DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Acoustic Impedance and Middle-Ear Function

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Acoustic Impedance and Middle-Ear Function This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received SHALLOP, Jon Kent, 1939- A STUDY OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AND MIDDLE-EAR FUNCTION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1965 Speech-Theater University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan A STUDY OF ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE AND MIDDLE-EAR FUNCTION DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by- Jon Kent Shallop, B .S ., M.A, The Ohio State U n iversity 1965 Advisers Department of Speech VITA December 21 , 1939 Born - Erie, Pennsylvania. 1961 B.S. Ed., Edinboro State College Edinboro, Pennsylvania 1961-1963 Instructor of Speech, Edinboro State College 1963 M.A., Kent State University 1963-1964 Communications Fellow , The Ohio State U n iv e rs ity , Columbus, Ohio 1964-1965 United States Public Health Service Train ee, The Ohio S tate U n iv e rs ity . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA ....................................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................i l l LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. Iv LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... v CHAPTER r— I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 The Problems ................................................................................................. 4 Nul 1 Hypotheses .................................................... .................................. h D e fin itio n s of Terms ...... 5 II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.................................................................................10 Function of the Middle Ear ........................................................................10 Function of the Middle-ear Muscles .............................. 15 Measurement o f Acoustic Impedance . ........................... 22 Otosclerosis and Stapedectomy ......................................................... 29 111 INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCEDURES ............................................................... 36 Selection of Subjects ........................................................................... 36 Instrumentation .................................. 37 Procedures .......................................................................................................... J+3 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................52 Hypothesis 1: Acoustic Impedance Measures .....................................52 Hypothesis I I ; Hearing S e n s itiv ity and Impedance .... 72 Hypothesis III: Acoustic Reflex Time Delay ............................. 76 V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................80 APPENDIXES A Test-retest Measures of Acoustic Impedance ...................................... 83 B Raw Scores fo r Normal Hearing Subjects .......................................... 85 C Raw Scores fo r Stapedectomized Subjects .......................................... 89 D Raw Scores for Otosclerotic Subjects. .... ............................. 93 E Raw Scores of Relative Air-bone Gap ...................................................... 97 F Raw Scores for Acoustic Reflex ....................................................................98 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 99 H i LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. A lis tin g of means, standard deviatio n s, and medians determined from the measures of Impedance, compliance, and resistance for ail subjects ......................................................... 56 2. Values associated with J>tests showing the differences between the comparisons o f mean measures of equivalent compliance obtained from all subjects ..................... 64 3* Values associated with J:-tests showing the differences between the comparisons o f mean measures of a rb itra ry resistance obtained from all subjects .............................................66 4 . Values associated with Jt-tests showing the differences between the comparisons o f mean measures of to ta l impedance obtained from all subjects ....................................67 5* H-values associated with the Kruskal-Wal1 Is one-way analysis of variance showing the differences between the compari­ sons of mean measures o f to ta l impedance, compllance, and resistance obtained from all subjects ........................... 70 6. Spearman rank correlation coefficients for test retest compliance and resistance measurements ................................... 84 iv LIST OF FIGURES F ig u re Page 1. Schematic representation of mechanical impedance as a function of frequency ..................................................................... 7 2. A drawing of the middle ear ........................................ I I 3. A schematic cross-section drawing showing the close approxi­ mation of the stapes footplate within the oval window of the Inner e a r ................................................ 14 4. Schematic cross-section drawing of the Zwislocki Acoustic B r id g e ...................................................................................................... 23 5 . Comparative impedance measures fo r one ear without an incus, one normal e a r, and one ear diagnosed as oto sclerosis • 26 6. Schematic drawing of the stapes and three replacement prostheses .........................................................................................3] 7* Instrum entation fo r the measurement o f acoustic impedance . 