ROLE OF GROUNDWATER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN ALIGARH DISTRICT (U.P.)
^ '" >, THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bottor of $I)ilosopIj!> K IN QEOGRAPHY W? VL.
t / BY MD. IRFAN SABIR
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. AZIMUDDIN QURESHI
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALJGARH (INDIA) 1998 15*** AV>*1
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I I JUL 2000
£-2002 DEDICATED TO MOHAMMAD SAMI AHMAD Prof. Azimuddin Qureshi Ph.-400683 M.Sc, M.Phil., Ph.D. DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSTY ALIGARH - 202002 (U.P.) INDIA
August 12, 1998
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Mohammad Irfan Sabir has carried out the investigation on "Role of Groundwater in the Development of Agriculture in Aligarh District (U.P'.)" under my supervision for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh. The work is an original contribution to the existing knowledge of the subject.
He is allowed to submit the thesis for the award of the Ph.D. degree of Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh.
/V ' V (Prof. Azimuddin Qureshi) Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a matter of great pleasure to express my grateful thanks to my supervisor Prof. Azimuddin Qureshi, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh for his valuable supervision, guidance and inspiration which help in the completion of this thesis.
I express my heart felt thanks to Prof. (Mrs.) Abha Lakshami Singh, chairperson, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh for kind providing the necessary facilities to carry out the work.
The author wish to express his deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Mohammad Sami Ahmad, Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh for his guidance, suggestions and encouragement throughout the work.
I am extremely grateful to Dr. Kamal Mahmood, Scientist (Central Ground Water Board) Lucknow for providing relevant literature. My sincere thanks are also to the Liberians, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee and Board of Revenue, UP., Lucknow for providing rainfall data of Aligarh district.
I must place on record my thanks to my senior research fellow and colleagues, Dr. Rashid Umar, Mohd. Shamim, S. Zaheer Hasan, Asad Umar, Syed Azhar, M. Adnan S. Jamil, Hafiz Shakir and Zameer for their inspiration and help at different stages
I am immensely thankful to Mr. & Mrs. Jamil Ahmad (Uncle & Aunt) who visualised and made me diligent. 1 feel short of vocabulary to express my heart felt thanks to my parents whose love and affection has always been a constant source of inspiration to me. My special thanks are due to my elder brothers, nephew Shamim, Tanwir, Dr. Asif, Minhaj and Hasan Raza who encouraged me.
My special appreciation is extended to Mr. Tariq Rasheed & Mr. Anwar Sadat, Career Computer Education.
Last but not the least, I express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Syed Masood Ashraf, Department of Surgery for his timely financial help during the typing of the thesis.
(MD.fRFANSABIR) CONTENTS
Page No. LIST OF TABLES (i) LIST OF FIGURES (iii) LIST OF APPENDICES (vi) CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1-9 CHAPTER -11 PHYSIOGRAPHY 10-44 CHAPTER - 111 GEOLOGY 45-58 CHAPTER - IV HYDROGE^OLOGY 59-89 CHAPTER - V GROUNDWATER BALANCE 90-97 CHAPTER - VI HYDROCHEMISTRY 98-135 CHAPTER - VII LAND USE AND IRRIGATION PATTERN 136-146 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 147-152 REFERENCES 153-161 APPENDICES 162-282 0)
LIST OF TABLES Page No Table 1.1 Demography of Aligarh district (UP), 1991 5 Table 2.1 Classification of soils of Aligarh district (U.P). 25 Table 2.2 Results of statistical analysis of annual 31-32 rainfall at raingauge station of Aligarh district. Table 2.3(a) Results of drought analysis at Aligarh (Koil). 41 Table 2.3(b) Results of drought analysis at Khair. 42 Table 2.3(c) Results of drought analysis at Iglas. 42 Table 2.3(d) Results of drought analysis at Hathras. 43 Table 2.3(e) Results of drought analysis at Sadat. 43 Table 2.3(f) Results of drought analysis at Atrauli. 44 Table 3.1 Vindhyans in Ganga basin. 55 Table 4.1 Trends and magnitude of water level 87-88 fluctuation in Aligarh district (U.P). Table 5.1 Blockwise technical feasibility of 96 groundwater in Aligarh district, (U.P), (for the year 1994) Table 6.1 Percentage of water samples falling in 109 different classes of hardness. Table 6.2 Classification of water on the basis of total 110 dissolved solids. Table 6.3 Drinking water standards and average 112 concentration of major ions and trace elements. Table 6.4 Toxic trace elements. 120 Table 6.5 Guide to the quality of irrigation water 125 (Wilcox, 1995) (II)
Table 6.6 Quality classification of irrigation water 125 (USSL, 1954) Table 6.7 Quality classification of water for irrigation. 129 Table 6.8 Trace element tolerance limit of irrigation 133 water as proposed by FWPCF (1968) and Ayers and Bratnson (1975) Table 6.9 Range of concentration of various major and 135 trace elements in surface water samples and their comparison with WHO., (1984) and I.S.I, (1983) drinking water standards. Table 7.1 Land utilisation pattern in Aligarh district UP. 138 (1989-90 to 1992-93). Table 7.2 Showing cropping pattern of the district 140 (1989-90 to 1992-93). Table 7.3 Showing area and production of main crops 141 (1989-90 to 1992-93). Table 7.4 Showing area irrigated through different 144 sources (1989-90 to 1992-93). (Hi)
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No. Figure 1.1 Location map of Aligarh district. 4 Figure 2.1 Physiographic units of Aligarh district. 11 Figure 2.2 Drainage system of Aligarh district. 15 Figure 2.3 Canals network of Aligarh district. 20 Figure 2.4 Soil map of Aligarh district. 24 Figure 2.5 Isohyetal map of Aligarh district. 30 Figure 2.6(a) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 33 annual rainfall at Aligarh. Figure 2.6(b): Departure of annual rainfall from mean 34 annual rainfall at Khair. Figure 2.6(c) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 35 annual rainfall at Iglas. Figure 2.6(d): Departure of annual rainfall from mean 36 annual rainfall at Hathras. Figure 2.6(e) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 37 annual rainfall at Sikandra Rao. Figure 2.6(f) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 38 annual rainfall at Atrauli. Figure 3.1 Map of Indo - Gangetic plain indicating the 46 main divisions. Figure 3.2 The structure of the basement of the Ganga 49 basin. Figure 3.3 Showing continental collision of Indian and 52 Arabian Plates with the Asia. (iv)
Figure 3.4 Isopach contour map of the Vindhyan 53 equivalent sediments in the Ganga plain. Figure 3.5 Tentative Vinhyan basement depth contour 54 map for the Ganga plains. Figure 3.6 Sub - surface geological cross - section along 56 Aligarh, Kasganj, Ujhani and Puranpur in parts of Central Ganga basin. Figure 4.1 Hydrogeological division of U.P 60 Figure 4.2 Map showing the area surveyed wells and 63 tubewells inventoried in Aligarh district. Figure 4.3 Fence diagram showing aquifer system in 65 Aligarh district. Figure 4.4 Hydrological cross - section along A -A'. 67 Figure 4.5 Hydrological cross - section along B - B'. 70 Figure 4.6 Depth to water level map of Aligarh district 74 (June 1991). Figure 4.7 Depth to water level map of Aligarh district 75 (November 1991). Figure 4.8 Water level fluctuation map of Aligarh district 77 (in 1991). Figure 4.9 Water table contour map of Aligarh district 81 (June 1991). Figure 4.10 Hydrographs of permanent network stations in 83-86 Aligarh district. Figure 6.1 Electrical conductivity distribution map of 102 Aligarh district. Figure 6.2 Chloride distribution map of Aligarh district. 104 (v)
Figure 6.3 Pathways through which trace elements enter 122 the body. Figure 6.4 Showing plots of SAR values against EC values 127 of shallow groundwater. Figure 6.5 Showing plots of SAR values against EC values 128 of deep groundwater. Figure 6.6 Showing plots of sodium per cent against EC 130 values of shallow groundwater. Figure 6.7 Showing plots of sodium per cent against EC 131 values of deep groundwater. Figure 7.1 Land utilisation pattern of Aligarh district 137 (1992-93) Figure 7.2 Pie - diagram showing contribution of surface 145 water and groundwater in Aligarh district. Figure 7.3 Pie - diagram showing groundwater use pattern 145 in Aligarh district. (vi)
LIST OF APPENDICES Page No. Appendix - 1(A) Rainfall data analysis of Aligarh 162-164 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(B) Rainfall data analysis of Khair 165-167 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(C) Rainfall data analysis of Iglas 168-170 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(D) Rainfall data analysis of Hathras 171-173 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(E) Rainfall data analysis of Sikandra Rao 174-176 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(F) Rainfall data analysis of Atrauli 177-179 raingauge station. Appendix - II Lithological logs of boreholes drilled 180-190 by CGWB, GWB, Irrigation department in Aligarh district (UP) Appendix - III Hydrogeological data of wells 191 -192 inventoried in Aligarh district (U.P) Appendix - IV(A) Groundwater resource assessment of 193 -197 Sikandra Rao block in 1994. Appendix - IV(B) : Groundwater resource assessment of 198-201 Tappal block in 1994. Appendix - IV(C) : Groundwater resource assessment of 202-205 Akrabad block in 1994. Appendix - IV(D) Groundwater resource assessment of 206-209 Atrauli block in 1994. (vii)
Appendix - IV(E) Groundwater resource assessment of 210-213 Bijauli block in 1994. Appendix - IV(F) Groundwater resource assessment of 214-217 Dhanipur block in 1994. Appendix - IV(G) Groundwater resource assessment of 218-221 Gangiri block in 1994. Appendix - IV(H) Groundwater resource assessment of 222-227 Gonda block in 1994. Appendix - IV(I) Groundwater resource assessment of 228-231 Hathras block in 1994. Appendix - IV(J) Groundwater resource assessment of 232-235 Jawan block in 1994. Appendix - IV(K) Groundwater resource assessment of 236-239 Khair block in 1994. Appendix - IV(L) Groundwater resource assessment of 240-243 Hassain block in 1994. Appendix - IV(M) Groundwater resource assessment of 244-247 Mursan block in 1994. Appendix - IV(N) Groundwater resource assessment of 248-251 Sasni block in 1994. Appendix - IV(O) Groundwater resource assessment of 252-255 Lodha block in 1994. Appendix - IV(P) Groundwater resource assessment of 256-261 Iglas block in 1994. Appendix - IV(Q) Groundwater resource assessment of 262-267 Chandaus block in 1994. (viii)
Appendix - V(A) Results of partial chemical analysis 268-271 of water samples of shallow aquifers of Aligarh district, (U.P) during June, 1993, in ppm. Appendix - V(B) Results of partial chemical analysis 272-275 of water samples of shallow aquifers of Aligarh district, (U.P) during June, 1993, in epm. Appendix - V(C) Results of partial chemical analysis 276 of water samples of deeper aquifers of Aligarh district, (U.P) during June, 1993, in ppm. Appendix - V(D) Results of partial chemical analysis 277 of water samples of deeper aquifers of Aligarh district, (U.P) during June, 1993, in epm. Appendix - V1(A) Trace element data of the groundwater 278-279 samples collected from shallow aquifers, in ppm Appendix - V1(B) Trace element data of the groundwater 280 samples collected from deeper aquifers, in ppm Appendix - V1I( A) : Results of the partial chemical analysis 281 of the surface water bodies collected from selected stations Appendix - VTI(B) : Trace element data of the surface water 282 bodies collected from selected stations CHAPTER -1 IHTRODUCTIOK INTRODUCTION
Fresh water being one of the basic necessities for sustenance of life, the human race through the ages has striven to locate and develop it. Over ninety percent of liquid fresh water available on the earth lies beneath the land surface. Groundwater, unlike surface water, is available in some quantity almost everywhere, is more dependable in periods of droughts, and has many other advantages over surface water. Necessity of stabilising agricultural production in India vis-a-vis its rising population requires speedy development of groundwater resources. Even in areas where normally there is abundant surface water supplies through major and minor irrigation projects, groundwater is playing an increasingly vital role in supplementing the surface water. The importance of the role of groundwater to meet water supply requirements for irrigation needs no emphasis. During the last three decades availability of credit facilities through institutional finance for groundwater development for irrigation has given rise to large scale withdrawals of groundwater. The increasing demand place on it has stimulated investigations oriented towards quantification of the resource which is basic to formulation plans for its exploitation, management and conservation.
Without doubt, water is the most important of all our natural resources. It will not be too long before fresh water becomes the limiting factor in biological, economic and social growth throughout the world. We have to seek methods, systems and policies to improve national and global administration of water resources. Utmost care has, therefore to be taken in the exploration, development and management of this precious resource. In order to evolve a pragmatic and scientific plan for the management of groundwater 2 resources, one need to quantify the characteristics hydrological, hydrometeorological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and relevant parameters. Thus, a precise evaluation of groundwater resource of an area or basin becomes an essential pre - requisite for its proper development for various uses. The population growth and food grain requirement by the turn of this century will bring about a crises before India. To meet the food and fibre requirement adequately, India has to increase the crop production to 325 million tons as against present 190 million tons per annum. There is a need for bold strategic planning to maintain the momentum of the " Green Revolution " ( Vohra, 1995). Irrigation is an important element in agricultural input in soil-crop- water system to raise the production. That is why high priority has been given to water resource development in our successive five year plans. Surface water and groundwater are the two components under water resource development programme. Groundwater which contributes a considerable part of irrigation potential created in the country is, therefore, of vital importance. The fact that out of the total feasible irrigation potential by all sources of 113 million hectares metres in the country, the share of groundwater is 40 million hectare metres clearly indicate the importance of groundwater resources in providing irrigation in the country (Pathak, 1985). The achievements so for in developing groundwater to met the irrigational needs in the country are commendable. Besides, the excessive application of surface water has resulted in water logging and soil salanisation in all the 76 canal command areas in the country. The situation demands are fresh look on all our groundwater resources and their precise evaluation. However, conjunctive use of surface water and 3 groundwater will greatly help to achieve the safe and optimum utilisation of water in such areas, or any other new area for water resources development. For a refined quantitative resource evaluation and to delineate harmonious hydrological frame work of the whole country, micro - level hydrological investigation appears to be indispensable district level hydrological investigation becomes an essential pre - requisite in this back drop. Keeping this in view, groundwater investigation of Aligarh district was undertaken. LOCATION, EXTENT, POPULATION AND COMMUNICATION : Aligarh district is situated in the western part of Uttar Pradesh. It is one of the most prominent districts of the Ganga - Yamuna - Doab and forms a part of Central Ganga Basin. The district is surrounded in the north by Bulandshahr district. The Ganga river forms the eastern boundary between Aligarh and Badaun district whereas the Yamuna in the west, forms its western boundary (Fig 1.1). The district of Aligarh lies between 27° 28' 30" to 28° 10' 00" North latitudes and 77° 29' 00" to 78° 36' 00" East longitudes and falls in under the Survey of India toposheets number 53 E, H, I and L. The district has the shape of a quadrilateral covers an area of 5019 sq. km. The greatest length is some 112 kilometres from Ganga to Yamuna and the maximum breadth across the district is about 72 kilometres. The district has been divided into six tehsils namely Koil, Sikandra Rao, Khair, Hathras, Atrauli and Iglas. In all there are 17 blocks namely as Jawan, Dhanipur, Lodha, Akrabad, Sikandra Rao, Hasayan, Khair, Chandaus, Tappal, Mursan, Sasni, Hathras, Atrauli, Gangiri, Bijauli, Iglas and Gonda spread over 1750 villages. The table 1.1 shows the distribution •yrfir T7P?" i?lcr 7rp»- ytflso' ALIGARH DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
y* r-v« ^-.^ V y \ CHANDAUS /• r>. JAWAN 1 • ii /ATRAULI V KHAIR v. N > ./ V ./ / ! LODHA ( O y ~\1 GANGIR) ' o K0U OHANIPUR , \ OISTRICT BOUNDARY * V GONDA ( y\ r . TEHSIL BOUNDARY J "^AKRABAD ( BLOCK BOUNOARY if y^, V if O TESIL HEAOOiiARTER V. in 3 5? o BLOCK HEAOO.UARTER i ) ® ? SIKANDRA RAO <> o V IGLAS (^ SASNI
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7flao' 78115' UK 3^: IE Flgvi Table 1.1 : Demography of Aligarh district, (U.P), 1991 S.NO. Tehsil Block Geographical Total No. Population Population Density Area in sq.km of Villages Male Female Total Person / sq.km 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Koil 1 Jawan 293.20 110 95316 80871 176187 601 2. Dhanipur 287.80 99 78556 65815 144371 502 3. Lodha 267.70 141 86885 73229 160114 598 Sikandra Rao 4. Akrabad 278.00 87 66985 55481 122466 441 5. Sikandra Rao 257.50 67 62437 52284 114721 446 6. Hasayan 284.10 95 66192 54634 120826 425 Khair 7. Khair 320.40 96 78542 65818 144360 451 8. Chandaus 329.70 94 80440 67966 148406 450 9 Tappal 368.70 91 84563 71083 155646 422 Hatras 10. Mursan 226.30 153 74601 60680 135281 598 11 Sasni 268.60 115 84789 70850 155639 579 12. Hatras 237.30 108 71731 58992 130723 551 Atrauli 13. Atrauli 283.90 116 88707 75606 164313 579 14. Gangiri 345.30 101 106977 89280 196257 568 15. Bijauli 250.60 91 72794 59799 132593 529 Iglas 16. Iglas 256.60 103 69676 57450 127126 495 17. Gonda 286.40 83 75993 62462 138455 483 Total Rural 4838.53 1750 1345184 1122300 2467484 510 Total Urban 180.47 - 443696 384802 82849? 4591 Total Distrid 5019.00 1750 1788880 1507102 3295982 657
Source : Census of India 1991, Final Population Totals, Series: 1 Paper I of 1992 Vol. II 6 of the district into various tehsils and blocks with their respective geographical areas, the number of villages and the population in each block. The district has a population of 32,95,982 as per 1991 census with an average population of 657 persons per sq. km. Out of the total population of the district about 8,28,498 (25.14%) population is concentrated in urban centres and the rest 24,67,484 (74.86%) is scattered in rural areas. The literacy rate in the district is 36.14%. Aligarh is situated about 120 kilometres south-east of the National Capital Delhi, and is very well connected with roads and railways. There are two State Highways in the district. These are Aligarh - Agra Raod in the south which passes through Sasni and Hathras before reaching Agra, and Aligarh - Anoopshahr Road in the north passing through Debai and Narora. Besides there are number of district roads, which connect important villages, markets and industries, and lead to the railway station. METHODOLOGY: The available hydrogeological informations from the published literatures and unpublished reports of Geological Survey of India ( GSI), Central Ground Water Board ( CGWB ), Oil and Natural Gas Commission ( ONGC ) and Ground Water Department of the State Uttar Pradesh, were collected and studied. Limited use of statistical methods were utilised for the determination of mean, standard deviation, variability of rainfall, occurrence and frequency of drought and recharge from rainfall data of Aligarh, Khair, Iglas, Hathras, Sikandra Rao and Atrauli raingauge stations for the period 1901 to 1994. 7
Geology of the district was complied with the help of published literatures and unpublished reports of Central Ground Water Board and the Oil and Natural Gas Commission reports. In order to study the aquifer disposition and their lateral and vertical extents, a fence diagram and two hydrological cross section have been drawn utilising the lithological logs of the existing tubewells constructed by the Central Ground Water Board and U.P. State Irrigation Department in the district. A network of 37 observation wells was set up in the district and the water level data for pre and post - monsoon, for the year 1991 were collected in order to study the general groundwater conditions, behaviour of water table, its occurrence and movement in the district. Besides hydrographs were also prepared to observe the variation of water level in time and space. To ascertain the water quality of the district and its use for agricultural and other purposes, water samples were collected from the dugwells, shallow and deep tubewells and also from the surface water bodies. The water sample collected were chemically analysed both for major ions and trace elements in the Geochemical Laboratory of the Geology Department, A. M. U., Aligarh as per standard methods. Data pertaining to major and minor irrigation schemes were collected from State Government agencies to estimate the groundwater resources of the district. Land utilisation, cropping pattern and irrigation data were collected from statistical diary of Aligarh district. g
PREVIOUS WORK: Aligarh district has been studied by the officers of the Geological Survey of India and the Central Ground Water Board in the late sixties. In all 48 deposit wells and 2 exploratory tubewells have been drilled down to the depth ranging between 60.35 to 383.26 m.b.g.l. by the Central Ground Water Board upto 1980 - 1981. The bed rocks were encountered at Salempur about 20 km south - west of Aligarh city and in Aligarh Railway Club Compound respectively. The bed rock encountered at Salempur at 286.94 m.b.g.l. is Upper Bhander Sand Stone and that in Railway Club Compound is red shale at 340 m.b.g.l. which belong to Upper Vindhyan Bhander Group. Moreover at Hathras the red shell was encountered at a depth of 360 m.b.g.l. Dutt (1969) studied the hydrogeology of Aligarh district and concluded that the aquifers are interconnected in nature. He has attributed the large scale water logging condition and soil salanisation to the excessive seepage from the Upper Ganga Canal into the underlying shallow aquifers. He suggested large scale development through deep tubewells as an effective measure to control the rising water table and at the same time meeting the irrigation needs in view of the interconnected nature of the aquifer system. Fahmi and Nazir (1986) made an attempt to study the general groundwater conditions in the A. M. U., Campus. Ahmad et al, (1988) had published an interesting paper on groundwater management in A. M. U., campus and concluded that water table is declining at the rate of 0.36 m /year. Alt (1997) have studied the hydogeology of A. M. U., campus and around in detail. He concluded that the area displays two extreme groundwater situation, that is, the eastern upland through which passes the upper Ganga Canal shows, acute water logging and soil 9 salanisation where as the central depression encompasses the Aligarh Muslim University evinces a declining trend of groundwater level. Umar (1987) conducted a similar study in the Bijauli block of Atrauli tehsil. Although the general groundwater condition throughout the Ganga basin are known, the detail information necessary for meaningful quantitative estimates of groundwater resources is known only for a small part of the basin. CHAPTER - II PHYSIOGRAPHY PHYSIOGRAPHY
Physiographically, from the Ganga right bank to Yamuna left bank the district is divisible into the following five distinct phsiographic units (Fig. 2.1) l Low valley of the Ganga and Kali 2. Eastern Upland 3. Central Depression 4 Western Upland 5. Yamuna Lowland
Low valley of the Ganga and Kali: Low valley of the Ganga lies between the right bank of the river Ganga and uplands margin. It extends in north-west to south-east direction parallel to the old bank of the river Ganga. It is 1.6 kilometres wide in the north which gradually increases due south where it attains a maximum width of about 16 kilometres. The soil of this tract is recent alluvium comprising fine through medium to coarse sand. Geomorphologically, this tract consist of numerous point bar deposits with enechelon distribution, aligned parallel or sub-parallel to the old high bank. They are usually separated by the entervening low land which once form the parts of the erstwhile channels. Each point bar deposit consists of coarsest material at bottom and finest at the top thus it represents a fining upward sequence. The point bar deposits are covered with thick forests and form the natural habitat for wild animals. Along the edge of the Ganga are found rich soft loam on which sugarcane is cultivated without irrigation. Low valley of Kali lies both on the left and right bank of Kali river. The soil of this narrow tract is sandy loam though liable to injury from saturation. PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS OF ALIGARH DISTRICT
INOEX (- - H LOW VALLEY 0* THE>\\ L^U 6ANGA AND KALI KO tv^j EASTERN UPLAND
] CENTRAL OEPRESStON
^S^) WESTERN UPLAND
YAMUNA LOW LAND
Km Fig. 2 1 12
Eastern Upland : From the low valley of the Ganga river in the east, the level of the district rises sharply to the high uplands which crown the old flood bank of the river Ganga and then descends inland gradually to a depression, drained by the Nim and Chhoiya rivers. Beyond which, it rises again to the bank of the Kali river. Along the right bank of the Kali river is another sandy to silty belt rising from the low and northern Khadir belt of that stream. Adjoining it, due west is a fertile belt of loam soil which sinks gradually into the broad central depression.
Central Depression : This depression lies between the eastern and western uplands, and runs in north-west to south-east direction. This depression is a prominent linear feature which encompasses the districts Meerut, Ghaziabad, Bulandshahr in north-west and Aligarh and Etah in south-east. Entering the north of Koil tehsil it passes through that sub-division into Sikandra Rao sub-division, occupying practically all but the south-western corner of the tehsil, and eventually passing into Etah. This tract is characterised by a clayey soil, imperfect natural drainage and numerous jhils in which the surface water collect without finding an adequate outlet. In consequence of the resultant saturation the fertility of the district is marred by frequent stretches of barren user and the exudation of salts in the form of reh. As regard its origin various possibilities are : (i) it may an abandoned channel of some big river, possibly Yamuna (ii) possibly represents a sagging or a structural dislocation in the bed rock topography, which was later occupied by the Yamuna till it migrated due west and move left over Yamuna is known as the Senger river. The level varies from 193 meters at Bulandshahr - Aligarh district junction in the north - west to 173.78 meters at the south - eastern end of the district giving an average gradient of 0.2 metre to a kilometre. 13
Western Upland: Beyond the central depression the surface rises once more into a level plain of higher but richer soil, assuming a sandy character in the west of Aligarh city. The western uplands covers by far the largest region in the area in the whole district and occupies the tract between the Patwahanala in the west to the Grant Trunk Road in the east and also includes the Hasayan block in the south. It comprises the entire tehsil of Iglas and almost the whole of Hathras, barring a little portion in the north west. About half of the Koil tehsil and three - forth of Khair is also included in this region. The most striking feature of this region, which some what unusual in the homogeneity of the soil and the absence of large scale stretches of saline tracts. The topography is remarkably level and the soil is consistently loam except in the south where it is flanked by the sandy type.
Yamuna Low I and : The western margin of the western upland gradually merges into the Yamuna lowland. This tract occurs in the extreme north - western part of the district* which varies from 3.2 kilometres to 11.2 kilometres in width. When the Yamuna over floods its banks all this tract is submerged. The tract is of the poorest description, possessing a clay soil of very hard and unmanageable type. The tract is cultivated only in patches, along the edge of the river Yamuna and at the foot of the high cliff, the rest being covered with course grass and jungle, though of some value for grazing purposes. 14
DRAINAGE: The district is drained by numerous rivers and drainage lines. The Ganga and Yamuna are the two perennial rivers which forms the eastern and western boundaries of the district respectively. The other small rivers from east to west are the Nim, Kali, Rind, Sengar and Karwan, which are reduced to ephemeral water courses in dry season (Fig. 2.2)
The Ganga : The Ganga rises in the great Himalayan Range in Uttar Kashi and Chamoli districts of Uttar Pradesh. The Bhagirathi and the Alakhnanda joins at Devprayag in Garhwal district to form the Ganga. It enters the plain at Harwdar, where the discharge is about 200 cumec during winters and about 1,500 cumec during the monsoon. The average slope of 13 meters per kilometres in the hilly terrain is reduced to 0.20 meters per kilometre when the Ganga flows over the plains. From Harwdar it flows southwards upto Bulandshahr then it enters Aligarh district and takes a south - easterly direction forming the north - eastern boundary of the district and separates Aligarh from Budaun. The river generally follows a belt of recent alluvium, but in rainy season it generally moves from one side to another side within a belt of 5 to 6 kilometres. Earlier the river Ganga was a meandering river covering laterally a stretch of about 20 kilometres but now during the rainy season it stretches laterally only 5 to 6 kilometres, and behaves as a braided rather than a meandering stream. This metamorphosis in the natural behaviour of the Ganga is resultant of the diversions of the large quantity of water first at Harwdar into the Upper Ganga Canal, secondly at Bijor into middle Ganga Canal and lastly at Narora into the Lower Ganga Canal. This huge reduction in the in the natural discharge of the river has compelled the change in the behaviour from meandering into braiding. It braids simply because its load is large but its discharge is inadequate to push the load further down hence the braiding. During the rainy season the volume and velocity of ALI6ARH DISTRICT DRAINAGE SYSTEM
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10 SOURCE SURVEY OF INDIA SHEET NO 93 H,93 L, 9WH t9Wl Km Fig. 2-2 16 the river in considerably increased because of which the low lying areas are frequently inundated. The land along the river is rich and produces good yield of crops with little irrigation.
The Yamuna : The Yamuna rises from Yamunotri Glacier of the Great Himalayan Range in Utttar Kashi district and joins the Ganga at Allahabad after, flowing for a distance of about 1,376 kilometres. It is one of the most important tributaries of the Ganga. It enters the plain at Kalsi from where following a southward direction it moves along the western boundary of Aligarh and then it moves due south into Mathura and Agra districts. In Aligarh, Yamuna flows from north to south with a major loop. The neighbouring lands along it are at places flat and low - lying plains opposite Shergarh and high and ravenous at Mathura. The river banks are very fertile and arable. The width of the river varies from about 390 meters during the rainy season to 150 meters in summer months and the velocity of the river varies from 11 to 3 kilometres per hour the rainy and summer seasons respectively.
Nim : The Nim, a tributary of the Kali river rises in the Bulandshahr district and joins Kali at Hindaura west of Kasganj in Etah district traverses through Atrauli tehsil. It is seldom dry in summer and is inundated during rainy season. The bed of the river has been deepened to improve the drainage and its water is used for irrigation purposes.
Kali: The Kali river is practically the only tributary of the Ganga which traverses the distnct. It rises in Muzaffar Nagar district and passes through the districts of 17
Meerut, Ghaziabad, and Bulandshahr, and it enters Aligarh district from its northern border, close to the Atrauli Road Railway station. In Aligarh it takes a south easterly course and forms the western boundary of Atrauli tehsil, and finally enters into Etah district. The river is perennial but not navigable and its volume is increased by the surplus water from the Ganga canals. During the hot season it is insignificant, but during the rainy season it becomes the river of considerable magnitude and overflows its banks. The Nim is the only tributary of the Kali river.
Rind: Rind river rises in the central lowlands of Aligarh and moves southwards in the south - easterly direction. It is mostly dry in hot months but during the rainy season it becomes a river of considerable magnitude.
Sengar: Sengar river, a tributary of Yamuna springs from the great Adhawan lake to the south of Panethi on the Grant Trunk Road in Bulandshahr district. From Adhawan it flows almost due south through the south - east corner of Koil tehsil and then it enters the Hathras tehsil and finally joins the Yamuna further down. During rainy season it attains great dimensions because it is the only stream which takes the total runoff of the central depression. Probably, it was an erstwhile channel of the river Yamuna.
Karwan: The Karwan river, a leftover channel of the Yamuna occupies the western portion of the district. It rises in the north of the Bulandshahr district, and flows in a southerly direction through Khair, Iglas and Hathras and Sadabad tehsil of Mathura and finally joins the river Yamuna close to the city of Agra. It runs dry in 18 the hot weather, but during the rainy season it attains a width of about 52 metres and a mean depth of about 3 metres.
