Aligarh District (U.P.)
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ROLE OF GROUNDWATER IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN ALIGARH DISTRICT (U.P.) ^ '" >, THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Bottor of $I)ilosopIj!> K IN QEOGRAPHY W? VL. t / BY MD. IRFAN SABIR UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. AZIMUDDIN QURESHI DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALJGARH (INDIA) 1998 15*** AV>*1 T5258 r /•r \ ( cr; L v^ *-•••••••^ I I JUL 2000 £-2002 DEDICATED TO MOHAMMAD SAMI AHMAD Prof. Azimuddin Qureshi Ph.-400683 M.Sc, M.Phil., Ph.D. DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSTY ALIGARH - 202002 (U.P.) INDIA August 12, 1998 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Mohammad Irfan Sabir has carried out the investigation on "Role of Groundwater in the Development of Agriculture in Aligarh District (U.P'.)" under my supervision for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh. The work is an original contribution to the existing knowledge of the subject. He is allowed to submit the thesis for the award of the Ph.D. degree of Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh. /V ' V (Prof. Azimuddin Qureshi) Supervisor ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is indeed a matter of great pleasure to express my grateful thanks to my supervisor Prof. Azimuddin Qureshi, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh for his valuable supervision, guidance and inspiration which help in the completion of this thesis. I express my heart felt thanks to Prof. (Mrs.) Abha Lakshami Singh, chairperson, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh for kind providing the necessary facilities to carry out the work. The author wish to express his deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Mohammad Sami Ahmad, Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh for his guidance, suggestions and encouragement throughout the work. I am extremely grateful to Dr. Kamal Mahmood, Scientist (Central Ground Water Board) Lucknow for providing relevant literature. My sincere thanks are also to the Liberians, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee and Board of Revenue, UP., Lucknow for providing rainfall data of Aligarh district. I must place on record my thanks to my senior research fellow and colleagues, Dr. Rashid Umar, Mohd. Shamim, S. Zaheer Hasan, Asad Umar, Syed Azhar, M. Adnan S. Jamil, Hafiz Shakir and Zameer for their inspiration and help at different stages I am immensely thankful to Mr. & Mrs. Jamil Ahmad (Uncle & Aunt) who visualised and made me diligent. 1 feel short of vocabulary to express my heart felt thanks to my parents whose love and affection has always been a constant source of inspiration to me. My special thanks are due to my elder brothers, nephew Shamim, Tanwir, Dr. Asif, Minhaj and Hasan Raza who encouraged me. My special appreciation is extended to Mr. Tariq Rasheed & Mr. Anwar Sadat, Career Computer Education. Last but not the least, I express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Syed Masood Ashraf, Department of Surgery for his timely financial help during the typing of the thesis. (MD.fRFANSABIR) CONTENTS Page No. LIST OF TABLES (i) LIST OF FIGURES (iii) LIST OF APPENDICES (vi) CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION 1-9 CHAPTER -11 PHYSIOGRAPHY 10-44 CHAPTER - 111 GEOLOGY 45-58 CHAPTER - IV HYDROGE^OLOGY 59-89 CHAPTER - V GROUNDWATER BALANCE 90-97 CHAPTER - VI HYDROCHEMISTRY 98-135 CHAPTER - VII LAND USE AND IRRIGATION PATTERN 136-146 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 147-152 REFERENCES 153-161 APPENDICES 162-282 0) LIST OF TABLES Page No Table 1.1 Demography of Aligarh district (UP), 1991 5 Table 2.1 Classification of soils of Aligarh district (U.P). 25 Table 2.2 Results of statistical analysis of annual 31-32 rainfall at raingauge station of Aligarh district. Table 2.3(a) Results of drought analysis at Aligarh (Koil). 41 Table 2.3(b) Results of drought analysis at Khair. 42 Table 2.3(c) Results of drought analysis at Iglas. 42 Table 2.3(d) Results of drought analysis at Hathras. 43 Table 2.3(e) Results of drought analysis at Sadat. 43 Table 2.3(f) Results of drought analysis at Atrauli. 44 Table 3.1 Vindhyans in Ganga basin. 55 Table 4.1 Trends and magnitude of water level 87-88 fluctuation in Aligarh district (U.P). Table 5.1 Blockwise technical feasibility of 96 groundwater in Aligarh district, (U.P), (for the year 1994) Table 6.1 Percentage of water samples falling in 109 different classes of hardness. Table 6.2 Classification of water on the basis of total 110 dissolved solids. Table 6.3 Drinking water standards and average 112 concentration of major ions and trace elements. Table 6.4 Toxic trace elements. 120 Table 6.5 Guide to the quality of irrigation water 125 (Wilcox, 1995) (II) Table 6.6 Quality classification of irrigation water 125 (USSL, 1954) Table 6.7 Quality classification of water for irrigation. 