Mother of Pearl Free
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Long-Duration Anesthetization of Squid (Doryteuthis Pealeii) T
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology Vol. 43, No. 4, July 2010, 297–303 Long-duration anesthetization of squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) T. Aran Mooneya,b*, Wu-Jung Leeb and Roger T. Hanlona aMarine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; bWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA (Received 4 May 2010; final version received 15 June 2010) Cephalopods, and particularly squid, play a central role in marine ecosystems and are a prime model animal in neuroscience. Yet, the capability to investigate these animals in vivo has been hampered by the inability to sedate them beyond several minutes. Here, we describe methods to anesthetize Doryteuthis pealeii, the longfin squid, noninvasively for up to 5 h using a 0.15 mol magnesium chloride (MgCl2) seawater solution. Sedation was mild, rapid (54 min), and the duration could be easily controlled by repeating anesthetic inductions. The sedation had no apparent effect on physiological evoked potentials recorded from nerve bundles within the statocyst system, suggesting the suitability of this solution as a sedating agent. This simple, long-duration anesthetic technique opens the possibility for longer in vivo investigations on this and related cephalopods, thus expanding potential neuroethological and ecophysiology research for a key marine invertebrate group. Keywords: anesthesia; sedation; squid; Loligo; neurophysiology; giant axon Introduction Although cephalopods are key oceanic organisms used extensively as experimental animals in a variety of research fields (Gilbert et al. 1990), there is a relative paucity of information on maintaining them under anesthesia for prolonged durations. Lack of established protocols for sedation beyond several minutes constrains Downloaded By: [Hanlon, Roger T.] At: 12:46 19 August 2010 experimental conditions for many neurobiological and physiological preparations. -
The Systematics and Ecology of the Mangrove-Dwelling Littoraria Species (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-Pacific
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Reid, David Gordon (1984) The systematics and ecology of the mangrove-dwelling Littoraria species (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Indo-Pacific. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/24120/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/24120/ THE SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF THE MANGROVE-DWELLING LITTORARIA SPECIES (GASTROPODA: LITTORINIDAE) IN THE INDO-PACIFIC VOLUME I Thesis submitted by David Gordon REID MA (Cantab.) in May 1984 . for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Zoology at James Cook University of North Queensland STATEMENT ON ACCESS I, the undersigned, the author of this thesis, understand that the following restriction placed by me on access to this thesis will not extend beyond three years from the date on which the thesis is submitted to the University. I wish to place restriction on access to this thesis as follows: Access not to be permitted for a period of 3 years. After this period has elapsed I understand that James Cook. University of North Queensland will make it available for use within the University Library and, by microfilm or other photographic means, allow access to users in other approved libraries. All uses consulting this thesis will have to sign the following statement: 'In consulting this thesis I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in whole or in part without the written consent of the author; and to make proper written acknowledgement for any assistance which I have obtained from it.' David G. -
First Three-Dimensionally Preserved in Situ Record of an Aptychophoran Ammonite Jaw Apparatus in the Jurassic and Discussion of the Function of Aptychi
Berliner paläobiologische Abhandlungen 10 321-330 Berlin 2009-11-11 First three-dimensionally preserved in situ record of an aptychophoran ammonite jaw apparatus in the Jurassic and discussion of the function of aptychi Günter Schweigert Abstract: A unique specimen of the microconch ammonite Lingulaticeras planulatum Berckhemer in Ziegler, 1958 comes from a tempestite bed within the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Scham- haupten in Franconia (Painten Formation, uppermost Kimmeridgian). The shell is unique because it retains the complete jaw apparatus in the body chamber. The articulation of the Lamellaptychus and the corresponding upper beak are well preserved. The function of the aptychus is discussed in general, and an operculum function is thought to be unlikely. The formation of strongly calcified aptychi in aspidoceratids and some oppeliid ammonoids is interpreted as an added ballast weight to stabilize the conch for swimming in the water column. Keywords: Ammonites, aptychus, preservation, functional morphology, Upper Jurassic, lithographic lime- stones, Franconia, Germany Zusammenfassung: Ein einzigartig erhaltenes Exemplar des mikroconchen Ammoniten Lingulaticeras planulatum Berckhemer in Ziegler, 1958 aus einer Tempestitlage des oberjurassischen Plattenkalks von Schamhaupten in Franken (Painten-Formation, oberstes Kimmeridgium) enthält noch den vollständigen Kieferapparat in seiner Wohnkammer.Es zeigt die perfekte Artikualation des Lamellaptychus mit dem dazu- gehörenden Oberkiefer. Die Funktion des Aptychus wird allgemein diskutiert und eine Deckelfunktion für unwahrscheinlich gehalten. Die Ausbildung stark verkalkter Aptychen wie in Aspidoceraten und manchen Oppeliiden wird als zusätzliches Tariergewicht gedeutet, um das Gehäuse in starker bewegtem Wasser zu stabilisieren. Schlüsselwörter: Ammoniten, Aptychus, Erhaltung, Plattenkalke, Funktionsmorphologie, Oberjura, Franken, Deutschland Address of the author: Dr. Günter Schweigert, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart. -