Dirty Drain (Ganda Nala): The central portion of Koil and Hathras tehsils are drained by an artificial drain known as Dirty drain or Ganda Nala. It starts near Khurja in the Bulandshahr district and flows southward through the Koil tehsil and subsequently continuing past Sasni and Hathras into the Mathura district, where it discharge into the Karwan river. Apart from these, there many lakes, important among which are Gursikaran, Ikri and Adhawan lakes. The lakes are common in Akrabad and Hasayan block respectively. These lakes are very helpful for irrigation. 19
CANAL: Aligarh district has a network of canals, which are mainly aligned in a north to south direction unconformity with the general topography. From east to west the main canals of the district are as follows ( Fig. 2.3 ) 1. Lower Ganga Canal 2. Upper Ganga Canal -1 3. Upper Ganga Canal -11 4. Mat Branch 5. Hathras Branch
Lower Ganga Canal: The Lower Ganga Canal which emerges out of the Lower Ganga barrage at Narora is 73.17 metres wide and 37 kilometres long with a discharge of 8500 cusec. It transverse through the eastern margin of the district between the Anupshahr Branch in the west and the Ganga river in the east. The canal flows mainly through low valleys of Ganga up to Sikandarpur village there after transverses along the upland and crosses the Kali river near Kasganj in Etah district through an aqueduct. The canal being a feeder one is, generally, not used for irrigation purposes in Aligarh district. The construction of the lower Ganga canal has greatly benefited the low valley of the Ganga by means of protective embankments which run at right angles to the canal as for as the old channels.
Upper Ganga Canal -1 : The Upper Ganga Canal - I or Anupshahr Branch with a head discharge of about 1,560 cusec, enters the district through the north - eastern corner of Atrauli block. It irrigates the major parts of Bijauli block and in parts of Gangeri block, then passes into the Etah district. It is supplemented by 9 distributaries and 17 ALIGARH DISTRICT CANALS NETWORK
SOURCE. EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, GANGA CANAL, ALIGARH DIVISION, Km ALIGARH (1966) Fig. 2 3 O 21 channels. The important distributaries are Hardoi, Dadon and Ninamai on the right bank and the Bazidpur on the left bank.
Upper Ganga Canal -II . The Upper Ganga Canal -II runs through the upland of the Kali - Sengar interfluves. It enters the district at Daopur in Jawan block and runs in a south - easterly direction for about 40 kilometres to Nanau, where it is bifurcated into Kanpur and Etawah branches. The Kanpur branch runs in a south - easterly direction passing through Sikandra Rao tehsil enters the district of Etah, covering a distance of about 31 kilometres. The Etawah branch runs due south but at Bijaigarh it runs due south - east and flows parallel to the Kanpur branch till it leaves the district after a course of about 32 kilometres. The canal with a head discharge of about 2,500 cusec is supplemented by 27 distributaries and 74 channels. Thus, there are 101 distributaries and channels running more or less parallel to the main Upper Ganga Canal. The important distributaries are Koil, Harduaganj, Parla, Sumera, Machua, Sikandra Rao, Haider Nagar and Suhauli. Koil and Harduaganj distributaries irrigates the district in the west of the main channel, while Palra, Sumera, Machua and Sikandra Rao distributaries irragates the area lying in the east of the main canal. The area between Kanpur and Etawah branches are irrigated by Haider Nagar and Suhawli distributaries.
Mat Branch : Mat branch enters the district through the central part of Khair tehsil and running from north to south, it touches the western boundary of Aligarh district and enters the Mathura district. The canal with a head discharge of about 2,000 cusec, is supplemented by 7 distributaries and 44 channels. The important distributaries are Barauda, Shdipur, Jewar, Bajata, Mursan, Gorai and Sadabad. The central part of the Khair tehsil is irrigated by Mat Branch directly and by means of the 22
Barauda and Shadipur distributaries. Jewar and Bajata distributaries and their channels irrigates the driest part of Tappal block. Mursan and Gorai distributaries in the east of Mat branch, irrigate the dry tract of Iglas tehsil where as Sadabad distributary waters the extreme southern of Iglas block and south - western part of Mursan Block, before passing into Mathura district.
Hathras Branch : Hathras Branch with a head discharge of about 850 cusec, takes its water from Mat Branch near Bhagwangarhi in the south - west corner of Khair tehsil and enters the district through the Iglas tehsil. It runs eastward to cross Karwan river near Gonda, then it runs south - easterly direction to Mendu, turning southwards it enters the Mathura district. This branch is supplemented by 14 distributaries and 42 channels, which together irrigate the areas of Gonda, Iglas, Sasni, Mursan and Hathras blocks. The important distributaries are Tochhigarh, Bisana, Gajrauli, Sikandrpur and Gonda. 23
SOIL: The soil of Central Ganga Plain comprises two major groups ie. (i) the Older Alluvium (ii) the Newer Alluvium The Newer Alluvium mainly occurs in the flood plains of the rivers where as the Older Alluvium forms the uplands that are above the high flood levels of these rivers. The development of soil in the district was controlled by the sedimentation pattern and landscape evolution during the Quaternary period. The central part of the district has paleo - drainage which emanated from the Vindhyan highlands and drained the central depression of the Ganga - Yamuna interfluves and flew due north - west. The western part of the district has stabilised sand- dunes which geomorphologically appears to represent the semi - arid climatic zone. The areas in the vicinity of the Ganga Canal are water- logged. Water table is shallow in these areas and the saline soil have developed with 'Reh' as surface manifestation. Thus, the soils formed under different climatic, physiological and geomorphological conditions in the geological past, considerably differ in their colour, structure, texture, grain size and consistency. Soils of the district are classified on the basis of colour, texture and micro - watershed boundaries by the department of agriculture, Government of Uttar Pradesh (Anon, 1951 and 1968). In the present thesis the nomenclature proposed by the Department of agriculture has been adopted. Thus , the soils of Aligarh district have been grouped into six classes (Fig. 2.4) on the basis of their physical characteristics, their spatial relationship with the landforms. The following table (Table 2.1) presents the classification of soils in the district. Fig.2 4 25
Table 2.1 : Classification of soils of Aligarh District, U.P.
S.No. Soil Type Soil Series Geomorphic Geological Unit Formation 1. Aligarh Type I Ganga Khadir Recent flood Newer Alluvial Plain of Ganga Formation
2. Aligarh Type II Eastern Uplands T2 Terrace zone Older Alluvial of Ganga Formation
3. Aligarh Type III Central Lowlands Older Alluvial Older Alluvial Plain Formations
4. Aligarh Type IV Western Uplands Older Alluvial Older Alluvial Plain Fromation
5. Aligarh Type V Trans Yamuna T1 Terrace zone Newer Alluvial Khadir of Yamuna Formation
6. Aligarh Type VI Yamuna Khadir Recent Flood Newer Alluvial Plain of Yamuna Formation
1. Ganga Khadir Soil Series (Aligarh Type-I): It occurs in the narrow belt along the recent flood plain of Ganga river. Geologically, it belongs to the Newer Alluvium. It covers about 22 villages in Atrauli tehsil. This soil is light - grey to ash - grey in colour in colour and comprises loam which varies in texture from sandy to silty loam. It is formed predominantly by sand (78.785%). silt (15 to 18 %) and clay (5.039 %). It has got moderate moisture content. It is^alJcaline in nature and its pH is more than 8. 2<>
2. Eastern Upland Soil Series ( Aligarh Type -II) It occupies the area between Kali Nadi and Ganga Khadir in the north eastern part of the district. Geologically, it belongs to the Older Alluvium and geomorphologically, It covers the terrace zone of Ganga. It covers 273 villages of Atrauli tehsil. It is light brown to deep brown in colour and is loam to sandy-loam in texture. It is also made up of predominantly of sand (74.77%), followed by silt (12.68%) and clay (13.10%). It has got greater moisture content. It is slightly acidic to moderately alkaline in nature ( pH 6.2 - 8.0 )
3. Central Low Land Soil Series (Aligarh Type -HI) It occupies the eastern half of Koil tehsil, almost the entire sikandra Rao tehsil and the eastern part of Sasni block in Hathras tehsil. Geologically it represents the Older Alluvium whereas geomorphologically, it occupies the Central Lowland tract from north to south and covers about 455 villages in parts of the above tehsils. It is grey to dark grey in colour and is loam to clayey loam in texture. It has 49.701% sand, 26.616% silt and 3.624% clay. Over larger part of the area its pH ranges between 7 and 8 and in some areas it is more than 8, which shows its alkaline nature.
4. Western Upland Soil Series (Aligarh Type - IV ): It occupies the largest part of the district and is found in entire Iglas tehsil, almost the whole of Hathras tehsil and about 75% of Khair tehsil, western part of Koil tehsil and the southern portion of Sikandra Rao tehsil (Hasayan Block). Geologically, it belongs to the Older Alluvium. Geomorphologically, it forms the Older Alluvial Plain. It covers about 455 villages in the district. It is brown to reddish brown in colour and sandy to sandy to sandy loam in texture. It comprises (79.005%) sand, (10.032 %) silt and (10.962%) clay. Its pH ranges between 6.6 and 7.5 ie. from slightly acidic to marginally alkaline in nature. 27
5. Trans Yamuna Khadir Soil Series (Aligarh Type-V) This soil tract runs almost parallel to the Yamuna Khadir tract in the form of a narrow belt east of Yamuna river. Geologically, it represents the Older Alluvium and Geomorphologically, it forms a terrace zone of the Yamuna. It covers 43 villages in Khair tehsil. This soil is more compact in nature that results in low drainage density and contains Kankar nodules at different levels in the soil profile It is brownish grey in colour, stiff and loamy in texture. It comprises (70.788% )sand, (14.534%) silt and (14.686%) clay. Its pH ranges between 6.8 and 7.2 ie. slightly acidic to slightly alkaline in nature.
6. Yamuna Khadir Soil Series (Aligarh Type VI): The western margin of the western upland gradually merges into Yamuna low valley. It occurs in a narrow belt along the recent flood plain of Yamuna river in the north - western part of the district in Khair tehsil. The soil is light to dark grey in colour. Geologically, it represents Newer Alluvium and occurs in 17 villages in Khair tehsil. It is formed by (29.711%) sand, (40.480%) silt and (29.808%) clay. It has a high moisture content and is strongly alkaline as its pH is more than 8. 28
CLIMATE AND RAINFALL
CLIMATE : The district Aligarh falls under the sub - tropical climate zones of India and is characterised by hot summer and chilly winter ; summer starts around middle March and continue^ till June with mean maximum temperature is 37°C, occasionally mercury shoots up to 46°C. During the winter season mercury touches 4°C. There are four distinct season most commonly recognised. (i) Cold weather season ( December to February) (ii) Hot weather season ( March to Mid- June) (iii) Rainy season ( Mid - June to end September) (iv) Season of Retreating Monsoon ( October - November)
The cold weather season is characterised by cold and dry wind which blows from December to February. The sky is clear, and very rarely cloudy. This season is associated with low temperature and high pressure. As a result of the district comes under the influence of high pressure belt, frosts occur but not of great intensity. The maximum temperature is about 23°C and the minimum temperature ranges from 7°C to 10°C. The mean temperature from December and January is about 15°C and 12.2°C respectively. The temperature further falls down because of cold waves, coming from the Himalayas. The days are relatively warm and nights are cold. During this season, the winds blows from west and north - west to east and south - east directions. The winds are generally light, dry and of continental in origin. Winter rainfall is recorded during the middle of January because of western depression. The temperature begins to rise in second week of February. 29
The summer begins in March and lasts till mid - June. This season is characterised by an increase in temperature and decrease of pressure. The maximum and minimum temperatures in March are about 34°C and 15°C, while in April the maximum and minimum are 38°C and 21°C. The maximum temperature for May and June is about 43 °C and occasionally mercury touches 46°C. The days are characterised by intense heat, dry air associated with 24 percent of relative humidity. In summer months hot dry winds blow with great velocity regularly and locally it is called 'LOO'. This loo causes many death; every year in the district. The relative humidity is about 2 to 3 percent in the afternoon. The most peculiar phenomenon of this season is the occurrence of dust and thunder storms. It usually occurs in the afternoon when the air movement is strongest. They are accompanied by the strong winds, thunder, blinding dust and sometimes rains. A little rainfall occurs accompanied by the thunder - storms. The south - west monsoon breaks in the second week of June every year. In the months of July and August 85 percent of rainfall takes place and it ends in September every year. The relative humidity, increases from 30 percent in May to 74 percent at the end of June and 85 percent in July and August. The average annual rainfall of 760 mm is recorded in this season. In this season of retreating monsoon, the weather is hot and sticky and temperature rises but starts falling by the end of October. The sky is clear and the relative humidity is about 47 percent with slight rainfall.
Areal Distribution of Rainfall: The isohyetal map of the district (Fig. 2.5) shows that the eastern part of the district close to the bank of the Ganga receives 754 mm annual rainfall while the western end of the district adjacent to Yamuna bank receives 650 mm annual rainfall. ISOHYETAL MAP OF ALIGARH DISTRICT
/
Isohyetal Contour . * in mm VS.'
9...9 ? ip Km
Fig.25 31
Departures : The departures from mean annual rainfall are shown in (Fig. 2.6 a, b, c, d, e & f). The departures shows a wide variation from the mean, indicating the erratic nature of the rainfall in the district.
Variability of rainfall: The available annual rainfall data of Aligarh, Khair, Iglas, Hathras, Sikandra-Rao and Atrauli rain gauge stations for the period 1901 to 1994 have been statistically analysed ( Appendix - IA, IB, IC, ID, IE, & IF). The analytical results are tabulated (Table 2.2) as under :
Table 2.2 : Results of statistical analysis of annual rainfall at rain gauge stations of Aligarh district.
Aligarh (Koil) Highest rainfall (1988) 1431.80 mm Lowest Rainfall (1972) 72.80 mm Mean 678.73 mm Standard Deviation 248.40 mm Coefficient of variation 36.60 %
Khair Highest rainfall (1933) 1,147.31mm Lowest rainfall (1918) 167.89 mm Mean 626.60 mm Standard deviation 213.50 mm Coefficient of variation 34.04 5 % 32
~ •' , . Iglas Highest rainfall (1942) 1413.76 mm Lowest Rainfall (1991) 107.00 mm Mean 680.86 mm Standard Deviation 237.40 mm Coefficient of variation 37.80 %
Hathras Highest rainfall (1983) 1276.60 mm Lowest rainfall (1918) 215.39 mm Mean 635.11 mm Standard deviation 221.15 mm Coefficient of variation 34.87 %
Sikandra Rao Highest rainfall (1967) 1,199.00 mm Lowest Rainfall (1918) 181.10mm Mean 705.32 mm Standard Deviation 219.00 mm Coefficient of variation 31.04% Atrauli Highest rainfall (1992) 1,434.97 mm Lowest rainfall (1914) 323.34 mm Mean 761.71mm Standard deviation 248.00 mm Coefficient of variation 32.60 % i DEPARTURE OF ANNUAL RAINFALL FROM MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL AT ALIGARH
1600
1400
1200
1000 E E z 800
* 600
400
200
.!..!..I..!..!..I. I | I I I.i|.i| lint..I. i )..< | il I I ll I I | I Lit | I .1..) .I I I. | >i t I Hnt M" •""*"'"» I I I |.'("VI"|' l"|..|"l"| |l |.I|M|..1. t I I.. )..
YEARS Fig. 2.6(b) DEPARTURE OF ANNUAL RAINFALL FROM MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL AT IGLAS 1600
1400 -
1200 g 1000 £ z
J 800
2 600 400
200 -
o o>o>o>o>o>o>cna>d>o>o>o> a>cno>o>o>o>o>o>o> <7> YEARS Fig. 2.6(c) DEPARTURE OF ANNUAL RAINFALL FROM MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL AT HATHRAS 1400
T-^r^oojooc^meoT-^r-ocotpOTCMmeo*- OiO>O>O)0>6iU>O)O> YEARS Fig. 2.6(d) DEPARTURE OF ANNUAL RAINFALL FROM MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL AT SIKANDRA RAO
1200
0 |..i I .M >.*.,», l,„ .,*,! • tili|i<,i) j.ijnl.li.fili.t.il . 4- • »• • f. • j-. • t • |,,|,,|,,|,,|,,|,,|,,|,,[ ,|, |,,[,,| ,),,|i tnMi.l.ilnjiij jn( !••<..>. »•*..> tiit.<,,4,i + ,4i | | t. I 111 I I >. I .I..I il..|iili.|,i|,,|iil,,| i T-TrN-oco
1600
1400
200
11 1 0 I i..|"H"H"l !..|..I..|M!..M t„H"H"H"1 hH.H"H..H H"i"i ''•!• t"l !• 'H" ("("!"<" t"t"t't't '*• »"f-t--f- 'H ! H"H"I"I .|..H,,|„|„H"H"H"I i i i. i. t.>, + ,H„H"H' T-'*r^oco
The table 2.2 shows the highest rainfall of 1431.80 mm (1998) and lowest of 72.80 mm (1972) at Aligarh rain gauge station. At Khair the highest rainfall is 1147.31 mm (1993) and the lowest is 167.89 mm (1918). At Iglas the highest and lowest rainfall is 1413.76 mm (1942) and 107 mm (1991). Hathras receives the highest rainfall 1276.60 mm (1983) and lowest 215.39 mm (1914), whereas Sikandra Rao receives the highest rainfall 1199 mm (1967) and lowest 181.10 mm (1918) and Atrauli receives the highest rainfall 1,276.60 mm (1983) and lowest 323.34 mm (1914) during the period 1901 - 1994. The mean annual rainfall of the district are 678.73 mm (Koil), 626.60 mm (Khair), 680.86 mm (Iglas), 635.11 mm (Hathras), 705.32 mm (Sikandra Rao) and 761.71 mm (Atrauli) respectively. The standard deviations are 248.40 mm, 213.50 mm, 237.40 mm, 221.15 mm, 219 mm and 248 mm at Aligarh, Khair, Iglas, Hathras, Sikandra Rao and Atraualli respectively. The coefficient of variation in the district varies from 31.04 % to 37.80 % minimum and maximum being at Sikandra Rao and Iglas respectively.
DROUGHT ANALYSIS : The rainfall considerably varies in space and time. Droughts and floods are the consequences of this variability. In general, drought refers to large and prolonged lack of rainfall affecting agriculture, domestic water supplies and other water dependants economic activities. But with the developing techniques of operational management of our water resources, a drought condition has to be viewed from three different angels (Upadhya et at, 1989) a) Meteorological : When the actual rainfall is less than the normal rainfall by 25 % or more over an area. 40
b) Hydrological: When there is a marked deprecation of surface water and drying up of lakes, reservoirs and rivers. It may also result in recession of glacier due to the insufficient regeneration of seasonal snow cover. , c) Agriculture: When soil moisture is inadequate to support healthy growth of crops, water table goes deeper and groundwater is unable to meet the demand. As the district forms a part of central Ganga basin, which is basically an agricultural tract, hence the computations are mainly based on agricultural definition of drought. The classification of drought based on the percentage of the negative departure of rainfall from its mean are as follows :
Percentage of Departure Type of Drought 0.1 --25 Mild drought 25.01--50.0 Normal drought 50.01--75.0 Severe drought 75.01- 100.0 Most severe drought
The Analysis of drought occurrence in the district shows that the district in general has been experiencing droughts of varying intensity over the period (1901-1994). The tables below show the year and frequency of occurrence of drought in the district. 41
Table 2.3 (a): Results of drought analysis at Aligarh (Koil)
Types of Draught Year Frequency of occurrence
Mild drought (0-25%) 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906 1909, 32.98 % 1910, 1913, 1921, 1922,1923, 1926, 1927, 1929,1930, 1931, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1945,1946, 1948, 1951, 1952,1959, 1965 1968, 1969, 1971, 1977,1991, 1993
Normal drought (25-50%) 1901,1907, 1911, 1912, 1915, 21.26% 1920,1928, 1937, 1938, 1941, 1944, 1953, 1957, 1966, 1970 1973, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1987
Severe drought (50-75%) 1905, 1918 2.12%
Most Severe Drought 1972 1.06% (75- 100%) 42
Table 2.3 (b): Results of droughts analysis at Khair
Types of Draught Year Frequency of occurrence
Mild drought (0-25%) 1902, 1909, 1912, 1913 1915, 29.78 % 1920, 1925, 1927, 1932,1937, 1940, 1943, 1945, 1951, 1952, 1959, 1965, 1967, 1969,1971, 1973, 1979, 1981, 1986, 1989 1990, 1993, 1994
Normal drought (25-50%) 1901,1903, 1905, 1911, 1928, 29.78 % 1929,1930, 1938, 1939, 1946, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1966, 1968 1974, 1975, 1984, 1989
Severe drought (50-75%) 1907, 1918 1914, 1970 4.25 %
Table 2.3 (c): Results of drought analysis at Iglas)
Types of Draught Year Frequency of occurrence
Mild drought (0-25%) 1901, 1902, 1903, 1909 1912, 26.59 % 1916, 1920, 1927, 1932,1940, 1944, 1947, 1950,1951, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1966, 1969,1970, 1972, 1976, 1980,1985, 1994
Normal drought (25-50%) 1907, 19011 1913, 1915, 1928, 19.15% 1937, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1965, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1984, 1986, 1993
Severe drought (50-75%) 1905, 1918, 1941, 1987, 1889 7.45 % 1990, 1992
Most Severe Drought 1991 1.06% (75- 100%) 43
Table 2.3 (d): Results of drought analysis at Hathras
Types of Draught Year Frequency of occurrence
Mild drought (0-25%) 1901, 1905, 1909, 1911 1912, 38.30 % 1916, 1921, 1922, 1923,1930, 1931, 1934, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1943, 1943, 1945, 1946,1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1990, 1992, 1993
Normal drought (25-50%) 1902,1907, 1913, 1915, 1920, 21.28% 1928,1929, 1932, 1937, 1944, 1957, 1959, 1972, 1974, 1975 1979, 1986, 1987, 1989,1991
Severe drought (50-75%) 1918, 1941 2.13%
Table 2.3 (e): Results of drought analysis at Sikandra Rao
Types of Draught Year Frequency of occurrence
Mild drought (0-25%) 1902, 1903, 1907, 1909, 1910, 35.11% 1911, 1912, 1914, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1976, 1979, 1993, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1991 Normal drought (25-50%) 1901,1913, 1915, 1920, 1929, 14.90 % 1932,1938, 1944, 1946, 1953, 1966, 1974, 1957, 1975, 1981
Severe drought (50-75%) 1905, 1918, 1928, 1937, 1914 6.38 % 1987 44
Table 2.3 (f) : Results of drought analysis at Atrauli
Types of Draught Year Frequency in occurrence
Mild drought (0-25%) 1902, 1903, 1904, 1909 1923, 23.40% 1925, 1926, 1931, 1935,1937, 1943, 1944,1949, 1952, 1962, 1966, 1968, 1975,1976, 1980, 1985, 1991
Normal drought (25-50%) 1905, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1913, 20.21 % 1915, 1920, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1938, 1953, 1959 1974, 1979, 1981, 1994
Severe drought (50-75%) 1901, 1918, 1941, 1957, 1987 5.32 % CHAPTER -III GEOLOGY GEOLOGY
The Indo - Gangetic plain is a broad, monotonous, level expanses built up of Quaternary alluvium, through which the rivers flow sluggishly towards the seas. The Gangetic alluvium effectively conceals the solid geology of its floor. The Indo-Gengatic plain is broadly divided into five major basins (Fig. 3.1) l The Indus Basin 2. The Punjab Basin 3 The Brahamputra Basin 4 The Bangal Basin 5. The Ganga Basin All the basins have complex nature of their sub - surface topography comprising ridges and depressions, which were covered by the Quaternary alluvium with varying thickness and water qualities. The present discussion will confine to the Ganga basin only as the district Aligarh forms a part of the central Ganga basin.
THE GANGA BASIN : The Ganga basin is one of the largest groundwater basins of the world. It is located between the northern fringe of Indian peninsula and the Himalayas and extends from Delhi-Hardwar ridge in the west to Monghyr - Saharsa ridge in the east. Delhi - Hardwar ridge trends under the sub - surface condition in the north-east direction towards Himalayan foot-hills, is a metasedimentary formation of Middle Proterozoic age which practically forms the western limit of the Ganga basin. THE INDO - GANGETIC PLAIN INDICATING THE MAIN DIVISIONS (The thick line shows the boundary of the plains). 47
The Monghyr - Saharsa ridge is the north - eastern extension of Satpura Metamorphics of Upper Archean age. The ridge is exposed at the right bank of the river Ganga near Monghyr town, extends in north - east dirction under the alluvium towards Saharsa town and beyond which forms the eastern extent of the Ganga basin. The large scale exploration during the past three decades, by the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) and Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), in search oil and groundwater has brought to light the following configuration of the Ganga basin. The oldest rock formation in the Ganga basin in the Bundelkhand granitic massif, which forms the basement. This batholithic mass, later on , under- went block faulting leading to the generation of two garbens/depression and one horst. The depression are known as the east Uttar Pradesh shelf and west Uttar Pradesh shelf while the horst is known as Faizabad High. These depressions became the site of deposition of Upper Vindhyan formations which extend further towards the Himalayas. The horst part probably remained above the sea as no formation has so far been reported to overlie it (Sastri et aL,1971 ) except the Quaternary alluvium.
East Uttar Pradesh Shelf It lies between the Monghyr - Saharsa and Faizabad Ridges. This shelf merges due north into the Gandak depression where the thickness of sediment is considered more then 6000 meters which overlies the granitic basement. 48
Faizabad Ridge This is the north - east extension of the Bundelkhand granitic massif into the central part of the Ganga basin and extends further towards the Himalayan foot-hills. The distribution if the Vindhyan sediments, east and west of this ridge, in the Ganga basin shows that the ridge has been a positive area throughout the Vindhyan sedimentation, dividing the basin there by into the Eastern and Western shelves (Srivastava et al, 1983).
West Uttar Pradesh Shelf The west Uttar Pradesh shelf lies between the western flank of Fiazabad High and the Delhi - Ambala ridge. The central past of the west Uttar Pradesh shelf lying along the Kasganj - Ujhani - Puranpur section in one of the very well studied area of the Ganga basin. The Moradabad Fault which trends in NE - SW is considered to be ^-te=&e an off - shoot of the Great Boundary Fault. Besides these longitudinal faults, various transverse faults of varying ages and dimensions are also there to impress upon the stratigraphic sequence, some of them may be the resultant of the most violent third phase of the Himalayans Orogeny (Valdiya, 1976) ( Fig.3.2 ) In the western Uttar Pradesh shelf, the granitic basement and the Upper Vindhyan and Neogenes sedimentary covers, were criss - crossed by the longitudinal and transverse faults, generating thereby an uneven configuration of the sub - surface topography comprising alternate ridges and depressions which are as under : THE STRUCTURE OF THE BASEMENT OF THE GANGA BASIN
Fig 3 2 50
Sharda Depression The northern part of the west Uttar Pradesh shelf is known as the Sharda depression which has very huge thickness of sediments close to the Himalayan foot - hills.
Delhi -Hardwar Ridge It represents a north-eastward extension of Delhi folded belt. The Ganga basin a probably delimited by this ridge and the Upper Vindhyans, gradually thin out towards this ridge.
Kasganj - Tanakpur Spur It is the northern extension of the Budaun Arch in the Ganga basin. The eastern edge of this spur coincides with the sub - surface extension of the Great Boundary Fault ( Raiverman etal, 1983)
ORIGFN OF GANGA BASIN In the early part of this century the Ganga basin was interpreted to be a foredeep (Suess,1904-1924), or a great rift vally (Burrad, 1915), filled with alluvium of thickness 4.5 km (Oldham, 1917) to 20 km (Pascoe, 1964) According to Krishnan (1968), the Ganga basin was formed as result of buckling down of the northern fringe of the Peninsular shield thrust over from the north Valdiya (1982), interpreted it as a resultant effect of sagging of the northern flank of platform around the Bundelkhand shield, following the main episode of the Himalayan orogeny. Subsequently, this depressed platform became the site of the sedimentation by various fluvial agencies emerging from the newly risen Himalayas and the peninsula. 51
Dickinson (1974) considered the Ganga basin as a peripheral foreland basin (Fig.3.3) formed due to continent - continent collision between Indian and Asian Plates. The basin has been developed on the under thrust Indian Plate. The cause of this development can be attributed to the loading of thrust sheets in the Himalayas, which caused a viscoelastic flexture in the crust allowing sediments to accumulate under fluvial process.
SUB - SURFACE GEOLOGY OF THE AREA The study area lies on the Kasganj - Tanakpur Spur, eastern edge of this spur coincides with the sub - surface extension of the Great Boundary Fault which separates the early Proterozoic Aravalli rocks from the upper proterozoic Vindhyan rocks in Rajasthan and beyond. The geophysical surveys by the O.N.G.C. have delineated an anticlinal structure below the unconformity between the upper Vindhyan and overlying Siwaliks at Kasganj and Ujhani ( Fig.3.4 & 3.5 ) under a cover of Homo-clinically dipping Siwaliks. The tentative basement depth contour of the upper Vindhyans for the Ganga basin have been prepared from the available seismic data by Hari Narain et aL, 1982. The map (Fig. 3.5) in general shows that the depth to the basement gradually increases towards the Himalayans foot hills. The geophysical and drilling data by the O.N.G.C, have yielded valuable information regarding the sub - surface geological frame work which are as follows : 52
CONTINENTAL COLLISION OF INDIAN AND ARABIAN PLATES WITH THE ASIA (Aftei\ReadingJ986)
100 no
KUNLUf
2^ LAVAr,' FRCMAL THRUST *3 NESiAN TREr.'CH (SUBDUCTIONZONE) MAJOR SEDIMENTARY BASINS 0 Km 20C0 L i —J INDIAN OCEAN
Fie 3.3 ISOPAC:H CONTOUR MAP OF THE*VINDHYAN EQUIVALENT SEDIMENTS IN THE GANGA PLAINS (After Hari Naraian et. al., 1982)
L.
i.