129 Table 6.8 Trace element tolerance limit of irrigation 133 water as proposed by FWPCF (1968) and Ayers and Bratnson (1975) Table 6.9 Range of concentration of various major and 135 trace elements in surface water samples and their comparison with WHO., (1984) and I.S.I, (1983) drinking water standards. Table 7.1 Land utilisation pattern in Aligarh district UP. 138 (1989-90 to 1992-93). Table 7.2 Showing cropping pattern of the district 140 (1989-90 to 1992-93). Table 7.3 Showing area and production of main crops 141 (1989-90 to 1992-93). Table 7.4 Showing area irrigated through different 144 sources (1989-90 to 1992-93). (Hi) LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Figure 1.1 Location map of Aligarh district. 4 Figure 2.1 Physiographic units of Aligarh district. 11 Figure 2.2 Drainage system of Aligarh district. 15 Figure 2.3 Canals network of Aligarh district. 20 Figure 2.4 Soil map of Aligarh district. 24 Figure 2.5 Isohyetal map of Aligarh district. 30 Figure 2.6(a) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 33 annual rainfall at Aligarh. Figure 2.6(b): Departure of annual rainfall from mean 34 annual rainfall at Khair. Figure 2.6(c) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 35 annual rainfall at Iglas. Figure 2.6(d): Departure of annual rainfall from mean 36 annual rainfall at Hathras. Figure 2.6(e) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 37 annual rainfall at Sikandra Rao. Figure 2.6(f) : Departure of annual rainfall from mean 38 annual rainfall at Atrauli. Figure 3.1 Map of Indo - Gangetic plain indicating the 46 main divisions. Figure 3.2 The structure of the basement of the Ganga 49 basin. Figure 3.3 Showing continental collision of Indian and 52 Arabian Plates with the Asia. (iv) Figure 3.4 Isopach contour map of the Vindhyan 53 equivalent sediments in the Ganga plain. Figure 3.5 Tentative Vinhyan basement depth contour 54 map for the Ganga plains. Figure 3.6 Sub - surface geological cross - section along 56 Aligarh, Kasganj, Ujhani and Puranpur in parts of Central Ganga basin. Figure 4.1 Hydrogeological division of U.P 60 Figure 4.2 Map showing the area surveyed wells and 63 tubewells inventoried in Aligarh district. Figure 4.3 Fence diagram showing aquifer system in 65 Aligarh district. Figure 4.4 Hydrological cross - section along A -A'. 67 Figure 4.5 Hydrological cross - section along B - B'. 70 Figure 4.6 Depth to water level map of Aligarh district 74 (June 1991). Figure 4.7 Depth to water level map of Aligarh district 75 (November 1991). Figure 4.8 Water level fluctuation map of Aligarh district 77 (in 1991). Figure 4.9 Water table contour map of Aligarh district 81 (June 1991). Figure 4.10 Hydrographs of permanent network stations in 83-86 Aligarh district. Figure 6.1 Electrical conductivity distribution map of 102 Aligarh district. Figure 6.2 Chloride distribution map of Aligarh district. 104 (v) Figure 6.3 Pathways through which trace elements enter 122 the body. Figure 6.4 Showing plots of SAR values against EC values 127 of shallow groundwater. Figure 6.5 Showing plots of SAR values against EC values 128 of deep groundwater. Figure 6.6 Showing plots of sodium per cent against EC 130 values of shallow groundwater. Figure 6.7 Showing plots of sodium per cent against EC 131 values of deep groundwater. Figure 7.1 Land utilisation pattern of Aligarh district 137 (1992-93) Figure 7.2 Pie - diagram showing contribution of surface 145 water and groundwater in Aligarh district. Figure 7.3 Pie - diagram showing groundwater use pattern 145 in Aligarh district. (vi) LIST OF APPENDICES Page No. Appendix - 1(A) Rainfall data analysis of Aligarh 162-164 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(B) Rainfall data analysis of Khair 165-167 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(C) Rainfall data analysis of Iglas 168-170 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(D) Rainfall data analysis of Hathras 171-173 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(E) Rainfall data analysis of Sikandra Rao 174-176 raingauge station. Appendix - 1(F) Rainfall data analysis of Atrauli 177-179 raingauge station. Appendix - II Lithological logs of boreholes drilled 180-190 by CGWB, GWB, Irrigation department in Aligarh district (UP) Appendix - III Hydrogeological data of wells 191 -192 inventoried in Aligarh district (U.P) Appendix - IV(A) Groundwater resource assessment of 193 -197 Sikandra Rao block in 1994. Appendix - IV(B) : Groundwater resource assessment of 198-201 Tappal block in 1994. Appendix - IV(C) : Groundwater resource assessment of 202-205 Akrabad block in 1994. Appendix - IV(D) Groundwater resource assessment of 206-209 Atrauli block in 1994. (vii) Appendix - IV(E) Groundwater resource assessment of 210-213 Bijauli block in 1994. Appendix - IV(F) Groundwater resource assessment of 214-217 Dhanipur block in 1994.