Synaptophysin Regulates Activity-Dependent Synapse Formation in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
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Long-Duration Anesthetization of Squid (Doryteuthis Pealeii) T
Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology Vol. 43, No. 4, July 2010, 297–303 Long-duration anesthetization of squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) T. Aran Mooneya,b*, Wu-Jung Leeb and Roger T. Hanlona aMarine Resources Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; bWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA (Received 4 May 2010; final version received 15 June 2010) Cephalopods, and particularly squid, play a central role in marine ecosystems and are a prime model animal in neuroscience. Yet, the capability to investigate these animals in vivo has been hampered by the inability to sedate them beyond several minutes. Here, we describe methods to anesthetize Doryteuthis pealeii, the longfin squid, noninvasively for up to 5 h using a 0.15 mol magnesium chloride (MgCl2) seawater solution. Sedation was mild, rapid (54 min), and the duration could be easily controlled by repeating anesthetic inductions. The sedation had no apparent effect on physiological evoked potentials recorded from nerve bundles within the statocyst system, suggesting the suitability of this solution as a sedating agent. This simple, long-duration anesthetic technique opens the possibility for longer in vivo investigations on this and related cephalopods, thus expanding potential neuroethological and ecophysiology research for a key marine invertebrate group. Keywords: anesthesia; sedation; squid; Loligo; neurophysiology; giant axon Introduction Although cephalopods are key oceanic organisms used extensively as experimental animals in a variety of research fields (Gilbert et al. 1990), there is a relative paucity of information on maintaining them under anesthesia for prolonged durations. Lack of established protocols for sedation beyond several minutes constrains Downloaded By: [Hanlon, Roger T.] At: 12:46 19 August 2010 experimental conditions for many neurobiological and physiological preparations. -
Plp-Positive Progenitor Cells Give Rise to Bergmann Glia in the Cerebellum
Citation: Cell Death and Disease (2013) 4, e546; doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.74 OPEN & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 2041-4889/13 www.nature.com/cddis Olig2/Plp-positive progenitor cells give rise to Bergmann glia in the cerebellum S-H Chung1, F Guo2, P Jiang1, DE Pleasure2,3 and W Deng*,1,3,4 NG2 (nerve/glial antigen2)-expressing cells represent the largest population of postnatal progenitors in the central nervous system and have been classified as oligodendroglial progenitor cells, but the fate and function of these cells remain incompletely characterized. Previous studies have focused on characterizing these progenitors in the postnatal and adult subventricular zone and on analyzing the cellular and physiological properties of these cells in white and gray matter regions in the forebrain. In the present study, we examine the types of neural progeny generated by NG2 progenitors in the cerebellum by employing genetic fate mapping techniques using inducible Cre–Lox systems in vivo with two different mouse lines, the Plp-Cre-ERT2/Rosa26-EYFP and Olig2-Cre-ERT2/Rosa26-EYFP double-transgenic mice. Our data indicate that Olig2/Plp-positive NG2 cells display multipotential properties, primarily give rise to oligodendroglia but, surprisingly, also generate Bergmann glia, which are specialized glial cells in the cerebellum. The NG2 þ cells also give rise to astrocytes, but not neurons. In addition, we show that glutamate signaling is involved in distinct NG2 þ cell-fate/differentiation pathways and plays a role in the normal development of Bergmann glia. We also show an increase of cerebellar oligodendroglial lineage cells in response to hypoxic–ischemic injury, but the ability of NG2 þ cells to give rise to Bergmann glia and astrocytes remains unchanged. -
Control of Synapse Number by Glia Erik M
R EPORTS RGCs (8). Similar results were obtained un- der both conditions. After 2 weeks in culture, Control of Synapse Number we used whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure the significant enhancement of spon- by Glia taneous synaptic activity by astrocytes (Fig. 1, A and B) (9). In the absence of astroglia, Erik M. Ullian,* Stephanie K. Sapperstein, Karen S. Christopherson, little synaptic activity occurred even when Ben A. Barres RGCs were cultured with their tectal target cells (6). This difference in synaptic activity Although astrocytes constitute nearly half of the cells in our brain, their persisted even after a month in culture, indi- function is a long-standing neurobiological mystery. Here we show by quantal cating that it is not accounted for by a matu- analyses, FM1-43 imaging, immunostaining, and electron microscopy that few rational delay. To examine whether glia reg- synapses form in the absence of glial cells and that the few synapses that do ulate synaptic activity by enhancing postsyn- form are functionally immature. Astrocytes increase the number of mature, aptic responsiveness, we measured the re- functional synapses on central nervous system (CNS) neurons by sevenfold and sponse of RGCs to pulses of L-glutamate are required for synaptic maintenance in vitro. We also show that most syn- applied to the cell somas. Regardless of the apses are generated concurrently with the development of glia in vivo. These presence of glia, RGCs responded with in- data demonstrate a previously unknown function for glia in inducing and ward currents (Fig. 1C) that were blocked by stabilizing CNS synapses, show that CNS synapse number can be profoundly glutamate receptor antagonists (10). -
