible that this represents stone tumble.

Site Number 146 Site Name Carn Torr Mheadhoin Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 285201 Northing 834230 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description A 0.5 to 1.0 m high earth and stone mound was identified during walkover survey in June 2014 at NH 85201 34230. The mound measured c. 5 m N/S by 3 m E/W. On its summit a low spread of weathered stones, measuring c.1 m in diameter, was visible.

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Site Number 147 Site Name Dun Davie, fort Type of Site Fort NMRS Number NH73NW 11 HER Number Status Scheduled Monument 3301 Easting 271860 Northing 839297 Parish Daviot and Dunlichity Council Highland Description NH73NW 11 7188 3930.

(NH 7188 3930) Dun Davie (NAT) OS 6" map, Inverness-shire, 2nd ed, (1903)

Dun Daviot is a promontory fort with a univallate vitrified defence, difficult of access except from the E and W sides. The hill itself is a cone-shaped eminence, flattened on its apex, rising to a height of c. 150' - 200'. The fortified area is c. 120' x 60', surrounded by a single wall of loose stones now standing only c. 2' high. G Anderson 1857; M A Cotton 1954.

The RCAHMS describe the remains of the wall as slight, spread to c. 18', but where outer facing stones are visible at one place in the W arc and another in the N arc, a wall thickness of c. 10' is indicated. The entrance is in the SE. A low scarp runs round the NW face of the knoll to the W flank, varying from 10' at the NW to 67' at its termination, from the fort wall. From the point where this scarp bends S, a scatter of stones carries on E in an arc 75' long, and ends 10' from the crest of the SE slope. This scarp would appear to represent the scarcely recognisable remains of an outer defence. A low rocky platform to the SW is partly crossed by a straight stretch of rubble bank 73' long and spread up to 10' wide, accompanied on the SW for 2/3 of its length by a shallow quarry ditch. While it is possible that this feature formed part of the defences of the fort, its inadequacy in its present form is obvious. Information from RCAHMS Ms 1957, visited 1957.

Occupying the flat summit of a rocky hill known locally as Dun Davie, in cleared woodland, are the mutilated remains of a sub-oval fort which has measured c. 28.0m NE-SW by c. 18.0m. The S arc is completely destroy- ed but elsewhere the wall is turf-covered and spread to c. 5.0m with only two or three outer facing stones surviving in the W. There is no trace of vitrifaction. No entrance can be seen and the interior is featureless. To the N and NW of the fort, at a lower level, is an irregular scarp, described by RCAHMS as an apparent outer defence, which is fronted in places by traces of a "terrace". There is no indication that

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this is artificial, though it is in a good position to be used as an outer defence line. The continuing scatter of stones noted by RCAHMS is almost certainly tumble from the fort.

About 30.0m SW of the fort, crossing the shoulder of the hill, is a wall spread to c. 1.5m, noted by RCAHMS as a "rubble bank". It is in a poor defensive position, and the evidence of several stones extending in a line SW of the SE extremity of the wall suggest the remains of an enclosure of uncertain period and purpose. The "quarry ditch" is almost certainly natural. Surveyed at 1:10,000. Visited by OS (N K B) 15 April 1970.

NH 7188 3930 Works at Dun Davie, Daviot Quarry (NMRS NH73NW 11) comprised a preliminary survey of the southern limit of the scheduled area including the spoil dump; the removal, by a combination of machine and hand, of dumped spoil within the scheduled area; and a full topographic survey of the site. Sponsor: Tarmac Quarry Products Ltd. T Rees 1997

Scheduled as 'Dun Davie, fort.' Information from Historic Scotland, scheduling document dated 21 December 1973.

NMRS references: Anderson, G (1857c) 'On certain vitrified (and unvitrified) forts in the neighbourhood of Loch Ness and the Moray Firth. In a letter to Dr Hibbert', Archaeol Scot, vol.4 Page(s): 198 Cotton, M A (1954) 'British camps with timbered-laced ramparts', Archaeol J, vol.111 Page(s): 42, 80 Held at RCAHMS E.9.COT RCAHMS (1950-9) Marginal Land Survey (unpublished typescripts). 3v. Typescripts Page(s): v2 Held at RCAHMS A.1.1.MAR Rees, T (1997d) 'Dun Davie (Daviot & Dunlichity parish), Iron Age fort', Discovery Excav Scot Page(s): 46

Site Number 148 Site Name Craggie Cottage, settlement cairns and field system 600m SW of Type of Site Settlement Cairns; Field System NMRS Number NH73NW 10, NH73NW 13 & NH73NW 19 HER Number Status Scheduled Monument 4712 Easting 273152 Northing 838293 Parish Daviot and Dunlichity

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Council Highland Description The monument comprises the remains of a prehistoric settlement and associated field system and at least one kerb cairn. It was first scheduled in 1989, but an insufficient area was scheduled to cover all visible archaeological remains; the present scheduling rectifies this.

The settlement comprises 13 round houses varying in diameter from 6 m to 12 m between the centres of collapsed walls spread from 2 m to 2.5 m wide. The field system comprises stone clearance heaps, lynchets, and infrequent ruined field walls which form cultivation plots averaging 30 by 20 m. Several hollow-ways cut through the field system, but these are almost certainly later.