•f
U JHAUSI >
\ BUHCSL KHAND • • PATNA
££) WELLS DRILLED All figure* arc in metre*
Fig .1 4 TENTATIVE VINDHYAN BASEMENT DEPTH CONTOUR MAP FOR THE GANGA PLAINS (After Hari Naraian et. al., 1982)
TANAKPUR C )
i
PATNA
r\ ROBERTSGANJ ^y^- f9 Wtl't Dr;!1-* all flguro arc In metre* 50 10" Km» - —• Section hne» -A i
FiK 3.5 55
Table 3.1 : Vindhyans in Ganga Basin
Wells Depth interval Thickness Age
(in meters) (in meters)
Kasganj structural 620--1250 630 Upper Vindhyan
Ujhani deep well 1010-2062 1052 Upper Vindhyan
Tilhar 1718-2225 507 Upper Vindhyan
Puranpur 3174-4235 1061 Upper Vindhyan
Based on the drilling data a section was prepared and the stratigraphic correlation of the Vindhyan rocks and their equivalent in the Ganga basin are shown (Fig. 3.6) In the light of the above figure the sub-surface geological sequence of the area is furnished as under : SUB - SURFACE GEOLOGICAL CROSS - SECTION ALONG ALIGARH, KASGANJ, UJHANI AND PURANPUR IN PARTS OF CENTRAL GANGA BASIN
PUR *NPUR ALIGARH KASGANJ UJHANI TILHAR 2.00
-0
-200
-400
•00
MO
1000
1200
1400
1(00
-1100 o
2000 ^
-2200 * X 2400 Z B r* •OEMRAOUN V r »»C»0 U> (TUROWAR ' I [-2800 V »M 10 s o to io :o 40 so (OKW f MORAOABA;O ^3000 k=t^-=J i *•• •_-!:..• -A.=J \ 1 ""QrNP.UR (HORIZONTAL) I OEL-;: , \UJMANP ° x. J tOO v ^* aTHHAR ** ^ ^ u Meitu 700 0 200 -00 (00 SOO 1000 i200Mttr«t \ v KASMNJ \| ~ >"y v --, N . RA"XAUl x: (VERTICAL) "X v o v FAIZABAD * ' " \ „ i |->'-0O MUCKNOVT^ \ -,
' -< ^^ A * • '^AMRSA^ -:.OP
VK X>_ " -PATNA.^ ^^ . •4000 ^^~ MONGMTR -4200
Fig 3 6 57
Age Sequence Depth range Thickness (in meters)
Quaternary Alternate layers of 0--510 510 sand and clay with interbeds of calcareous concretions
unconformity-
Upper Siwaliks Coarse to medium 510-1018 508 Middle Siwaliks sand stone with (Neogenes) variegated clay stone and occasionally carbonaceous streaks
unconformity-
Upper Vindhyans Greenish-grey dolomite 1018-2062 1052 (Upper Proterozoic) lime stone, Reddish- brown argillaceous lime stone Quartz-wacke, Quartz-arenite
-- unconformity-
Archean Bundelkhand granite 2062 basement
Finally, it is inferred that on the eroded surface of the basement,
Upper Vindhyans were deposited some times during the Upper Proterozoic
era. Thereafter, they underwent Post - Vindhyan faulting and erosion since
Cambrian to lower Miocene. During this long span of time encompassing 58 about 500 million years, the Vindhyan topography was reduced to almost peneplanations and on this eroded surface of Upper Vindhyan the Siwaliks were deposited which was followed by the deposition of Quaternary sediments. CHAPTER -IV HYDEOQEOLQQY HYDROGEOLOGY
The Ganga basin is one of the biggest repositories of groundwater in India. The state of UP. covers about 42% of the basin and has been divided into five distinct hydrogeological zones (Fig. 4.1) viz. Intermontane valley fills, Bhabar or Piedmont zone, Terai or Wetland zone, Central Ganga Plain and Southern Marginal Plain. The Bhabar belt stretches parallel to the Himalayan foot-hills in a 10-30 km width due south upto the spring line. The Bhabar consists of bouldary strata mixed with sand, which is highly transmissive in nature. The southern limit of this zone is marked by the spring line. This is followed immediately by Terai belt which extends from the spring line in the north to south and consists of alternate beds of clay and coarse sand mixed with granules. The groundwater in this zone occurs under great artesian pressure where free flowing wells below 50 m is a common phenomenon. This zone has the best quality of groundwater in the Ganga basin. However, the southern limit of Terai imperceptibly merges with the Central Ganga Plain. The fifth hydrological unit that is the Southern Marginal Plain, lies between Central Ganga Plain and the Bundelkhand Craton. The Central Ganga Plain which is the vast alluvial track lying south of Terai zone and bounded in west by the river Yamuna up to Allahabad and further eastward by the river Ganga. This is characterised by low relief and numerous depositional features like old channels, natural levees, meander scrolls suggesting that the Ganga river systems have occupied and abandoned several courses while the plain has been in the making. The shifting rivers carved newer meander belts at lower topographic levels. In 60
HYDROGEOLOGICAL ZONES OF UTTAR PRADESH (After Pathak, 1978)
Fig 4 1 61 the process, the ancient Meander Floods Plain were left-off as extensive highlands or ridges mat act as present day water divides. Thus, the Central Ganga Plain presents, surficially two distinct sub-units. The Highlands or the Composite Flood Plain and the Meander Flood Plain (Dubey and Husain, 1991). The Composite Flood Plain comprises a northwest - south east trending highlands lying between various tributaries of the Ganga system which are located about 10 to over 30 meters above the adjoining low-lying areas. The low levelled peripherals fore - land regions of the highlands are frequented by over-bank flows from the adjoining rivers during flood periods and receives fine grained deposits. On the other hand, the present day meander belts of the rivers form the Meander Flood Plain. The Ganga and its tributaries show an abundance of recent ox-bow lakes, meander scrolls and channels scares. EVOLUTION OF AQUIFERS: The evolution of aquifers in the fluvial system is dependent upon hydrodynamics of the flow regime, geology and topography of the terrain, leading to the terrigenous clastic deposition system, which are typically represented as channels, flood plain and back - swamp deposits. CHANNEL DEPOSITS : The typical channel deposits in the study area from bottom to upward comprise medium to fine sand, occasionally mixed with coarse sand and gravel, and a very thick clay layer on the top. The top clay and some fine sand layers are washed away during the successive flood season and a fresh body of sand with fining upward sequence is deposited each year, forming their by a reasonably thick terrigenous clastic deposits till the river changes its course due to some tectonic disturbances. The thick bodies of sand deposited as channel deposits from the areally extensive and highly potential aquifers. 62
Flood Plain Deposits : During the flood season when the flood water overflows the banks, medium to fine sand bodies of limited areal extend and moderate thickness are deposited over the flood plain. These lenticular bodies of sand form moderately potential aquifers in comparison to the highly potential aquifers of the channel deposits. The lenticular shape of the aquifers is due to the fact that the flooding takes place in a limited stretch of the river banks at a time. Back - Swamp Deposit or Ox-bow Lake Deposit: The flood water from the high banks further moves down the slope towards the low lying areas where it is left predominantly with the suspended materials only, which get settled under the influence of gravity and form a lensoid body of sand which is later on overlain by clayey horizon. Thus, the lensoid sand bodies generated occur as intercalation within the thick bodies of clay. Such bodies of sand characterise the back - swam environment and form the poor aquifers, very often associated with the quality problem due to the lack of recharge. The enclosed nature of such aquifers obstruct the regular flushing or recharge rendering thereby to poor quality of formation water. Further, as the river changes its course, the position of the channel, flood plain and back - swamp deposits also continue changing with the passage of time. This is the reason that no continuos body of sand or clay are found in a borehole except under the extraordinary geologic situation. Thus, the lithological variations are attributed to their mode of deposition by the constantly shifting nature of the streams draining the area. The various aquifers system, thus, generated by the river Ganga and its tributaries like Sengar and Kali, are as follows : MAP SHOWING THE AREA SURVEYED WELLS AND TUBEWELLS INVENTORIED IN ALIGARH DISTRICT(UP)
^.on, WttfRA CHA^AUS ^ ***"" ?v y UOAIPUR S&NA g- <• JATTAR. ,M$T
M 0HS,MWJR S0FA TAau.Pt.R 1 SUNWYAL SAFEDPUR KHAIR HAROUAGANJ "S SIKANOARPUR ALIG ^ \ PALACHANO HARIPUR V IBRAHIMPUR PILAKHNA CHOWKI rS OHANTAgLI \ \ MADRAK NANAU AKRA8A0 BHATI KRA SURIR KACAN \ HANUMAN CHOWKI
9IJAIGARH GORAI SASNI IGLAS ^ * SI KA NORA RAO ( INDEX c LUtSAN RAT^KANAGLA RATWANPUR^ • WELL INVENTORIED \KALA A AM THULAI x ' ( <> STATE TUBEWELL HATHRAS STN "V" A—A' SECTION LINE . , HASA'YAN P0PEPUR / ^/-^MURSAN HATHR/S
./"* CHANQOPA
V-^ B r-—- ,%\ u. J Km
Fig 4 2 flJ^OTfrTMUW deposits - the lenticular aquifers of limited thickness are areal extent and only moderately potential. (c) Back-swamp deposits - the lensiod bodies of sand occurring as enclaves or stringers within the thick clay bed, generally forming the low potential aquifers with quality problems. We find that in a thick Ganga alluvium, the complexes of the channel, flood plain or back- swamp reappear several times in the wells drilled at places in the area. Thus, the terrigenous clastic depositional system of the river Ganga in the study area is an index of its complex hydrodynamic regime which has generated various aquifers in the great Ganga plain. AQUIFER GEOMETRY : In order to study the aquifer disposition and their lateral and vertical extent a Fence diagram and two hydrogeologic cross - sections ( Fig. 4.3 to 4.5) have been drawn utilising the lithlogical logs of the existing tubewells ( Appendix II) constructed by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and the UP. State Groundwater Department as also the Irrigation Department of the UP. State Government in the district. The deepest borehole in the district has been drilled by the Central Groundwater Board down to a depth of 383.26 m.b.g.l. at the Aligarh Railway Club Compound where as the drilling by the State Irrigation Department has been restricted to a maximum depth of 204.21 m.b.g.l. The location of tubewells and lines along which cross - section have been prepared are shown in Fig 4.2. A perusal of the Fence diagram ( Fig. 4.3) depicts the aquifer disposition in the district which also shows the variations of then aquifers fis
FENCE DIAGRAM SHOWING AQUIFER SYSTEM IN A LI GAR H DISTRICT(UP)
Scale
Fig 4-3 66 thickness between the Ganga and Yamuna banks. The granular zones dominate between the Ganga - Sengar sub - basin while the clay bed dominate close to the Yamuna bank. However, a brief detail are as under: North- eastern part of the district, especially the area in vicinity of the Ganga river, has an extreme preponderance of coarser sediments so much so that a borehole at Hardoi drilled down to a depth of 121.92 m.b.g.l. has almost a complete column of sand in the borehole. But as one moves from north - east to north - west or to the central part of the district, the degree of preponderance of coarser sediments tend to reduce, nevertheless, they still predominate over finer sediments in these areas. However, in the southern and south-western part of the district, it is the clay that out numbers the granular horizons. In Aligarh city, the granular zone dominates over clayey horizons from ground level to about 200 m.b.g.l. and thereafter there is a continuous clayey zone down to the bed rock encountered at the depth of 340.00 m.b.g.l. In this area, though the number of sandy horizons is less but they are quite thick and form potential aquifers. The thickest granular zone attain a thickness of 56.62 m in the area. In the southern and south - western part of the district, though the number of sandy zones is more but they are generally not so thick. Hydrogeological cross - section along the line A-A' :
This section line runs in a WSE - ENE direction from Surir Kalan (Mathura district) to Kaka Begpur through Dhantauli, Aligarh Railway Club, Sikandarpur, Paharipur and Hardoi. The length of the section is about 90 km. A point of considerable hydrogeological significance is the preponderance of sand in the eastern part of the section and the occurrence of sand as top soil in the area around Kaka Begpur and Hardoi. At Hardoi, the entire borehole has recorded sand throughout its drilled depth except the HYDROGEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION ALONG A A'
SURIR KAUM OHANTAULI A LI OAR H SIKANOARPUR PAHARIPUR HAROOl KAKAKOPUR, °1 A—« -g -• •- • - • "• "iT, ••*.* ,^gy=? JO 60 00 120 S8 ISO- HI X 100 = 21(H £2M> INDEX 300 t?m CLAY 390- 77) SANO MO h1^ BED ROCK 390
Fig.4-4
en 68 occurrence of two minor clayey horizons with the predominance of sand in the depth range of 21.33 and 30.48 m and 73.15 and 76.20 m Clayey top soil which occurs as a thin veneer around Paharipur borehole gradually attains thickness towards west. The clayey top layer has a maximum thickness of 31.39 m at Dhantauli. At Surir Kalan, there occur six granular zones, of 16.50, 15.00, 12.00, 13.50, 46.50 and 34.00 m . The fifth granular zone is the thickest, extents towards east and attains maximum thickness of 70.03 m at Aligarh. However, a minor clayey horizon is found embedded in this granular zone as a lense. Dhantauli bore hole is 121.92 m deep and two granular zones 33.77 and 21.03 m thick are met within the depth range of 31.39 and 101.19 m at this location. However, these two granular zones merge together east of Dhantauli to form a single, most potential aquifer in the area. Top aquifer extends eastward throughout the length of the section line. At Sikandarpur, it is traversed by two clayey lenses 3.05 m thick each in the depth range of 6.09 and 32.00 m . At Paharipur, eight granular zones are encountered in the borehole, out of which the top two belong to the above mentioned 1 st aquifer. The 3 rd and 4 th granular zones are sand lenses and do not extent far laterally. In this area, lot of interfingering of granular and non-granular materials has taken place due to splitting and coalescence. Thus, the 5 th and 6 th granular zones, infact, form two digitations of 2 nd aquifer. The 7 th and 8 th aquifers are again of lensoid nature. But east of Paharipur, the top aquifer attains maximum thickness of more than 122 m. At Hardoi, the entire depth of the borehole is represented by the presence of sand, barring two minor clayey horizon with marked sand predominance. At Kaka Begpur, four minor clayey horizons 7.85, 2.90, 7.70 and 7.30 m thick are encountered in the depth range of 9.15 and 91.50 m. These clayey horizons seems to have a lenticular nature. 69
So, the overall hydrogeological picture obtained with the help of this section, indicates that these exists a 2- tier aquifer system in the area of which the top aquifer has fresh and good quality groundwater. The top aquifer is the most potential granular zone in the area. At places, as many as eight granular zones have been recorded but they are, infact, the result of either the'branching and splitting of single aquifer into two or more granular zones or the occurrence of sand lenses admits the clay beds. Hydrogeological cross- section along the line B-B' :
This section runs roughly in a south - north direction along Chandopa, Lutsan, Madrak, Aligarh Railway Club and Imloth. The depth of the boreholes ranges from 91.13 m (Madrak tubewell) to 379.36 m (Aligarh Railway Club). There occurs a thin clay top soil throughout the line of section. At Chandopa, there occur seven granular zones in all in the depth range of 7.54 and 302.04 m. The first to seventh granular zones are 32.09, 10.70, 17.25, 5.85. 32.85, 4.08 and 41.04 m thick, respectively. However, the 2 nd and 3 rd, and 5 th to 7 th granular zones constitute one aquifer each as they merge together and coalesce to form sufficiently thick and potential aquifers between 8 and 12 kms north of Chandopa. The sixth granular zone is, in-fact, a sand lense within a clayey horizon and divides the latter into two portions at Chandopa. The Chandopa tubewell taps only the second and third granular zones which constitute a single aquifer. The Lutsan tubewell which is 124.05 m deep situated due north of Chandopa has encountered four granular zones in the depth range of 6.40 and 122.68 m. The first and second granular zones form a single aquifer which is, infact interspersed with a clay lense. The clay lense divides the aquifer into two granular zones. Madrak tubewell which is 91.13 m deep has two HYDROGEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION ALONG BB
CHANOOPA LUTSAN MADRAK ALIGARH IM10TH 0-i B—o- -sSh !• •• » O IB" T~—M~~T— B' 30- 60- 00-
120 m a. 150 m 1804
-210-1 x 2^0- Q. UJ ° 270-1
300-
330-
360-
300- INDEX ^3 CLAY 3....9 * 10 _i •23 SAND Km V/A BED ROCK Fig. 4-5 71 granular zones in the depth range of 3.04 and 38.70 m. The upper granular zone is 6.10 m thick and the lower one is 12.80 m thick. The two granular zones constitutes a single aquifer interspersed by a clay lens. Aligarh Railway Club borehole has encountered four granular zones in the depth range of 10.10 and 340.00 m. The individual granular zones are 56.62, 10.33, 70.03 and 25.93 m thick. Here the first aquifer tends to swell and attains maximum thickness. It is followed by a relatively thinner aquifer ( 2 nd aquifer). A clayey horizon 30.97m thick, separates the 1 st and 2 nd aquifers. Another clayey horizon 21.80 m thick, intervenes between 2 nd and 3 rd aquifers. Quantitatively, the 3 rd aquifer is the most potential aquifer but its quality of groundwater is not good. The 4 th granular zone at Aligarh lies in the depth range of 342.33 and 368.16 m. Imloth State tubewell is located 12.25 km north of Aligarh Railway Club tubewell, is 122.53 m deep and taps only the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th granular zones ( 1 st and 2 nd aquifers). The general hydrogeological picture obtained from this section indicates that there is 3-tier aquifer system in the area. The aquifers have a pinching and swelling disposition. At places, an individual aquifer splits into two or more granular zones and at others two individual granular zones coalesce to form a single aquifer thus giving deceptive picture of the multiplicity of aquifers in the area. Overall the district has the 2 - 3 tier aquifer system. The 1 st aquifer which occurs in the depth range of 0.00 to 122.00 m is the most potential granular zone in the district in both the quantitative and qualitative terms. The 2 nd and 3 rd aquifer which occur in the depth ranges of 99.69 to 144.00 and 132.00 to 300.00 m respectively, have got great quantitative potential but unfortunately, their quality formation of water is not good and not fit either for drinking or agriculture purposes. All other granular 72 zones encountered in boreholes at different depths at various places have little spatial extension and are of lenticular nature. The quality of their water is not good. All the aquifers in the area have a pinching and swelling disposition. They have a tendency to dilate at one place due to the coalescence of two or more granular zones and attenuate at other, due to the splitting of one aquifer into several granular zone thus giving the deceptive look of the multiplicity of aquifers in the area. Mode of Occurrence of Groundwater : In Aligarh district groundwater occurs under water table condition at shallow depth. Dugwells generally tap the phreatic aquifer. The depth of the dugwells ranges from 5.34 to 28.90 m.b.g.l . In places where aquifer material is overlain by less permeable horizon of clay, silt etc., groundwater occurs under semi - confined conditions. However, the deeper aquifers are under confined to semi - confined conditions. DEPTH TO WATER TABLE : The water table is the upper surface of an unconfined aquifer, where hydrostatic pressure is at par with the atmospheric pressure. It is mainly defined by the water level in the wells penetrating the aquifer just enough to hold the standing water. However, in general the water levels standing in the dugwells are considered accurate enough to represent water table of an area. The recharge and discharge areas are deciphered accurately enough by the water table maps. Recharge area is characterised by deeper water table, whereas, shallow water table indicates discharge area (Fetter, 1988). Water level data of observation wells ( Appendix - III) spread over the entire district were utilised to prepare depth to water level maps of Aligarh district 73
Fig. 4.6 shows the depth to water level for the pre - monsoon ( June 1991) and Fig. 4.7 shows the depth to water level for post -monsoon period (Nov. 1991) Depth to water table ( Pre-monsoon, June 1991): The depth to water level map depicts the variation in the water level in the entire district. The depth to water levels during the pre- monsoon period ranges between 3.23 and 16.20 m.b.g.l. in the district. It is revealed that the shallowest (less than 4 m.b.g.l ) water level exists in the north-central part of the district at Jawan in Jawan block near the northern boundary of the district. The deepest water level (more than 16 m.b.g.l ) is recorded in the south-central part of the district at Sasni in Sasni block. There exists a sort of trough between Ibrahimpur, Hanuman chauki and Sasni where the water level is deepest i.e., between 13 and more than 16 m.b.g.l. There is another trough between Atrauli in the north eastern part and Barla in the east-central part of the district where the depth to water level ranges between 14 and more than 15 m.b.g.l. Again, the water levels are rather deep in the north - western part of the district. It is to be noted that observation wells located near the canals network in the district have shallow to moderate depths to water level i.e., between 3 and 6 m.b.g.l. As such, all observation wells lying near the main Upper Ganga Canal and its branches, namely, the Kanpur, Etawah and Hathras branches and also those near the Lower Ganga Canal have water level between these depths. In the rest of the area the depths to water level range between 6 and 12 m.b.g.l Depth to Water Table ( Post- monsoon, November 1991) Study of the depth to water table data during the post - monsoon period shows that the water level ranges between 2.05 and 16.48 m.b.g.l. Perusal of the post-monsoon depth to water table map reveals that the OEPTM TO WATER LEVEL MAP OF ALIOARH DISTRICT ( JUNE.1991)
Of PTH TO WATIN LIVI 10' CONTOUN IN MITNIf
FI9-4 6 OEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP OF ALIOARH DISTRICT ^ (NOVEME»E*,19t1) .J L
ULSLLL >-OIPTMTO WATER LEVIL CONTOUR IN MITRIS
*••••' * » Km Fig. 4-7 76 shallowest water level is 2.05 m.b.g.l. at Harduaganj in Dhanipur block in the north-central part and the deepest water level is 16.48 m.b.g.l. at Sasni in the Sasni block in the south - central part of the district. Here again, a trough is being formed by the counter lines between Ibrahimpur, Hanuman Chowki and Sasni in the south - central part of the district where depth to water level are recorded between 14 and 16 m.b.g.l. Similarly, another trough is observed around Atrauli in the north - eastern part and Barla in the east-central part where depth to water level exceeds 14 m.b.g.l. The extreme north-western area is Khair tehsil experiences deeper water levels ranging between 9 and 11 m.b.g.l around Tappal and Jattari. A patch of considerable dimensions occur around Gorai, Mursan and Hathras in Iglas and Hathras block where depth to water level exceeds 9 m.b.g.l. Shallow water levels (between 2 and 5 m.b.g.l) are again recorded at the observation wells situated near the main canals and their distributaries. The contours during the post monsoon period follow more or less the same pattern as that of the pre - monsoon period but the difference between the pre and post - monsoon depth to water level maps is that the areas with deeper water levels - barring the Ibrahimpur - Hanuman Chawki - Sasni trough have generally shrunk in dimension and those with shallower depth have enlarged and expanded. WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION :
The groundwater level fluctuate_as a function of time and space in response to precipitation. Fluctuation in water level indicates both changes in the actual quantity of water stored in aquifers and movement of groundwater. Water level fluctuation is a direct response of the groundwater recharge and discharge in an area. Since the rainfall is the principal source of groundwater recharge, water level rise has sympathetic relation WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATION MAP OF ALIGARH DISTRICT (IN 1991)
N ^=
^i>
V v*/
NQEX < 10 M
10-20 M I 20-30M 20- Woter ToWt FiuctuatiocV^v Contour In m .X 3^C -V ^T7^ X=7 -rf***'—» V* V^^ ^>
Fig 48 78
to rainfall in a particular period. Intensity, duration and distribution of rainfall are the controlling factors on groundwater recharge. In addition, topography and soil types play important role on the water level fluctuation and quantum of recharge. There will be more recharge if the top soil is sandy and less when the top soil is clay and moderate when the top soil is sandy clay. It is commonly observed that the water table is deep in topographic highs and shallow towards the topographic lows, correspondingly, the annual fluctuation of water table is more in the up lands and less in the depressions, while the amount of rainfall remaining the same in the area. The sub-surface outflow, inflow component of groundwater makes this difference, while there would be sufficient space available for groundwater infiltration and accumulation in the upland areas, shallow water table and water logged conditions in the low lying areas leave little space for groundwater recharge. As a consequence there would be more surface run-off in the low lying areas (G.K. Rao, 1987). Water levels in wells are almost constantly fluctuating and decline or rise by few centimetres or a metre within a relatively short time. Water level in water table aquifers are affected by direct recharge from precipitation, evapotranspiration, withdrawal from wells, discharge to stream and some times changes in atmospheric pressure. Water level in wells, near surface water bodies, like lakes and streams fluctuate in response to changes in surface water stages. The fluctuation from the effect of surface-water -stage changes decrease with distance from surface water bodies. Discharge of groundwater to nearby stream like Kali, Neem, Sengar, Yamuna and Ganga is greatest during periods when the water table is high and is least during periods when the water table becomes deep. A large portion of stream flows are the 79 groundwater run-off, therefore, stream flows are in considerably influenced by groundwater levels. Under water table conditions the fluctuations are largely due to actual movement of water into and out of the aquifer. Water level respond to alternating series of wet and dry years in which recharge from precipitation is above or below the mean (Walton, 1970). Figure 4.8 has been prepared to depict the fluctuation in water levels between pre and post - monsoon periods in 1991. The difference in groundwater levels shows a seasonal patterns of fluctuations. This is resultant of the recharge through rainfall, evapotranspiration that follow well define seasonal cycles ( Todd, 1980 ). Study of the map (Fig. 4.8) shows that the rninimum fluctuation (rise) of water levels is 0.03 m at Hathras railway junction and the maximum is 2.73 at Iglas respectively. In a major part of the district, the seasonal water level fluctuation ranges below one metre. Three isolated patches show 2.00m fluctuation around Khair, Iglas and Safedpur. These are surrounded by wider stretches where the water level fluctuation ranges between 1.0 and 2.0 m. So, the areas representing the three genres of water level fluctuation in the order of preponderance are as follows : (i) Area with less than one metre fluctuation, (ii) Area with more than one but less than two metres fluctuation, (iii) Area with more than two metres fluctuation In addition, there few wells which register a negative fluctuation (fall instead of rise) between the pre and post - monsoon periods during 1991. They are Jattari in Tappal block with a negative figure 0.03 m, Atrauli with a negative fluctuation of 1.30m and at Hanuman Chowki - Sasni trough area. In all the above mentioned areas this situation has 80 resulted because of heavy withdrawal of groundwater for intensive agricultural activities. GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT: Water level data of observation wells for the year 1991 (pre- monsoon) were utilised to prepare water table contour map. The collected water level data of each observation wells was subtracted from the mean sea level of the particular location. The final values were utilised to prepare the water table contour map. This map is used to determine the groundwater flow direction, areas of recharge and discharge, hydraulic gradient and the nature of the stream draining the area. In a water table contour map, convex contours indicates region of groundwater recharge, while concave contour are associated with groundwater discharge (Todd, 1980) Moreover, the convergence of flow lines depict the area of discharge and divergence of flow line indicates area of recharge (Fetter, 1980). Form and slope of water table :
A perusal of the map (Fig. 4.9) shows certain prominent hydrological features such as groundwater divides and depressions. In the overall hydrological picture, the contours show a general flow direction of groundwater from north-west to south-east which coincides well with the regional groundwater flow pattern of the Central Ganga Basin. However, deviations on micro level are discernible within the framework of the district boundaries. Three prominent groundwater divides are identified in the area. These occur along the courses of lower and Upper Ganga Canals and their main branches and are found in the extreme north-eastern part of the district along the lower Ganga canal in Atrauli tehsil; and along WATER TABLE CONTOUR MAP OF ALIGARH DISTRICT (JUNEJ991) r\"
.Npsy
170 ^-WATER TABLE ELEVATION CONTOUR ABOVE RS-L 172 170 •j-r* PLOW DIRECTION
Vv4 Km co Fig. 4 9 82 the Upper Ganga Canal ( Etawah and Kanpur branches) extending from the north - central part to the south-eastern part of the district in a north - west to south-east direction in Koil and Sikandra Rao tehsils, and in the western part of the district along the Upper Ganga Canal ( Hathras branch ) in a north - west to south - east direction, in Khair, Iglas and Hathras tehsils. In all the above three cases, the main canals act as potential recharge zones which contribute to groundwater quite substantially. These canals form groundwater ridges or divides. In between the above three ridges, to groundwater depressions are discernible. One occurs in the eastern part of the district along Barla and Gangiri in Atrauli tehsil, the other occurs in the south-central part of the district between the Upper Ganga Canal and Hathras branches respectively in parts of Koil and Hathras tehsils. All the rivers like Yamuna, Kali and the Ganga show effluent nature as they are fed by the groundwater run - off. The altitude of the water table in the district ranges between 164 and 190 m.a.m.s.l. The general slope of the water table in the district is from north - west to south - east corresponds with the general topography of the area. The general gradient of the water table is about 0.35 m per km. By and large, the water table contours are moderately spaced thus, representing good to moderate permeability. GROUNDWATER BEHAVIOUR Hydrograph : In order to study the groundwater behaviour with respect to time and space, the water levels of CGWB's permanent hydrograph stations were analysed (Table 4.1) and hydrographs of the same were prepared. The hydrographs of the water level fluctuation covering periods ranging from 12 to 18 years up to 1994 from some selected and representative observation wells are presented in figure 4.10. Table no. 4.1 shows the 83
HYOROGRAPHS OF PERMANENT NETWORK STATIONS IN ALIGARH DISTRICT
1 00i (ALIGARH) 2 00- 30O U-00- 5 00 ffi Co 600- K 700- X 800- z 900- o. 10 00- oUJ 11 00- 12 00- 1>00-
1«*0O • • 1 -i 1— —i 1 1 1 1 1 r 197U 76 78 80 62 6<* 66 88 90 1991 YEARS Fig. U io( a )
(ATRAULI )
16 00- -i r 197W 76 78 ffo ' 90 1991 Y EARS Fig u io(b) 84
HYDROGRAPHS OF PERMANENT NETWORK STATIONS IN ALIGARH DISTRICT
(SIKANORA RAO)