Area-Specific Synapse Structure in Branched Posterior Nucleus Axons Reveals a New Level of Complexity in Thalamocortical Networks
The Journal of Neuroscience, March 25, 2020 • 40(13):2663–2679 • 2663 Systems/Circuits Area-Specific Synapse Structure in Branched Posterior Nucleus Axons Reveals a New Level of Complexity in Thalamocortical Networks Javier Rodriguez-Moreno,1 Cesar Porrero,1 Astrid Rollenhagen,2 Mario Rubio-Teves,1 Diana Casas-Torremocha,1 X Lidia Alonso-Nanclares,3 Rachida Yakoubi,2 XAndrea Santuy,3 XAngel Merchan-Pe´rez,3,5,6 XJavier DeFelipe,3,4,5 Joachim H.R. Lu¨bke,2,7,8* and XFrancisco Clasca1* 1Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Auto´noma de Madrid University, 28029 Madrid, Spain, 2Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-10, Research Centre Ju¨lich GmbH, 52425 Ju¨lich, Germany, 3Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biome´dica, Universidad Polite´cnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarco´n, 28223 Madrid, Spain, 4Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Arce 37 28002, Madrid, Spain, 5CIBERNED, Centro de Investigacio´n Biome´dica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, 28031 Madrid, Spain, 6Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Sistemas Informa´ticos, Universidad Polite´cnica de Madrid. Boadilla del Monte, 28660 Madrid, Spain, 7Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany, and 8JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, 52425 Ju¨lich-Aachen, Germany Thalamocortical posterior nucleus (Po) axons innervating the vibrissal somatosensory (S1) and motor (MC) cortices are key links in the brain neuronal network that allows rodents to explore the environment whisking with their motile snout vibrissae. Here, using fine-scale high-end 3D electron microscopy, we demonstrate in adult male C57BL/6 wild-type mice marked differences between MC versus S1 Po synapses in (1) bouton and active zone size, (2) neurotransmitter vesicle pool size, (3) distribution of mitochondria around synapses, and (4) proportion of synapses established on dendritic spines and dendritic shafts. -
The Interplay Between Neurons and Glia in Synapse Development And
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse development and plasticity Jeff A Stogsdill and Cagla Eroglu In the brain, the formation of complex neuronal networks and regulate distinct aspects of synaptic development and amenable to experience-dependent remodeling is complicated circuit connectivity. by the diversity of neurons and synapse types. The establishment of a functional brain depends not only on The intricate communication between neurons and glia neurons, but also non-neuronal glial cells. Glia are in and their cooperative roles in synapse formation are now continuous bi-directional communication with neurons to direct coming to light due in large part to advances in genetic the formation and refinement of synaptic connectivity. This and imaging tools. This article will examine the progress article reviews important findings, which uncovered cellular made in our understanding of the role of mammalian and molecular aspects of the neuron–glia cross-talk that perisynaptic glia (astrocytes and microglia) in synapse govern the formation and remodeling of synapses and circuits. development, maturation, and plasticity since the previ- In vivo evidence demonstrating the critical interplay between ous Current Opinion article [1]. An integration of past and neurons and glia will be the major focus. Additional attention new findings of glial control of synapse development and will be given to how aberrant communication between neurons plasticity is tabulated in Box 1. and glia may contribute to neural pathologies. Address Glia control the formation of synaptic circuits Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, In the CNS, glial cells are in tight association with NC 27710, USA synapses in all brain regions [2]. -
Electrical Synapses and Their Functional Interactions with Chemical Synapses
REVIEWS Electrical synapses and their functional interactions with chemical synapses Alberto E. Pereda Abstract | Brain function relies on the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. Interneuronal communication primarily takes place at synapses, where information from one neuron is rapidly conveyed to a second neuron. There are two main modalities of synaptic transmission: chemical and electrical. Far from functioning independently and serving unrelated functions, mounting evidence indicates that these two modalities of synaptic transmission closely interact, both during development and in the adult brain. Rather than conceiving synaptic transmission as either chemical or electrical, this article emphasizes the notion that synaptic transmission is both chemical and electrical, and that interactions between these two forms of interneuronal communication might be required for normal brain development and function. Communication between neurons is required for Electrical and chemical synapses are now known to brain function, and the quality of such communica- coexist in most organisms and brain structures, but details tion enables hardwired neural networks to act in a of the properties and distribution of these two modalities of dynamic fashion. Functional interactions between transmission are still emerging. Most research efforts neurons occur at anatomically identifiable cellular have focused on exploring the mechanisms of chemi- regions called synapses. Although the nature of synaptic cal transmission, and considerably less is known transmission has been an area of enormous controversy about those underlying electrical transmission. It was (BOX 1), two main modalities of synaptic transmission — thought that electrical synapses were more abundant namely, chemical and electrical — are now recognized. At in invertebrates and cold-blooded vertebrates than chemical synapses, information is transferred through in mammals. -