The kerb cairn is located at the edge of the field system. It is turf covered, measuring 12 m in diameter and 1.5 m in height. There are nine visible kerbstones in situ. A possible second cairn lies within the field system. It is heather covered, and measures 10 m from E-W by 8.5m transversely.

The area to be scheduled is irregular in plan, to include the remains described above and an area around in which evidence relating to their construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The scheduling excludes the above-ground portions of all modern field boundaries, to allow for their maintenance.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument consists of a number of prehistoric features which are not all contemporary. Notably, a prehistoric kerbed cairn, with a possible second cairn located close by, and a well-preserved example of a later prehistoric settlement. There is a strong likelihood that the characteristic structural features of the kerbed cairn, that define this class of monument, and the internal and external archaeological deposits associated with this particular monument have not been disturbed. The survival of some of the kerbstones would appear to confirm this.

We see later use of the area in the remains of the later prehistoric settlement. Despite recent regeneration of forestry over part of the area, it is likely that further archaeological deposits survive within and outside the structures, including environmental and other evidence of associated farming techniques and practices. It therefore has the potential to reveal information about local variations in domestic architecture and building use as well as prehistoric landuse.

The inter-relationship of the various elements of the monument and the concentration of features in this relict prehistoric landscape is likely to reveal information about the change in use of the

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landscape during prehistoric times.

Contextual characteristics: Most surviving examples of such sites are individual features or small groupings of hut circles. In contrast, this monument comprises a range of different features. The monument is a good example of a once common class and has the potential to provide a better understanding of the structure of later prehistoric society.

The presence of the earlier kerbed cairn adds to the monument's contextual characteristics. Archaeologists have identified few burial mounds in this region in similar contexts, close by settlements and agricultural activity. The cairn therefore has the potential to contribute to future studies of the inter-relationship between pre- existing burial monuments and agricultural use of later prehistoric societies.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because it is a rare example of a well-preserved complex prehistoric relict landscape that encompasses both domestic and ritual aspects of past lives. The loss of this monument would diminish our capacity to understand the changes in landuse and perception of landscape during later prehistoric times.

Other Information RCAHMS records the monument as NH73MW 10, NH73NW 13 and NH73NW 19.

Site Number 149 Site Name Shian Hillock, cairn 445m SE of The Knapp Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH94NW 1 HER Number Status Scheduled Monument 3135 Easting 291639 Northing 849786 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description The monument is a cairn of prehistoric (probable Bronze-Age) date, visible as a grass-covered mound and lying in an area of arable farmland, near to the banks of Muckle Burn. The monument was first scheduled in 1971, but an inadequate area was included to protect all archaeological remains; the present scheduling rectifies this.

The cairn measures approximately 30m in diameter and stands to a height of about 4m. Several of the kerb-stones round the perimeter

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of the cairn are visible. A trench approximately 1.5 m across and approximately 1 m deep crosses the summit N to S. This may be the location of the cist and burials referred to in a 19th-century account of the site.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan and centred on the cairn, to include the cairn and an area around in which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map.

National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The characteristic structural features that define this class of monument are well preserved and it is likely that the associated archaeological deposits are also in a good state of preservation. Evidence for the environment before people erected the cairn may be sealed underneath it. The survival of an intermittent boulder kerb has the potential to significantly enhance understanding of the monument.

Contextual characteristics: The monument occupies a prominent position in the landscape with views along Muckle Burn. It would have had a significant place within the prehistoric landscape of the area.

National Importance The monument is of national importance because there is good potential for the survival of archaeological evidence relating to its construction and use. It retains important field characteristics, such as the boulder kerb. It occupies a prominent position in the landscape and prehistoric people would have seen it from a wide area of the landscape in which they conducted their day-to-day activities. Its loss would affect our ability to understand this landscape.

Other Information RCAHMS records this monument as NH94NW1.

Site Number 150 Site Name Banchor, cairn 315m SE of Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH72SE 6 HER Number Status Scheduled Monument 11814 Easting 276507

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Northing 823739 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description The monument is a prehistoric burial cairn situated in rough pasture on a false crest overlooking the River Findhorn, at a height of approximately 380m above sea level. It is located within a complex of other prehistoric burial cairns, hut-circles and relic field systems shown on the Ordnance Survey map.

The cairn survives as a roughly circular, convex, turf-covered mound measuring 11.8m from E to W by 10.5m transversely, and 0.9m high. Its form suggests that it is best classified as a round cairn, probably Bronze Age in date. Some stone is visible in the surface but no kerbstones have been identified. There is a 1.8m wide, roughly circular, depression in the centre of the cairn, which may indicate subsidence into a central burial cist.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the cairn, to include the visible remains and an area around in which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. The scheduling excludes the above-ground portions of the modern post-and-wire fence crossing the scheduled area, to allow for their maintenance. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument is in a relatively good state of preservation. It is upstanding and clearly visible in the landscape. Despite a small degree of erosion by grazing livestock, the cairn retains the field characteristics that identify it as a Bronze-Age cairn, a form of prehistoric burial site. It has a well-defined edge and the convex profile of the interior does not suggest extensive, if any, disturbance. It is therefore likely that high quality archaeological deposits relating to prehistoric burial rites are preserved within the monument.