38 8 . The Zwislocki Acoustic Bridge with the monitoring stethescope. .........................................................................................39 9 . Instrum entation fo r the measurement of an acoustic r e fle x , shown schematically. .................. 40 10. Cai ibration of the noise stimulus as viewed on an oscilloscope screen ............................................................................ 43 11. A schematic diagram showing the analysis of instrumentation time delays fo r the measurement o f an acoustic re fle x as detected by a change of acoustic impedance ................... 44 12. Placement of the ear speculum fo r the measurement of ear canal volume .................................................................................47 13* Measurement o f the ear canal volume p rio r to the measurement of acoustic impedance ............................................ 47 14. The Zwislocki Acoustic Bridge in position for the measure­ ment of acoustic impedance .............................................................. 48 15* The apparatus used for supporting the acoustic bridge during the recording of the acoustic reflex response . • 50 v LIST OF FIGURES ( c o n t.) F ig u re Page 16. A graph showing the re la tio n s h ip between the equivalent volume measurements obtained w ith the Zwislocki Acoustic Bridge and re a c tiv e acoustic impedance in acoustic ohms. ....................54 17. A graph showing the re la tio n s h ip between the a rb itra ry resistance measurements obtained w ith the Zw islocki Acoustic Bridge and resistive impedance in acoustic o h m s .............................................................................. 55 18. Median scores of to ta l impedance fo r the three subject groups shown graphically as a function of the four test frequencies ..........................................................................................58 19. Mean scores of total impedance for the three subject groups shown graphically as a function of the four te s t frequencies. .........................................................................60 20. Median scores of compliance and resistance for the three subject groups shown graphically as a function of the four test frequencies ................................ 6 1 21. Mean scores of compliance and resistance for the three subject groups shown graphically as a function of the four test frequencies ......................................................................62 22. A s c a tte r diagram of measures of to ta l impedance vs. relative air-bone gap obtained from all subjects at 250 c p s .............................................................................................................73 23. A s c a tte r diagram of measures of to ta l impedance vs. relative air-bone gap obtained from ail subjects a t 500 cps ...................................................................... 7k 2A. Examples of sing le impedance change responses from one normal h e a rin g -s e n s itiv lty subject and one stapedectomized subject ....................................................................... 77 vl CHAPTER I The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate some aspects of acoustic impedance measured at the eardrum of subjects w ith normal-hearing sensitivity, subjects with otosclerosisJ and subjects after stapedectomy surgery; and (b) to study the reflexive responses of the mlddle-ear muscles of some subjects during stimulation of their contralateral ear with acoustic noise. It Is acknowledged that a function of the middle ear is to transmit sound
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Posterior Muscles of the Auricle: Anatomy and Surgical Applications
    Central Annals of Otolaryngology and Rhinology Research Article *Corresponding author Christian Vacher, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Anatomy, University of Paris-Diderot, APHP, 100, The Posterior Muscles of the Boulevard Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France, Tel: 0033140875671; Email: Submitted: 19 December 2014 Auricle: Anatomy and Surgical Accepted: 16 January 2015 Published: 19 January 2015 Applications Copyright © 2015 Vacher et al. Rivka Bendrihem1, Christian Vacher2* and Jacques Patrick Barbet3 OPEN ACCESS 1 Department of Dentistry, University of Paris-Descartes, France Keywords 2 Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Anatomy, University of Paris-Diderot, France • Auricle 3 Department of Pathology and Cytology, University of Paris-Descartes, France • Anatomy • Prominent ears Abstract • Muscle Objective: Prominent ears are generally considered as primary cartilage deformities, but some authors consider that posterior auricular muscles malposition could play a role in the genesis of this malformation. Study design: Auricle dissections of 30 cadavers and histologic sections of 2 fetuses’ ears. Methods: Posterior area of the auricle has been dissected in 24 cadavers preserved with zinc chlorure and 6 fresh cadavers in order to describe the posterior muscles and fascias of the auricle. Posterior auricle muscles from 5 fresh adult cadavers have been performed and two fetal auricles (12 and 22 weeks of amenorhea) have been semi-serially sectioned in horizontal plans. Five µm-thick sections were processed for routine histology (H&E) or for immuno histochemistry using antibodies specific for the slow-twitch and fast-twich myosin heavy chains in order to determine which was the nature of these muscles. Results: The posterior auricular and the transversus auriculae muscles looked in most cases like skeletal muscles and they were made of 75% of slow muscular fibres.