1500-1 i 1 r 197W 76 761 80 82 8 000 (KHAIR) 1 00- 2 00- 3 00- 4*00- 5-00- o CD 6 OO- en UJ 7 00- a. 8 00- 1 9 00 - io ool •- 11 00-1 g 12 ocH 13 00- M* 00- 1500- 16 00- 17 00 —i— —i— 197** 76 76 60 82 8*» 66 ^T 90 1991 YEARS Fig. 4 10(d) 85 HYDROGRAPHS OF PERMANENT NETWORK STATIONS IN ALIGARH DISTRICT ( JATTARI ) 12 00 1978 6U 86 YEARS Fig 410(e) 5 00 (CHHARRA) 6 00 7 00' ™ BOOH m UJ cr £ 9 00- *io-ooH a. UJ o 11 00- 12 00- 13-00- 1978 80 82 8<* 86 88 To 1991 Y EARS Fig. 4• 10(f) 86 HYDR08RAPHS OF PERMANENT NETWORK STATIONS IN AUGARH DISTRICT 000 (IGLAS) 197U 76 7fl 80 62 8W YEARS Fig. A-io(g) 0 00-, (AKRABAD) 1 00 "2 00- _i o CD ^ 3 00- LU a U 00 £s 5o o^ 600- 700 —i— 1976 60 62 66 66 90 1992 YEARS Fig 4io(h) Table 4.1 : Trend and magnitude of water level fluctuation in Aligarh district, II.P. WELL NO. LOCATION BESTFIT FLUCTUATION PERIOD ALG01 ALIGARH Y=-0.023X+ 6.16 -5 07 1973 -92 ALG02 ATRAULI Y--0.032X+ 5.63 -7.73 19^3 -94 ALG03 IGLAS Y---0 018X+ 0.86 -4 29 1973 -94 ALG04 S1KANDARA RAO Y- 0.023X+ 9.72 5.48 1973 -94 ALG05 HATHRAS Y= 0.026X+ 4.94 -6.38 1973-94 ALG06 KHAIR Y--0.006X+ 7.33 -1.41 1973 - 94 ALG07 AKRABAD Y= 0.OO0X+ 2.85 0.10 1977-94 ALG08 CHARRA Y=-0.003X+ 3.16 -5.79 1977-94 ALG09 JATTARI Y--0 048X+ -1 68 -9 39 1977-94 ALG10 SOMNA Y--0.014X+ 3.93 -2.75 1977-93 ALG10A GABHANA Y=-0.017X+ 2.34 -0.61 1991 -94 ALG11 THULAI Y=-0.048X+ -5.08 -1.64 1991 -93 ALG12 SASNI Y=-0.137X+ -17.16 -13 81 1982-91 ALG13 RATWANPUR Y=-0.020X+ -0.21 -3.59 1979-94 ALG14 NANU BRIDGE Y=0.001X+ 4.16 0.12 1979-94 ALG15 SAFEDPUR Y=-0.001X+ 4.33 -024 1979-94 ALG16 TAQUIPUR Y=-0.008X+ 1.54 -1.42 1979-94 ALG17 ANDLA Y--0.039X+ 1.47 -7.09 1979-94 ALG18 KANSERA Y= 0.047X+ 23.09 1.70 1991 -94 ALG19 ROOPNAGAR Y--0.018X+ 7.18 -1.06 1988-93 88 G "3" co CO co "•3- CO **- CO "3- ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON O ON ON ON ON 5 00 oo ON ON ON ON ON o ON o^ O ON o O O O ON O ON ON ON 00 00 00 ON ON 00 00 00 w 00 00 00 00 00 00 ON i 00 ON ON ON ON 00 ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON ON flu 1988 - ro CO NO O vO O oo O <~1 IT) CO CO ro CO 00 vO r-~ ^a- 00 o T^- o CO NO oo r^ r—~ ITt + + + + + + + .+ + xxxxxxxxxxx+ + + + + .+, + ± i + .+x. + xxxxxxxxxx NO'— •/OOO'fOoO'— ''tf'cO^Oco — z o 2 UAGA N ^ 1IMPU R < o BHAT ] G0P 1 IBRA t _ HAR D o z — O Water balance study means the book keeping of water of a basin or region in relation to the components of the entire hydrologic cycle or part of it, done over a specific period (Chandra S., 1984). Groundwater development activity has increased considerably during the last two decades. This development has taken place indiscriminately without regard to the annual replenishment. The groundwater potential of the basin must be evaluated to regulate the withdrawal of water from any basin. The water level of the groundwater reservoir fluctuates according to inputs to it and withdrawal from it. A component wise estimation of input and output has to be evaluated using the available data of rainfall, irrigation application or other recharge components, withdrawal by open wells and tube wells and water table fluctuations. The evopo - transpiration is most difficult to evaluate and a reasonable estimate is arrived at by suitable estimation for other components {Chandra, 1985). In order to accomplish this through investigations, long term data are required for a reasonable estimate of groundwater. The impact of ground water development will then be known and the planning based on conjunctive use of surface and groundwater will give the economic feasibility of methods adopted. A river basin forms a closed system of surface and groundwater. Therefore, it is essential that various aspects of water in transit are quantitatively evaluated and definite recommendation in regards to its development made. As such, estimate of groundwater recharge, draft and balance of groundwater available was considered to be an important and ultimate aspect of groundwater studies in a river basin. According to Karanth (1987), for proper assessment of potential, present use and 91 additional exploitability at optimum level, of groundwater resources, it is widely acknowledged that basin wise approach yields the best results. Moreover, the increasing demand placed on groundwater resource, has stimulated investigations oriented towards quantification of the resources, which is basin to formulation of plans for its exploitation, management and conservation. In the light of above, the groundwater balance studies of Aligarh district has been carried out. First of all, an attempt has been made to identify the various recharge and discharge components of groundwater in the district. For an area or region, during any period of time, the difference between the recharge and the discharge is balanced by the change in groundwater storage. Thus the quantification of all items of inflow and outflow from groundwater reservoir as well as the changes in groundwater storage therein forms the basis of groundwater balance equation. In its simplest form the groundwater balance equation may be expressed as : 1-0 = ± AS where 1 is the sum total of all the inflow items. O is the sum total of all the outflow items, and AS is the net change in groundwater storage. GROUNDWATER RECHARGE : The groundwater recharge is an important perimeter which forms an element for the evaluation of groundwater resources. It is a product of not only of hydrometeorologic and hydrologic process taking place on the surface, but also of complex sub-surface lithologic characteristics and changing situations imposed by groundwater recharge, movement and discharge (Baweja & Kranth, 1980). 92 The major sources of groundwater recharge in the district are as follows : 1. Recharge through rainfall 2. Recharge through canal seepage 3. Recharge through irrigation return flow 4. Recharge through tanks, ponds & lakes infiltration. The two important method of groundwater recharge estimation are as under : 1. Rainfall recharge method ad-hoc norms 2. Water level fluctuation method On the basis of the norms laid down by the Groundwater Estimation Committee (G.E.C.) of the Ministry of water resources Government of India. In the present studies the water level fluctuation method has been used for the evaluation of groundwater recharge except in three blocks, Gonda, Iglas and Chandaus where ad-hoc norms has been taken. 93 Estimation of Groundwater Recharge by Water Level Fluctuation Method : The estimation of groundwater recharge by water level fluctuation method is expressed by the following equation : Gross recharge = Recharge during monsoon + Recharge during non- monsoon A. Monsoon Recharge = [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.L Fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from groundwater irrigation)] x Normal monsoon rainfall Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage Monsoon recharge of Aligarh district has been estimated to be 82029.09 ha.m. The blockwise monsoon recharge has been given in appendix - IV B. Non-Monsoon Recharge = Non-monsoon rainfall recharge + Non- monsoon recharge from canal seepage + Non-monsoon recharge from surface water irrigation + potential recharge. Non-monsoon recharge of the district is 54911.51 ha.m. 94 Gross Groundwater Recharge : Gross groundwater recharge = Monsoon recharge + Non- monsoon recharge 82029.09 + 54911.51 136940.60 ham. The Gross groundwater recharge of the district is estimated as 136940.60 ha.m. and is shown in table 5.1 Net Annual Recharge : 85 % of gross groundwater recharge has been taken as net annual recharge. Net annual recharge = Gross recharge x 0.85 136940.60x0.85 116399.51 ha.m. The net annual recharge of the district has been computed as 116399.51 ha.m GROUNDWATER DRAFT : Groundwater withdrawals through various groundwater structure such as state tube wells, private tube wells, pump sets, persian wheels and dug wells have been taken for groundwater draft calculations. The unit draft for all types of structure have been taken as per estimate of Khanna, 1981 for each block of the district. The number of structures have been taken into consideration as per the statistical dairy of Aligarh district for the year 1994. The gross groundwater draft of the district has been estimated to be 98117.13 ha.m. (Appendix IV & table 5.1) 95 Net Annual Draft: » 70 % of total draft is taken as net annual draft. Net annual draft = Total draft x 0.70 98117.13x0.70 68681.99 ham. GROUNDWATER BALANCE : Groundwater balance = Net annual recharge - Net annual draft 116399.51-68681.99 47717.52 ha.m. The available groundwater resources of the district is 47717.52 ha.m. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT : To determined the status of groundwater development NABARDS (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development ) norms are used (Sinha, 1997). Status of groundwater development = Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge = 68681.99 x 100 116399.51 = 59.01 % Accordingly, the district falls under the white category as the groundwater development is 59.01% only. Block wise estimation of present status of groundwater development and for further five years has been computed in Appendix - IV and the same are shown in table 5.1. Table 5.1: Blockwise technical feasibility of groundwater in Aligarh District, I LP. (For the year 1994) »l No Name of Grots Annual Net Potential foe Net Potential for Cross Ground Net Ground Ground Water Status of ( ategorv Status of Category Block Potential Drinking and Irrigation water Draft water Draft Balance Develop (al present) Development (After 5 scars) Industrial Use ment at al year 5 Present asd (ha in ) (ha m ) (ha m i (ha m ) (ha in ) (lu in ) (%) asd I J 4 5 6 7 10 II 13 1 « ' 9 - 1 Sikandra Rao 7197 02 1079 55 611747 4975 (8) 1482 50 2614 97 56 91 While 66 91 Grey 2 Tappjl 918001 1177(8) 9801 (II AIM (8) 4116 20 1486 81 51 11 While 65 11 Grey 1 Akrabad 11014 48 1955 17 11079 11 6796 60 4757 62 6121 69 42 94 While 52 94 White 4 Airauh 5285 H4 792 88 4492 96 6160 14 411224 180 72 95 98 Dark 105 98 Dark 5 Bijauh 7766 10 1164 94 6601 16 5177 80 1764 46 2X16 III 57 111 While 97 01 Grcv 6 Dhampur 1171661 1760 49 9976 12 5411 IK) 1801 71) (.174 42 18 II While 48 II White 7 Gangin 6605 16 990 77 5614 19 5V30 10 4151 07 1461 12 7194 Grc\ 81 94 Grey 8 Condi 7495 78 1124 37 6171 41 5874 06 4 1II 84 2259 57 64 54 While 74 54 Grey V Haihrac 6728 41 1(8)9 26 5719 15 1958 98 2771 29 2947 86 48 46 While 58 46 WhMC 10 Jawan 11672 71 2050 91 11621 82 6169 2(1 4458 44 7161 18 18 16 While 48 16 While II Khair 11898 14 1784 72 IOII142 8231 20 5761 84 4151 58 56 97 White (rfi 97 Grey 12 Malayan 11758 48 1761 77 9994 71 5165 181 1685 50 6109 21 16 90 While 46 '81 While n Mursan 4685 61 702 84 1982 77 4154 04 2907 81 1074 94 71(11 (ire\ 81 01 Grey 14 Sasni 1969 00 595 15 117165 5211 42 1647 99 -274 14 108 11 Dark 118 11 Dark IS Lodlia 1507 27 526 09 2981 18 5565 12 1895 58 -714 40 11(167 Dark 140 47 Dark 16 lltlas 6454 92 968 24 5486 18 5214 82 1664 17 1822 11 66 79 Grc\ 76 79 Grey 17 OlLindaus 59<4 84 894 71 5070 II 7416 45 5I9| 52 •121 41 102 411 Dark H2.4II Dart Al IGARII 116940 60 20541 09 116199 5| 98117 11 68681 99 47717 52 59 0| While (.9 III Grey 97 However, a perusal of the status of block wise groundwater development shows that Sikandra Rao, Tappal, Akrabad, Bijauli, Dhanipur, Gonda, Hathras, Jawan, Khair and Hasayan fall under white category while Gangiri, Mursan, Iglas, be under the grey and Atrauli, Sasni, Lodha, Chandaus fall under the dark category. The study shows that the groundwater development in the district is being done on large scale through the shallow farmer's tube wells. The assured irrigation through groundwater has revolutionised the food production in the district, which very well testifies its role in transferring the rural landscape and the economy of the people of the district. High yielding varieties crops like paddy and wheat and also vegetables which need timely assured irrigation have been much benefited through the groundwater irrigation. Contrary to it surface water sources of irrigation is considered by the fanner not a very dependable source because of various ) factors. As the data shows that groundwater resource is available for further irrigation, so the government should manage more deep and shallow tube wells for irrigation to increase the food grain production in the district. CHAPTER - VI HYDROGHEMISTRY HYDROCHEMISTRY Quality of groundwater is far important like its quantity. When we talk of the quality of groundwater, it means some peculiar characteristics of water in relation to a particular use. Unsafe water and inadequate sanitation are the world's leading cause of human illness. Diseases and death, are directly attributable to the lack of these essentials. Safe drinking water is vital human needs for health and efficiency. Determination of physical, biological, chemical and radiological characteristics of water is essential for assessing the suitability of water for drinking, irrigational and industrial uses. Water is called "the universal solvent" , because of its extraordinary ability to dissolve a broad range of substances. In fact, it dissolves more substances in greater quantities than any other liquid. Groundwater chemistry changes as water flows along in the underground environment, increasing in dissolved solids and most major ions (Chebotarev, 1955). The longer water remains underground and the further it travels, the more it becomes mineralised. It is noted that ground water chemistry changes with depth in large sedimentary basin. (i) Higher zone: Water is low in dissolved solids and high in bicarbonate (HCO3) as active water movement effectively leaches the rock. (ii) Middle zone: Water moves slowly and gains in dissolved solids; the sulphate ion (SO4) becomes dominant. (iii) Deep Zone: So little water moves through this zone but mineral leaching is extremely active, producing a high content of dissolved solids and a relative increase in chloride ion (CI). Ground water forms a major source of drinking water for urban and rural water supply in India. Since quality of Public health depends on 99 the quality of drinking water, it is imperative that in-depth information about the quality of water be systematically collected and monitored. Various standards have been laid down by various agencies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) etc. for determining the quality of water for various uses. In order to study the water quality of the district, water samples were collected from the dug wells, shallow and deep tube wells and also from the surface water bodies. The water samples collected were put to partial and complete chemical analyses in the Geo - chemical Laboratory of the Geology Department, A.M.U., Aligarh Method of collection : The samples for partial chemical analyses were collected in well cleaned 500 ml. capacity double stoppered polythene bottles. The bottles after collection of sample were capped and sealed with wax instantly in the field. Another group of samples for trace elements studies were collected in one litre polythene bottles. Before sealing and waxing this group of samples were treated with 10 ml. 6N HNO? Analytical Procedure : The samples for detail chemical analyses (major and minor constituents ) were analysed in the Geochemical Laboratory of the Geology Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh as per standard methods recommended by APHA (1975), Jackson, M.L. (1958) and Trivedy and Goel ( 1984 ) and those collected for trace elements determination were 100 analysed in the same Laboratory by GBC-902 Double Beam Absorption Spectrophotometer (Australia). The samples were first analysed for major elements like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride and radicals like sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate and for trace elements like iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, lead, cadmium, chromium, lithium, rubidium, barium and strontium. Both anions and cations were determined by volumetric techniques except sodium, potassium and sulphate. Sulphate was determined by gravimetric method and sodium and potassium were determined by flame photometer. The trace element were determined with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometer. A blank sample was made for each spectrophotometric analysis in order to account for any analytical and instrumental error. Analytical results of water samples have been given in Appendices V, VI, & VII. Hydrogen Ion Concentration ( pH): The pH value of water is a measure of its alkalinity or acidity. More accuracy stated, the pH value is a measure of the hydrogen - ion concentration in water. Water molecules have a slight tendency to break down into ions. Ions are atoms or groups of atoms carrying positive or negative electrical charges. The chemical formula H2 O of water may also be written as HOH. When a water molecule breaks down, it divides into a positive hydrogen ion (H ) and a negative hydroxyl ion (OH" ). In distilled water, the number of H ions formed is such that their concentration is expressed by a pH of 7 ( Mathematically this is the logarithm, to the base 10, of the reciprocal of the hydrogen - ion concentration of pure water ). Thus a pH value of 7 indicates a neutral solution, neither alkaline nor acidic. A pH value of 7.5 to 8.0 usually 101 indicates the presence of carbonate of calcium and magnesium and a pH of 8.5 or above usually indicates appreciable exchangeable solution. The desirable limit of pH for drinking water, as given by International Edition of W.H.O. is 7 to 8.5, while the maximum permissible level is given as 6.5 to 9.2 . As a whole, the ground-water in the district is moderately to highly alkaline in reaction as pH varies from 7.3 to 10.70. The highest value of pH 10.70 was recorded in the water sample of Hathras city, whereas lowest value of pH 7.3 was recorded at Nagla Haji in Jawan block. Electrical Conductivity (E.C. \i mhos/cm at 2 5°C): Electrical conductivity is the measure of the minaralisation of water and thus indicative of the salinity of the groundwater. The electrical conductivity with 400 p. mhos/cm. at 2 5°C is considered suitable for human consumption. Perusal of the analytical data revels that the electrical conductivity is minimum 307 at Jalali and maximum 11368 ji mhos/cm at 2 5°C at Gorai village in Danipur and Gonda blocks respectively. In general the electrical conductivity ranges between 500 to 2000 micro mhos/cm. at 25°C. Figure 6.1 shows that by and large the quality of ground - water ranges from good to moderate in the district. MAJOR ELEMENTS Carbonates (C03): The concentration of carbonate was found in negligible quantities in the district. Wherever it was found, it was generally low, and was found in the range of 0 to 2 88 ppm. Fig. 61 103 Bicarbonates (HCO3): The bicarbonate in the groundwater is an indicative of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a soil, consequently , it shows wide fluctuation. The water containing 600 ppm of bicarbonate is considered fairly safe and good for domestic and irrigation purposes. The bicarbonate concentration in the groundwater samples of the district ranges between 122 ppm to 793 ppm. It is only Mursan water sample that the bicarbonate concentration is as much as 1129 ppm. The concentration of bicarbonate in the groundwater samples of the district is well with-in the limit. Chloride (CI) : Indian Council of Medical Research (1974) while recommending 200 ppm as desirable limits of chloride in potable waters has also laid down 1000 ppm as maximum permissible limit where no other alternative source is available. The W.H.O., 1984 standards suggest that above 200 ppm there may be trouble in corrosion of hot water system and they suggest that no circumstances should the level exceed 600 ppm. The infants and young children may suffer if they consume water high in chloride as their delicate kidney tissues may be damage by the higher osmotic pressure brought about by the presence of high concentration of salt. By and large, the chloride concentration ranges well below 500 ppm all over the district as is evident from figure 6.2 that in major part of the district the chloride concentration in the ground water samples is below 250 ppm. Fig. 6-2 105 The groundwater is suitable for human consumption and irrigation purposes. Sulphate (SOT): High concentration of sulphate may be because of sodium sulphate and low concentration probably may be because of less oxidation of sulphide to sulphate. Excess of sulphate ( >2501 ppm ) in the drinking water might give rise to gastrointestinal irritation when combined with magnesium or sodium. At higher concentration sulphate can be laxative in effect ( W.H.O., 1984). Water containing magnesium sulphate at levels 1000 ppm act as purgative in adults while lower concentration may affect new users and children. Sulphate generally have less effect on taste than chlorides and carbonates. Taste threshold vary according to the associated cations and are in range of 200 - 500 ppm. The sulphate concentration in the groundwater sample of the district ranges from 3 ppm at Hanuman Chowki to exceedingly high as 1925 ppm at Gorai village. The over all situation in regard to sulphate concentration in the ground w ater of the district is within the permissible limit of 400 ppm if magnesium does not exceed 30 ppm. Fluoride (F"): There is no evidence of harmful effects associated with the relatively low levels.-) It becomes toxic when concentration exceed 1 ppm. At levels above 1.5 ppm. moulting of teeth has been reported. At 3.0 - 6.00 ppm skeletal fluorosis may be observed, and when a concentration of 10 ppm exceeded it may cause crippling problem. The floride concentration in the groundwater samples of the district is either negligible or wherever present, it ranges between 0.1 ppm to 1.5 106 ppm. The groundwater in the district is safe for drinking purposes as the concentration of fluoride falls within the safe limit. Nitrate(N03): Of the chemical pollutant of drinking water of wide importance, nitrate is one of the most concern. High levels of nitrates ( >45 ppm ) in the drinking water may cause Premometho - globinaemia C. Blue Baby Syndrome. Nitrate concentration in ground water is either nil or well within the permissible limits of 45 ppm in most parts of the district. However at Siaoli village it is 74 ppm and at Gorai its concentration is 694 ppm in Gangiri and Bijauli blocks of Atrauli tehsil. This may possible due to some organic contamination. Iodine (I'): Iodine is an element actively involved in the metabolic action of human being. General requirements is 150 - 200 ppm per day. Most people recognise a large, unsightly swelling in the neck, as goitre, caused by severe deficiency of iodine in the diet. Fewer realise that iodine deficiency disorders are the largest preventable cause of mental retardation and congenital neurological disorders. Around 250 million people in India are living in iodine deficiency areas. The people may appear normal but most of them are suffering from invisible sign of deficiency manifested in a slight decrease in energy levels, marginal falls in I.Q. and slowness in fine motar skills. Iodised salt is the ideal solution to check the diseases caused by iodine deficiency. 107 Sodium (Na+): Sodium concentrations in drinking water depend on factors such as hydrological conditions, the season of the year and industrial activities. As per the recommendation of W.H.O., 1978 the intake of sodium should be reduced in order to protect human health. So higher sodium concentration in drinking water is harmful to persons suffering from hypertension, cardiac renal and diseases pertaining to circulatory system. The general values of sodium concentration in the groundwater of the district ranges between 100 ppm and 400 ppm. Potassium (K*): Potassium salts are of therepeutic value in the treatment of familiar periodic Paralysis while no desirable or excessive limit for potassium seems to have been set, through 1000 - 2000 ppm seems to be the extreme limit for potassium ion in drinking water. The analytical results show that the potassium concentration in the groundwater of the district is generally low but occasionally as high as 610 ppm at Maho in Hathras block. Calcium (Ca"1"1"): Calcium is an essential element and human body requires 0.7 to 2.00 gram per day. However, large doses may be required to pregnant or lactating women or growing children. The absence of calcium in very soft water has been considered responsible for rickets, decayed teeth etc. while hard waters having high calcium concentration may add to urinary disorders etc.. The limits of calcium in drinking water are not based on health consideration as even water having 100 ppm of calcium is harmless. 108 An average daily adult requirement of calcium is 10 mg/kg of body weight and for growing children 40.6 mg/ kg of body weight. Calcium is most common constituent present in the groundwater of the area. The dissolved C02 species generally control the calcium ion concentration in the groundwater (Pathak, 1980 ). The concentration of calcium in the groundwater of the district ranges between 1 to 208 ppm and is well within the permissible limit. Magnesium (Mg"1"^): It is one of the constituents responsible for hardness of water, while the low concentrations are not harmful, higher concentrations are laxative. As per Indian Council of Medical Research (1983) the lowest desirable limit of magnesium in water is 30 ppm and the highest is 100 ppm for drinking purposes. The concentration of magnesium in groundwater is generally ranges between 10 to 100 ppm, and well within the permissible limit. Total Hardness ( TH): Hardness in the water is caused by the polyvalent metallic ions dissolved in water. Hardness is commonly reported as an equivalent concentration of calcium carbonate. In recent year health aspects are receiving increasing interest because of the findings that point to greater incidence of coronary heart disease in area with soft water than hard water (Crawford, 1972 ). The causative, however may be more complex than hardness alone and is probably associated with the effects of hardness on the activity of metals on and other constituents of water, and on their interrelationships. / 109 Depending upon the interaction of other factors, such as pH and alkalinity, water with a hardness above 200 mg/1 may cause scale deposition in the distribution system. Depending upon local condition, water of hardness 500 mg/1 is accepted as tolerable. Having taken taste and house hold use into consideration W.H.O. (1984) gave the hardness limit for water as 500 mg/1. Hardness is not a determination of concern in the use of water for irrigation. The concentration of cations, calcium and magnesium, which comprise hardness are important in determining the exchangeable sodium in a given water. Water is classified according to its hardness by Hem (1970). The table given below shows the percentage of water samples falling in different classes of hardness. Table 6.1 S.No. Class Range of Hardness Percentage in as CaCCh in the District 1. Soft 0-60 2.90 -> Moderately hard 61 - 120 13.04 3. Hard 12 1 - 180 34.06 4. Very Hard >180 50.00 Perusal of the above table shows that by and large the groundwater in the district is hard to very hard. The total Hardness as CaC03 in the water samples of the district ranges between 10 to 1590 ppm at Tajpur and Bergaun in Chandaus and Hathras blocks respectively. no Total dissolved solids: Dissolved solids is the term generally associated with fresh water systems and consist of inorganic salts, small amount of organic matter and dissolved materials (Sawyer, 1960). The principal inorganic anions dissolved in water include the carbonates, chlorides, sulphates and the principal cations are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Excessive dissolved solids are objectionable in drinking water because of possible physiological effects, unpalatable mineral tastes. The physiological effects directly related to dissolved solids include laxative effects principally from sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate and adverse effect of sodium on certain patients afflicted with cardiac disease and women with toxaemia associated with pregnancy. The water with total dissolved solids less than 600 mg/1 is considered good for drinking purposes and water with TDS more than 1200 mg/1 is considered unpalatable (W.H. O., 1984) The table given below shows the classification of water on the basis of TDS (Devis,etaL, 1966). Table 6.2 Type of Water Concentration of Percentage in TDS in pprr> in the District Fresh water 0- 1000 75.36 Brackish water 1000-100,000 2 4.64 Salty water 100,000-1000,000 Nil Brine > 1000,000 Nil In the groundwater of the district, TDS ranges between 1% and 7275 ppm which puts the groundwater from fresh to saline. Ill TRACE ELEMENTS Trace elements in very low concentration play a very important role in the diets of human being and animals and in the healthy growth of the plants (Handa, 1983). However, these very elements at higher levels may prove injurious or even toxic to animal and plant life. Although human being and animals may get a part of total intake of these trace elements through diet or food, a part may also be supplied through the medium of drinking water and beverages. Deficiencies of 20 to 24 elements in men and animals {Friedin, 1972 ) and 13 to 17 elements in plants have been recognised {Epstein, 1965). It must be stated that it is not the over all concentration of an element that is important, but the species of metal present in water that is available to an organism or plant that must be taken into consideration. However, concentration of trace elements present in groundwater in Aligarh district are as under. Iron (Fe): Iron an essential nutrient for human, animals and plants {W.H.O.,1984) but becomes highly toxic when it crosses the permissible limit {Fairbanks el al, 1971). Iron appreciably affects the taste of beverages {Riddick et al; 1985) and can stain the plumbing fixtures. When human beings are usually well protected from oral over dose but children from 1 to 2 years of age are particularly vulnerable to iron toxicity from the ingestion of iron supplements that have been commercially prepared for adults {Fairbanks, et ah, 1971). A study by the Public Health Service {Cohen, et al, I960) indicates that the taste of iron may be dected readily at 1.8 mg/1 in spring water and 3.4 mg/1 in distilled water (Train, 1979). The presence of Table 6.3: Drinking water standards and average concentration of major ions and trace elements Indian Standard Institution World Health Organisation Concentration in the district (1983) (1984) Constituents Highest Maximum Highest Maximum desired permissible desired permissible Minimum Maximun level level level level pH (values) 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.2 7-8.5 6.5-9.2 7.3 10.70 Total Hardness 300 600 100 500 10 1590 Calcium 75 200 75 200 1 208 Magnesium 30 100 150 4 260 Chloride 250 1000 200 600 7 2057 Fluoride 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.1 1.5 Nitrate 4.5 45 1.2 694 Copper 0.05 1.5 0.05 1.5 0.011 0.493 Iron 0.3 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.0 2.330 Manganese 0.1 0.5 0.05 0.5 0.010 0.614 Cadmium 0.01 No relexation 0.005 No relexation 0.002 0.070 Lead 0.1 No relexation 0.01 No relexation 0.00 0.973 Zinc 5 15 5 15 0.011 4.110 Chromium 0.05 No relexation 0.013 0.081 SJ 113 iron can give rise to an stringent taste discoloration, deposits of rust and could promote the growth of iron bacteria. W.H.O. (1984) has recommended the guideline value for iron as 0.3 mg/1. The iron concentration in the water samples of shallow and deep aquifer ranges between 0 to 2 .330 ppm and 0 to 1.493 ppm respectively. A perusal of appendix* VI(A & B) indicates that most of the shallow aquifer samples show higher concentration of iron than its permissible limit given by W.H.O.,1984 than I.C.M.R., 1975. However the concentration of iron in deeper aquifer water samples are lower than shallow aquifer water samples. Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a vital micro - nutrient, but the inhaled manganese dust have been reported to be toxic to humans. Very large doses of ingested manganese can cause some diseases and liver damage. As per recommendation of W.H.O., (1984) the permissible limit of manganese in drinking water is 0.05 mg/1. The concentration of manganese in shallow aquifer water samples of the district ranges from 0.013 to 0.614 ppm while in deeper aquifer samples it ranges from 0.010 to 0.175 ppm. Most of the shallow aquifer samples show higher concentration of manganese than its permissible limit which may cause neurological s\-ndrome. resembling manganese encephalopathy (Anon, 1977). 114 Zinc (Zn): Zinc is an essential element in human nutrition and is not considered a danger to health except at extremely high concentration, and infect it is a beneficial element. The daily requirement of zinc for pre - school aged children is 0.3 mg Zn/kg body weight. The daily adult human intake average is 0 to 15 mg/kg zinc. The deficiency of zinc in children leads to growth retardation. A zinc pill a day may make for bigger, healthier babies. Doctors at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, studied the effects of zinc supplements on 589 pregnant, healthy block women. Those who took 25 mg of zinc daily through their pregnancies has babies who weighed an average 4.5 ounces more than those who took place - bos. The babies head circumferences was also larger. Larger head size has been associated with a higher 1Q. Water containing zinc at concentration in excess of 5.0 mg/litre has an undesirably stringent taste and may be opalescent, developing a greasy film on boiling {W.H.O., 1984). The concentration of zinc in the groundwater samples of shallow aquifer ranges from 0.001 to 4.110 ppm while in deeper aquifer it ranges from 0.030 to 1.110 ppm which is well within the permissible limits. Copper (Cu): Copper is an essential element for both plants and animals (Drinking Water and Health, 1977and W.H.O., 1973 ) and is considered to be non - toxic for man and at 0.05 mg/litre level in drinking water. The greatest danger of toxicity arises when children consume acidic beverages that have been in contact with copper container or valves ( Food and 115 Drugs Administration, 1975 ). However, few patients with Wilson's disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration) were adversely affected by the estimated average intake of copper ( Schien berg and Stenrnleb, 1965) There is an report of an infant fatality associated with the drinking of water that contain copper at 6.75 mg/1 for 14 months. The copper concentration ranges between 0.011 to 0.493 ppm in shallow groundwater. In deeper aquifer water samples it ranges between 0.098 to 0.2 45 ppm. The concentration of copper both in shallow and deep groundwater at places is much higher than the permissible limits. The prescribed limits (W.H.O., 1984) of copper in drinking water is 0.05 mg/1. Nickel (Ni): The concentration of nickel ranges from 0.017 to 0.315 ppm and from 0.090 to 0.323 ppm in the groundwater samples of shallow and deeper aquifer respectively. Excess of nickel is dangerous and cause heart attack in human being. The food prepared in aluminium vessels with nickel polish is not considered fit for health as nickel polish contaminate the food The permissible limit of nickel in the groundwater is normally less than 0.02 ppm. Cobalt (Co): The cobalt concentration has been found to vary from 0.061 to 0.220 ppm in the shallow groundwater and from 0.050 to 0.324 ppm in deeper groundwater samples. 116 Lead (Pb): Lead is a toxic metal and tends to accumulate in the tissues of men and animals. Lead poisoning symptoms usually develop slowly with intestinal cramps, peripheral nerve paralysis, anaemia and severe fatigue. The pregnant women are most sensitive to environmental lead exposure ( W.H.O., 1973; Synder et aL, 1971). Lead has been demonstrated to be extremely deleterious as related to haem - biosynthesis. The evaluated blood lead disrupt the blood enzyme delta - amino levulinic acid dehydrate (ALAD) activity in human, and can include reduction in haemoglobin ( Chisholm, 1971; Goyer and Rhyne, 1973). The lead is also responsible to cause mental retardation in children, increased abortion rates in females and infertility in males. Recent literature shows that it is also a causative factor of hypertension ( Verma, 1987) As per recommendation of W.H.O., I.S.I.,1983 the highest desirable limit of lead in drinking water is 0.1 mg/1. The water samples of shallow aquifer of the district shows the lead concentration of the lead in range of 0.0 to 0.973 ppm. while in the water of deeper aquifer it varies between 0.00 to 0.690 ppm. Most of the samples of the groundwater show the concentration of lead is above the permissible limits and may cause health hazards to the inhabitants of the district. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is highly toxic to man and animals ( Friberg et aL, 1974), but it is widely distributed in the environment in trace amounts. Cadmium in high concentration is a deadly poison, but even small amounts of cadmium taken over a long period of time bioaccumulates in the body and causes serious illness ( Verma, 1987 ). Excessive exposure to 117 cadmium has resulted in severe health effects ( W.H.O.,1984). Cadmium gets accumulated and is retained mainly in the liver and kidney, thus causing pathological changes of the of the hepatocytes of the liver as well as kidney, tubules and glomeruli changes (Itokawa et al, 1974; Colucci et al, 1975). Acute effects has been seen where food has been contaminated by cadmium from plated vessels; severe gastrointestinal upsets have been reported (Commission of the European Communities, 1978 and National Research Council, 1977). The two major effects of chronic cadmium toxicity in persons that have been occupationally exposed to cadmium are obstructive lung disease and renal dysfunction. The most common abnormality from cadmium chronic exposure involves renal toxicity characterised by proteinurea. Other disturbances of renal tubular function include glucosuria, amino acidicuria, decreases the urine concentrating ability, and abnormalities in renal processing of uric acid, calcium and phosphorus (Drinking Water and Health, 1980). High exposure of cadmium causes Itai - Itai disease a bone disease, irreversible renal injury especially in elderly women (Commission of the European Communities, 1978). There have been no reported effects from the low level of cadmium that can be found in drinking water. Consumption of cadmium salts causes cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Cadmium tends to concentrate in the liver, kidney pancreas and thyroid of human beings (ICMR, 1975 ). The sources of cadmium contamination in water are seepage of cadmium into groundwater from the electroplating plants and from zinc galvanised iron in which cadmium is a contaminant. The concentration of cadmium in the groundwater samples of the district ranges between 0.013 to 0.070 ppm and 0.002 to 0.039 ppm in shallow and deeper aquifers respectively. The concentration is well below the prescribed limits of W.H.O.,1984. 118 Cromium (Cr): Hexavalant chromium is highly toxic while the tri - valent chromium is essential for efficient lipid, glucose and protein metabolism ( U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Part II, 1983). It also appears to be important in the prevention of mild diabetes and atherosclerosis in humans (Towill et al, 1978). Trivalent chromium is not believed to be toxic and it has been fed to animals in tests at a concentration of 25 mg/litre for over a year with no toxic effects, therefore, harmful effects of water borne chromium in man are associated with haxavalent chromium only. In high doses, it causes digestive tract cancer in man {Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality, 1979 and Teleky and Chromarbeiten, 1936). Chromate salts are associated with cancer of lungs ie. Bronchogenic Carcinoma, chromic acid a nd its salts have corrosive action on the skin and mucous membrane. The chief effects of chromate are ulceration of nasal septum and dermatitis. It is evident that people taking groundwater with high concentration of chromium are likely to suffer from the above mentioned diseases (Singh and Bhayana, 1986). The water samples of shallow aquifer of the district shows the chromium concentration in range 0.024 to 0.081 ppm while in the water samples of deeper aquifer it ranges between 0.013 to 0.073 ppm, and are well below the prescribed limits of W.H.O. (1984). 119 Lithium (Li): The concentration of lithium ranges from 0.017 to 0.160 ppm and 0.002 to 0.114 ppm in the groundwater samples of shallow and deeper aquifer of the district. It is not harmful for domestic use. Rubidium (Rb) : Rubidium is a rare element and occurs in the nature dispersed with potassium. The rubidium concentration in the water samples of shallow and deep aquifers ranges between 0.125 to 0.328 ppm and 0.142 to 0.338 ppm respectively. Barium (Ba): The concentration of barium ranges between 0.025 to 1.513 ppm in the groundwater samples of shallow aquifer while it ranges between 0.083 to 0.408 ppm in the samples of deeper aquifer of the district. Strontium (Sr): It is an essential element for the classification of bones and teeth. The concentration of strontium ranges between 0.017 to 2.516 ppm and 0.017 to 2 .131 ppm in the shallow and deeper aquifer water samples of the district. The higher concentration of strontium in the groundwater is attributable to its concentration in the sediments of the Ganga alluvium. Table 6.4 : Toxic trace elements W.H.O. I.C.M.R. Concentration in Aligarh Elements Standards(1984) Standards district in mg /1 in mg/1 in mg /1 Minimum Maximum Cadmium 0.005 0.01 0.002 0.070 Chromium 0.05 005 0.013 0.081 Lead 0.01 0.1 0.00 0.973 Iron 0.1 0.3 0.00 2.330 Copper 0.05 0.05 0.011 0.493 Manganese 0.05 0.1 0.010 0.614 121 WATER QUALITY CRITERIA IN RELATION TO ITS USES The quality of groundwater is a resultant of all processes and reactions that have acted on the water from the moment it condensed in the atmosphere to the time it is discharged from wells to springs {Herman et al, 1978) . The term quality as applied to water embraces the combined physical, chemical and biological characteristic and is a dominant factor in determining the adequacy of any supply to satisfy the requirements of various water uses. The interpretation of a chemical analyses is a highly subjective matter and it is not possible to have a single criteria that can have universal application. Therefore, a certain accepted standard have been adopted while doing the interpretation of chemical analyses results of water in relation to its use for domestic, irrigation and industrial uses. With this object in view following criteria has been adopted for interpretation of the result. WATER QUALITY FOR DOMESTIC AND MUNICIPAL USES Various organisations all over the world viz. United States Public Health Service {U.S.P.H.S., 1962 ), World Health Organisation ( W.H.O., 1971), United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.E.P.A., 1983), Indian Council of Medical Research (I.C.M.R., 1975) and Indian Standard Institution (I.S.I., 1983) have laid down certain guidelines for the evaluation of water quality for domestic supplies and accordingly the concentration of individual ions and elements have been discussed. ADDITION OF POLLUTANTS FERTILIZER ETC Fig.6-3 PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH TRACE ELEMENTS ENTER THE BODY 123 WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES Water quality criteria for irrigation is a complex subject and as such it has not been possible to have agreed criteria on a universal basis because growth of a particular crop depends on many factors other than the chemistry of water. However, chemical quality of water is an important factor to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation ( Gupta, 1989). Factors to be considered in evaluating the usefulness of groundwaters for irrigation are : the total concentration of dissolved solids, the concentration of individual constituents, the relative proportions of some of the constituents, the nature and composition of the soil and sub - soil, the topography of the land, the position of the water table, the amounts of the groundwater used and methods of applying it, the kinds of crops grown, the climate of the area and the method of the crop management (Walton, 1970) Specifications made for irrigational water quality : Various specifications have been proposed from time to time by different workers including Asgar et al, (1936), Kelley et ah,(1940), Eaton (1950), U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954), Wilcox (1955), Saligram (1961), Uppal (1964) , Ramamoorthy (1964), Federal Water Pollution Control Authority (1968), Paliwal (1972), Environmental Protection Agency (1973), Ayers and Branson (1975) and Ayers and Wastcot (1976) for evaluating the suitability of natural water for irrigation of crops. In most of the specifications, the suitability of natural water for irrigation has been evaluated on the presumption that the water will be used under average conditions with respect to soil characteristics, efficiency of 124 sub - surface drainage, amount of water used and method of applying it, type of crops and climatic conditions of the area. To study the suitability of groundwater in Aligarh district for agricultural uses the electrical conductivity, relative proportion of sodium to other cations, residual sodium carbonate and concentration of certain specific elements were analysed, and the data obtained from the chemical analysis were processed. The values obtained for these parameters are given in appendixes V, VI and VII. Hence an attempt has been made to access the quality of irrigation water under the heads which are as follows. Salinity and Sodium Hazards : Irrigation water is one of the major contributors of soluble salts to the soil in addition to those already present. Water is removed by evaporation or transpiration called evapotranspiration, and these two processes control the degree of osmotic pressure to which plants will be exposed. In the shallow water table area where the groundwater is saline, evapotranspiration process also creates a suction force that may produce an appreciable upward flow of water and salts to the root zone by which many types of soils become salinized and the water - soil salinity becomes so high as to retard the germination of seed or growth of plants. In place of rigid limits of salinity for irrigation water, quality is expressed by classes of relative suitability. Wilcox (1955), prepared a classification of irrigation water based on the electrical conductivity, Sodium percentage, boron concentration and residual alkalinity which is given in table- 6.5 125 Table 6.5 : Guide to the quality of irrigation water Wilcox (1955) Specific Sodium Boron Residual Quality of conductance percentage ppm Na2Co3 irrigation jimhos/cm meq/1 water <0.75 <50 0.3- 1.0 «1.2 5 Excellent to good 0.75-2.0 50-65 0.7-2 .0 <1.5 Good to permissible 2 .0-3.0 92 1.0-3.0 1.2 5-2.5 Doubtful to unsuitable >3.0 >92 1.2-3.8 >2.5 Unsuitable The U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) have proposed the use of the Sodium Absorption Ratio (S.A.R.) for studying the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes. It is defined as : S.A.R. = Na" k/ca"+ MeT v 2 (Concentration are in epm) Table 6.6 : Quality classification of irrigation water (After U.S Salinity Laboratory ) Classification Electrical Salinity Alkali Hazards Conductivity Hazards (S.A.R) (in umhos/cm) Class-I Excellent <2 50 Low Up to 10 Class-II Good 2 50-750 Moderate 10-18 Class-Ill Moderate 750-2 2 50 Medium high 18-2 6 (Permissible with cation) Class-IV Unsatisfactory 2 2 50-4000 High >2 6 126 Where all the ion concentration are expressed in epm. The SAR values of shallow groundwater of the district varies from 0.3 to 56.01 epm and in deeper aquifer it varies from 1.37 to 9.54 epm. The U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954) have published a diagram in which the values of SAR are plotted on an arithmetical scale against electrical conductance (EC) values on a log - log scale and different classes of water samples are shown in figures 6.4 & 6.5. A perusal of figure 6.4 shows that 56.89 % water samples of shallow aquifer of the district falls in the C2 -S) and C3 - Si classes. 38.72 % fall in C3 - S2 , CT, - S3, C3 - S4, C4 - S2 , C4 - S3 and C4 - S4 classes and remaining 4.39 % that is 5 samples could not be plotted in the diagram having very high value of electrical conductivity and it may be so due to some organic contamination and disuse of the wells. The water quality falls under C2 - Si and C3 - Si are suitable for all types of irrigation (Karanth, 1987), while water quality which falls under remaining categories can not be freely used for all types of irrigation purposes. Figure 6.5 revels that out of 24 water samples of deeper aquifers of the district considered. 45.83% (11) fall in the C2 - Si, class 4.16 % (10) fall in the C2 - S2 class, 2 9.17 % (7) fall in the C3 - S, class, 16.66 % (4) fall in the C\ - S2 class and 4.16 % (1) fall in the C4 - S3 class. Thus by the above standards, groundwater from the deeper aquifers in the district is by and large good to moderately good, free from salinity and alkalinity hazards and fit for all types of irrigation. 12 7 1750 2000 30Q0 ^QQQ snnn 00 250 500 750 1000 1500 2250 5000 Conductlvitytmicromhos/cm ot 2 C\ C2 C3 C4 LOW Medium High Very Hiqh Salinity hazard Fig.64 SHOWING PLOTS OF SAR VALUES AGAINST EC VALUES OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER 12 8 300 100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2250 ConductlviTylmlcromhos/cm ot 2 Sodium per cent diagram Presence of sodium ion in groundwater is generally responsible for affecting the physical conditions of the soil as it replaces calcium ion from the soil and makes it sodium soil. Wilcox (1955) has proposed a classification scheme for rating irrigation water on the basis of specific electrical conductance, soluble sodium per - cent and boron concentration. The sodium percent is calculated by the following formula {Todd, 1980) Na% Na + K X 100 Na + K + Ca +Mg where all the concentration are expressed in epm. The following classification has been given by Wilcox (1955) Table 6.7 : Quality classification of water for irrigation Water Na % E.C ujnhos Excellent <2 0 <2 50 Good 2 0-40 2 50-750 Permissible 40-60 750-2 000 Doubtful 60-80 2 000-3000 Unsuitable >80 >3000 The sodium per cent has been calculated on the basis of Wilcox formula. Th£~data obtained are given in appendix - V and plotted on Wilcox diagram (Fig. 6.6 and 6.7). Fig 6.6 revels that out of 114 water samples of shallow aquifers of the district considered, 21.05 % fall in the excellent to good, 13.15 % good to permissible, 42 .10 % permissible to doubtful, 15.79 % doubtful to unsuitable, 1.75 % unsuitable classes and 6.14 % that is 130 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY( micromhos/cm at 25°C) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 10Qg-- • r 5 10 15 20 25 Total Concentration epm Fig. 6-6 SHOWING PLOTS OF SODIUM PER CENT AGAINST EC VALUES OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER 131 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (micromhos/cm at 2?C ) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3CJ00 3500 10 15 20 25 30 35 Total Concentration epm Fig. 6-7 SHOWING PLOTS OF SODIUM PER CENT AGAINST EC VALUES OF DEEP GROUNDWATER 132 7 samples could not plotted in the diagram because of the very high concentration of dissolved solids. Fig. 6.7 shows that out of 24 deeper groundwater samples 45.83 % fall in the excellent to good, 8.33 % good to permissible, 37.5 % permissible to doubtful, 4.16 % doubtful to unsuitable and 4.16 % unsuitable classes. Soil water management and proper drainage facilities will be required in order to avoid hazards and long continuos use. Residual Sodium Carbonates : The carbonate and bicarbonate hazards of water quality can be determined in term of Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) using the following equation (Richards (Ea\),1954): ++ + RSC = (CO" + HC03") - (Ca + Mg ) (Concentration in epm) The Residual Sodium Carbonate has been calculated according to the above formula and the data obtained are given in appendix - V The analytical results reveal that in shallow groundwater samples of the district the Residual Sodium Carbonate ranges from - 2 8.33 to 16.66 epm. in deep groundwater samples it ranges from - 8.42 to 7.38 epm. The groundwater with higher values of Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) may be hazardous to soil if used for irrigation for a long time. TRACE ELEMENTS CONCENTRATION In addition to major ions, needs of some trace elements are now being recognised as beneficial to the crops for proper growth of the plants. 133 These trace elements are Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn ,Co, etc. are very necessary for the proper growth of the plants. Federal Water Pollution Control Federation U.S.A., (1968) and Ayers and Branson, (1975) put forward the tolerance for limit for irrigation water (Table - 6.8). Table 6.8 : Trace elements tolerance limit of irrigation water as proposed by FWPCF (1968) and Ayers and Branson (1975). (concentration expressed in ppm.) Water use (FWPCF, 1968) Water use(Ayers and Branson ,1975) Elements Continuos Short-term Continuos Short-term in fine textured in fine textured soils soils Copper 0.2 0 5.00 0.2 0 5.00 Iron 5.00 15.00 Lithium 5.00 5.00 2.50 2.50 Manganese 2.00 5.00 0.2 0 10.00 Strontium Nickel 0.50 2.00 0.2 0 2.00 Zinc 5.00 10.00 2.00 10.00 Cadmium 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.05 Cobalt 0.2 0 10.00 0.05 5.00 Lead 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 Chromium 5.00 0.05 0.10 1.00 Perusal of analytical results reveal that the concentration of the above micro nutrients in the groundwater of the Aligarh district are with in the recommended limit of Federal Water Pollution Control Federal (1968) and Ayers and Branson (1975) There will be no toxic effect on plants if waters are used continuously for irrigation purposes. 134 SURFACE WATER QUALITY In order to study the surface water quality and its impacts with groundwater, samples were collected from different sampling stations established on the river Ganga, Kali, the Upper Ganga Canal and Kulwa pond were chemically analysed. The chemical analysis data has been given in the appendix in VII A. & B. Perusal of appendix VII - A shows that pH ranges from 7.5 to 9.1 showing the alkaline nature of the surface water. Electrical conductivity ranges between 153 - 1050 |imhos/cm at 2 5°C. Further, value of cations and anions are also low in concentration in respect of groundwater of the area. The Kulwa pond water sample shows the higher values of cations and anions than the water samples of Ganga river and Kali Nadi. Analytical data results were compared for determined constituents with W.H.O. (1984) and ISI (1983) drinking water standards (Table 6.9). A perusal of the table indicates that all the chemical constituents are with-in the maximum permissible limits and suitable for drinking purposes. The analytical results of trace elements ( appendix VII - B ) shows that the concentration of trace elements are well with-in the permissible limit for drinking and agriculture purposes. However, at places the concentration of heavy toxic metals, sometime found to exceed the permissible limits. Thus after reviewing the data it may be said that the water from the surface source is fresh, potable and suitable for irrigation purposes. Table 6.9 : Range of concentration of various major and trace element in surface water samples and their comparison with W.H.O., (1984) and I.S.I. (1983) drinking water standards. Indian Standards Institute WHO. (1984) Range of concentration in (1983) surface water bodies in ppm Highest Maximum Highest Maximum Ganga Kali Upper Kulwa Constituents desired permissible desired permissible river river Ganga Pond level mg/1 level mg/1 level mg/1 level mg/1 Canal l.pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.2 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 7.5-7.65 7.512-7.81 8.1-8.2 9.1 2. Total Hardness 300 600 100 500 85-103 144-280 205-241 391 3. Calcium 75 200 75 200 25.0-25.6 56-62 49-53 69 4. Magnesium 30 100 150 5-10 25-32 31-35 40 5. Chloride 250 1000 200 600 14-18 38-53 18-23 50 6. Copper 0.05 1.50 0.05 1.50 0.040-0.060 0.110-0.178 1.089-1.167 29 7. Iron 030 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.580-1.680 0.146-0.236 0.187-0.214 0.245 8. Manganese 0.10 0.50 0.05 0.50 0.652-0.674 0.036-0.062 0.093-0.094 0.417 9. Cadmium 0.01 No Relaxation 001 0.005-0.056 0.03-0.021 0.025 0.031 10 Lead 0.01 No Relaxation 0.01 0.164-0.170 0.022-0078 0.435-0.535 0 700 11. Zinc 5.00 15.00 5.00 15.00 0.2152-0.225 0.020-0.066 0.257-0.358 0.363 12 Chromium 0 05 No Relaxation 0.038 0.004-0.074 0.059-0.104 0.043 CHAPTER - VII LAND USE AND IRRIGATION PATTERN LAND USE AND IRRIGATION PATTERN LAND USE PATTERN : The total geographical area of the district is 502304 hectares The net area sown in 1992 - 93 was 396012 hectares, which is about 78.84 per cent of the total geographical area. The area under forests is 1409 hectares, which is about 0.28 percent of the total area. The uncultivable and fallow lands amount to 104883 hectares (Fig. 7.1). Overall agriculture occupies about 78.50 per cent of the district, which is evident by the latest recorded data available for land utilisation in the district for the years 1989 - 90 to 1992 - 93 which ultimately gives the following pattern of land utilisation as given in table 7.1. CROPPING PATTERN : The district was selected for intensive Agricultural District Programme in 1960-61 which envisaged intermediate increase in production due to certain important inputs such as irrigation, fertilisers, high yielding verities of seeds, modern technological equipments, pesticides and insecticides etc. The cropping pattern of a particular area depends upon the various geographical factors such as the climate, topography, land capability, soil characteristic, drainage, irrigational facilities socio-economic conditions, food habits of the people of the area and the demands / supply position and the economic value of agriculture produce. The district has a diversified agricultural cropping pattern with a wide range of crops (Singh, 1981). Three main agricultural seasons namely Kharif. Rabi, and Zaid have been recognised in the area. The Kharif is the season of summer crops, sowing in this season begins with the first rain of the south-west monsoon, usually in June and the crops are reaped LAND UTILISATION PARRERN OF ALIGARH DISTRICT (1992 - 93) Area under non - agricultura uses and barran and uncultural land I Net area sown Other uncultivated land excluding fallow lands Fallow land I Area under forests Area under forests • Fallow land • Other uncultivated land, excluding fallow lands I Area under non - agricultural uses and Net area sown barran and uncultural land Fig. 7.1 Table 7.1 : Land utilisation pattern in Aligarh district (U.P.) (1989-90 to 1992-93) S.No Particulars 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 Area Percentage Area Percentage Area Percentage Area Percentage (in hectares) to the (in hectares) to the (in hectares) to the (in hectares) to the reporting reporting reporting reporting area area area area 1 Reporting area 502)68 100.00 502403 100.00 502307 100.00 502304 100.00 2. Forest coverage 319() 0.64 1409 0.28 1412 0.28 1409 0.28 3. Barren land 9706 1.93 9953 1.98 10352 2.06 10379 2.07 suitable for agriculture 4. Fallow land 13204 2.63 12574 2.50 10569 2.10 9139 1.82 5. Other fallow 12829 2.55 11895 2.37 12681 2.52 13525 2.69 land 6. Barren land 28281 5.63 26726 5.32 26190 5.21 25768 5.13 unfit for agriculture 7. Pasture 2644 0.53 2687 0.53 2617 0.52 2617 0.52 8. Orchard 1123 0.22 1034 0.21 1039 0.21 1037 0.21 9. Land under 41346 8.23 41709 8.30 42285 8.42 42418 8.44 miscellaneous use 10. Net sown area 389845 77.63 394416 78.51 395162 78.67 396012 78.84 139 between September and December. The Rabi is the season of winter crops. These crops differ in kind from the Kharif crops and require cool weather and only a moderate supply of water. These crops are usually sown in October and November and harvested in April and May. Besides, there is an intermediate crop season known as Zaid. The principal crops grown during this season are moong, green gram etc. The cropping pattern of the district is given in table 7.2. Area and production of main crops : There are many types of crops grown in the district but the principal crops are wheat, millet, maize, barely, pulses (Pea, gram, urad, masoor, arhar, moong etc.), cotton, sugarcane, potato and oil seeds. The Pre - Green - Revolution period was the period of traditional agriculture. Agriculture practices were carried out by primitive methods. Farmers did not know much about soil, water conservation and land management practices, and the use of fertilisers, low capital investments in agriculture resulted in low yield and low returns. About 85.3 per cent of the cultivated land was under food crops and 14.7 per cent was under oil seeds, sugarcane and potato. With the adoption of intensive agricultural district programme (launched in 1961 - 62) in the district there has been some increase in area under wheat and maize. The area sown under the principal crops of the district with their production are given in table 7.3. The table shows an increasing trend of yield of food grains and non - food grains constituted the major and pre - dominant component growth of agriculture in the district. The production of various crops increased to a large extent than the area under different crops. IRRIGATION : Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil for the purpose of crop production. Irrigation water is supplied to supplement the water Table 7.2 : Showing cropping pattern of the district (1989 - 90 to 1992 - 93) S.No Particulars: 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 Area Percentage Area Percentage Area Percentage Area Percentage (in hectares) (in hectares) (in hectares) (in hectares) 1. Gross Croped 645674 100.00 645441 100.00 627796 100.00 623165 100.00 area 2. Area under 247922 38.40 242938 37.64 219827 35.02 223560 35.87 summer crops (Kharif) 3. Area under 362814 56.19 363925 56.38 373869 59.55 366460 58.81 winter crops (Rabi) 4. Area under 34918 5.41 38547 5.97 34098 5.43 33143 5.32 intermediate season crops (Zaid) 5. Area prepared 20 0.001 31 0.01 2 0.0001 2 0.0001 for sugarcane 6. Double crpooed 255829 251025 232634 227153 area Table 7.3 : Showing area and production of main crops. S.No Name of the crop 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production (in hectares) (metric tons) (in hectares) (metric tons) (in hectares) (metric tons) (in hectares) (metric tons) Grains 1 Paddy 14096 19490 13249 19953 10991 16643 10494 20870 2. Wheet 233554 613742 220954 59933 223441 627173 227646 618565 3. Barley 41197 84861 38033 107599 38550 110233 37770 95833 4. Sorghum(Jawar) 2176 1215 1476 789 645 259 1000 612 5. Mittct(Bajra) 96045 118088 94082 124977 83168 89066 90010 120319 6. Maize 60598 96806 56919 93755 53232 46067 50030 97971 Pulses 7. Urad 784 305 1219 457 859 494 927 652 8. Moong 20856 9399 22833 7029 17404 7677 16392 3985 9. Masoor 2360 2447 2566 1529 1944 1324 1828 1358 10 Gram 10405 14078 10140 9150 6559 8980 7343 9830 11. Pea (Matar) 17832 25910 17916 29167 9882 12540 9810 15323 12. Arhar 22759 27765 24424 21896 23914 26300 24911 25096 Oil Seeds 13. Mustard 41181 38207 57923 62904 76202 64586 63589 44932 14. Groundnut 13 14 29 33 3 4 15 19 15. Til 174 18 307 43 124 28 117 49 Other Crops 16. Sugarcane 13238 659146 14109 827690 13625 819244 12865 775348 17. Potato 5077 80135 4966 96916 5147 84411 5788 132267 18. Tobacco 93 275 62, 162 61 284 52 265 19. Cotton 6883 1078 5328 4308 4038 20. Sanai 36 17 9 5 17 9 7 4 142 available from rainfall and the contribution to soil moisture from groundwater. Irrigation is essential to raise crops necessary to meet the needs of food and fibre. The increasing need for crop production for the growing population is causing the rapid expansion of irrigation throughout the world. India has the second largest area under irrigation. Water being a limited resource, its efficient use is basic to the survival of the ever increasing population of the world. In the comprehensive strategy needed for the conservation and development of our water resources, several factors are to be kept in view. These include the availability of water, its quality, location, distribution and variation in its occurrence, climatic conditions, nature of the soil, competing demands and socio - economic conditions. In dealing with each of these, every effort must be made to make the best use of water, so as to make possible a high level of continuos production. Our aim today is to increase agricultural productions, per unit volume of water, per unit area of cropped land, per unit time. Scientific management of irrigation water provides the best insurance against the weather - induced fluctuations in total food production. This is the only way in which we can make our agriculture competitive and profitable. An integrated policy for water resources management, in addition to efficient utilisation of the resources for optimum crop production, should meet the requirements of the growing industry and human and live stock consumption. In the earlier days agricultural operations were largely dependent on nature, that is the rainfall. But with the advent of canals system of irrigation, not only the vagaries of weather have been eliminated but the farmer gets regulated supply of water as and when required for a particular crop. During the late half of the 19 th century, Ganga Canal System 143 became operational in the region and as such, major thrust lay on the utilisation of canal water for irrigational purposes. Groundwater played a supplementary but subsidiary role in the irrigation. However, after the down of independence in the country, great emphasis has been laid on the development and exploitation of groundwater resources for irrigational purposes. Thus, a large number of state and private tubewells have been constructed in the district over the years. At the present time, groundwater is complimenting the surface water for irrigational purposes in a big way. The main irrigational facilities in the district are canals (mainly the Upper Ganga Canal and its tributaries), state tubewells, private tubewells, pumping sets, pond etc. Area irrigated by different sources are given as under : Irrigation (1989 - 90 to 1992 - 93) 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 1. Gross irrigated area 529467 525268 540701 528646 2. Net irrigated area 365700 378108 385870 387242 Mode of Irrigation (1989 - 90 to 1992 - 93) Perusal of the table 7.4 revels that the groundwater is contributing in a big way and about 80 per cent of irrigational requirements are being met by it in the district. The same have been shown in figure 7.2. The increasing trend of irrigated area under groundwater resource clearly indicates the role of groundwater in the development of agriculture in Aligarh district. Table 7.4 : Showing area irrigated through different sources (1989-90 to 1992 - 93). Year Canals 1\ibewells Wells Ponds & Lakes Other sources Total (Net irrigated) State Private 1989-90 75455 22665 264722 1139 375 1344 365700 (20.63%) (6.20%) 7239 (0.31%) (0.10%) (0.37%) (100.00%) 1990-91 73262 21659 278344 3988 21 834 378108 (19.38%) (5.73%) (73.61) (1.050% (0.01%) (0.22%) (100.00%) 1991-92 72883 16659 293610 2021 31 666 385870 (18.89%) (4.32%) 76.09 (0.52%) (0.01%) (0.17%) (100.00%) 1992-93 70189 17333 297411 1727 25 557 387242 (18.13%) (4.48%) (76.80) (0.45%) (0.006%) (0.14%) (100 00%) •c* PIE - DIAGRAM SHOWING CONTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER IN ALIGARH DISTRICT Surface water 20% Groundwater 80% Fig. 7.2 PIE - DIAGRAM SHOWING GROUNDWATER USE PATTERN IN ALIGARH DISTRICT Industrial 5% Domestic 10* Irrigator 85% Fie. 7.3 146 Further, figure 7.3 shows the groundwater utilisation pattern in the district. As the groundwater is the only source of water supply about 85 per cent of it is used for irrigation and rest 15 per cent for domestic and other purposes. SUMMARY "VCLUS10N SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION India, with a mainly agricultural economy, depends heavily on the availability of water for a good year. Rainfall, characterised by seasonal and annual variations, is not a very reliable source of irrigation in most parts of the country. Availability of groundwater is therefore a major asset that greatly influences the agriculture. While surface water potential has been used to the full in several states, the same cannot be said of groundwater. Nevertheless, the droughts that is periodical failures of rainfall, place a great strain on the groundwater resource. For evolving policies for the best use of water resources, a refined assessment of the groundwater resources become indispensable. Hence, an attempt has been made to make a comprehensive study for the aquifer system and evaluate the groundwater resources of Aligarh district for the integrated regional development and the role of groundwater in the development of agriculture. Aligarh district, spreads over an area of 5019 sq. km., forms a part of Ganga - Yamuna - Doab and lies in the Central Ganga basin. The district is mainly drained by numerous rivers and drainage lines. The Ganga and Yamuna are the two perennial rivers. However, Nim, Kali, Rind, Sengar and Karwan form important tributaries of the main two rivers. The district has the shape of a quadrilateral with a gentle slope from north to south. Physiographically, from the Ganga right bank to Yamuna left bank, the district is divisible into the following five distinct physiographic units viz. Low valley of the Ganga and Kali, Eastern Upland, Central Depression, Western Upland and Yamuna Lowland. Six major soil types namely (i) Ganga Khadir, (ii)Eastern Upland, (iii)Central 148 Lowlands, (iv) Western Uplands, (v) Trans Yamuna Khadir and (vi) Yamuna Khadir are found. The district Aligarh falls under sub - tropical climatic zones of India and is characterised by hot summer and chilly winter. The average annual rainfall at Aligarh, the district headquarters is 678.73 mm. About 85 % of the total rainfall occurs during the south - west monsoon in the months of July and August each year. The minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at 3.3 °C and 45.3 °C respectively. As regards the origin of the Ganga basin, it was interpreted to be formed as a foredeep or a great rift valley which was later filled up with the alluvium of the thickness 4.5 km to 20 km. A third view regards it a sagging in the crust, while the fourth more accepted view presents it as a resultant of the buckling down of the northern fringe of the Peninsula. However, at present, Indo - Gangetic plain is considered as a peripheral foreland basin, formed as a result of continent - continent collision between Indian and Asian Plates. Consequent to the oil and water drillings in the Ganga basin, the sub - surface topography beneath the Quaternary alluvium is found to consist alternate spurs and depressions. The study area lies on Aligarh - Kasganj - Tanakpur spur. The geological cross - sections reveal that on the eroded surface of the Archean basement (Bundelkhand granite), the Upper Vindhyans were deposited during the Upper Proterozoic era. Thereafter they underwent a Post - Vindhyans faulting an erosion since Cambrian to Lower Pliocene. During this span of time encompassing about 500 million years, the Vindhyan topography was reduced to almost peneplain and on these eroded surface of the Upper Vindhays. Neogine Siwaliks were deposited which was later on followed by the deposition of Quaternary sediments. The Quaternary sediments healed up earlier depressions through 149 rapid sedimentation giving thereby a broad monotonous level expanses which is the present Ganga basin. Further the thickness of the Vindhyans, Neogene Siwaliks and Quaternary sediments gradually increased due north which attains their maximum thickness close to Himalayan foothills. Hydrogeologically, there occurs 2 - 3 tier aquifer system in the district. The 1st aquifer which occurs in the depth range of 0.9 - 66 m.b.g.l. is the most potential granular zone in both the quantitative and qualitative terms. The 2 nd and 3 rd aquifer which occur in the depth ranges of 99.69 and 144.00 m and 132.00 and 300.00 m