Contextual characteristics: The cairn formed a highly visible component of the Bronze-Age landscape and can be compared and contrasted to nearby prehistoric funerary monuments and others outside the region to create an understanding of regional identity and society during this period. The monument is located within a complex of prehistoric settlement sites, both domestic and funerary, in this part of the Findhorn Valley, further enhancing its value.

National Importance This monument is of national importance because it is a prominent, upstanding Bronze-Age cairn with the potential to reveal much about funerary practice in the prehistoric communities of NE Scotland. It has the potential to make a significant contribution to our knowledge of prehistoric society in this locality and, by association, the rest of Scotland. The loss of the monument would

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affect our future ability to appreciate and understand the prehistoric landscape and its inhabitants.

Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH72SE 6. It is recorded in the Highland SMR as NH72SE0006.

Site Number 151 Site Name Dalarossie Cottage, cairn 375m SSE of Type of Site Cairn NMRS Number NH72SE 5 HER Number Status Scheduled Monument 11815 Easting 276718 Northing 824067 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description The monument is a ring cairn, a form of prehistoric burial mound. It is situated at a height of approximately 350m above sea level, in an area of rough grazing on a shelf overlooking the River Findhorn and Dalarossie Church.

The monument consists of a circular stony bank surviving up to 0.7m high, spread to an average of 3m wide and measuring approximately 18m in diameter overall. The bank encloses a slight central stony mound 8m in diameter and 0.3m high. There are traces of a possible break in the bank on the E side. No kerbstones are evident. The form of the monument bears comparison with other ring cairns, such as Weird Law in Peeblesshire, which provided a radiocarbon date of approximately 1500 BC. An interpretation as a more rare saucer cairn or barrow is, however, also a possibility.

The cairn lies on the N edge of a relic field system and also within sight of two burial cairns to the S and a hut circle to the E.

The area to be scheduled is circular on plan, centred on the cairn, to include the visible remains and an area around in which evidence relating to its construction and use may survive, as shown in red on the accompanying map. National Importance Cultural Significance The monument's archaeological significance can be expressed as follows:

Intrinsic characteristics: The monument appears to be in a good state of preservation under the cover of heather. It is upstanding and clearly visible in the landscape and retains the field characteristics that identify it as a Bronze-Age ring cairn or,

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perhaps, a saucer cairn, a rare form of prehistoric burial site. It is likely that the monument preserves high quality archaeological deposits relating to prehistoric burial rites, as well as sealing evidence for the earlier environment.

Contextual characteristics: The cairn was a highly visible component of the Bronze-Age landscape and can be compared and contrasted to nearby prehistoric funerary monuments and others outside the region to create an understanding of regional identity and society during this period. The monument is located within a complex of prehistoric settlement sites, both domestic and funerary, in this part of the Findhorn Valley, further enhancing the value of the monument.

National Importance This monument is of national importance because it is a prominent, upstanding Bronze-Age cairn with the capacity to reveal much about funerary practice in the prehistoric communities of NE Scotland. It has the potential to make a significant contribution to our knowledge of prehistoric society in this locality and, by association, the rest of Scotland. The loss of the monument would affect our future ability to appreciate and understand the prehistoric landscape and its inhabitants.

Other Information RCAHMS record the monument as NH72SE 5. It is recorded in the Highland SMR as NH72SE0005.

References: Ritchie J N G and MacLaren A 1972, 'Ring cairns and related monuments in Scotland', SCOTT ARCHAEOL FORUM 4.

Site Number 152 Site Name Ardclach Parish Church (Church of Scotland) Type of Site Church NMRS Number HER Number Status Listed Building: Category B Easting 294847 Northing 845988 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description H.B. No. 552.

This building is in the Highland Council and the Ardclach Parish. It is a category B building and was listed on 16/11/1983.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 948 459.

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Description 1844. Triple aisled church orientated north/south. Rubble, tooled rubble dressings. Substantial, wide gabled porch with round-headed entrance in centre, north gable; round-headed windows with simple Y-tracery in recessed gables. 3 similar windows light east and west elevations; single windows in south gables; plain, possibly slightly later, single storey wing with vestry and session room, projects from centre of south gable. Bird-cage bellcote at north gable apex, stack at south; 3 parallel slate roofs, piended at outer bays. Interior; pulpit and some pews re-used from old Ardclach Parish Church. Rubble walled enclosure; pair spearhead cast-iron gates with matching quadrant railings mounted on low coped rubble walls.

Notes Ecclesiastical building in use as such. Former Free Church of Scotland.

References W. Ewing, ANNALS OF THE FREE CHURCH, ii, (1914) p. 211 (Listed Building report).

Site Number 153 Site Name Glenferness House Type of Site Country House NMRS Number HER Number Status Listed Building: Category A Easting 293718 Northing 842842 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description H.B. No. 560

This building is in the Highland Council and the Ardclach Parish. It is a category A building and was listed on 26/01/1971.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 935 428.