Part III: Modeling Neurotransmission – a Cholinergic Synapse
Part III: Modeling Neurotransmission – A Cholinergic Synapse Operation of the nervous system is dependent on the flow of information through chains of neurons functionally connected by synapses. The neuron conducting impulses toward the synapse is the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron transmitting the signal away from the synapse is the postsynaptic neuron. Chemical synapses are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. For the most part, neurotransmitter receptors in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell are either 1.) channel-linked receptors, which mediate fast synaptic transmission, or 2.) G protein-linked receptors, which oversee slow synaptic responses. Channel-linked receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that interact directly with a neurotransmitter and are called ionotropic receptors. Alternatively, metabotropic receptors do not have a channel that opens or closes but rather, are linked to a G-protein. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the metabotropic receptor, the receptor activates the G-protein which, in turn, goes on to activate another molecule. 3a. Model the ionotropic cholinergic synapse shown below. Be sure to label all of the following: voltage-gated sodium channel, voltage-gated potassium channel, neurotransmitter, synaptic vesicle, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, potassium leak channel, sodium-potassium pump, synaptic cleft, acetylcholine receptor, acetylcholinesterase, calcium channel. When a nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the axon terminal, it sets into motion a chain of events that triggers the release of neurotransmitter. You will next model the events of neurotransmission at a cholinergic synapse. Cholinergic synapses utilize acetylcholine as the chemical of neurotransmission. MSOE Center for BioMolecular Modeling Synapse Kit: Section 3-6 | 1 Step 1 - Action potential arrives at the Step 2 - Calcium channels open in the terminal end of the presynaptic cell. -
John Wilson Moore
John Wilson Moore BORN: Winston-Salem, North Carolina November 1, 1920 EDUCATION: Davidson College, B.S. Physics (1941) University of Virginia, Ph.D. Physics (1945) APPOINTMENTS: Radio Corporation of America Laboratories (1945–1946) Assistant Professor of Physics, Medical College of Virginia (1946–1950) Biophysicist, Naval Medical Research Institute (1950–1954) Associate Chief, Laboratory of Biophysics, NINDB, NIH (1954–1961) Professor of Physiology & Pharmacology, Duke University (1961–1988) Professor of Neurobiology, Duke University (1988–1990) Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology, Duke University (1990–present) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): Dupont Fellowship, University of Virginia (1941–1945) Fellow: National Neurological Research Foundation for Scientists (1961) Biophysical Society, Council and Executive Board (1966–1969; 1977–1979) Biomedical Engineering Society, Board of Directors (1971–1975) Trustee and Executive Committee, Marine Biological Laboratory (1971–1979; 1981–1985) K. S. Cole Award, Biophysical Society (1981) Fight for Sight Citation for Achievement in Basic Research (1982) John Wilson Moore initially became known for elucidating the action of tetrodotoxin and other neurotoxins using his innovative sucrose gap method for voltage clamping squid axon. He also was a pioneer in the nascent area of computational neuroscience, using computer simulations in parallel with experiments to predict experimental results and thus validate the concepts used in modeling. Intrigued by the possibility of applying his knowledge of physics to learn how neurons employ electricity to generate and transmit signals, he led the fi eld in exploring how ion channels and neuronal morphology affect excitation and signal propagation. He developed electronic instrumentation of high precision for electrophysiology, the result of experience gained through an unconventional career path: early training in physics, assignments involving feedback in the Manhattan Project, and learning principles of operational amplifi ers at the RCA Laboratories. -
Effects of Temperature on Escape Jetting in the Squid Loligo Opalescens
The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 547–557 (2000) 547 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JEB2451 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ESCAPE JETTING IN THE SQUID LOLIGO OPALESCENS H. NEUMEISTER*,§, B. RIPLEY*, T. PREUSS§ AND W. F. GILLY‡ Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Department of Biological Science, 120 Ocean View Boulevard, Pacific Grove, 93950 CA, USA *Authors have contributed equally ‡Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) §Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Accepted 19 November 1999; published on WWW 17 January 2000 Summary In Loligo opalescens, a sudden visual stimulus (flash) giant and non-giant motor axons in isolated nerve–muscle elicits a stereotyped, short-latency escape response that is preparations failed to show the effects seen in vivo, i.e. controlled primarily by the giant axon system at 15 °C. We increased peak force and increased neural activity at low used this startle response as an assay to examine the effects temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that of acute temperature changes down to 6 °C on behavioral L. opalescens is able to compensate escape jetting and physiological aspects of escape jetting. In free- performance for the effects of acute temperature reduction. swimming squid, latency, distance traveled and peak A major portion of this compensation appears to occur in velocity for single escape jets all increased as temperature the central nervous system and involves alterations in the decreased. In restrained squid, intra-mantle pressure recruitment pattern of both the giant and non-giant axon transients during escape jets increased in latency, duration systems. -