    [Show full text]
  • ANATOMY of EAR Basic Ear Anatomy
    ANATOMY OF EAR Basic Ear Anatomy • Expected outcomes • To understand the hearing mechanism • To be able to identify the structures of the ear Development of Ear 1. Pinna develops from 1st & 2nd Branchial arch (Hillocks of His). Starts at 6 Weeks & is complete by 20 weeks. 2. E.A.M. develops from dorsal end of 1st branchial arch starting at 6-8 weeks and is complete by 28 weeks. 3. Middle Ear development —Malleus & Incus develop between 6-8 weeks from 1st & 2nd branchial arch. Branchial arches & Development of Ear Dev. contd---- • T.M at 28 weeks from all 3 germinal layers . • Foot plate of stapes develops from otic capsule b/w 6- 8 weeks. • Inner ear develops from otic capsule starting at 5 weeks & is complete by 25 weeks. • Development of external/middle/inner ear is independent of each other. Development of ear External Ear • It consists of - Pinna and External auditory meatus. Pinna • It is made up of fibro elastic cartilage covered by skin and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles. • Various landmarks on the pinna are helix, antihelix, lobule, tragus, concha, scaphoid fossa and triangular fossa • Pinna has two surfaces i.e. medial or cranial surface and a lateral surface . • Cymba concha lies between crus helix and crus antihelix. It is an important landmark for mastoid antrum. Anatomy of external ear • Landmarks of pinna Anatomy of external ear • Bat-Ear is the most common congenital anomaly of pinna in which antihelix has not developed and excessive conchal cartilage is present. • Corrections of Pinna defects are done at 6 years of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Ear ANATOMY & Glossary of Terms
    Anatomy of the Ear ANATOMY & Glossary of Terms By Vestibular Disorders Association HEARING & ANATOMY BALANCE The human inner ear contains two divisions: the hearing (auditory) The human ear contains component—the cochlea, and a balance (vestibular) component—the two components: auditory peripheral vestibular system. Peripheral in this context refers to (cochlea) & balance a system that is outside of the central nervous system (brain and (vestibular). brainstem). The peripheral vestibular system sends information to the brain and brainstem. The vestibular system in each ear consists of a complex series of passageways and chambers within the bony skull. Within these ARTICLE passageways are tubes (semicircular canals), and sacs (a utricle and saccule), filled with a fluid called endolymph. Around the outside of the tubes and sacs is a different fluid called perilymph. Both of these fluids are of precise chemical compositions, and they are different. The mechanism that regulates the amount and composition of these fluids is 04 important to the proper functioning of the inner ear. Each of the semicircular canals is located in a different spatial plane. They are located at right angles to each other and to those in the ear on the opposite side of the head. At the base of each canal is a swelling DID THIS ARTICLE (ampulla) and within each ampulla is a sensory receptor (cupula). HELP YOU? MOVEMENT AND BALANCE SUPPORT VEDA @ VESTIBULAR.ORG With head movement in the plane or angle in which a canal is positioned, the endo-lymphatic fluid within that canal, because of inertia, lags behind. When this fluid lags behind, the sensory receptor within the canal is bent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nervous System: General and Special Senses
    18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • Sensory information arrives at the CNS • Information is “picked up” by sensory receptors • Sensory receptors are the interface between the nervous system and the internal and external environment • General senses • Refers to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception • Special senses • Refers to smell, taste, balance, hearing, and vision © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Receptors and Receptive Fields • Free nerve endings are the simplest receptors • These respond to a variety of stimuli • Receptors of the retina (for example) are very specific and only respond to light • Receptive fields • Large receptive fields have receptors spread far apart, which makes it difficult to localize a stimulus • Small receptive fields have receptors close together, which makes it easy to localize a stimulus. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.1 Receptors and Receptive Fields Receptive Receptive field 1 field 2 Receptive fields © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Receptors • Interpretation of Sensory Information • Information is relayed from the receptor to a specific neuron in the CNS • The connection between a receptor and a neuron is called a labeled line • Each labeled line transmits its own specific sensation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Interpretation of Sensory Information • Classification of Receptors • Tonic receptors
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Ear Molding in the Treatment of Congenital Auricular Deformity