Description Mansion house and estate buildings, Archibald Simpson, 1844-45. Alterations and additions to mansion, A. & W. Reid, 1869. Traditional Norwegian houses 1890. House; extensive 2-storey house, facing east/west; mixed grey and pink rubble, tooled granite dressings. Main east front; simplified classicism, 2-storeys, 2 wide pedimented advanced outer bays, 4 narrower recessed central bays; screen linking outer bays now glazed with later projecting porte-cochere with Roman Doric columns. Single storey (1869)

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irregular range extends to north, linked to 1 of 2 traditional timber Norwegian single storey houses which flank outer wings, set at angles to form semi-circular entrance front. Garden front (west); asymmetrical massing centres on 3-storey near centre Italianate tower, with re-entrant at right infilled between tower and SW gable with later (1869) 2-storey, 3-bay dining room with long windows in ground floor. Single canted bay window rises full height in south gable. Various 1869 service wings to north. 8- and 12-pane glazing; bracketted cornices to some ground floor windows; band courses; corniced ridge and end stacks; projecting, joisted eaves, slate roofs. Interior; some original cornices and chimney pieces; library at SE shortened in 1869 to accommodate passage leading to 1869 single storey billiard room. Decorative cast-iron balustrade to staircase.

Notes "Princess Stone" a cross slab in grounds is Scheduled Ancient Monument No 1233. House formerly pink harled Present mansion built near site of house commenced by Sir James Montgomery Cunninghame, but never finished owing to his death (before 1842). Property purchased by John Dougal of Ratho Park, Midlothian, who built present house. Property bought by Earl of Leven and Melville in 1869, in whose family it remains today. Plans and building specifications dated 1844 remain in house; builders, Burgess family. Specifications include "take down and re-use old house". 1869 plans with Moray District Record Office, Forres, Moray.

References NEW STATISTICAL ACCOUNT, xiii, (1842) pp.32, 45. Lachlan Shaw, THE HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE OF MORAY, ii, (1882, revised ed.) p.197. Howard Colvin, A BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, 1600-1840, (1978) p.737. Moray District Record Office, DAW761. National Monuments Record of Scotland (photographs of erection of Norwegian buildings, 1890) (Listed Building report).

Site Number 154 Site Name Glenferness House, Stables Type of Site Stables NMRS Number HER Number Status Listed Building: Category B Easting 293658 Northing 842960 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description H.B. No. 561

This building is in the Highland Council and the Ardclach Parish. It is

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a category B building and was listed on 16/11/1983.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 935 428.

Description Stables; shallow H-plan, with east facing U-plan court enclosed by single storey and attic range; mixed rubble, with grey granite tooled dressings. 5-bay centre block with round-headed key-stoned centre entrance flanked by giant pilasters and long windows with bracketted cornices. South range contains single storey and attic, 3- bay cottage with carriage house; additional 4th bay, with blind windows in east gable and south, opens onto court. Corniced centre door to cottage; 3 bargeboarded dormers break wide eaves. Further segmental headed carriage house in north range of stable court; band courses on gable ends give impression of shallow pediments; corniced ridge and end stacks; joisted eaves; slate roof (Listed Building report).

Site Number 155 Site Name Glenferness House Walled Garden and Gardener's House Type of Site Walled Garden; Cottage NMRS Number HER Number Status Listed Building: Category B Easting 293767 Northing 843018 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description H.B. No. 562

This building is in the Highland Council and the Ardclach Parish. It is a category B building and was listed on 16/11/1983.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 935 428.

Description Walled garden and Gardener`s house; 2-storey, 3-bay cottage, in mixed rubble, grey tooled granite dressings. Bracketted cornice to centre door and flanking windows; 2 small windows in 1st floor outer bays; 4 and 6 pane glazing; centre ridge stack; piended slate roof. East gable of cottage built into east wall of large walled garden, with window looking into it. Coped rubble walls to garden, which is open on south side.

Notes On line of military road from Fort George. (Major Caulfield and General Wade.)

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References NEW STATISTICAL ACCOUNT, xiii, (1842) p.32 (Listed Building report).

Site Number 156 Site Name Glenferness House Gate Lodge, Gate Piers and Entrance Gates Type of Site Gate Lodge; Gates NMRS Number HER Number Status Listed Building: Category B Easting 295164 Northing 843046 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description H.B. No. 563

This building is in the Highland Council and the Ardclach Parish. It is a category B building and was listed on 16/11/1983.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 951 430.

Description Archibald Simpson, 1844-45; additions A. & W. Reid, 1869. Low single storey originally T-plan, now (with 1869 rear, SE addition) cruciform plan; each arm a single bay. Mixed granite rubble, tooled grey granite dressings. Centre corniced door in NW arm (facing drive) now blocked as window; corniced windows in centre each arm; base and band courses; ridge and end corniced stacks; deep joisted eaves; shallow slate roof. New harled, flat roofed wing and entrance at south. Low coped rubble walls enclose lodge and flank entrance. Simple panelled ashlar short square entrance piers with pair wrought-iron carriage gates (1953).

Notes Plaque on gate piers records that the wrought-iron entrance gates were presented to the Earl of Leven by local trades people in 1953 on the occasion of his marriage.

References Moray District Record Office DAW 761 (Listed Building report).

Site Number 157 Site Name Kyllachy House Type of Site Country House NMRS Number

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HER Number Status Listed Building: Category C Easting 278603 Northing 825914 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description H.B. No. 14886

This building is in the Highland Council and the Moy And Dalarossie Parish. It is a category C building and was listed on 17/04/1986.

Group Items: N/A, Group Cat: N/A, Map Ref: NH 785 258.