Effect of Fmrfamide on Voltage-Dependent Currents In
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.318691; this version posted October 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A. Chrachri 1 Effect of FMRFamide on voltage-dependent currents in identified centrifugal 2 neurons of the optic lobe of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis 3 4 Abdesslam Chrachri 5 University of Plymouth, Dept of Biological Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 6 8AA, UK and the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth 7 PL1 2PB, UK 8 Phone: 07931150796 9 Email: [email protected] 10 11 Running title: Membrane currents in centrifugal neurons 12 13 Key words: cephalopod, voltage-clamp, potassium current, calcium currents, sodium 14 current, FMRFamide. 15 16 Summary: FMRFamide modulate the ionic currents in identified centrifugal neurons 17 in the optic lobe of cuttlefish: thus, FMRFamide could play a key role in visual 18 processing of these animals. 19 - 1 - bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.29.318691; this version posted October 1, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. A. Chrachri 20 Abstract 21 Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from identified centrifugal neurons of the optic 22 lobe in a slice preparation allowed the characterization of five voltage-dependent 23 currents; two outward and three inward currents. The outward currents were; the 4- 24 aminopyridine-sensitive transient potassium or A-current (IA), the TEA-sensitive 25 sustained current or delayed rectifier (IK). -
The Case for 3D Bioprinting Neurons to Create Patient-Specific Epilepsy
materials Review Layer-By-Layer: The Case for 3D Bioprinting Neurons to Create Patient-Specific Epilepsy Models Natasha Antill-O’Brien 1, Justin Bourke 1,2,3 and Cathal D. O’Connell 1,2,* 1 BioFab3D, Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; [email protected] (N.A.-O.); [email protected] (J.B.) 2 ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia 3 Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 September 2019; Accepted: 26 September 2019; Published: 1 October 2019 Abstract: The ability to create three-dimensional (3D) models of brain tissue from patient-derived cells, would open new possibilities in studying the neuropathology of disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. While organoid culture has provided impressive examples of patient-specific models, the generation of organised 3D structures remains a challenge. 3D bioprinting is a rapidly developing technology where living cells, encapsulated in suitable bioink matrices, are printed to form 3D structures. 3D bioprinting may provide the capability to organise neuronal populations in 3D, through layer-by-layer deposition, and thereby recapitulate the complexity of neural tissue. However, printing neuron cells raises particular challenges since the biomaterial environment must be of appropriate softness to allow for the neurite extension, properties which are anathema to building self-supporting 3D structures. Here, we review the topic of 3D bioprinting of neurons, including critical discussions of hardware and bio-ink formulation requirements. -
An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs As a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods
fphys-09-01147 August 23, 2018 Time: 9:4 # 1 REVIEW published: 24 August 2018 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01147 Sense and Insensibility – An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs as a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods William Winlow1,2,3*, Gianluca Polese1, Hadi-Fathi Moghadam4, Ibrahim A. Ahmed5 and Anna Di Cosmo1* 1 Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy, 2 Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 3 NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Garden City, Khartoum, Sudan Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, Edited by: appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical Pung P. Hwang, anesthetics are renowned for their ability to produce unconsciousness in vertebrate Academia Sinica, Taiwan species, but their exact mechanisms of action still elude investigators. In vertebrates Reviewed by: Robyn J. Crook, it can prove difficult to specify the differences of response of particular neuron types San Francisco State University, given the multiplicity of neurons in the CNS. However, gastropod molluscs such as United States Tibor Kiss, Aplysia, Lymnaea, or Helix, with their large uniquely identifiable nerve cells, make studies Institute of Ecology Research Center on the cellular, subcellular, network and behavioral actions of anesthetics much more (MTA), Hungary feasible, particularly as identified cells may also be studied in culture, isolated from *Correspondence: the rest of the nervous system.