New Data on the Jaw Apparatus of Fossil Cephalopods
New dataon the jaw apparatus of fossil cephalopods YURI D. ZAKHAROV AND TAMAZ A. LOMINADZE \ Zakharov, Yuri D. & Lominadze, Tamaz A. 19830115: New data on the jaw apparatus of fossil LETHAIA cephalopods. Lethaia, Vol. 16, pp. 67-78. Oslo. ISSN 0024-1164. A newly discovered fossil cephalopod jaw apparatus that may belong to Permian representatives of the Endocochlia is described. Permorhynchus dentatus n. gen. n. sp. is established on the basis of this ~ apparatus. The asymmetry of jaws in the Ectocochlia may be connected with the double function of the ventral jaw apparatus, and the well-developed, relatively large frontal plate of the ventral jaw should be regarded as a feature common to all representatives of ectocochlian cephalopods evolved from early Palaeozoic stock. Distinct features seen in the jaw apparatus of Upper Pcrmian cndocochlians include the pronounced beak form of both jaws and the presence of oblong wings on the ventral mandible. o Cephalopoda. jaw. operculum. aptychus, anaptychus, Permorhynchus n.gen.• evolution. Permian. Yuri D. Zakharov llOpllll Ilscumpueeu« Gaxapoe], Institute of Biology and Pedology, Far-Eastern Scientific Centre. USSR Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, USSR (EUOJl020-n9~BnlHbliiuucmu my m Ilaot.neeocmo-cnoro Ha."~H020 uenmpav Axaoeuuu 'HayK CCCP, Bnaoueocmo« 690022, CCCP); Tamaz A. Lominadze ITa.'W3 Apl.j1L10BUl.j Jlouunaoee), Institute of Palaeobiology of Georgian SSR Academy of Science. Tbilisi 380004. USSR (Hncmumvm naJle06UOJl02UU Atcaoeuuu naytc TpY3UHUjKOii CCP. T6'LJUCU 380004. CCP; 19th August. 1980 (revised 1982 06 28). The jaw apparatus of Recent cephalopods is re Turek 1978, Fig. 7, but not the reconstruction in presented by two jaw elements (Fig. -
Biological Materials: a Materials Science Approach✩
JOURNALOFTHEMECHANICALBEHAVIOROFBIOMEDICALMATERIALS ( ) ± available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmbbm Review article Biological materials: A materials science approachI Marc A. Meyers∗, PoYu Chen, Maria I. Lopez, Yasuaki Seki, Albert Y.M. Lin University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Article history: The approach used by Materials Science and Engineering is revealing new aspects Received 25 May 2010 in the structure and properties of biological materials. The integration of advanced Received in revised form characterization, mechanical testing, and modeling methods can rationalize heretofore 20 August 2010 unexplained aspects of these structures. As an illustration of the power of this Accepted 22 August 2010 methodology, we apply it to biomineralized shells, avian beaks and feathers, and fish scales. We also present a few selected bioinspired applications: Velcro, an Al2O3PMMA composite inspired by the abalone shell, and synthetic attachment devices inspired by gecko. ⃝c 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction and basic components ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Hierarchical nature of biological materials ................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Structural biological materials..................................................................................................................................................... -
Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: A
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of September 2005 Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: A Mary Ann Basinger Maggenti University of California-Davis Armand R. Maggenti University of California, Davis Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology Part of the Zoology Commons Maggenti, Mary Ann Basinger; Maggenti, Armand R.; and Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology: A" (2005). Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology. 16. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/onlinedictinvertzoology/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armand R. Maggenti Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology 2 abdominal filament see cercus A abdominal ganglia (ARTHRO) Ganglia of the ventral nerve cord that innervate the abdomen, each giving off a pair of principal nerves to the muscles of the segment; located between the alimentary canal and the large ventral mus- cles. abactinal a. [L. ab, from; Gr. aktis, ray] (ECHINOD) Of or per- taining to the area of the body without tube feet that nor- abdominal process (ARTHRO: Crustacea) In Branchiopoda, mally does not include the madreporite; not situated on the fingerlike projections on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. ambulacral area; abambulacral. abactinally adv. abdominal somite (ARTHRO: Crustacea) Any single division of abambulacral see abactinal the body between the thorax and telson; a pleomere; a pleonite. -
Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) from the Northeastern Pacific