Description Dated 1886, incorporating earlier core. Rambling 2-storey and attic gabled house with NE entrance front and long SE garden elevation. Baronial details, all harled with extensive tooled ashlar dressings and margins. Entrance to right of irregular 4-bay gabled elevation set in tooled ashlar walling with Jacobean style pedimented doorpiece. Transomed and mullioned ground floor window to left with shaped and stepped panel containing Mackintosh arms. Corbelled angle stair turret rising from first floor terminating in bellcast conical roof with gabletted dormer and apex finial. Mullioned and transomed oriels light principal public room in raised ground floor to E gable wing. Pedimented gabled dormers break wallhead N and E; varied glazing; extensive long and short detailing to all window architraves. Garage/stable wing extends S with E facing gable pierced by pair oculi and glazed ridge cupola with leaded ogee roof and dated weathervane (1886). Extensive rear service extensions; crowsteps; coped end and ridge stacks; slate roofs. Rubble walled garden terrace fronts E elevation; ashlar cope to walling and to low balustrade of flight of steps terminating with paired stone urns.

References Groome's ORDNANCE GAZETTEER OF SCOTLAND v (1884) p 79 (Listed Building report).

Site Number 158 Site Name Cawdor Type of Site Village NMRS Number HER Number Status Conservation Area Easting 284533 Northing 849959 Parish Cawdor

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Council Highland Description Cawdor was designated a Conservation Area in 1974.

Site Number 159 Site Name Culloden; Battlefield Type of Site Battlefield NMRS Number HER Number Status Conservation Area Easting 274291 Northing 845044 Parish Daviot and Dunlichity; Croy and Dalcross Council Highland Description Culloden Battlefield was designated a Conservation Area in 1968.

Site Number 160 Site Name Tom nan Clach Type of Site Shieling (Possible) NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated Easting 287418 Northing 834251 Parish Cawdor Council Highland Description During walkover survey in June 2014, a roughly 8m N/S by 3 m E/W crudely rectangular drystone feature was identified, standing to a height of 0.5 to 0.7 m. It was centred at NH 87418 34251.

This may be the same as Site 69.

Site Number 161 Site Name Tomlachlan 1 Type of Site Quarry Scoop NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Designated

Page 128 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

Easting 294251 Northing 838431 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description Located west of a prehistoric burial cairn is a small quarry scoop measuring c.6m in diameter and 3.5 m deep. Material has been quarried away from the natural knoll upon which the burial cairn is located. The area is overgrown with heather and gorse and has evidently not been in use as a quarry for some time (AOC Archaeology Group 2015).;

Site Number 162 Site Name Tomlachan 2 Type of Site Quarry Scoop 2 NMRS Number HER Number Status Not Deisgnated Easting 294239 Northing 838464 Parish Ardclach Council Highland Description A roughly ciurcular pit or quarry scoop measuring approximately 7m in diameter and 2.5m deep. Overgrown with gorse and heather. A track passes through the centre (AOC Archaeology Group 2015).

Site Number 163 Site Name Corryborough Estate Type of Site Field Survey NMRS Number n/a HER Number EHG4590 Status Not Deisgnated Easting 281954 Northing 828315 Parish Moy and Dalarossie Council Highland Description A walkover survey of an area west and south of Corrybrough Lodge including the small valley of the Allt a’Choire Mhoir and its surrounding catchment area was undertken in Februray 2013. The area takes in the hill roughly 1km to the SE of Corrybrough and the hill of Creag an Tuim Bhig to the south; the A9 trunk road forms the SW boundary. It is an area of roughly 4km2 which is generally

Page 129 Appendix 10.1: Site Gazetteer

north facing and at an altitude of between 300m and 450m. An intermediate area of rough grazing, between 360m and 400m, is marked on the Roy map of 1750 as having largely been cultivated; this area and the higher heathery moor ground has abundant evidence of prehistoric activity with hut circles, field systems and clearance cairns. These prehistoric sites have previously been recorded and were not recorded again these unless obvious omissions in the record were noted. The line of General Wade’s military road from Crieff to Inverness traverses the area; it too has been well recorded. The project took details of the post medieval settlements seen on the First Edition OS survey, of which there were four, and any other sites noted in the walkover. One of the four post medieval settlements, Creag an Tuim Bhig/Sheanevall/Soilshan NMRS No -NH82NW037 (Site 27), has been scheduled by Historic Scotland. Only scant details appear on the record of the other three and two of them, Braenrerich and Brunton, were recorded during the First Edition Survey Project of 1996 which was a desk based project. A total of 16 sites were recorded during the survey and these are described in full in the report (NoSAS 2013).

NoSAS 2013 Report of a survey of archaeological sites on part of the Corrybrough estate, near Tomatin, Inverness-shire February 2012 to March 2013.

Page 130 Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Environmental Statement

Appendix 10.2 Guide for Contextualised Aesthetic Appreciation of monuments

Heritage Asset Details

1. Site No./Name Site No./Name for monument.

2. Site type According to NMRS/HER criteria.

3. Site visit conditions Conditions on day of survey with particular reference to visibility

4. Orientation of the Direction in which wind farm lies measured from the monument proposed wind farm

5. Distance from Distance to nearest turbines measured from the closest part of the proposed wind farm monument.

6. Horizon angles Angle of horizon as measured from monument out to edges of proposed wind farm.

Scientific Detail

7. Monument form Description of the monument form.

8. Current monument Is the monument well preserved? Are there modern intrusions or condition features that prevent the understanding of the monument?