    CHINA CLINIcaL STUDIES IV ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effectiveness Of Ear Molding In the Treatment Of Congenital Auricular Deformity Corresponding authors: CHEN Peiwei 1 LI Jie 2 ZHAO Abstract Objective: To evaluate the short-term efficacy of ear molding in the treatment of congenital Shouqin 1 YANG Jingsong 1 DOU auricular deformity. Jingmin 1 WEI Chenyi 1 Methods: 24 infants (28 ears) were treated with ear molding device (EarWell Infant Ear Correction System). Doctors and parents were surveyed 1 month after treatment. Results: All cases were treated successfully without severe complications. 25 ears (89%) and 26 ears (92%) were rated as very satisfied or satisfied by doctors and parents, respectively. Conclusion: Ear molding is a noninvasive treatment, and effectively corrects congenital auricular deformity. Key words: Ear Disease; Deformity; Retrospective Study; Ear Molding. INFORMATION Exclusion Criteria Auricular deformities are classified into structural malformation and Age over 3 months; premature delivery; weight less than 2.5 kg; morphological malformation [1]. The former usually refers to the hypo- pathological jaundice, pneumonia and other systemic diseases. plasia of the auricle caused by the coloboma of skin and cartilage. The latter is the abnormal morphology of the well-developed auricle, which Overall 24 sick children (28 ears) were recruited for this treatment, could cause negative effects to the psychological development and so- including 14 males, 10 females, 16 right ears and 12 left ears. The age cial activities of children. Unlike structural malformations, such as mi- range for the recruited patients is 17-77 days, with a median age of 40.5 crotia, which must be corrected by auricle reconstruction, the auricle days.
    [Show full text]
  • 22 Stapes Surgery Holger Sudhoff, Henning Hildmann
    112 Chapter 22 22 Stapes Surgery Holger Sudhoff, Henning Hildmann Stapes surgery can be performed using local or general anaesthesia. The major- ity of patients are operated on under a combination of local anaesthesia and ade- quate sedation. There is less bleeding with local anaesthesia and the surgeon can ask the patient about hearing improvement intraoperatively. Many experienced surgeons use a transcanal technique. We prefer an endaural approach, which we believe provides a better overview in difficult situations. The nurse assists with the incision, retracting the auricle posterior-superiorly. This straightens the incision line and keeps and protects the cartilage of the anterior helix (Fig. 22.1). The lateral portion of the ear canal is opened using a nasal speculum. The surgeon gains a good view over the superior opening of the external ear canal between the helical and the tragal cartilage. The intercartilaginous incision starts with a No. 10 blade with permanent contact to the bony external ear canal. To reduce tension a parallel incision to the anterior portion of the helix upwards in a smoothly curved line is performed. This procedure reduces the risk of cutting the superficial temporal vein and avoids bleeding. A second skin medial circumferential incision is placed 4–5 mm medial to the opening of the external bony ear canal between the 1 and 5 o’clock positions for the left ear and is extended to the intercartilaginous incision. The underlying soft tis- sue and periosteum are pushed laterally using a raspatory, revealing the supra- meatal spine and tympanomastoid suture. A small portion of the mastoid plane will be exposed as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Myoclonus of the Auricular Muscles As the Cause of Objective Tympanophonia
    Otolaryngology Open Access Journal ISSN: 2476-2490 Myoclonus of the Auricular Muscles as the Cause of Objective Tympanophonia 1 1 2 2 Boiko NV , Stagnieva IV , Doykov I and Vicheva D * Editorial 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rostov State Medical University, Russia Volume 3 Issue 2 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plovdiv Medical University, Bulgaria Received Date: July 17, 2018 Published Date: July 19, 2018 *Corresponding author: Dilyana Vicheva, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, DOI: 10.23880/OOAJ-16000173 Plovdiv Medical University, Bulgaria, Tel: +359 888223675; Email: [email protected] Abstract The objective of the present article was to systematize the available data on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment of muscular tympanophonia. The common sourse of muscular tympanophonia is the tremor (myoclonus) of the soft palate or muscles of auditory ossicles. Sometimes this condition can be a consequence of myoclonus of the external ear muscles. Pharmacotherapy of muscular tympanophonia does not invariably result in the favourable outcome. The authors describe a rare observation of objective tympanophonia attributable to myoclonus of auricular muscle. Keywords: Objective tympanophonia; Myoclonus Abbreviations: MEM: Middle Ear Myoclonus. vascular tympanophony may also be attributed to drug administration, arterial hypertension, anemia, or inter Introduction current diseases like browache [6]. Tympanophony, or tinnitus, is a phantom auditory Objective muscle tympanophony is based upon perception without any outer sound stimulation 1]. consensual spastic muscle activity (myoclonus) perceived Tympanophony is subdivided into two categories: as ear clicks. The PubMed database of 1955 to 2016offers subjective and objectively perceived noises. Most patients 104 publications describing cases of objective suffer from subjective tympanophony since statistically it tympanophony caused by myoclonus of various muscle occurs to 5-15% of the population [2], while objective groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neural Basis of Speech and Language
    © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC The NeuralNOT FOR SALE Basis OR DISTRIBUTION of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Speech and Language 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction © Jones & BartlettThis section Learning, gives the LLC reader a brief overview ©of Joneswhat takes & Bartlett place neurally Learning, when LLCa per- son starts a conversation by saying, “Hello. How are you? How was your vacation NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION trip?” to another individual whom the person meets on the street. Simply put, the steps involved would be as follows: 1. Basic vision: seeing a person on the street 2. Visual perception: recognizing the person as someone the speaker knows 3. Cognition:© theJones desire & to Bartlett speak with Learning, this person LLC about a trip that the speaker© Jones may & Bartlett Learning, LLC want to takeNOT in FORthe future SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. Language: searching for the right sounds, syllables, words, and sentences, all pre- sented in the right order, with meaning properly related to the greeting and the subject matter, to be expressed with a positive attitude © Jones5. Motor & Bartlettprogramming Learning, or planning: LLC readying the speech© mechanism Jones & Bartlettjust prior Learning, to LLC NOT speakingFOR SALE so that OR the DISTRIBUTION production is correct NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. Motor production or execution: speaking 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathway of a Sound Wave
    Pathway of a Sound Wave 1. The sound waves arrive at the pinna (auricle), the only visible part of the ear. 2. Once the sound waves have passed the pinna, they move into the auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) before hitting the tympanic membrane (eardrum). 3. Once the sound waves reach the tympanic membrane, it begins to vibrate and they enter into the middle ear. 4. The vibrations are transmitted further into the ear via three bones (ossicles): malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). These three bones form a bridge from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. 5. Once sound passes through the oval window, it enters into the cochlea in the inner ear. 6. Hair cells in the organ of Corti (within the cochlea) are stimulated which in turn stimulates the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. 7. The cochlear nerve then transmits electrical impulses to the auditory region of the brain in the temporal lobe. Pathway of a Sound Wave 1. The sound waves arrive at the pinna (auricle), the only visible part of the ear. 2. Once the sound waves have passed the pinna, they move into the auditory canal (external acoustic meatus) before hitting the tympanic membrane (eardrum). 3. Once the sound waves reach the tympanic membrane, it begins to vibrate and they enter into the middle ear. 4. The vibrations are transmitted further into the ear via three bones (ossicles): malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). These three bones form a bridge from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
    [Show full text]
  • Auricular Myoclonus
    LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES Auricular Myoclonus Andrew Kirk and Kenneth M. Heilman ABSTRACT: We describe a young man with a two and a half year history of idiopathic irregular contractions of an antitragicus muscle in the absence of a more generalized movement disorder. These contractions persisted in sleep and could not be replicated voluntarily. Because proximal nerve block temporarily eliminated the movements and complex hand movements reduced their amplitude and frequency, we suspect a central generator. However, these movements were not associated with any known pathologic condition. RESUME: Myoclonus auriculaire Nous decrivons le cas d'un jeune homme qui presentait, depuis deux ans et demi, des contractions irr6gulieres idiopathiques du muscle de l'antitragus en l'absence d'un desordre du mouvement plus generalise. Ces contractions persistaient pendant le sommeil et ne pouvaient pas etre reproduites volontairement. Nous soupconnons un site generateur central parce qu'un bloc nerveaux proximal a elimine temporairement le myoclonus et que les mouvements manuels complexes en reduisaient l'amplitude et la frequence. Cependant, ce myoclonus n'etait pas associe a une condition pathologique connue. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 1991; 18:503-504 Movement disorders involving the external ear have not been quency by having him perform complex repetitive movements with commonly reported. We describe a case of irregular clonic either hand. Even so, the movements were never absent for more than five seconds. Although he felt that he could reduce the movement by movements of the antitragicus muscle, persisting during sleep. intense concentration, we were unable to appreciate any change. Hearing was normal.