respectively, have got great quantitative potential but unfortunately, in the area lying between Karwan and Yamuna, the quality of formation of water deteriorates below 100 metres and continuous so down to the bed rock. The quality deterioration is due to the thickest clay beds of the Ganga basin and the sub - surface Vindhyan ridges. Besides the above all other granular zones encountered in boreholes at different depths at various places have little spatial extension and are of lenticular nature. The quality of their water is not good. All the aquifer in the district have a pinching and swelling dispositions. They have a tendency to dilate at one place due to the coalescence of two or more granular zones and attenuate at other, due to splitting of one aquifer into several granular zones thus giving the deceptive look of the multiplicity of the aquifers in the district. The granular zones comprising fine to medium, grey micaceous sands, occasionally intermixed with coarse sand and gravels forms about 60 per cent of total formation. In the district groundwater occurs under the water table condition in shallow aquifers and confined to semi - confined conditions in deeper aquifers. The pre - monsoon depth to water level varies between 3.23 to 16.20 metres b.g.l. and post - monsoon depth to water level ranges between 150 2.05 to 16.48 m.b.g.l. The range of fluctuation (rise) between pre and post - monsoon periods between 0.03 and 2.73 m. In addition at places decline (negative fluctuation) of 0.03 m and 1.30 m has also observed in the district. The altitude of water table in the district ranges between 164 and 190 m.a.m.s.l. The general slope of water table in the district is from north - west to south - east which corresponds to the general groundwater in the basin. The general gradient of the water table is about 0.35 m per kilometre. By and large, the water table contours are moderately spaced thus, representing good to moderate permeability. Kali river which is a tributary of Ganga and flows through the interfluvial track of Ganga and Yamuna rivers in the district exhibits an effluent nature. Three prominent groundwater divides are identified in the district. These occur along the courses of the Lower and Upper Ganga Canals and the main branches are found in me extreme north - eastern part of the district along the Lower Ganga Canal in Atrauli tehsil, and along the Upper Ganga Canal (Etawah and Kanpur Branches) extending from the north - central part to the south - eastern part of the district in a north - west to south - east direction in Koil and Sikandra Rao tehsils, and in the western part of the district along the Upper Ganga Canal (Hathras branch) covering Khair, Iglas and Hathras tehsils. In between the above three ridges, two groundwater depression are discernible. Further, study of hydrographs of the key observation wells show by and large, a declining trend. The areas which are under the influence of canal network exhibits a rising trend. The intensity of decline is more in comparison to that of rise. The cause of the declining trend of groundwater is infact that the groundwater is only source of irrigation in the western part of the district as example of Aligarh city with its 7 lakhs population where the groundwater is the only source of water supply. The trend may 151 aggravate in future due to increase in population, upcoming of new colonies, extensive agricultural activities and excalating industrialisation in the western part of the district. An attempt has been made to evaluate the groundwater resources of the district ( blockwise ) through water level fluctuation method except in three blocks where ad - hoc norms has been taken. The net recharge of the district has been computed as 116399.51 ha. m. The net annual draft is 68681.99 ha. m.. leaving the balance of 47717.52 ha. m. as a utilisable groundwater resource for future development. As per the NABARD'S norms the district falls under the 'while' (safe) category, vis-a-vis status of the ground water development. In view of 59.01 % groundwater development, there is a wide scope for the large scale groundwater development through shallow and deep tubewells. Irrigation is mainly done through the shallow fanner's tubewells. The assured irrigation through groundwater has revolutionised the food production in the district, which very well testifies the role of groundwater in the development of agriculture in transferring the rural landscape and the economy of the people of the district. Water samples collected from observation wells, shallow and deep tubewells and also surface water bodies analysed for various constituents affecting the quality of water and its suitability for drinking and irrigational purposes was studied. The chemical analysis results show that the groundwater in the district is moderately to highly alkaline in reaction, fresh to saline and hard to very hard in nature. Further, the values of cations and anions are also found well within the prescribed limits. Shallow aquifers are highly polluted with the with the heavy toxic metals like Cu, Pb. Cr. Zn, Mn etc., which may entail various health hazards to its users. The value of EC, S.A.R. and Na % of the groundwater samples of 152 deeper aquifers are generally within the permissible limits for irrigation water. Thus, by the above standards, it has been concluded that the groundwater from deeper aquifers is good to moderately good, free from salinity and alkalinity, hazards and is fit for all types of irrigation. Analytical results revels that the concentration of micro nutrients (trace elements) in the groundwater of Aligarh district are within the recommended limit of Federal Water Pollution Control Federation (1968) and Ayers and Branson (1975), and have no toxic effects on plants if water are used continuously for irrigation purposes. The water from surface sources is fresh,potabl e and suitable for irrigation purposes. 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APPENDICES 162 APPENDIX-1(A) RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS OF ALIGARH RAINGAUGE STATION The Mean of 94 years of Rainfall = 678.73 mm. The Standard Deviation = 248.40 mm. The Coefficient of Variation = 36.60 % Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1901 399.28 1922 557.78 1902 620.77 1923 586.99 1903 555.49 1924 690.88 1904 635.25 1925 767.33 1905 335.28 1926 653.54 1906 659.38 1927 650.24 1907 502.92 1928 380.49 1908 735.83 1929 512.57 1909 599.94 1930 525.52 1910 * 625.05 1931 666 49 1911 502.92 1932 56870 1912 426.21 1933 1304.03 1913 535.43 1934 779.78 1914 737.61 1935 709.67 1915 357.12 1936 906.01 1916 739.39 1937 466.85 1917 879.09 1938 431.80 1918 204.47 1939 649.98 1919 701.80 1940 616.96 1920 499.36 1941 374.39 1921 591.31 1942 102082 Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1943 897.12 1969 618.00 1944 446.78 1970 417.00 1945 594.61 1971 569.30 1946 593.09 1972 72.80 1947 711.70 1973 370.80 1948 519.93 1974 412.30 1949 892.30 1975 697.90 1950 1058.41 1976 502.90 1951 610.10 1977 557.80 1952 649.47 1978 1306.30 1953 340.36 1979 499.40 1954 793.49 1980 801.80 1955 799.84 1981 736.70 1956 791.21 1982 794.40 1957 421.38 1983 1277.20 1958 1178.60 1984 767,20 1959 590.20 1985 923.10 1960 834.30 1986 970.20 1961 1025.20 1987 459.40 1962 1153.90 1988 1431.80 1963 1004.90 1989 87? on 1 164 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA Interval Frequency U IP Uf iPf 0-100 1 -7 49 -7 49 100-200 0 -6 36 0 0 200-300 1 -5 25 -5 25 300-400 7 -4 16 -28 112 400-500 11 -3 9 -33 99 500-600 19 -2 4 -38 76 600-700 17 -1 1 -17 17 700-800 17 0 0 0 0 800-900 7 1 1 . 7 7 900-1000 -* 2 4 6 12 j 1000-1100 4 3 9 12 36 1100-1200 3 4 16 12 48 1200-1300 1 5 25 5 25 1300-1400 2 6 36 12 72 1400-1500 1 7 49 7 49 Total 94 -67 627 Mean Rainfall ( X ) = Xo + C (Uf / f) 750 + 100 (-67 / 7 ) 750-71.27 678.73 mm Standard Deviation (SD) = C/y/( LPf/f) - ( Uf/f): 100A/ ( 627 / 94 ) - ( -67 / 94~ 100A/6-67-0"S0 100A/6.17 100 x 2.484 248.40 mm. Coefficient of Variation (C. V.) = ( SD / Mean ) x 100 ( 248.40/768.73 )x 100 36.60 % Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1943 556.00 1969 500.40 1944 715.77 1970 255.20 1945 561.08 1971 527.80 1946 419.35 1972 770.90 1947 641.85 1973 486.20 1948 809.24 1974 395.18 1949 638.04 1975 408.00 1950 105867 1976 640.40 1951 544.32 1977 1024.60 1952 516.89 1978 883.80 1953 434.84 1979 519.20 1954 437.89 1980 811.00 1955 789.17 1981 575.80 1956 843.02 1982 1143.60 1957 351.79 1983 1084.52 1958 774.95 1984 449.25 1959 471.60 1985 837.05 1960 713.48 1986 518.14 1961 850.10 1987 415.20 1962 925.25 1988 791.83 1963 1001.11 1989 489.80 1964 909.15 1990 521 70 1965 488.00 1991 753.50 1966 332.70 1992 833.00 1967 600.60 1993 488.10 1968 425 00 1994 585.60 167 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA Interval Frequency U IP Uf U2f 100-200 1 -5 25 -5 25 200-300 2 -4 16 -8 32 300-400 8 -3 9 -24 72 400-500 21 -2 4 -42 84 500-600 17 -1 1 -17 17 600-700 8 0 0 0 0 700-800 18 1 1 18 18 800-900 9 2 4 18 36 900-1000 4 3 9 12 36 1000-1100 4 4 16 16 64 1100-1200 2 5 25 10 50 Total 94 -22 434 Mean Rainfall (X) = Xo + C(Uf/f) 650+100 (-22/94) 650 - 23.40 626.60 mm. Standard Deviation (SD) = C yy/( U2f7f) - ( Uf /f): IQOfiJi 434 / 94 ) - ( -22 / 947 100 A/ 4.61 -O05 100A/~4~56~ 100X2.135 213.50 mm. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) = ( SD / Mean ) x 100 ( 213/626.60 )x 100 34.07 % 168 APPENDIX - 1(C) RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS OF IGLAS RAINGAIIGE STATION The Mean of 94 years of Rainfall = 680.86 mm. The Standard Deviation = 257.40 mm. The Coefficient of Variation = 37.80 % Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1901 542.79 1922 705 61 1902 605.79 1923 776.22 1903 600.20 1924 928.11 1904 928.37 1925 1102.61 1905 323.59 1926 917.95 1906 787.40 1927 641.60 1907 466.59 1928 411 48 1908 893.57 1929 791.71 1909 569.46 1930 691.38 1910 749 80 1931 709.93 1911 492.25 1932 577.85 1912 544.83 1933 138049 1913 460.24 1934 834.89 1914 861 56 1935 82042 1915 499.36 1936 874.26 1916 651.76 1937 469.39 1917 1027.68 1938 1042 41 1918 284.73 1939 858.26 1919 833.88 1940 675.13 1920 546.35 1941 32867 1921 683.00 1942 1413.76 Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1943 775.46 1969 627.60 1944 572.51 1970 525.30 1945 775.20 1971 1101.70 1946 397.00 1972 511.50 1947 653.54 1973 389.10 1948 909.32 1974 399.00 1949 1173.48 1975 412.28 1950 676.91 1976 547.10 1951 601.98 1977 982.20 1952 660.14 1978 728.90 1953 474.98 1979 391.80 1954 669.03 1980 653.30 1955 708.40 1981 1129.00 1956 638.55 1982 722.90 1957 423.67 1983 828.28 1958 1178.81 1984 430.00 1959 393.30 1985 609.00 1960 951.73 1986 393.00 1961 970.10 1987 336.47 1962 815.20 1988 687.75 1963 998.15 1989 337.60 1964 1020.38 1990 319.00 1965 447.00 1991 107.00 1966 521.60 1992 322.25 1967 1075.40 1993 403.20 1968 718.10 1994 455.00 170 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA Interval Frequency U IP Uf IPf 100-200 1 -6.5 42.25 -6.50 42.25 200-300 1 -5.5 30.25 -5.50 30.25 300-400 12 -4.5 20.25 -54.00 243.00 400-500 13 -3.5 12.25 -45.50 159.25 500-600 10 -2.5 6.25 -25.00 62.25 600-700 17 -1.5 2.25 -25.50 38.25 700-800 12 -0.5 0.25 -6.00 3.00 800-900 9 0.5 0.25 4.50 2.25 900-1000 8 1.5 2.25 12.00 18 00 1000-1100 4 2.5 6.25 10.00 25.00 1100-1200 5 3.5 12.25 17.50 61.25 1200-1300 0 4.5 2.025 0.00 0.00 1300-1400 1 5.5 30.25 5.50 30.25 1400-1500 1 6.5 42.25 6.50 42.25 Total 94 -112 757.25 Mean Rainfall ( X ) = Xo + C (Uf / f) 800+100 (-112/94) 800-119.14 680 86 mm. Standard Deviation (SD) = C/y/( LPf/f) - ( Uf/f): lOO/Jt 757.25 / 94 ) - ( -112794 )2 100rj 8.05 - i~42 100,7 6.63 100 x 2.574 257 40 mm. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) = ( SD / Mean ) x 100 ( 257.40/680.86 )x 100 37.80% 171 APPENDIX - 1(D) RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS OF HATHRAS RAINGAUGE STATION The Mean of 94 years of Rainfall = 635.11 mm. The Standard Deviation -221.05 mm. The Coefficient of Variation = 34.87 % Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1901 510.54 1922 609.85 1902 397.51 1923 593.09 1903 692.15 1924 693.92 1904 800.10 1925 777.74 1905 519.93 1926 646.68 1906 879.85 1927 646.93 1907 464.05 1928 326.64 1908 689.86 1929 397.00 1909 620.26 1930 571.50 1910 790.95 1931 596.39 1911 537.46 1932 443.23 1912 610.36 1933 1131.57 1913 425.95 1934 532.63 1914 755.65 1935 684.02 1915 424 18 1936 885.98 1916 60833 1937 395.73 1917 927.60 1938 534.67 1918 234.95 1939 582.42 1919 834.13 1940 487.17 1920 40843 1941 215.39 1921 508.25 1942 753.87 1 Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1943 579 88 1969 598.00 1944 452.37 1970 560 90 1945 540.51 1971 515.10 1946 48971 1972 465.10 1947 64947 1973 548.50 1948 595.12 1974 380.18 1949 1064.26 1975 400.00 1950 764.28 1976 607.60 1951 541.52 1977 1004.90 1952 572.51 1978 992.70 1953 557.78 1979 368.80 1954 622.80 1980 777.80 1955 618.74 1981 492.50 1956 647.70 1982 1176.40 1957 340 86 1983 1276.60 1958 1100.00 1984 529.00 1959 385.90 1985 745.91 1960 848.20 1986 437.50 1961 980.20 1987 400.20 1962 1010.10 1988 727.00 1963 920.15 1989 453.00 1964 100037 1990 507.00 1965 510.10 1991 350.80 1966 514.60 1992 569.34 1967 1119.60 1993 634.60 1968 559.50 1994 773.00 173 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA Interval Frequency U U2 Uf U2f 200-300 2 -5 25 -10 50 300-400 10 -4 16 -40 160 400-500 13 -3 9 -39 117 500-600 25 -2 4 -50 100 600-700 16 -1 I -16 16 700-800 9 0 0 0 0 800-900 5 1 1 5 5 900-1000 5 2 4 10 20 1000-1100 5 3 9 15 45 1100-1200 3 4 16 12 48 1200-1300 1 5 25 5 25 Total 94 -108 586 Mean Rainfall (X) = Xo + C(Uf/f) 750+100 (-108/94) 750-114.89 635.11mm. Standard Deviation (S.D) = C*]( IPf/f) - ( Uf/f )2 100/J ( 586 / 94 ) - (-108 / 94~): 100/J 6.23 - ll2 100^ 4.91 100 x 2.215 221.50 mm. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) = ( S.D. / Mean ) x 100 ( 221.50/635.ll)x 100 34.87 % 174 APPENDIX - 1(E) RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS OF SIKANDRA RAO RAINGAIIGE STATION The Mean of 94 years of Rainfall = 705.32 mm. The Standard Deviation =219 mm. The Coefficient of Variation = 31.04 % Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1901 511.55 1922 86233 1902 578.35 1923 529 84 1903 622.30 1924 779.00 1904 983.23 1925 684.78 1905 254.00 1926 811.78 1906 944.88 1927 542.29 1907 616.96 1928 320.29 1908 886.20 1929 421.89 1909 668.27 1930 657.09 1910 692.40 1931 693.92 1911 621.28 1932 408.94 1912 541.78 1933 963.67 1913 407.67 1934 564.64 1914 657.09 1935 654.05 1915 363.47 1936 804.41 1916 937.26 1937 31699 1917 934 46 1938 436.11 1918 181 10 1939 543.05 1919 915.92 1940 762.76 1920 513 84 1941 271.52 1921 838.70 1942 843.78 175 Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1943 1041.14 1969 859.20 1944 497.33 1970 600.60 1945 927.86 1971 I 820.80 1946 511.55 1972 675.60 1947 644.39 1973 786.40 1948 799.84 1974 485.00 1949 652.78 1975 510.20 1950 681.22 1976 634.10 1951 727.45 1977 1173.00 1952 773.93 1978 785.90 1953 470.40 1979 533.40 1954 623.31 1980 737.10 1955 622.30 1981 521.10 1956 1177.29 1982 870.20 1957 564.64 1983 1078.90 1958 903.47 1984 626.00 1959 695.10 1985 768.40 1960 1003 45 1986 565.10 1961 925.40 1987 343.80 1962 980.70 1988 844.40 1963 890 99 1989 61000 1964 1100.20 1990 882.80 1965 641.50 1991 68590 1966 523.20 1992 1031.50 1967 1199.00 1993 1005.00 1968 587.10 1994 1038.20 176 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA • - —- • • -••• ' — Interval Frequency U IP Uf iPf 100-200 1 -5 25 -5 25 200-300 2 -4 16 -8 32 300-400 4 -3 9 -12 36 400-500 7 _2 4 -14 28 500-600 16 -1 1 -16 16 600-700 23 0 0 0 0 700-800 9 1 1 9 9 800-900 12 2 4 24 48 900-1000 10 3 9 30 90 1000-1100 6 4 16 24 96 1100-1200 4 5 25 20 100 Total 94 52 480 Mean Rainfall (X) = Xo + C (Uf / f) 650+100(52/94) 650 + 55.32 705 32 mm. Standard Deviation (S.D.) = C *J{ U:f/f)- ( Uf/f): 100^/( 480 / 94 ) - ( 52 / 94~ 100^5.10-030 100^4.8 100x2.190 219mm. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) = ( S.D. / Mean ) x 100 ( 219/705.32 )x 100 3104% 177 APPENDIX-1(F) RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS OF ATRAULI RAINGAUGE STATION The Mean of 94 years of Rainfall = 761.71 mm. The Standard Deviation = 248 mm. The Coefficient of Variation = 32.60 % Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1901 358.39 1922 909.57 1902 702.31 1923 636.77 1903 608.33 1924 839.47 1904 759.20 1925 667.76 1905 383.03 1926 667.76 1906 1002.79 1927 861.06 1907 571.24 1928 387.60 1908 786.63 1929 406.40 1909 689.10 1930 552.12 1910 882.90 1931 595.88 1911 511.04 1932 562.86 1912 421.13 1933 1297.94 1913 529.08 1934 551.18 1914 769.36 1935 726.69 1915 533.14 1936 880.11 1916 1324.61 1937 579.12 1917 83261 1938 512.06 1918 373.88 1939 903.22 1919 85699 1940 802.64 1920 458.21 1941 323.34 1921 1073.40 1942 1137.66 178 Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall (in mm.) (in mm.) 1943 707.80 1969 964.20 1944 614.68 1970 963.70 1945 794.00 1971 1130.50 1946 792.48 1972 1003 80 1947 787.40 1973 972.70 1948 826 77 1974 415.11 1949 711.96 1975 690.00 1950 895.35 1976 615.12 1951 956.05 1977 1290.40 1952 745.23 1978 988.60 1953 441.70 1979 497.60 1954 764.28 1980 740.10 1955 957.07 1981 495.90 1956 985.52 1982 938.80 1957 354.83 1983 1265.70 1958 907.28 1984 776.80 1959 426.90 1985 749.80 1960 1216.00 1986 764.14 1961 885.00 1987 354.70 1962 695.00 1988 892.10 1963 928.00 1989 881.00 1964 909.00 1990 844.00 1965 1020.90 1991 636.20 1966 667.00 1992 1434.97 1967 1223.90 1993 1272.00 1968 681.80 1994 523.50 179 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA Interval Frequency U IP Uf iPf 300-400 7 -5.5 30.25 -38.50 211.74 400-500 9 -4.5 20.25 -40.50 182.25 500-600 10 -3.5 12.25 -35.00 122.50 600-700 12 -2.5 6.25 -30.00 7500 700-800 16 -15 2.25 -24.00 36.00 800-900 13 -0.5 0.25 -6.50 3.25 900-1000 14 0.5 0.25 7.50 3.50 1000-1100 4 1.5 2.25 6.00 9.00 1100-1200 0 2.5 6.25 5.00 12.50 1200-1300 6 3.5 12.25 21.00 73.50 1300-1400 0 4.5 20.25 0.00 00.00 1400-1500 1 5.5 30.25 5.50 30.25 Total 94 -130.00 759.50 Mean Rainfall (X) Xo + C(Uf/f) 900+ 100 (-130/94) 900- 138.29 761.71 mm. 2 Standard Deviation (S.D.) C/N/(U f/f)-(Uf/f)- lOO/Jt 759.50 / 94 ) - ( -130 / 94 )2 100 A/8.08- 1.91 100/y/ 6.17 100x2.483 248 mm. Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) ( S.D./Mean) x 100 ( 248/761.71 )x 100 32 60% 180 APPENDIX - II IJTHOLOGICAL LOGS OF BOREHOLES DRILLED BY CGWB, GWB & IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT IN ALIGARH DISTRICT (U.P) S.No Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres Tubewell No.: 7WKG Location : Palsera 1. Surface clay 0.00 -- 3.04 3.04 2. Kankar 3.04 - 6.09 3.05 3. Clay 6.09--9.14 3.05 4. Clay & kankar 9.14-- 18.28 9.14 5. Brown fine sand 18.28-21.33 3.05 6. Clay & kankar 21.33-22.86 1.53 7. File sand 22.86 - 24.38 1.52 8. Fine sand & sand stone 24.38 - 27.43 3.05 9. Clay & kankar 27.43 - 33.52 6.09 10. Very fine sand 33.52 - 36.57 3.05 11. Fine sand & sand stone 36.57-39.62 3.05 12. Med. sand & sand stone 39.62 - 44.50 4.88 13. Clay & kankar 44.50 - 46.94 2.44 14. Med. sand & sand stone 46.94 - 53.64 6.70 15. Clay kankar 53.64-57.30 3.66 16. Med. sand & sand stone 57.30 - 64.00 6.70 17. Clay 64.00 - 74.98 10.98 18. Fine to med. sand & sand stone 74.98 - 84.73 9.75 19. Clay 84.73-91.44 6.71 181 S.No. Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres Tubewell No.: 50 WKG Location : Udaipur 1. Surface clay 0.00 -- 6.82 6.82 2 Ver> fine clay 6.82-- 10.66 3.84 ^ J. Clay with kankar 10.66-- 17.67 7.01 4. Sandy clay 17.67--24.38 6.71 5. Fine sand 24.38-37.18 12.80 6. Fine to medium sand 37.18-42.36 5.18 7. Coarse sand 42.36 - 56.69 14.33 8. Fine to medium sand 56.69 - 62.48 5.79 9. Clay with kankar 62.48 - 67.36 4.88 10. Fine sand 67.36 - 74.06 6.70 11. Clay with kankar 74.06 - 99.67 25.61 with trace of sand 12. Fine to medium sand 99.67- 118.26 18.59 13. Sandy clay 118.26- 112.52 4.26 14. Hard clay 112.52- 140.20 17.68 Tubewell No.: GWB Peizometer Location : Chandaus 1. Surface clay brown colour 0.00 - 3.00 3.00 2. Clay mixed with kankar 3.00 - 5.80 2.80 Kankar mixed with five sand 5.80- 16.83 11.03 & little amount of clay 182 S.No . Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres 4. Fine sand mixed with clay & 16.83- 19.74 2.91 gravel of kankar 5. Clay with gravels of kankar 19.74-- 22.74 3.00 6. Sand medium to coarse, 22.74-- 48.76 26.02 grey coloured, quartz felspar grey, rounded to sub-angular with mica and Ferro magnesium minerals 7. Yellow clay 48.76-51.00 2.24 8. Grey fine to coarse sand 51.00-69.00 18.00 9. Yellowish hard & sticky clay 69.00-81.00 12.00 10. Medium to coarse sand 81.00-84.00 3.00 11. Sticky brownish clay mixed 84.00 - 99.00 15.00 with kankar 12. Brownish fine grained sand 99.00- 110.94 11.94 13. Sticky brownish clay 110.94-252.00 141.06 Tubewell No.: CGWB Location : Mohsinpur Sofa 1. Top soil, earthy 0.00-3.45 3.45 2. Kankar gravel mixed with 3.45 - 6.90 3.45 silt & little clay 3. Earthy coloured silty clay 6.90 - 9.80 2.90 4. Fine sand light grey 9.80- 12.70 2.90 5. Kankar pea size with grey 12.70- 15.70 3.00 fine grained sand 183 S.No . Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres 6. Clay sticky, earthy pale 15.70--37.59 21.89 yellow mixed with various proportion of kankar 7. Kankar mixed with fine grained 37.59 - 40.84 3.25 sand & little clay 8. Clay and kankar 40.84 -- 44.08 3.24 9. Clay, sticky, pale yellow mixed 44.08 - 82.23 38.15 with assorted kankar 10. Kankar mixed with sand fine 82.23 - 85.23 3.00 grained and little clay 11. Clay, sticky pale yellow mixed 85.23 - 200.94 115.71 with kankar 12. Clay, sticky light dark 200.94 - 207.96 7.02 13. Clay, sticky light ash grey mixed 207.96- 220.23 12.97 with miner kankar 14. Clay sticky, light ash grey mixed 220.23 ~ 242.00 21.09 with kankar TubewellNo.: 105 AG Location : Sikandarpur 1. Clay 0.00 -- 3.04 3.04 2. Very fine sand & kankar 3.04 -- 6.09 3.05 Kankar & clay 6.09 -- 9.14 3.05 4. Fine sand 9.14-- 12.19 3.05 5. Medium sand 12.19-28.95 16.76 6. Hard clay 28.95 - 32.00 3.05 7. Fine to coarse sand 32.00-57.91 25.91 184 S.No. Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres 8. Clay & kankar 57.91 - 64.00 6.09 9. Hard clay 64.00 -- 70.10 6.10 Tubewell No.: Drilling by CGWB Location : Railway station club compound • 1. Surface clay 0.00 -- 6.60 6.60 2. Clay with fine sand & kankar 6.60 -- 10.10 3.50 3. Sand, fine to medium grey 10.10- 66.72 56.62 mica coarse 4. Clay with kankar 66.72 - 99.69 32.97 5. Gravel with medium sand 99.69 - 110.02 10.33 6. Kankar mixed with yellow clay 110.02 -- 122.97 12.95 7. Yellow clay with kankar 122.97 -- 131.82 8.85 8. Gravel with yellow clay 131.82 -- 172.78 40.96 9. Gravel calcareous 172.78 -- 176.01 3.23 10. Gravel with yellow clay 176.01 -- 179.21 3.20 11. Gravel calcareous with fine sand 179.21 -201.85 22.64 12. Clay yellow with gravels 201.85---269.80 67.95 13. Sandy clay with kankar 269.80 -- 342.23 72.43 14. Fine to medium sand with quartz 342.23 --351.66 9.43 gravels and very little clay 15. Medium sand with gravel and 351.66 --368.16 16.50 little clay 16. Sandy clay with calcareous clay 368.16---375.01 6.85 17. Red clay with pisoritil iron 375.01 --- 379.36 4.35 186 S.No. Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres 3. Sticky brown clay mixed with 39.63 - 55.00 15.37 kankars 4. Fine grained brown sand mixed 55.00 -- 65.70 10.70 with clay 5. Clay mixed with kankar. clay 65.70- 73.00 7.30 brown & sticky 6. Fine brown sand mixed with 73.00- 90.25 17.25 brown clay 7. Stickt brown clay mixed with 90.25 -- 115.25 25.00 kankar 8. Sticky brown clay with minor 115.25 -- 126.95 11.70 silty sand 9. Sticky brown clay with minor 126.95-- 135.80 8.85 kankar 10. Very fine brown sand with 135.80 -- 141.65 5.85 little clay 11. Sticky, brown plastic clay with 141.65 -- 208.22 66.57 minor kankar 12. Fine to medium sand with clay 208.22 --241.07 32.85 13. Clay greyish plastic hard 241.07--251.92 10.85 14. Medium to coarse sand 251.92 -- 256.00 4.08 comprised of quartz mixed with iron nodules 15. Clay greyish brown, plastic, 256.00 --261.00 5.00 sticky sand coarse grained comprised of quartz & Iron- nodules with pieces of crystalline silica minerals 16. Quartz sub-rounded to sub- 261.00 -- 302.04 41.04 angular 17. Sticky, brown, plastic clay 302.04 •- 365.00 62.96 18. Piece of shale greenish black 365.00-- 367.50 2.50 187 S.No. Lithology Deptht range in metres Thickness in metres Tubewell No.: GW 10 Location : Paharipur ( Gangiri) 1. Surface clay 0.00--3.05 3.05 2 Fine sand 3.05--6.09 3.04 3. Fine to medium sand 6.09--45.72 39.63 4. Clay 45.72 -64.01 18.29 5. Fine to medium sand 64.01--76.20 12.19 6. Clay 76.20 - 82.29 6.09 7. Fine sand 82.29 -- 85.34 3.05 8. Clay 85.34-- 112.77 27.43 9. Fine to medium sand 112.77--118.87 6.10 10. Clay & kankar 118.87 — 121.92 3.05 11. Fine to medium sand 121.92-- 124.96 3.04 12. Clay & kankar 124.96-- 131.06 6.10 13 Fine sand 131.06-- 143.25 12.19 14. Clay 143.25-- 170.68 27.43 15. Fine to medium sand 170.68-- 185.92 15.24 16. Clay 185.92 -- 207.26 21.34 17. Sandy clay 207.26-210.31 3.05 18. Clay 210.31 -228.59 18.29 19. Fine to medium sand 228.59 - 252.95 24.39 20. Clay 252.95 - 277.36 24.38 21. Fine sand 277.36-280.41 3.05 22. Sandy clay 280.41 -291.60 12.19 188 S.No. Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres Tubewell No.: 2 NES Location : Imlath (Jawan) 1. Surface clay 0.00--3.05 3.05 2. Clay and kankar 3.05--6.10 3.05 3. Silt 6.10-- 12.20 6.10 4. Sand stone 12.20-- 15.24 3.04 5. Kankar 15.24- 19.81 4.57 6. Clay and kankar 19.81-22.66 2.85 7. Fine sand 22.66 - 27.43 4.77 8. Fine sand and sand stone 27.43 - 30.48 3.05 9. Clay and kankar 30.48 - 33.53 3.05 10. Clay & stone 33.53-36.58 3.05 11. Fine sand 36.58 - 39.01 2.43 12. Clay 39.01 -41.15 2.14 13 Fine sand 41.15-45.72 4.57 14. Fine to medium sand and 45.72-57.91 12.19 sand stone 15. Clay and kankar 57.91 -88.39 30.48 16. Silt 88.39 - 92.96 4.57 17. Clay 92.96 - 97.53 4.57 18. Clay and sand 97.53 - 103.63 6.10 19. Silt 103.63- 105.15 1.52 20. Clay with kankar 105.15- 109.73 4.58 21. Silt 109.73- 111.56 1.83 22. C lay and kankar 111.56- 114.30 2.74 189 S.No. Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres 23. Fine sand 114.30- 118.87 4.57 24. Fine to medium sand 118.87- 120.39 1.52 25. Sand stone and clay 120.39- 120.70 0.31 26. Clay 120.70- 122.53 1.83 Tubewell No.: 241 AG Location : Hardoi (Bijauli) 1. Surface clay 0.00-6.10 6.10 2. Medium sand 6.10-21.33 15.23 3. Sandy clay 21.33-30.48 9.15 4. Fine to medium sand 30.48 - 48.77 18.29 5. Medium sand 48.77-73.15 24.38 6. Sandy clay 73.15-76.20 3.05 7. Medium sand 76.20-91.44 15.24 8. Fine to medium sand with clay 91.44- 121.92 30.48 Tubewell No.: 191 AG Location : Kakabegpur (Gangiri) 1. Fine sand 0.00-9.15 9.15 2. Clay and kankar 9.15- 17.00 7.85 3. Fine to medium sand 17.00-24.40 7.40 4. Clay with kankar 24.40 - 27.30 2.90 190 S.No. Lithology Depth range in metres Thickness in metres 5. Fine sand 27.30 - 39.65 12.35 6. Fine good sand with sand stone 39.65 — 58.30 18.65 7. Clay with kankar 58.30 -- 65.00 7.70 8. Sand mixed with stone 65.00 -- 82.35 17.35 9. Medium sand with stone pebbles 82.35 — 84.20 1.85 10. Hard clay 84.20-86.11 1.91 11. Clay and kankar 86.11 -- 91.50 5.39 APPENDIX - m HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA OF WELLS INVENTORIED IN ALIGARH DISTRICT (U.P) S.No. Location Diameter MP R LofM. P Prc-monsoon 1991 Post-monsoon 1991 W L (m) (AGL) (AMSL) Date D.T.W D.T.W W.L Date D.T.W D.T.W W.L Fluctuation (m) (m) (BMP) (BGL) (AMSL) (BMP) (BGL) (AMSL) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Lai Masjid Aligarh 1.10 1.17 183613 05.6.91 15.80 14.10 169.513 15.11.91 15.10 13.40 170.213 0.70 2. Ibrahimpur 1.20 1.30 184.610 05.6.91 14.91 13.61 171.000 15.11.91 15.95 14.65 169.960 -0.96 3. Hanuman Chowki 1.14 1.28 181.500 05.6.91 17.64 15.36 166.14 15.11.91 15.50 14.22 167.280 1.14 4. Madcvi Temple Andla 1.33 1.09 185.670 05.6.91 13.35 12.26 173.410 15.11.91 12.14 11.05 174.620 1.21 5. Bus Stand Sasni 1.05 0.62 180.466 06.6.98 17.57 16.95 163.516 17.11 98 17.10 16.48 163.986 0.47 6 Hatras Jn. 0.78 0.74 177.973 06.6.98 14.44 13.70 164.273 17.11.98 14 34 13.60 164.373 0.10 7. Bhiroji Temple Hatras 1.12 0.98 178.920 06.6.98 11.90 10.92 168.000 17.11.98 11 87 10.89 168.030 0.03 8 Mahadeo Temple Thulai 1.60 1.48 174.936 06.6.98 9.78 8.30 166.630 18.11.98 9.69 8.21 166.726 0.09 9. Rati ka Nagla 0.78 1 10 173.880 06.6.98 4.98 3.88 170.000 18.ll.9i 3 13 2.03 171.850 1.85 10. Hasayan 1.10 1 55 173 900 06.6.98 7.45 5.90 168.000 18.11.9! 5.63 4.08 169.820 0.82 11. Mnrsan R.S 1 28 1.00 176.500 07.6.98 11.06 10.06 166.440 19.11.98 10 62 9.62 166.880 0.44 12. Block Office Iglas 1.20 1 10 178.805 07.6.98 9.13 8.03 170.775 19.11.9J 6.40 5.30 173.505 2.73 13. PS. Gorai 0.90 1.55 180.000 07.6.98 11.48 9.93 170.070 19.11.98 11.25 9.70 170.300 0.23 14. PS. Gonda 1.35 0.06 184.130 08.6.98 6.19 6.13 178.000 20.11.98 5.83 5.77 178.360 0.36 15 Palachand 1.53 0.42 190.000 08.6.98 8.77 8.35 181.650 20.11.98 8.30 7.88 182.120 0.47 16. Ramka Temple Khair 1.80 0.80 193.560 08.6.98 12.04 11.24 182.320 20.11.9J 9.76 8.96 184.600 2.28 17. Sundiyal 1.14 0.85 188.500 09.6.98 7.42 6.57 181.930 21.11.98 8.19 7.34 181.160 -0.77 18. Panchayat House Jawan 1.00 0.84 190.000 09.6.98 4.38 3.54 186.460 21.11.98 299 2.15 187.850 0.39 19. Barauli 1.15 0.40 192.000 09.6.98 5.26 4.86 187.140 21.11.98 3.67 3.27 188.730 1.59 20. Tajpur 1.20 2.58 195.820 10.6.98 15.67 12.82 183.000 23.11.98 14.44 11.86 183.960 0.96 21. K Talkies Jattari 1.45 0.95 190.135 10.6.98 12.95 12.00 178.135 23.11.9* 12.98 12.03 178.105 -0.03 22. PH. Taquipur 1.19 0.80 181.130 10.6.98 5.40 4.60 176.530 23.11.98 3.59 2.79 178.340 1.81 23. Hanuman Garhi Harduaganj 1.40 1.60 186 000 11.6.98 5.00 3.40 182.600 24.11.98 3.65 2.05 183.950 1.35 24. Mahadeo Temple Safedpur 0.95 0.60 183.750 11.6.98 7.43 6.83 176.920 24.11.98 4 50 3.95 179.850 2.93 25. Dharamsala Atrauli 1.27 1.17 181.167 11.6.98 15 70 14.00 167.16' 24.11.9f 16.47 15.30 165.867 -1.30 26. Panaithi 0.98 1.00 182.000 12.6.98 6.25 5.25 176.750 25.11.98 4.82 3.82 178.180 1.43 27. PS. Barla 1.89 0.72 180.500 12.6.98 15.25 14.53 165.97C 25.11.98 15 19 14.47 166.030 0.04 28. Charra 1 80 0.30 178.420 12.6.98 10.59 10.29 168.13C 25.11.98 10.59 10.29 168.130 0.00 29. Dharamsala Sankara 1.20 0.76 177.240 12.6.98 6.00 5.24 172.000 25.11.98 5.23 4.47 172.770 0.77 30. Pilakhna Chowki 1.60 0.42 175.500 13.6.98 6.85 6.43 169.070 26.11.98 5.05 4.63 170.870 1.80 5.No. Location Diameter MP R.LofM.F PTe-monsoon 1991 Post-monsoon 1991 W.L (m) (AGL) (AMSL) Date D.T.W D.T.W W.L Date D.T.W D.T.W W.L Fluctuation (m) (m) (BMP) (BGL) (AMSL) (BMP) (BGL) (AMSL) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 31 AkrabadPS 1.26 0.54 179.943 13.6.98 4.94 4.40 175.543 26.11.98 2.69 2.15 177.793 2.25 32 Nanau 0 95 0.72 182.662 13.6.98 5.92 5.20 177.462 26.11.98 4.32 3.60 179.062 160 33 Durga Temple Malsai 0.92 1.10 174.780 13.6.98 9.88 8.75 166.030 26.11.98 8.75 7.65 167.130 1.11 34 Bus Stand Bijaigarh 1.05 0.32 178.500 14.6.98 6.78 6.46 172.040 27.1198 5.62 5.30 173.200 1.16 35 Bus Stand Sikandra Rao 1.27 0.60 174.196 14.6.98 6.00 5.40 168.796 27.11.98 5.40 4.80 169.396 0.40 36 Ratwanpur 0.92 1.48 174.936 14.6.98 7.51 6.03 168.906 27.11.98 6.90 5.42 169.516 0.61 E Bhatikra 1.27 0.47 174.000 14.6.98 8.20 7.73 166.270 J7.ll.98 8.16 7.69 166.310 0.04 193 APPENDIX - IV (A) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF SIKANDRA RAO BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 26680.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 7.17 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 6.20 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.97 (e) Specific yield (%) 12 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) 1MD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 645.90 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 590.00 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 32.60 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 831.80 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1243.75 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W.T [(26680 x.97 x 12) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsooni + 1243.75-(637.58 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 698.82 + 373.13)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge^ x 590.00 - 637.58 831.80 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 698 82 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 3208.80 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 194 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 26680.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 33.60 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 217.44 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage fAtor = 15 ham/day/105 sqm S No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage(ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 19000 15.27 270 200 70 1175.03 870.39 304 64 2. Dy 65480 9.16 130 100 30 1169.60 899.69 26991 3. Minors 57400 2.44 130 100 30 273.11 21008 63.03 r Total 2617 74 1980.16 637.58 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 3795 0.40 1518.00 40 607 20 2. Rabi 7970 0.40 3188.00 30 956.40 3. ZaidI 2036 0.15 305.40 30 91.62 4. Zaidll 2036 1.00 2036.00 30 610.80 Total 1567.20 698.82 195 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks = 28 (b) Water spread area (ha) 39.76 (c) Seepage factor (cm/year) = 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 7.31 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = 4002.00 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = 4.55 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) =•. 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 12 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) =: (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) 216.11 Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon 3208.80 + 217.44+ 1980 16 recharge + Potential recharge + 1567.20 + 7.31 +216 11 7197.02 Net annual recharge available 85% of total annual recharge for devlopment (Irrigation) 6117.47 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 3208.80 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 637.58 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 698 82 Total 1336.40 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 1872.40 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 26680.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 590 00 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 393530 196 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -3306.65 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -84.02 % WLF Note If the variation is more than 20% the water level fluctuation method may not be accepted and only ad-hoc norms may be used for recharge estimation. VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No MI. Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) fhairrt rhairA (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2575 1.40 901.25 2703.75 3605.00 *> Shallow tubewells 470 2.20 258.50 775.50 1034.00 4 Deep tubewells 21 16.00 84.00 252.00 336.