9. Relationship and This includes key viewpoints to and from the monument. intervisibility with Depending on the monument in question these could include: other key sites entrances; specific points on approaches; routeways; other related buildings; monuments; or natural features.

Some sites and monuments exist, where modern scholars argue

that intervisibility with other monuments in a given landscape was/is an integral part of the function of the monument. For example, the intervisibility of a number of cairns on the skyline of a monument may be understood as a key function of these ritual sites linking the separate sites across the landscape. The impact of the proposed development within a landscape may be considered to be higher if the intervisibility between such sites is interrupted by the placing of a modern turbine and as such the key relationships between monuments is of relevance to this assessment.

10. Economic Function What evidence is there for the economic function of the monument in the past and how does the site now function economically?

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11. Human Social What evidence remains for evolution of the monument through Evolution time?

12. Palaeoenvironment What is the likely palaeoenvironmental potential of the potential monument? Is it likely to preserve significant evidence for past environments?

Historic Detail

13. Chronology of What evidence exists in the monument for time depth and use monument through history and prehistory? What main periods are represented by the monument and why are they significant?

14. Chronology of What evidence exists in the landscape for time depth and use landscape through history and prehistory? What main periods are represented by the landscape and why are they significant?

15. Landform Evolution How has the surrounding physical landform evolved and how does it relate to the monument? Does the landform dictate visibility of

the monument across the landscape? How does the monument within the landscape relate to the landform (i.e does monument appear to be sited on hill top, by water courses etc)?

16. Archaeological/historic Has the monument been the subject of previous study? Is it study possible to understand the historical/archaeological processes that have produced the monument? What is the potential for future

archaeological study; in particular, what is the potential for significant new information from further detailed historic study?

Social Detail

17. Nature of original and Local character, local distinctiveness and local perception of the authentic uses monument. This includes an exploration of what local or regional issues make a monument different or distinct and of particular value to the local population, or special to visitors to the locality. The extent to which this can be defined without conducting survey of local opinion is limited but a sense of the importance of a monument can be gleaned from local literature, art and publications about the area.

18. Inferred importance of The importance of the setting refers, as above, to our conception setting of the importance of the monument’s setting both now and at a specific period in the past when key features of the monument were created. Some scholars argue that monuments interacted as part of a system with other contemporary elements (man-made or natural) in the landscape. In some cases, landscape setting was thus a significant element in the positioning of specific features within a landscape.

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Tom nan Clach Wind Farm Repowering Environmental Statement

The importance of this original setting thus partially reflects how sensitive a monument is to changes to that setting.

19. Inferred importance The importance of views from the monument particularly towards of view towards the proposed development area either in the past or present is a proposed wind farm key factor in understanding how changes in these views will affect site the overall appropriateness of setting. For example, in an open, relatively simple landscape, the monument will be more sensitive to the development than in a complex developed landscape with restricted views towards the development.

20. Geographical How accessible is the monument. Are public rights of way/roads remoteness present? Are there any associated amenities, such as signage or visitor centre?

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Appendix 10.3 Cultural Heritage Plates

Plate 1: Earth platform (Site 114) from south-east

Plate 2: Possible cairn (Site 112) from south

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Plate 3: Circular earthwork (Site 113) from south

Plate 4: Cairn on Carn Torr Mheadhoin (Site 146) from south-west

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Plate 5: Possible shieling remains (Site 67) from north

Plate 6: Possible shieling remains (Site160) from west

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Plate 7: Possible shieling remains (Site145) from north-west

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Appendix 10.4 Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments within 15 km of Turbine Area

Listed Buildings

H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

237 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Slochd Mhuic Railway Viaduct B

238 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Slochd, Ortunan Bridge C

239 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus By Slochd, Bridge Over Allt Slochd Mhuic B

240 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Sluggan Bridge Over River Dulnain A

241 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Carrbridge, Old Bridge Over River Dulnain B

242 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Clury B

244 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus By Dulnain Bridge, Garth Of Finlarig C

245 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus By Dulnain Bridge Wester Finlarig House And Lodge (Service Cottage) B

246 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Duthill, Old Parish Church, Burial Ground B

247 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Duthill, Seafield Mausolea B

249 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Muckrach Castle A

Carrbridge, Duthill Parish Church, (Former United Free Church Of 262 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Scotland Now Church Of Scotland) B

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

263 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Carrbridge, Village Hall B

Cromdale, Inverallan And 353 Highland Advie Dava Bridge Over Allt Na Ceardaich C

Cromdale, Inverallan And 354 Highland Advie Dava Bridge Over Dorback Burn C

Cromdale, Inverallan And 355 Highland Advie Dulnain Bridge, Finlarig C

551 Highland Ardclach Ardclach Bell Tower A

552 Highland Ardclach Ardclach Parish Church (Church Of Scotland) B

553 Highland Ardclach Ardclach Old Manse Steading And Garden Wall B

554 Highland Ardclach Ardclach Old Parish Church And Burial Ground B

555 Highland Ardclach Coulmony House And Walled Garden B

557 Highland Ardclach Dulsie Bridge (Over River Findhorn) A

558 Highland Ardclach Dulsie Farmhouse, Dulsie Bridge C

559 Highland Ardclach Ferness Village, Schoolhouse With School C

560 Highland Ardclach Glenferness House A

561 Highland Ardclach Glenferness House Stables B

562 Highland Ardclach Glenferness House Walled Garden And Gardener's House B

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

563 Highland Ardclach Glenferness House Gate Lodge, Gate Piers And Entrance Gates B

564 Highland Ardclach Logie Bridge, Ferness (Over River Findhorn) A

565 Highland Ardclach Newton Of Belivat C

1683 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Faillie Bridge Over Nairn River B

