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Music, Sex, and Religiosity: a Cybernetic Study on South African University Students’ Use and Interpretation of Music Media

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Music, Sex, and Religiosity: a Cybernetic Study on South African University Students’ Use and Interpretation of Music Media MUSIC, SEX, AND RELIGIOSITY: A CYBERNETIC STUDY ON SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ USE AND INTERPRETATION OF MUSIC MEDIA by PHILIP REEVE BARON submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY In the subject RELIGIOUS STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. M CLASQUIN-JOHNSON & CONSULTANT: D CHETTY Oct 2016 i Student number: 34630155 DECLARATION I declare that MUSIC, SEX, AND RELIGIOSITY: A CYBERNETIC STUDY ON SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ USE AND INTERPRETATION OF MUSIC MEDIA is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ________________________ 31 Oct 2016 SIGNATURE DATE (Mr) Philip Reeve Baron ii ABSTRACT For many people music is an important aspect of their daily life. Music preference is a complex subject tied to social identity, personality, leisure activities, religion, family and friends, and so forth. Music is also a form of expression, which is communicated to the public over various mediums and formats. The themes depicted in music media (music in the form of television, radio, and internet sources, both auditory and visually presented) are vast owing to the array of different artists and their individual worldviews that they put on offer for the public. The lyrical content and/or imagery put forward by musicians depicts an array of different themes, which are contextualised by individuals in their personal conception of their favourite music. The meaning that listeners/viewers attach to their music is equally related to their own background and life experience, including their belief system (religion). There has been a controversial increase in the sexualisation and explicitness of music media; however, there is a gap in the intersection between music, sex, and religiosity as a field of study. Understanding the influence of music media requires an understanding of the people who are experiencing this content. Taking a cybernetic approach and the position of the listener who determines the meaning of an utterance, as put forward by cyberneticist Heinz von Foerster, this study is a reflexive contextual enquiry into how people are experiencing and interpreting their music media and whether this media challenges their view on religion (if they consider themselves aligned to a religion). To address this broad research question, a two-part study was conducted. The first part consisted of a quantitative study of 459 students from the University of Johannesburg to obtain a snapshot of a young adult demographic in terms of their music media, sexuality, and religiosity choices. Thereafter, using the results from this first part of the study, a qualitative interview-based study was conducted. Together the quantitative and qualitative studies provide a basis for answering the main research question. The results show that the young adults in the study are thinking beings, not just manipulated by mainstream music media; rather, they decide what is right for them often motivated by their views on religion. Methodologies used in religious studies have been subject to criticism. One specific aspect is the lack of acknowledgment of epistemology within research designs. In addressing this critique, a second- order cybernetic study was conducted. By introducing a cybernetic approach to qualitative religious study, a new approach is thus also presented which is called A Reflexive Recursive Learning Approach to Religious Studies. KEY WORDS Adults, cybernetics, methodology, music media, religious studies, rigour, sexuality iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. A special thanks to: a. My supportive family, Anne and children. b. Supervisor Prof. Clasquin (Unisa) c. Consultant: D Chetty (Unisa) d. The young adults who enthusiastically took part in both parts of this study. e. The head of department of mechanical engineering and the assistance provided by the lecturing staff. f. The Late Ranulph Glanville and his consistently critical view of our email conversations. 2. The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. DEDICATION Ranulph, thanks for demonstrating cybernetics, RIP. iv Table of Contents DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... xii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... xiii 1.A STUDY ON MUSIC, SEX, AND RELIGIOSITY ................................................................. 1 Introduction: Primary and Sub Research Questions, Aims, and Objectives ............................ 1 All Encompassing Music in a Network Society ......................................................................... 1 Why Study Music, Sexuality, and Religiosity? .......................................................................... 7 What led me to this study ................................................................................................ 11 Music genres .............................................................................................................................11 Personal interpretations (and cybernetics) ..............................................................................11 The interplay between the observer and their environment ..................................................12 A question of compatibility .............................................................................................. 13 The intersection between music, sex, and religiosity ...................................................... 14 Music Research: Contributions Emanating from this Study ............................................ 14 Music as a universal aspect of everyday life .................................................................... 14 Functions of music ........................................................................................................... 16 Music genre and behaviour ............................................................................................. 17 Mainstream music videos ................................................................................................ 18 Sexualisation of music and music media ......................................................................... 20 Music and religion ............................................................................................................ 21 Research in Religious Studies: Motivation and Contributions of this Study .......................... 21 Religious studies methodology ........................................................................................ 21 Critique of religious studies methodology ....................................................................... 23 Epistemology: The underpinnings of methodology ......................................................... 29 Epistemology and linguistic domains .......................................................................................29 The impact of the message: patterns in observations .............................................................32 Addressing epistemology with second-order cybernetics and multiple methodologies 33 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 33 Underlying aims ............................................................................................................... 34 Clarifying rigour ................................................................................................................ 35 Defining the scope ........................................................................................................... 35 v Definition of paradigms used ........................................................................................... 35 Theoretical structure and philosophical evaluation ........................................................ 36 The research process ....................................................................................................... 39 Methodological triangulation ...................................................................................................41 A reflexive recursive learning approach to religious studies....................................................42 Key concepts used in this thesis....................................................................................... 42 Music media .............................................................................................................................43 Sexuality ...................................................................................................................................43
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