    [Show full text]
  • Nervous System Special Senses
    Introduction to Health Science STANDARD 4 – REGULATORY SYSTEMS Standards and Objectives Students will explore aspects of the body systems related to regulation. NERVOUS SYSTEM OBJECTIVE 1: Identify the basic functions of the nervous system. a. Describe how the sensory nerves detect stimuli (pressure, temperature, taste, smell, light, etc.) and send the message in the form of an impulse to the control centers (spinal cord/brain). b. Describe how the nervous system receives and interprets incoming nerve impulses and determines appropriate responses. c. Explain how the motor nerves carry out the response of the control center (spinal cord/brain). OBJECTIVE 2: Identify the basic structures and their functions. a. Describe the structures of the brain and their functions (cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem). b. Describe the structure and function of the spinal cord. c. Describe the location and function of cerebrospinal fluid. d. Describe the location and function meninges. e. Describe the structure (cell body, dendrites, and axon) and function of sensory and motor nerves. OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the diseases and disorders associated with the nervous system. a. Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of the meningitis. b. Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of epilepsy. c. Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of concussion. d. Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of stroke. SPECIAL SENSES OBJECTIVE 4: Describe the special senses. a. Identify the sense of smell (chemoreceptors). b. Identify the sense of taste (chemoreceptors). c. Identify the sense of hearing (mechanoreceptors). d. Identify the sense of vision (photoreceptors). e. Identify the sense of touch (mechanoreceptors).
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Ear
    Anatomy of the Ear Neuroanatomy block-Anatomy-Lecture 10 Editing file Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: ● List the parts of the ear: External, Middle (tympanic cavity) and Internal (labyrinth). ● Describe the parts of the external ear: auricle and external auditory meatus. ● Identify the boundaries of the middle ear : roof, floor and four walls (anterior, posterior, medial and lateral). ● Define the contents of the tympanic cavity: I. Ear ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) II. Muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius III. Nerves (branches of facial and glossopharyngeal) ● List the parts of the inner ear,bony part filled with perilymph (cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals), in which is suspended the membranous part that is filled with Color guide endolymph ● Only in boys slides in Green ● List the organs of hearing and equilibrium ● Only in girls slides in Purple ● important in Red ● Notes in Grey The External Ear Formed By The External Auditory The Auricle Canal ● It has a characteristic shape ● is a curved S-shaped tube about and it collects air vibrations 2.5 cm, that conducts & collects ● It consists of a thin plate of sound waves from the auricle to elastic cartilage covered by a the tympanic membrane. Its double layer of skin outer 1/3rd is elastic cartilage, ● It receives the insertion of Tympanic while its inner 2/3rds are bony extrinsic muscles which are membrane ● Its lined by skin, and its outer supplied by the facial nerve. External 1/3rd is provided with hairs, Sensation is carried by acoustic meatus sebaceous and ceruminous greater auricular & glands (modified sweat glands auriculotemporal nerves that secrete a yellowish brownish substance called ear wax) * The auricle is also called pinna * The external auditory canal is also called the external auditory (acoustic) meatus 3 Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity) ● The middle ear is a narrow, oblique slit-like cavity (air-filled) in the petrous temporal bone & lined with mucous membrane.
    [Show full text]