1699 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Culloden Moor, Memorial Cairn A

1700 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Daviot Parish Church Of Scotland And Burial Ground B

1701 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Daviot Church Of Scotland Manse B

1702 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Daviot House (House Of Daviot) B

1703 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Daviot Mains (Including Horse Engine House) B

1705 Highland Daviot And Dunlichity Littlemill Bridge Over The Allt Na Fuar Ghlaic C

1708 Highland Croy And Dalcross Cantray Home Farm B

Clava, Nairn Viaduct Over The Nairn River, Otherwise Known As 1709 Highland Croy And Dalcross Culloden Moor Viaduct A

1710 Highland Croy And Dalcross Croy Parish Church Of Scotland, Watch-House And Burial Ground B

1711 Highland Croy And Dalcross Croy Church Of Scotland Parish Manse B

1712 Highland Croy And Dalcross Culloden Battlefield, Old Leanach Farmhouse B

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

1713 Highland Croy And Dalcross Dalcross Castle And Garden Wall A

1714 Highland Croy And Dalcross Dalcross Castle, Entrance Arch And Gate Lodge C

1715 Highland Croy And Dalcross Daltullich Mains House B

1723 Highland Cawdor Auchindoune House B

1724 Highland Cawdor Bareven Bridge Over The Allt Dearg, Wester Bareven C

1725 Highland Cawdor Bareven Church Kirkton Of Bareven B

1726 Highland Cawdor Brackla House And Walled Garden B

1727 Highland Cawdor Budgate House A

1728 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Castle A

1729 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Castle Walled Garden B

1730 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Castle Gate Lodge And Entrance B

1731 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Castle, East Lodge C

1732 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Castle Home Farm Granary B

1733 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Bridge House C

1734 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Fountainsyde (L) And Hillview (R) C

1735 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Gardener's Cottage C

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

1736 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Lavender Cottage B

1737 Highland Cawdor Clunas B

1738 Highland Cawdor Meikle Urchany B

1739 Highland Cawdor Newton Of Budgate B

1752 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Old Change House C

1753 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Old Manse Walled Garden, Steading And Gate Piers B

Cawdor Village West End West End Cottage (Immediately West Of Ivy 1754 Highland Cawdor Cottage) C

1755 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village West End Ivy Cottage C

Cawdor Village West End Rowan Cottage (L) And Mrs Cameron's 1756 Highland Cawdor Cottage (R) C

1757 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village West End Memorial Cottage C

1758 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Meadowbank C

Cawdor Village West End Cottage (Opposite South Entrance To Parish 1759 Highland Cawdor Church) C

1760 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Cawdor Parish Church And Burial Ground A

1761 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Off Back Street Church Hall C

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

1762 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Off Back Street The Mound C

Cawdor Village Back Street West End House, Post Office And Former 1763 Highland Cawdor Stables C

1764 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village, Back Street The Rockery C

1765 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Back Street The Schoolhouse C

1766 Highland Cawdor Cawdor Village Back Street South House C

Cawdor Village County Salon (Former Post Office) And Former Post 1767 Highland Cawdor Office House C

1812 Highland Croy And Dalcross Holme Rose A

1813 Highland Croy And Dalcross Holme Rose Walled Garden C

1814 Highland Croy And Dalcross Holme Rose Gate Lodge And Gate Piers B

1834 Highland Croy And Dalcross Balfreish C

1835 Highland Croy And Dalcross Cantray Bridge Over River Nairn B

1836 Highland Croy And Dalcross Cantray Mill B

1837 Highland Croy And Dalcross 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Clephanton Village B

1838 Highland Croy And Dalcross 7, 8, Clephanton Village B

1839 Highland Croy And Dalcross 9 Clephanton Village B

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

1840 Highland Croy And Dalcross Holme Rose Bridge Over River Nairn B

1841 Highland Croy And Dalcross Kilravock Castle, Dovecote And Garden Walls A

1842 Highland Croy And Dalcross Milton Of Kilravock Former Kilravock Mill B

1843 Highland Croy And Dalcross White Bridge By Clephanton Over River Nairn A

2160 Moray Edinkillie Braemoray Lodge C

2161 Moray Edinkillie Bridge Of Knocklach Over Knocklach Burn C

2167 Moray Edinkillie Dava Brige Over Dorback Burn C

5103 Highland Ardclach 1-6 (Inclusive) Ferness Village B

5107 Highland Ardclach Whitefold, Highland Boath Bridge Over Muckle Burn B

6636 Highland Duthil And Rothiemurchus Carrbridge Station Including Platform Shelters And Footbridge B

8042 Highland Inverness And Bona Culloden Moor, Kings Stable Cottage B

14884 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Dalarossie Church Of Scotland And Burial Ground B

14885 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Tomatin, Findhorn Bridge B

14886 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Kyllachy House C

14887 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy, Aultnaslanach Viaduct Over Allt Na Slanaich Burn A