Zoologica Scripta, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 35-49, 1996 Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd © 1996 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved 0300-3256(95)00015-1 0300-3256/96 $ 15.00 + 0.00 Anatomy and systematics of bathyphytophilid limpets (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) from the northeastern Pacific GERHARD HASZPRUNAR and JAMES H. McLEAN Accepted 28 September 1995 Haszprunar, G. & McLean, J. H. 1995. Anatomy and systematics of bathyphytophilid limpets (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) from the northeastern Pacific.—Zool. Scr. 25: 35^9. Bathyphytophilus diegensis sp. n. is described on basis of shell and radula characters. The radula of another species of Bathyphytophilus is illustrated, but the species is not described since the shell is unknown. Both species feed on detached blades of the surfgrass Phyllospadix carried by turbidity currents into continental slope depths in the San Diego Trough. The anatomy of B. diegensis was investigated by means of semithin serial sectioning and graphic reconstruction. The shell is limpet like; the protoconch resembles that of pseudococculinids and other lepetelloids. The radula is a distinctive, highly modified rhipidoglossate type with close similarities to the lepetellid radula. The anatomy falls well into the lepetelloid bauplan and is in general similar to that of Pseudococculini- dae and Pyropeltidae. Apomorphic features are the presence of gill-leaflets at both sides of the pallial roof (shared with certain pseudococculinids), the lack of jaws, and in particular many enigmatic pouches (bacterial chambers?) which open into the posterior oesophagus. Autapomor- phic characters of shell, radula and anatomy confirm the placement of Bathyphytophilus (with Aenigmabonus) in a distinct family, Bathyphytophilidae Moskalev, 1978. -
Synaptophysin Regulates Activity-Dependent Synapse Formation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
Synaptophysin regulates activity-dependent synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons Leila Tarsa and Yukiko Goda* Division of Biology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0366 Edited by Charles F. Stevens, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, and approved November 20, 2001 (received for review October 29, 2001) Synaptophysin is an abundant synaptic vesicle protein without a homogenotypic syp-mutant cultures, however, synapse forma- definite synaptic function. Here, we examined a role for synapto- tion is similar to that observed for wild-type cultures. Interest- physin in synapse formation in mixed genotype micro-island cul- ingly, the decrease in syp-mutant synapse formation is prevented tures of wild-type and synaptophysin-mutant hippocampal neu- when heterogenotypic cultures are grown in the presence of rons. We show that synaptophysin-mutant synapses are poor tetrodotoxin (TTX) or postsynaptic receptor blockers. Our donors of presynaptic terminals in the presence of competing results demonstrate a role for syp in activity-dependent com- wild-type inputs. In homogenotypic cultures, however, mutant petitive synapse formation. neurons display no apparent deficits in synapse formation com- pared with wild-type neurons. The reduced extent of synaptophy- Materials and Methods sin-mutant synapse formation relative to wild-type synapses in Hippocampal Cultures. Primary cultures of dissociated hippocam- mixed genotype cultures is attenuated by blockers of synaptic pal neurons were prepared from late embryonic (E18–19) or transmission. Our findings indicate that synaptophysin plays a newborn (P1) wild-type and syp-mutant mice as described (10). previously unsuspected role in regulating activity-dependent syn- Briefly, dissected hippocampi were incubated for 30 min in 20 apse formation. -
John Wilson Moore
John Wilson Moore BORN: Winston-Salem, North Carolina November 1, 1920 EDUCATION: Davidson College, B.S. Physics (1941) University of Virginia, Ph.D. Physics (1945) APPOINTMENTS: Radio Corporation of America Laboratories (1945–1946) Assistant Professor of Physics, Medical College of Virginia (1946–1950) Biophysicist, Naval Medical Research Institute (1950–1954) Associate Chief, Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB, NIH (1954–1961) Professor of Physiology & Pharmacology, Duke University (1961–1988) Professor of Neurobiology, Duke University (1988–1990) Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology, Duke University (1990–present) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Dupont Fellowship, University of Virginia (1941–1945) Fellow: National Neurological Research Foundation for Scientists (1961) Biophysical Society, Council and Executive Board (1966–1969; 1977–1979) Biomedical Engineering Society, Board of Directors (1971–1975) Trustee and Executive Committee, Marine Biological Laboratory (1971–1979; 1981–1985) K. S. Cole Award, Biophysical Society (1981) Fight for Sight Citation for Achievement in Basic Research (1982) John Wilson Moore initially became known for elucidating the action of tetrodotoxin and other neurotoxins using his innovative sucrose gap method for voltage clamping squid axon. He also was a pioneer in the nascent area of computational neuroscience, using computer simulations in parallel with experiments to predict experimental results and thus validate the concepts used in modeling. Intrigued by the possibility of applying his knowledge of physics to learn how neurons employ electricity to generate and transmit signals, he led the fi eld in exploring how ion channels and neuronal morphology affect excitation and signal propagation. He developed electronic instrumentation of high precision for electrophysiology, the result of experience gained through an unconventional career path: early training in physics, assignments involving feedback in the Manhattan Project, and learning principles of operational amplifi ers at the RCA Laboratories. -