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1243.75 3731.25 4975.00 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3482 50 VTD. GROUND WATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 6117 47-3482.50 2634.97 197 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft Net annual recharge 56.93 % Category of block White Status of development at year 5 66.93 % Category (after 5 years) Grey 198 APPENDIX - IV (B) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF TAPPAL BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 37300.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 9.75 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 8.92 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.83 (e) Specific yield (%) 18 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 616.30 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 552.40 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 38.80 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm; 535.42 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1541.50 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T. [(37300 x. 18 x.83) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsooni + 1541.50-(375.97 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 74.61+462.45)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Rechargea x 552.40 + 375.97 535.42 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 74.61 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 6848.33 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 199 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 37300.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 38.80 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 361.81 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/105 sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 7000 15.27 270 200 70 433.90 320.67 113.23 2. Dy 48800 9.16 130* 100 30 87166 670.51 201.15 3. Minors 56100 2.44 130 100 30 266.92 205.33 61.59 Total 1572.48 1196.51 375.97 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 142 0.40 56.80 40 22.72 2. Rabi 3465 040 1386.00 30 415.80 3. ZaidI 1153 0.15 172.95 30 51.89 4. Zaid II 1153 1.00 1153.00 30 345.90 Total 761.70 74.61 200 3. Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 57 (b) Water spread area (ha) 63.44 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 11.66 IV. Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) 5 (d) Adopted Sp. yield (%) 18 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b)xaxd table area Total potential recharge (ham) Nil Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon 6848.33 + 361.81 + 1196.51 recharge + Potential recharge + 761.70+ 11.66 918001 Net annual recharge available 85% of total annual recharge for devlopment (Irrigation) 7803.01 VI. Check on water level fluctuation estimate 1 Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 6848 33 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 375 97 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) = 74.61 Total = 450 58 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) = (a-b) — 6397.75 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) = 37300.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 552.40 Recharge factor (%) = 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) = 5151.13 201 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -294 88 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -5.72 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No M I Works Nos Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 3734 1.00 933.50 2800.50 3734.00 3. Shallow tubewells 1370 1 60 548.00 1644.00 2192 00 4. Deep tubewells 15 16.00 60.00 180.00 240.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1541.50 4624.50 6166 00 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 4316.20 Vlll. GROUND WATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 7803.01 -4316.20 3486 81 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 55.31 % Category of block White Status of development at vear 5 65.31 % Category (after 5 years) Grey 202 APPENDIX - IV (C) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF AKRABAD BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 30044 00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 5.41 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 3 96 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 1.45 (e) Specific yield (%) 14 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) 1MD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 645.90 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 590.00 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 32.60 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 831.80 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1699 15 Monsoon Recharge (ham) - [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T. [(30044 x. 14x1.45) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon•» + 1699.15 -(699 79 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 736.40+509.75)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Rechargei x 590.00 - 699 79 831.80 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 736.40 X Normal monsoon rainfall -5587.14 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 203 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 30044.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 32.60 25 (c) Infiltration factor (%) 244.46 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/ 105sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 24100 15.27 270 200 70 1490.43 1104.02 386.41 2. Dy 71250 9.16 130 100 30 1272.67 978.98 293.69 3. Minors 17940 2.44 130 100 30 85.35 65.66 19.65 Total 2848.45 2148.66 699.79 Recharge from surface water irrigation S.No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) J 2 4 5 6 7 8 1 Kharif 3993 0.40 1597.20 40 638 88 2. Rabi 6945 0.40 2778.00 30 833.40 ZaidI 2167 0.15 325.00 30 97.52 4. Zaid II 2167 1.00 2167.00 30 650.10 Total 1483.50 73640 204 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 34 (b) Water spread area (ha) 37.71 (c) Seepage factor (cm ./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 693 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = 1111600 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = 2.71 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp. yield (%) = 14 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) 3563.79 Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon 5587.14 + 244.46 + 2148.66 recharge + Potential recharge + 1483.50 + 6.93 + 3563.79 13034.48 Net annual recharge available 85% of total annual recharge for devlopment (Irrigation) 11079.31 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 5587.14 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 699.79 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) = 73640 Total = 1436.19 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) - (a-b) = 4150.95 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) — 30044.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 590 00 Recharge factor (%) = 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) = 4431.49 205 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) = 1979 69 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -44.67 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No M.I. Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) i 1 2 j 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells 2. Dugwells with PS 2040 1.40 714.00 2142.00 2856.00 3 Shallow tubewells 1573 2.24 865.15 2595.45 3460.60 4. Deep tubewells 30 16.00 120.00 360.00 480.00 5. Others Total 1699.15 5097.45 6796.60 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 4757.62 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 11079.31 -4757.62 6321.69 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft 100 Net annual recharge 42.94 % Category of block White Status of development at year 5 52.94 % Category (after 5 years) White 206 APPENDIX - IV (D) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF ATRAULl BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 2867600 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 15.73 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 14.52 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 1.21 (e) Specific yield (%) 16 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 677.70 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 601.70 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 44.10 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 862.49 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1540 09 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W.T [(28676 x. 16 x 1.21) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoonl + 1540.09-(61.28 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 47.50 + 462.03)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge& x 601.70 + 61.28 862 49 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 47.50 X Normal monsoon rainfall 4658.00 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 207 II. Non-monstfon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 28676.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 44.10 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 316.15 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/10? sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Main 3000 15.27 270 200 70 185.53 137.43 48.10 2. Dy 3. Minors 12000 2.44 130 100 30 57.10 43.92 13.18 Total 242.63 18135 61.28 Recharge from surface water irrigation S No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 -> 4 5 6 7 8 1 Kharif 271 0.40 108.400 40 43.36 2. Rabi 819 0.40 327.60 30 98 28 3. ZaidI 92 0.15 13.80 30 4 14 4 Zaid II 92 1.00 92.00 30 27 60 Total 125.88 4750 208 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 36 (b) Water spread area (ha) 24.24 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 4.46 Potential Recharge Recharge fromshallo w water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) 16 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) Nil Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 4658.00 + 316.15 + 181.35 recharge + Potential recharge + 125.88 + 4.46 = 5285.84 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual recharge for deviopment (Irrigation) = 4492.96 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 4658.00 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 61.28 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) = 47.50 Total = 108.78 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) = (a-b) 4549.22 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) = 28676.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 601.70 Recharge factor (%) = 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) = 4313.59 209 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) - -1304 46 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -30.24 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No MI Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2 Dugwells with PS 1433 0.90 322.43 967.27 1289.70 3. Shallow tubewells 1904 1.66 790.16 2370.48 3160.64 4. Deep tubewells 114 1500 427.50 1282.50 1710.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1540.09 4620.25 6160.34 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross .Annual Draft 4312.24 VIII. GROUND WATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 4492 96-4312.24 180 72 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft 100 Net annual recharge 95.98% Category of block Dark Status of development at year 5 105.98% Category (after 5 years) Dark 210 APPENDIX - IV (E) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF BIJAULI BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 45319.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 8.15 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 7.26 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.89 (e) Specific yield (%) 16 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 67770 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 601.70 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 44.10 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 86249 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1344 45 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T [(45319 x 89 x .16) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoonl + 1344.45-(503.15 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 157.96+403.34)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Rechargek x 601.70 + 503.15 86249 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 157.96 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 5358.56 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 211 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 45319.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall' (mm) = 44.10 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon ramfall recharge (ham) = 499.64 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/105sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 24880 15.27 270 200 70 1538.66 1139.75 398.91 2. Dy 22510 9 16 130 100 30 402.07 309.28 92.79 3. Minors 10430 2.44 130 100 30 49.62 38.17 11.45 Total 1990.35 1487.20 503.15 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 4 5 6 / 8 1. Kharif 931 0.40 372 40 40 148.96 2. Rabi 2958 040 1183.20 30 854 96 3. ZaidI 200 0.15 30.00 30 900 4 Zaidll 200 1.00 200 00 30 60.00 Total 414.96 15796 212 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 47 (b) Water spread area (ha) 32.33 (c) Seepage factor (cm/year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 5.94 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) 16 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = Nil Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 5358.56 + 499.64 recharge + Potential recharge + 1487.20+ 414.96+ 5.94 7766.30 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 6601.36 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 5358.56 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 503.15 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 157.96 Total 661.11 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 4697.45 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 45319.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 601.70 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 6817.11 213 3 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -3464. by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -50.81 % WL F VII. ANNUAL DRAFT 5.No M.IWorks Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2309 1.40 808.15 2424 45 323260 3. Shallow tubewells 706 2.20 388.30 1164.90 1553.20 4 Deep tubewells 37 16.00 148.00 444 00 592.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1344.45 4033.35 5377.80 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3764.46 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 6601.36-3764.46 2836.90 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft 100 Net annual recharge 57.03 % Category of block White Status of development at year 5 67.03 % Category (after 5 years) Grey 214 APPENDIX - IV (F) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF DHANIPUR BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) =r 29372 00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) = 4.92 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) S021 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 1.71 (e) Specific yield (%) 12 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 677.70 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 565.10 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 42.90 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 651.44 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1357.75 Monsoon Recharge yllalU) [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W T [(29372 x. 12x1 71) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon1 + 1357.75-(564.70 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 536.83-407.33)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 565.10 + 56470 651.44 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 536.83 X Normal monsoon rainfall 6198.76 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 215 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 29372.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 42.90 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 315.01 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/ 105sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 -> 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 19000 15.27 270 200 70 1175.03 87039 304.64 2 Dy 531300 9.16 130 100 30 916.32 704.86 211.6 3. Minors 44300 2.44 130 100 30 210 73 162.13 48.60 Total 2302.08 1737.38 564 70 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 J) 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 2980 040 1192.00 40 476.80 2. Rabi 7253 040 2909.20 30 870 36 Zaidl 1334 0.15 200 00 30 60 03 4 Zaid 11 1334 1.00 1334 00 30 400 00 Total 1270.56 53683 2K> Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks = 31 (b) Water spread area (ha) = 27 36 (c) Seepage factor (cm/year) = 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) = 5 03 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = 16154.00 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = 3.86 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 12 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = 2209.87 Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 6198.76 + 315.01 recharge + Potential recharge + 1737.36+ 1270.56 + 5.03 + 2209.87 11736.61 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 9976.12 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 6198 76 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 564.70 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) = 536.83 Total 1101.53 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) = (a-b) 5097.23 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 29372.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 565.10 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 4149.53 217 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -41005 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -9.88 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No MlWorks Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2674 1.40 935.90 2807.70 3743.60 3. Shallow tubewells 687 2.20 377.85 1133.55 1511.40 4. Deep tubewells 11 16 00 44.00 132.00 176.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1357.75 4073.25 5431.80 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3801.70 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 9976.12- 3801.70 6174.42 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft 100 Net annual recharge 38.11% Category of block White Status of development at year 5 48 11 % Category (after 5 years) White 218 APPENDIX - IV (G) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF GANGIRI BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTAT10N METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 3495400 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 10.72 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 9.91 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.81 (e) Specific yield (%) 16 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 770.32 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 601.70 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 44.10 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 86249 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1482 53 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T. [(34954 x.81 x .16) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (MonsoonI + 1482.53-(445.06 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 195.74 + 444.76)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge^ x 601.70 + 445.06 862.44 from Groundwater irrigation)] - 195.74 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 4078.23 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 219 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 34954.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) - 44.10 (c) Infiltration factor (%) - 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 385.37 III. Recharge from surface sources Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor 15 ham/day/10- sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 21470 15.27 270 200 70 1327.78 983.54 344.24 •> Dy 19950 9.16 130 100 30 356 34 274.11 82.23 Minors 16930 244 130 100 30 80.55 61.96 18 59 Total 1764.67 1319.61 445.06 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) -) -* I j 4 5 6 7 8 1 Kharif 995 0.40 398.00 40 - 159.20 f 7 Rabi 4 76 0 40 191040 30 573.12 - .1 ZaidI 812 0.15 121.80 30 - 36.54 4 Zaid 11 812 1.00 812.00 30 243.60 - Total 816.72 195.74 220 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks = 32 (b) Water spread area (ha) 28.44 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) = 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) = 5.23 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 16 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) Nil Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon 4078.23 + 385.37 recharge + Potential recharge + 1319.61+816.72 5.23 6605.16 Net annual recharge available 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 5614.39 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 4078.23 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 445.06 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) = 195 74 Total = 640.80 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) = (a-b) = 3437.43 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) = 34954.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 601.70 Recharge factor <%) = 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) = 5257.96 221 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -3303.06 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) a x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -62.82 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT 5No Ml Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2365 0.78 461.18 1383.52 1844.70 3. Shallow tubewells 1297 2.20 713.35 2140.05 2853.40 4 Deep tubewells 77 16.00 308.00 924.00 1232.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1482.53 4447.57 5930.10 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 4151.07 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 5614.39-4151.07 1463.32 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 73 94% Category of block Grey Status of development at year 5 83.94% Category (after 5 years) Grey 222 APPENDIX - IV (H) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF GONDA BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 29617.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 588 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 3.93 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) = 1.95 (e) Specific yield (%) = 10 (f) Years of observation - 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) = 724.90 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 654.20 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 42.90 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) = 308.09 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) = 1468.52 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W.T. [(29617 x 10x1.95) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon + 1468.52-(315.95 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 104.30 + 440.56)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 654.20+ 315.95 308 09 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 104.30 X Normal monsoon rainfall - 13974.00 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 223 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 29617.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 42.90 = (c) Infiltration factor (%) 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 317.64 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor 15 ham/day/10'sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 14250 15.27 270 200 70 881.27 652.79 228.48 2. Dy 21220 9 16 130 100 30 379 03 291.56 87.47 3. Minors ------ Total 1260.30 944.35 315.95 Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 7 Kharif 599 0.40 239.60 40 95.84 Rabi 3972 040 1588.80 30 7661 ZaidI 188 0.15 28.20 30 846 Zaid II J88 1 00 188.00 30 56 40 Total 533.04 \04.30 224 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 78 (b) Water spread area (ha) 6488 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 11.93 IV. Potential Recharge 1 Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) 1481.00 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) 1.60 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) 10 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = 207.34 V. Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 13974.00 + 317 64 recharge + Potential recharge + 944.35 + 533.04+11.93 + 207.34 15988.30 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 13590.06 VI. Check on water level fluctuation estimate 1 Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 13974.00 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 315.95 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 104 30 Total 420.25 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 13553 75 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 2961700 LMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 654.20 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 4843.86 225 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) 7241.37 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation a x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms 149.49% Ad - hoc VII. ANNUAL DRAFT vNo Ml Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 4016 Ill 1114.44 3343.32 4457.76 3. Shallow tubewells 790 1.57 310.08 930.22 1240.30 4. Deep tubewells 11 16.00 44.00 132.00 176.00 5. Others - - - - - • Total" 1468.52 4405.54 5874.06 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 4111.84 GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF GONDA BLOCK IN 1994 (RAINFALL RECHARGE METHOD AD-HOC NORMS) ANNUAL RECHARGE 1 .Recharge from Rainfall (a) Geographical area (ha) 29617.00 (b) Normal Annual Rainfall (mm) 724.90 (IMD) (c) Rainfall infiltration factor (%) 25 (d) Rainfall recharge (ham) Geographical area x Annual normal rainfall x Rainfall infiltration factor 5367.34 226 II. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/106 sqm S.No. Name Total Length Average wetted Average annual Total Seepage of canals perimeter running Days (m) (m) 1 2 J) 4 5 6 1. Main 14250 15.27 270 881.27 2. Dy 21220 9.16 130 397.03 Total 1260.30 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S.No. Crop Type Irrigated Average water Irrigation water Seepage factor Total Area depth applied Seepage (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) 1 ? 3 4 5 6 7 1. Khanf 599 0.40 239.60 40 95 84 2. Rabi 3972 0.40 1588.80 30 476.64 3. ZaidI 188 0.15 28.20 30 8.46 4. Zaid II 188 1.00 188.00 30 56.40 Total 637.34 3 Seepage from tanks (a) Number of tanks = 78 (b) Average water spread area per tank = 64.88/78 (ha) (c) Seepage factor (cm / year) = 55 (d) Total Non-monsoon recharge(ham) = Number of tanks x Average water spread per tank x Seepage factor. 23.46 227 11L Potential Recharge 1. Recharge from flood prone areas = Nil 2 Recharge from shallow water table areas - 207 34 IV. Total Annual Recharge = Rainfall recharge + Recharge from surface water sources + Potential recharge 5367.34+1260.30+637.34 + 23.46 + 207.34 7495.78 Net Annual recharge available for development = 85 % of Total Annual Recharge (Irigation) 6371.41 V. ANNUAL DRAFT (a) Annual Draft due to existing works 5.No. M.I. works Existing Nos. Unit Annual Draft Annual draft (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 1. Dugwells with PS. 4016 1.11 4457.76 2. Shallow tubewells I 790 1.57 1240.30 3. Deep tubewells 11 16.00 16.00 Total 5874.06 (b) Net Annual Draft (ham) = 70 % of Gross annual Draft 4111.84 VL GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater Balance = Net Annual Recharge - Net Annual Dtaft 6371.41-4111.84 2259.57 Vn. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual Draft Net annual recharge 64.54% White 74.54 % Grey 228 APPENDIX - IV (I) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF HATHRAS IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 23540.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 7.29 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 6.69 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.60 (e) Specific yield (%) 13 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 604.50 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 550.40 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 35.60 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 51549 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 98975 Monsoon Recharge (ham) [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W.T. [(23540x.13x.60) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon + 989.75-(481.04 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 272.42 + 296.93)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 550.40 + 481.04 515.49 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 272.42 X Normal monsoon rainfall -2649.18 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 229 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 23540.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 35.60 (c) infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 209.51 HI. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/105 sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 19000 15.27 270 200 70 1175.03 870.39 304.64 2. Dy 38000 9.16 130 100 30 678.76 522.12 156.64 3 Minors 18000 2.44 130 100 30 85.64 65.88 19.96 Total 1939.43 145839 481.04 Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 1436 0.40 574.40 40 229.76 2 Rabi 5735 0.40 2294.00 30 688.20 -> Zaidl 948 0.15 142.20 30 42.66 _v Zaid 11 948 1.00 948.00 30 284.40 4. Total 972.60 272.42 230 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks = 26 (b) Water spread area (ha) 35.67 (c) Seepage factor (cm ./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 6.56 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) 4708 00 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) 266 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) 13 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) 1432.17 Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon 2649.18+209.51 recharge + Potential recharge + 1458.39 + 972.60+6.56 + 1432.17 6728.41 Net annual recharge available 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 5719.15 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 2649.18 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 481.04 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 272.42 Total 753.46 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 1895.72 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 23540.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 550.40 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 3239.10 231 3. Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) 2333.13 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -72.03 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT 5. No Ml Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dugwells - - - - - *> Dugwells with PS 2594 1.10 713.35 2140.05 2853 40 3. Shallow tubewells 718 1.31 235.15 705.43 940.58 4. Deep tubewells 11 1500 41.25 123.75 165.00 5 Others - - - - - Total 989.75 2969.23 3958.98 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 2771.29 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 5719.15-2771 29 2947.86 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 48.46 % Category of block White Status of development at year 5 58.46 % Category (after 5 years) White 232 APPENDIX - IV (J) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF JAWAN BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 3129200 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 404 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 3.52 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 1.42 (e) Specific yield (%) 16 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 627.70 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 565.10 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 42.90 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 65144 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1592.30 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W.T [(31292 x. 16 x 1.42) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoonl + 1592.30-(584.88 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 558.43+477.69)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Rechargei x 565.10 + 584.88 651 44 from Groundwater irrigation)] -t-558.43 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 7285.68 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 2!? 3 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) — 31292.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) — 42.90 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 335.61 III. Recharge from surface sources Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor 15 ham/day/10'sqm S No Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon -> 1 2 j 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Main 19000 15.27 270 200 70 1175.03 870.39 304.64 2. Dy 56690 9.16 130 100 30 1012.60 77892 233.68 3. Minors 42400 2.44 130 100 30 210.74 155.18 46.56 Total 2389.37 1804.49 584.88 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 3232 0.40 1292.80 40 - 517.12 2 Rabi 5736 040 2294.40 30 68832 - 3. Zaid 1 918 0 15 137.70 30 - 41.31 4. Zaid 11 918 1.00 91800 30 275.40 - Total 963.72 558.43 234 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 37 (b) Water spread area (ha) 34.77 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 6.39 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = 10952.00 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) - 3.13 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 16 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) - (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = 3276.84 Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 7285 68 + 335.61 recharge + Potential recharge + 1804.49 + 963.72 + 6.39 + 3276.84 13672.73 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 11621.82 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 7285.68 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 584.88 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 55843 Total 1143 31 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 6142.37 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 31292.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 365 10 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 4420.78 235 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) = 129.29 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms 2.92 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No M.I. Works. Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2 Dugwells with PS 2597 1.40 908.95 2726.85 3635.80 o Shallow tubewells 1097 2.20 603.35 1810.05 2413.40 4 Deep tubewells 20 16.00 80.00 240.00 320.00 N Others - - - - - Total 1592.30 4776.90 6369.20 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 4458.44 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (liam) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 11621 82-4458 44 7163.38 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 38 36% Category of block White Status of development at vear 5 48.36 % Category (after 5 years) White 236 APPENDIX - IV (K) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF KHAIR BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNLTAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 31953.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) (April/May) 7.62 (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) (November) 6.69 (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.93 (e) Specific yield (%) 18 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD norma! yearly rainfall (mm) 616.30 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 552.40 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 38.80 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 535.42 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 2057.80 Monsoon Recharge (ham) [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W T [(31953 x 93 x.18) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon + 2057.80 - (379.72 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 200.42 + 617.34)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 552.40 - 379.72 553.42 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 200.42 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 6986.30 Average monsoon rainfall -*- Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 237 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 31953.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 38.80 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 309.94 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor - 15 ham/day/105 sqm S. No Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 18000 15.27 270 200 70 1113.18 824.58 288.60 2. Dy 16200 9.16 130 100 30 289.37 222.59 66.78 3. Minors 22200 2.44 130 100 30 105.63 81.25 24.34 Total 1508.18 1128.42 379.72 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S.No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 1173 0.40 469.20 40 187.68 2 Rabi 3741 0.40 1496 40 30 448.92 3. ZaidI 283 0.15 42 45 30 12.74 4. Zaid 11 283 1.00 283.00 30 84.90 Total 533.82 200.42 238 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 66 (b) Water spread area (ha) 72.17 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 13.27 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = 10225 00 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = 341 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 18 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = 2926 39 Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 6986.30 + 309.94 recharge + Potential recharge + 1128.42 + 533.82 + 13.27 + 2926.39 11898.14 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 10113.42 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 6986 30 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 379.72 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 200.42 Total 580.14 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 6406.16 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 31953 00 1MD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 55240 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 441271 239 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -64.35 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -1.50% WLF VII. ANNl AL DRAFT 5. No Ml Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dugwells - - - - - o Dugwells with PS 3110 1.40 1088 50 3265.50 4354.00 3. Shallow tubewells 1406 2.20 773.30 2319.90 3093.00 4. Deep tubewells 49 1600 196.00 588.00 784.00 5 Others - - - - - Total 2057.80 6173.40 8231.20 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 5761.84 Mil. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 10113 42 - 5761 84 4351 58 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 5657% Category, of block White Status of development at year 5 66.97 % Category (after 5 years) Grev 240 APPENDIX - IV (L) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF HASSAIN BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 30344.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 4.95 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 3.44 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 1.51 (e) Specific yield (%) 11 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 645.90 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 590.00 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 32.60 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 831.80 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1316.30 Monsoon Recharge (ham) [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W T. [(30344 x.llx 1.51) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon + 1316.30 -(805.35 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 441.39 + 394.89)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 590.00 + 805.35 831.80 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 441.39 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 4590.98 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 241 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 30344.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 32.60 (c) Infiltration factor (%) 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 247.30 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor 15 ham/day/ 105sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepa« ; 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i 1. Main 37370 15.27 270 200 70 2311.09 1711.92 599.17 2 Dy 44970 9.16 130 100 30 803.25 617.88 185.37 3. Minors 18960 2.44 130 100 30 90.16 69.35 20.81 Total 3204.50 2399.15 805.35 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seep age t type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) ] 2 j 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kharif 2073 0.40 i '• 829.20 40 - 331 68 : 2. Rabi 8219 0.40 3287.60 30 98628 - ZaidI 2438 0.15 365.70 30 - 10971 : 4. Zaid II 2438 1 00 243800 30 731.40 - Total | ,., , 171768 441.39 J 242 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks = 35 (b) Water spread area (ha) 24.68 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 4.53 IV. Potential Recharge 1 Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) — 1972400 (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water tabic (mbgl) - 3.71 (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) — 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 1 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) — 2798.84 V. Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 4590.98 + 247.30 recharge + Potential recharge + 2399.15 + 1717.68 + 4.53 + 2798 84 11758.48 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment ( Irrigation) recharge 9994 71 VI. Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 4590.98 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 805.35 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 441.39 Total 1246 74 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 3344.24 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 30344.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 590 00 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 4475.74 '243 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) = -2447.8 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -54.70 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No MlWorks Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2975 1.40 1041.25 3123.75 4165.00 3. Shallow tubewells 391 2.20 215.05 645.15 860.20 4. Deep tubewells 15 16.00 60.00 180.00 240.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1316.30 3948.90 5265.00 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3685.50 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 9994 71 -3685 50 630921 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 36.90 % Category of block White Status of development at year 5 46.90% Category (after 5 years) White 244 APPENDIX - IV (M) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF MIJRSAN BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUALRECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 23076.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 1199 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 10.95 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) = 1.04 (e) Specific yield (%) = 10 (f) Years of observation = 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) = 604 50 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 550.40 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 35.60 (j) Avg. monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) = 515.49 (k) Gross Khanf Draft (ham) = 1038.51 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W T [C2307 6 x .10 x 1.04) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoonl + 1038.51 -(232012 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 111055 + 311.55)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Rechargek X 550.40 - 232.12 515.49 from Groundwater irrigation)] + 111.55 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 3315.35 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 245 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 23076.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 35.60 (c) Infiltration factor (%) 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 205.38 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/10' sqm S. No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Main 5000 15.27 270 200 70 309.22 229.05 80.17 2. Dy 32000 9.16 130 100 30 582.30 447.92 134.38 3. Minors 16000 2.44 130 100 30 76.13 58.56 17.57 Total 967.65 735.53 232.12 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 626 040 25040 40 100.16 2. Rabi 2903 0.40 1161.20 30 248.36 3. ZaidI 253 0 15 37.95 30 11.39 4. Zaidil 253 1.00 253.00 30 75 90 Total 424.26 111 55 246 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks — 18 (b) Water spread area (ha) 27.64 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 5.09 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp. yield (%) =r 10 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = Nil Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 3315.35 + 205.38 recharge + Potential recharge + 735.53 + 424.26 + 5.09 468561 Net annual recharge available = 85° o of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 3982.77 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 3315.35 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) = 232.12 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 111.55 Total 343.66 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 2971.68 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 2307600 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 550.40 Recharge factor (o/0j 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 3175.26 247 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) • 1242.09 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = a x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -39.12% WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No M.I. Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2705 0.96 649.20 1947.60 2596.80 3. Shallow tubewells 792 1.72 340.56 1021.68 1362.24 4. Deep tubewells 13 15.00 48.75 146.25 195.00 5 Others - - - - - Total 1038.51 3115.53 4154 04 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 2907.83 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 3982.77-2907.83 107494 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft 100 Net annual recharge 73.01 % Category of block Grey Status of development at year 5 83.01 % Category (after 5 years) Grev 248 APPENDIX - IV (N) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF SASNI BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTLTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 26882 00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 12.35 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 11.77 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0 58 (e) Specific yield (%) 12 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 604.50 (h) IMD formal monsoon rainfall (mm) 55040 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 35.60 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 515 49 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 130286 Monsoon Recharge (ham) [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T. [(26882 x.58 x. 12) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon + 1302 86-(156 21 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 98.87 + 370.86)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 550.40 - 156.21 515 49 from Groundwater irrigation)] ^98.87 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 2954.18 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 249 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 26882.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 35.60 (c) Infiltration factor (%) 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 239.25 III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor 15 ham/day/ 105sqm S. No Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 *> 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Main 5060 15.27 270 200 70 312.92 231.79 81.13 2 Dy 15520 9.16 130 100 30 277.21 213.24 63.97 3. Minors 10120 2.44 130 100 30 48.15 37.04 11.11 Total 638.28 482.07 156.21 2. Recharge from surface water irrigation S.No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 549 040 619.60 40 - 87.84 "7 Rabi 1729 040 691.60 30 207.48 - Zaid I 245 0.15 36.75 30 - 11.03 4 Zaid 11 145 J.00 245.00 30 73.50 - Total 288.98 9887 250 Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 33 (b) Water spread area (ha) 24.58 (c) Seepage factor (cm ./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 4.52 Potential Recharge Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = Nil (b) Pre-tnonsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 12 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b)x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = Nil Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 2954.18 + 239.25 recharge - Potential recharge + 482.07 + 288.98 + 4.52 3969.00 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 3373.65 Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 2954 18 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 156.21 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 98 87 Total 255.05 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 2699 1 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 26882.00 1MD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 550.40 Recharge factor (°0) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 3698.96 251 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) -2302.72 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) - x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -62.25% WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No Ml Works Nos Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 1854 0.95 440.33 1320.97 1761.30 3. Shallow tubewells 1759 1.68 738.78 2216.34 2955.12 4. Deep tubewells 33 15.00 123 75 371.25 495.00 5 Others - - - - - Total 1302.86 3908 56 5211.42 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3647.99 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 3373.65 -3647.99 -274.34 IX. SIATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft 100 Net annual recharge 10813% Category of block Dark Status of development at year 5 118.13 % Category (after 5 years) Dark 252 APPENDIX - IV (O) GROl'NDW ATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF LODHA BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 2913200 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 12 90 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 12.26 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 0.64 (e) Specific yield (%) 14 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 627.70 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 563.10 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 42.90 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 651.44 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1391.28 Monsoon Recharge (ham) [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T. [(29132 x.64 x. 14) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoon + 1391.28 - (16.74 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 11.25 + 417.38)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge x 563.10 + 1674 651.44 from Groundwater irrigation)] - 11 25 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 3101.89 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation - Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage lWlfl-llUIKkUUlI 1011H011 lUVlUUgi. yiuu.u j III. Recharge from surface sources 1. Recharge fromcanal s Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/105 sqm S No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Main 2. Dy 4060 9.16 130 100 30 72.52 55.78 16.74 3. Minors Total 72.52 55.78 16.74 2. Recharge fromsurfac e water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Kharif 63 0.40 25.20 40 1008 2. Rabi 199 0.40 79.60 30 23.88 3. ZaidI 26 0.15 3.90 30 11.17 4. ZaidD 26 1.00 26.00 30 7.80 Total 31.68 11.25 254 3. Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 41 (b) Water spread area (ha) 29.79 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 548 IV. Potential Recharge 1 Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp. yield (%) 12 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = Nil V. Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 3101.89 + 312.44 recharge + Potential recharge + 55.78 + 31.68 + 5 48 3507.27 Net annual recharge available - 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharge 2981.18 VI. Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 310189 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 16.74 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 31.68 Total 48.42 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 3053.47 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 29132.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 563.10 Recharge factor (%) = 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) = 410106 255 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) = -2438.87 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) = x 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms -59.47 % WLF VII. ANNUAL DRAFT s.No M. 1. Works Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) -> 1 o j 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2 Dugwells with PS 122 096 293.28 879.84 1173.12 3. Shallow tubewells 1715 1.80 771.75 2315.25 3087.00 4. Deep tubewells 87 15.00 326.25 978.75 130.00 S Others - - - - - Total 1391.28 4173.84 5565.12 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3895.58 VIII. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater balance (ham) Net annual recharge available for development - Net annual draft 2981.18-3895.58 -914 40 IX. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELPOMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual draft x 100 Net annual recharge 130.67% Category of block Dark Status of development at vear 5 140.67% Category (after 5 years) Dark 256 APPENDIX - IV (P) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF IGLAS BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) 25652.00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 9 992 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 842 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) = 1.57 (e) Specific yield (%) = 13 (f) Years of observation = 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) = 724.10 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) = 654.20 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 42.90 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) = 30809 (k) Gross Khanf Draft (ham) = 1308 71 Monsoon Recharge (ham) - [(Geographical area x Sp. yield x W.T. [(25652 x .13 x 1.57) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsooni 4- 1308 71 -(329.76 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 97.78 + 392 61)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge» X 654.20 -r 329 76 308.09 from Groundwater irrigation)] -t- 97 78 X Normal monsoon rainfall = 12582.19 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 257 M»*onsoon Rainfall Recharge fa) Geographical area (ha) = 2565.00 fb) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 42.90 fe) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) 275.12 IBfefcarge from surface sources I. Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor 15 ham/day/10- sqm sM\ame Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) 1 Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon i. perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon I —t—^~~" I j 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I flfain 13000 15.27 270 200 70 803.97 652.79 208.44 T 24000 9.16 130 100 30 428.69 291.56 98.93 3 Bfaiors 20400 2.44 130 100 30 - 97.05 22.39 f Total 1329.71 999.95 329.76 1 Recharge from surface water irrigation SV Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon ' depth applied monsoon (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 4 5 6 7 8 3 1 I Kharif 556 040 222.40 40 - 88 96 2 I Rabi 2522 0.40 1008.80 30 302 64 - 3 Zaidl 196 0.15 29.40 30 - 8.82 4 \ Zaidll 196 1.00 196.00 30 58 80 - It— - Total 361.44 97 78 258 3. Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks = 79 (b) Water spread area (ha) = 61.76 (c) Seepage factor (cm/year) - 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) - 11.35 IV. Potential Recharge 1 Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) - Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) — Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp yield (%) = 13 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b)x ax d table area Total potential recharge (ham) = Nil V. Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon = 12582 19 + 275.12 recharge + Potential recharge + 999.95 + 361 44+11 35 14230.05 Net annual recharge available = 85% of total annual for devlopment (Irrigation) recharg12095 5e4 VI. Check on water level fluctuation estimate Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) = 12582.19 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 329.76 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 97 78 Total 427.54 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 12154.65 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 2565200 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 654.20 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 4195.38 259 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) 6650.56 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms 158 52% Ad - hoc VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No MlWorks Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 3289 0.88 723.58 2170.74 2894.32 3. Shallow tubewells 1250 1.45 453.13 1359.37 1812.50 4 Deep tubewells 33 1600 132.00 396.00 528.00 5. Others - - - - - Total 1308.71 3926.11 5234.82 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 3664.37 GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF IGLAS BLOCK IN 1994 (RAINFALL RECHARGE METHOD AD-HOC NORMS) ANNUAL RECHARGE 1.Recharge from Rainfall (a) Geographical area (ha) 25652 00 (b) Normal Annua! Rainfall (mm) 724.90 (1MD) (c) Rainfall infiltration factor (%) 25 (d) Rainfall recharge (ham) Geographical area x Annual normal rainfall x Rainfall infiltration factor 4643.65 260 II. Recharge from surface sources 1 Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/106 sqm S.No. Name Total Length Average wetted Average annual Total Seepage of canals perimeter running Days (m) (m) "> 1 2 j 4 5 6 1 Main 13000 15.27 270 803.97 2. Dy 24000 9 16 130 428.69 3. Minor 20400 244 130 97 05 Total 1329.71 2 Recharge from surface water irrigation S.No. Crop Type Irrigated Average water Irrigation water Seepage factor Total Area depth applied Seepage (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Kharif 556 0.40 222.40 40 88.96 2. Rabi 2522 0.40 1008.80 30 302.64 3. ZaidI 196 0 15 29.40 30 8.82 4. ZaidU 196 1.00 196 00 30 58.80 Total 459.22 3 Seepage from tanks (a) Number of tanks = 79 (b) Average water spread area per tank = 61.76 / 79 (ha) (c) Seepage factor (cm/year) = 55 (d) Total Non-monsoon recharge(ham) = Number of tanks x Average water spread per tank x Seepage factor. 22.34 261 III. Potential Recharge 1 Recharge from flood prone areas Nil 2. Recharge from shallow water table areas Nil IV. Total Annual Recharge Rainfall recharge + Recharge from surface water sources + Potential recharge 4643.65+ 1329.71+ 759.22 + 22.34 6454.92 Net Annual recharge available for development 85 % of Total Annual Recharge (Irigation) 5486.68 V. ANNUAL DRAFT (a) Annual Draft due to existing works S.No. M.I. works Existing Nos. Unit Annual Draft Annual draft (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 1. Dugwells with PS. 3289 1.11 2894.32 2. Shallow tubewells 1250 1.45 1812.50 3. Deep tubewells 33 16.00 528.00 Total 5234.82 (b) Net Annual Draft (ham) = 70 % of Gross annual Draft 3664.37 VL GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater Balance Net Annual Recharge - Net Annual Dtaft 5486.68 - 3664.37 1822.31 VII. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual Draft x 100 Net annual recharge 66.79 % Catagory of block Grey Status of development at year 5 76.79% Catagory (after 5 years) Grey 262 APPENDIX - IV (0) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF CHANDAUS BLOCK IN 1994 (WATER LEVEL FLUCTUTATION METHOD) Groundwater Balance = Yearly Recharge - Yearly Draft ANNUUAL RECHARGE 1. Monsoon Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 32683 00 (b) Average depth to water table (mbgl) = 11.11 (April/May) (c) Average depth to water table (mbgl) 9.87 (November) (d) Water table fluctuation (m) 1.24 (e) Specific yield (%) 16 (f) Years of observation 1990 to 1994 (g) IMD normal yearly rainfall (mm) 616.80 (h) IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 552.40 (i) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) 3860 (j) Avg monsoon rainfall (1990 to 1994) (mm) 535.42 (k) Gross Kharif Draft (ham) 1854 12 Monsoon Recharge (ham) = [(Geographical area x Sp yield x W.T [(32683 x 1.24 x 16) fluctuation) + Gross Kharif Draft - (Monsoonl + 1854.12 - (174.49 canal seepage + Monsoon Recharge from + 43.10 + 556.24)] surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge* x 552.40 - 174.49 535.42 from Groundwater irrigation)] -43.10 X Normal monsoon rainfall 8022.09 Average monsoon rainfall + Monsoon Recharge from surface water irrigation + Monsoon Recharge from canal seepage 263 II. Non-monsoon Rainfall Recharge (a) Geographical area (ha) = 32683.00 (b) IMD normal non-monsoon rainfall (mm) = 38.60 (c) Infiltration factor (%) = 25 Non-monsoon rainfall recharge (ham) = 315.39 III. Recharge from surface sources 1 Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/10' sqm S No. Name Total Average Average running Days Seepage (ham) Length wetted Yearly Non- Mon Yearly Non- Mon perimeter mon soon mon soon (m) soon soon 1 2 -> 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V Main i Dy 14000 9.16 130 100 30 772.34 563.34 169.00 3. Minors 5000 244 130 100 30 23.78 18.30 5.49 Total 756.13 581.64 17449 Recharge from surface water irrigation S. No Crop Area Average Irrigation Seepage Seepage type irrigated wetted water factor Non- Monsoon depth applied monsoon (ha) (ni) (ham) (%) (ham) (ham) 1 ~i ^ 4 5 6 7 8 1 Khanf 257 0 40 102.80 40 41.12 2 Rabi 713 0.40 285.20 85.56 -> j. Zaidl 44 0.15 29 40 30 1.98 4 Zaid II 44 1.00 44.00 30 13.20 Total 361.44 97.78 264 _>. Recharge from Tanks (a) No. of tanks 65 (b) Water spread area (ha) 75.03 (c) Seepage factor (cm./year) 55 (d) Total monsoon recharge (ham) 1379 IV. Potential Recharge ] Recharge from shallow water table area (a) Geographical area (ha) = Nil (b) Pre-monsoon depth to water table (mbgl) = Nil (c) Permissible depth of water table (mbgl) = 5 (d) Adopted Sp. yield (%) = 16 (e) Potential recharge from shallow water (ham) = (5-b) x a x d table area Total potential recharge (ham) Nil V. Total annual recharge available Monsoon recharge + Non - monsoon 8022 09+315.39 recharge + Potential recharge + 581.64 + 98.76+13.79 9031.67 Net annual recharge available 85% of total annual for devlopment ( Irrigation) recharge 767692 VI. Check on water level fluctuation estimate 1. Monsoon recharge by WLF approach (a) Monsoon recharge by WL fluctuation (ham) 8022.09 approach (b) Component of above (i) Due to monsoon seepage from canals (ham) 174 49 (ii) Due to monsoon surface water irrigation (ham) 43.10 Total 21759 Monsoon recharge due to rainfall alone (ham) (a-b) 780450 Monsoon rainfall recharge on adhoc norms Geographical area (ha) 32683.00 IMD normal monsoon rainfall (mm) 552.40 Recharge factor (%) 25 Monsoon recharge (ham) 4513.52 265 Check (a) Monsoon recharge due to rainfall (ham) 1436.86 by WLF approach - Monsoon recharge on adhoc norms - Gross Kharif Draft Variation (%) a 100 Monsoon rainfall recharge on ad-hoc norms 31.83% Ad - hoc VII. ANNUAL DRAFT S.No MlWorks Nos. Unit Gross Yearly Draft Draft/year Monsoon Non- Yearly monsoon (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Dugwells - - - - - 2. Dugwells with PS 2430 1.25 759.38 2278.12 3037.50 3. Shallow tubewells 1677 1.85 775.67 2326.84 3102.45 4. Deep tubewells 69 18.50 319.13 957.37 1276.50 5. Others - - - - - Total 1854.12 5562.33 7416.45 Net Annual Draft 70 % of Gross Annual Draft 5191.52 GROUNDWATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF CHANDAUS BLOCK IN 1994 (RAINFALL RECHARGE METHOD AD-HOC NORMS) ANNUAL RECHARGE 1 .Recharge from Rainfall (a) Geographical area (ha) = 32683 (b) Normal Annual Rainfall (mm) = 616.80 (IMD) (c) Rainfall infiltration factor (%) = 25 (d) Rainfall recharge (ham) Geographical area x Annual normal rainfall x Rainfall infiltration factor = 5039.72 266 II. Recharge from surface sources 1 Recharge from canals Applied Seepage factor = 15 ham/day/106 sqm SNo. Name Total Length Average wetted Average annual Total Seepage of canals perimeter running Days (m) (m) 1 2 4 5 6 1 Main 2. Dy 24000 9.16 130 732.34 3. Minor 5000 2.44 130 23.79 Total 756.13 2 Recharge from surface water irrigation SNo Crop Type Irrigated Average water Irrigation water Seepage factor Total Area depth applied Seepage (ha) (m) (ham) (%) (ham) 1 i 3 4 5 6 7 1. Khanf 257 0.40 102.80 40 41.12 2 Rabi 713 0.40 285.20 30 85.56 3. Zaidl 44 0 15 660 30 1 98 4. Zaid II 44 1.00 44.00 30 13.20 Total 141 86 3 Seepage from tanks (a) Number of tanks = 65 (b) Average water spread area per tank = 75.06 (ha) (c) Seepage factor (cm /year) = 55 (d) Total Non-monsoon recharge(ham) = Number of tanks x Average water spread per tank x Seepage factor 27.13 267 III. Potential Recharge 1 Recharge from flood prone areas Nil 2 Recharge from shallow water table areas Nil IV. Total Annual Recharge Rainfall recharge + Recharge from surface water sources + Potential recharge 5039.724 756.13+ 141.86 +27.13 5964.84 Net Annual recharge available for development 85 % of Total Annual Recharue (Irigation) 5070.11 V. ANNUAL DRAFT (a) Annual Draft due to existing works S.No. M.I. works Existing Nos Unit Annual Draft Annual draft (ham) (ham) 1 2 3 4 5 1 Dugwells with PS 2430 1.25 3037.50 2. Shallow tubewells 1677 1.45 3102.45 3. Deep tubewells 69 18.50 1276.50 Total 7416.45 (b) Net .Annual Draft (ham) = 70 % of Gross annual Draft 5191.52 VI. GROUNDWATER BALANCE Groundwater Balance = Net Annual Recharge - Net Annual Dtaft 5070.11- 5191.52 -121.41 VII. STATUS OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT Status of groundwater development Net annual Draft Net annual recharge 102.40% Catagory of block Dark Status of development at year 5 112 40% Catagory (after 5 years) Dark 268 ,_, »—4 ,_ f> f^> V5 r* rr «n ro 00 e> CN 00 r-~ tN m *ri ^- r~ NO o tN m rr «n © t> fN O ON c>. <*> i—* »n m f*> «r> tN O rr -+t !•» in ON ON 00 CV^T 00 m fN rr o m r- rr m O tN r~- tN tN fN o-. 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Mz> vO O ^^ o o —' —' o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o — o -U U) LO sO VI -J 00 on 6Z.£ o oo -0 ON VI 4* UJ to C/5 -fc. UJ to "— o p oo Medica l Co traul i H n o Q > o o z lampu r S u > z o 2 r ngir i S . Hal l • Bangl a ikaur a rpu r catio n arr a neshpu r olog y D e gl a Pate l gl a Gird h 3- 03 azipu r 3" 03 o o z o Z o o o o o o o o — •*J — o V>J _— to -fc. — v> L*> to UJ Ji. « O 00 -fi. 00 to o NO •-* NO Lft o <>J oo to ON -o to ON to ON NO o.22 9 o o.20 2 •—> —^ >—t »—* o to to 1—t NJ !—1 1—1 n u> ^ Ln \0 ^O U) 4* 4* to NO Ul s — o o o 00 vO 081 APPENDIX -VII A RESULTS OF PARTIAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE WATER BODIES COLLECTED FROM SELECTED STATIONS (Results in mg/1) + + S.No. Location pH E.C. CO; HC03 CI SO; Na K Ca~ Mg- TH TDS GANGA RIVER 1. Dinapur 7.5 153 130 14 5 6.7 3.2 25.6 5 85 97.92 2. Sankara 7.65 170 180 18 12.5 6.58 3.5 . 25.0 10 103 108.00 KALLRJVER 3. Atrauli Road 7.51 471 35 397 53 139 39 13 56 25 144 301.00 4. Goankhera 7.81 502 - 330 38 85 63 15 59 28 256 321.00 5. Sunhara 7.74 485 15 342 42 132 55 13 62 32 280 310.00 UPPER GANGA CANAL 6. Qasimpur 8.1 210 10 170 18 179 59 21 49 31 205 134.40 7. Barautha 8.2 311 12 190 23 194 60 25 53 35 241 199.04 POND 8. Kulwa Pond 9.1 1050 25 320 50 250 81 52 69 40 391 672.00 282 O o •^J- o rr-: < - > re T3 re 1 C O u. 3 re o < ;- < L I RIVE R a: re re re re III 5 ocatio n c CN NO O 00 O co t~- ON f- m r^i NO NO 5- CM r^ CN vO NO NO «•«•> o ir> NO T o •^r r*> \o — NO "3" NO uC/3 o r» CN NO r- CN NO o fN c CO c c '5 CO CO u. CO '•£ 1 CO CO a? 3 R^3 t S 1 'C « to -ff.sp B to CO u- .= CO 3 CO .C O Locatio n O CO oa 00 CO c/5 CQ CQ 0- O Q S S K O I 1 14 f- o o CN) CI •«r IT) NO r- 00 ON O CN r<~, rr V, NO r~- oo z ••— NO ON 1 " CN ro •*t m t-~ 00 r-j CN CN CN CN CN CN CN 273 PO r<"> C/3 CN PO m r»"> m ro c> Tf •<*• "* •* TT •«• "3- '^• •* •St in «n m in in in in in «n 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 -o -~4 ^4 ^j ~o ^1 --a •^1 ^1 -o. Os Os ON OS ON OS OS OS Os Os LA C/5 00 -J ON LA 4^. LO to o ^o OO -o ON '-A ^. VJ to © NO 00 -o OS LA 4^ LO to © o z Gasimpu r Khai r (H/s ) Goma t Jasratpu r Nand i Bridg e Bistau l Pilakhn a Cho w Nagl a Virkh u Aligar h (H/s ) Panaith i Jalal i Khombr a Jattar i (H/s ) Jamaic a Ladhan a Palachan d Aidilpu r Siwal a Kala n Ta j pu r Khushalgarh i Taquipu r (H/s ) Nagli a Bijn Pa l ser a Gabhan a (H/s ) Sata j K a Nagl Daura u Ajnaba d Mau h Safedpur a (H/ s Salpu r Sabalpu r oLocatio n