14888 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy, Bridge Over Funlack Burn By Milton Of Moy C

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

14889 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Obelisk (On Island In Loch Moy) B

14890 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Hall Mains, Hen House C

14891 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Church Of Scotland, Watch-House And Burial Ground B

14892 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Former Moy Free Church, Findhorn Bridge, Near Tomatin C

14893 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Tomatin, Railway Viaduct Over River Findhorn B

14894 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Tomatin Railway Viaduct Over (Old) A9 Road B

14895 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Findhorn Bridge, Moy Free Church B

14896 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Findhorn Bridge, Old Free Church Manse C

14897 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Garbole Bridge Over The Kyllachy Burn C

19205 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Hall Estate, Game Larder C

Moy Hall Estate Porter's Lodge (South Lodge) Including Gatepiers, 19216 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Gates And Boundary Walls B

19217 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Hall Estate Cottage Next To Kennels C

19218 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Hall Estate Kennels C

19219 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Hall Estate Gardener's Cottage C

19220 Highland Moy And Dalarossie Moy Hall Estate Forestry Cottages And Stables B

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H.B. Number Region Parish Address Category

Cromdale, Inverallan And 49222 Highland Advie Dava, Loch Allan, Aa Sentry Box (No 746) B

51882 Highland Grantown On Spey Camerorie, Stamford Cottage C

Scheduled Monuments

Index No. Region Parish Name

960 Highland Duthil and Rothiemurchus Carrbridge, old packhorse bridge

961 Highland Duthil and Rothiemurchus Sluggan Bridge, bridge, Carrbridge

Daviot & Dunlichity Croy & Culloden Battlefield, Graves of the Clans, Cairn and Well of the 967 Highland Dalcross Dead

1231 Highland Cromdale, Inverallan and Advie Lochindorb Castle

1233 Highland Ardclach Princess Stone, cross-slab 250m SSW of Glenferness House

2470 Highland Ardclach Dunearn, fort 510m S of

2706 Highland Duthil and Rothiemurchus Auchnahannet, circular enclosure & terrace

2707 Highland Cromdale, Inverallan and Advie Finlarig, chapel and enclosure 300m W of

2896 Highland Cawdor Dun Evan,fort

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Index No. Region Parish Name

3070 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Culchunaig, cairn and standing stone 300m SE of

3085 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Mains of Daviot Farm, ring cairn and stone circle 600m NNE of

3087 Highland Nairn Castle Findlay,fort

3091 Highland Croy and Dalcross Culdoich, ring cairn 490m NW of

3116 Highland Cawdor St Barevan's Church and Churchyard, Foxmoss Wood

3135 Highland Ardclach Shian Hillock, cairn 445m SE of The Knapp

3189 Highland Croy and Dalcross Cantraydoune, motte 100m W of

3301 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Dun Davie, fort

4362 Highland Edinkillie Aitnoch, cairn, hut circle & field system 1400m SSE of

4712 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Craggie Cottage, settlement cairns and field system 600m SW of

4853 Highland Croy and Dalcross Dalcross Castle, chambered cairn and stone circle 200m NE of

5027 Highland Cawdor Brackla Farm, enclosure 300m SW of

5399 Highland Croy and Dalcross Dalcross Church

5486 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Daviot Castle

10481 Highland Duthil and Rothiemurchus Inverlaidnan Old House

11417 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Mid Craggie, cairn 90m E of

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Index No. Region Parish Name

11446 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Isle of Moy, fortified island and laird's house

11447 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Eilean nan Clach, crannog

11525 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Mid Lairgs, bridge and military road 200m SSE of

11533 Highland Croy and Dalcross Daltullich House, enclosure 245m NE of

11673 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Drumbain Cottage, hut circles 725m, 845m and 975m ESE of

11734 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Edinchat, cairn 415m NNW of

11738 Highland Ardclach Levrattich, cairn 340m W of

11739 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Woodend, cairn 760m NW of

11796 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity Braeval Farm, cupmarks 260m NNW of

11797 Highland Cawdor Rehiran Farm House, cairn 1530m ESE of

11798 Highland Ardclach Balnught, hut circle 1225m ENE of

11806 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Soilsean, deserted township and hut circle 745m ESE of

11814 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Banchor, cairn 315m SE of

11815 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Dalarossie Cottage, cairn 375m SSE of

11818 Highland Ardclach Little Banchor, depopulated settlement 1130m WSW of Banchor

11832 Highland Ardclach Burnside, bridge 300m W of

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Index No. Region Parish Name

11851 Highland Croy and Dalcross Culdoich, chambered cairn and standing stone 620m S of

11876 Highland Cawdor Easter Rattich, depopulated settlement 575m SSW of Ruallan

11878 Highland Ardclach Alltlaoigh, farmstead 1990m NE of Cnapan a' Choire Odhair Bhig

11879 Highland Daviot and Dunlichity An Bathach, promontory fort 300m ENE of

11900 Highland Croy and Dalcross Ballaggan, mound 420m WNW of

11901 Highland Moy and Dalarossie Ruthven, depopulated township 600m S of

90020 Highland Ardclach Ardclach Bell Tower

90074 Highland Croy and Dalcross Clava Cairns,c hambered cairns, ring cairn, stone circles & chapel

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