Effects of Temperature on Escape Jetting in the Squid Loligo Opalescens
The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 547–557 (2000) 547 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JEB2451 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ESCAPE JETTING IN THE SQUID LOLIGO OPALESCENS H. NEUMEISTER*,§, B. RIPLEY*, T. PREUSS§ AND W. F. GILLY‡ Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Department of Biological Science, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, 93950 CA, USA *Authors have contributed equally ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) §Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Accepted 19 November 1999; published on WWW 17 January 2000 Summary In Loligo opalescens, a sudden visual stimulus (flash) giant and non-giant motor axons in isolated nerve–muscle elicits a stereotyped, short-latency escape response that is preparations failed to show the effects seen in vivo, i.e. controlled primarily by the giant axon system at 15 °C. We increased peak force and increased neural activity at low used this startle response as an assay to examine the effects temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that of acute temperature changes down to 6 °C on behavioral L. opalescens is able to compensate escape jetting and physiological aspects of escape jetting. In free- performance for the effects of acute temperature reduction. swimming squid, latency, distance traveled and peak A major portion of this compensation appears to occur in velocity for single escape jets all increased as temperature the central nervous system and involves alterations in the decreased. In restrained squid, intra-mantle pressure recruitment pattern of both the giant and non-giant axon transients during escape jets increased in latency, duration systems. -
Structure and Function of the Digestive System in Molluscs
Cell and Tissue Research (2019) 377:475–503 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03085-9 REVIEW Structure and function of the digestive system in molluscs Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha1,2 Received: 21 February 2019 /Accepted: 26 July 2019 /Published online: 2 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The phylum Mollusca is one of the largest and more diversified among metazoan phyla, comprising many thousand species living in ocean, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Mollusc-feeding biology is highly diverse, including omnivorous grazers, herbivores, carnivorous scavengers and predators, and even some parasitic species. Consequently, their digestive system presents many adaptive variations. The digestive tract starting in the mouth consists of the buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach and intestine ending in the anus. Several types of glands are associated, namely, oral and salivary glands, oesophageal glands, digestive gland and, in some cases, anal glands. The digestive gland is the largest and more important for digestion and nutrient absorption. The digestive system of each of the eight extant molluscan classes is reviewed, highlighting the most recent data available on histological, ultrastructural and functional aspects of tissues and cells involved in nutrient absorption, intracellular and extracellular digestion, with emphasis on glandular tissues. Keywords Digestive tract . Digestive gland . Salivary glands . Mollusca . Ultrastructure Introduction and visceral mass. The visceral mass is dorsally covered by the mantle tissues that frequently extend outwards to create a The phylum Mollusca is considered the second largest among flap around the body forming a space in between known as metazoans, surpassed only by the arthropods in a number of pallial or mantle cavity. -
Alexander 2013 Principles-Of-Animal-Locomotion.Pdf
.................................................... Principles of Animal Locomotion Principles of Animal Locomotion ..................................................... R. McNeill Alexander PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright © 2003 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY All Rights Reserved Second printing, and first paperback printing, 2006 Paperback ISBN-13: 978-0-691-12634-0 Paperback ISBN-10: 0-691-12634-8 The Library of Congress has cataloged the cloth edition of this book as follows Alexander, R. McNeill. Principles of animal locomotion / R. McNeill Alexander. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-691-08678-8 (alk. paper) 1. Animal locomotion. I. Title. QP301.A2963 2002 591.47′9—dc21 2002016904 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Galliard and Bulmer Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ pup.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 1098765432 Contents ............................................................... PREFACE ix Chapter 1. The Best Way to Travel 1 1.1. Fitness 1 1.2. Speed 2 1.3. Acceleration and Maneuverability 2 1.4. Endurance 4 1.5. Economy of Energy 7 1.6. Stability 8 1.7. Compromises 9 1.8. Constraints 9 1.9. Optimization Theory 10 1.10. Gaits 12 Chapter 2. Muscle, the Motor 15 2.1. How Muscles Exert Force 15 2.2. Shortening and Lengthening Muscle 22 2.3. Power Output of Muscles 26 2.4. Pennation Patterns and Moment Arms 28 2.5. Power Consumption 31 2.6. Some Other Types of Muscle 34 Chapter 3.