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Г 6 Сен 2013 005533609 На правах рукописи АРХИПОВА Ирин а Николаевн а БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТ И ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ СЕМЕЙСТВА АМАЯУШОАСЕАЕ 1АиМ Е 8Т. ­ ШЬ . В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАЩИЩЕННОГО ГРУНТ А 03.02.01 ­ ботаник а АВТОРЕФЕРАТ диссертации на соискание ученой степен и кандидата биологических нау к г 6 СЕ Н 201 3 005533609 Белгород 201 3 Работа выполнена в Федеральном государственном автономно м образовательном учреждении высшего профессионального образовани я «Белгородский государственны й национальны й исследовательский университет » Научный руководител ь доктор биологических наук, профессо р Сорокопудова Ольг а Анатольевн а Официальные оппоненты : доктор биологических наук, профессо р Нецветаев Владимир Павлови ч доктор биологических наук, профессо р Калашникова Елен а Анатольевн а Ведущая организаци я ГНУ ВНИИЦиСК Россельхозакадемии , г. Сочи . Защита состоитс я 8.10 . 201 3 год а в 15° ° часо в н а заседани и диссертационного совет а Д 212.015.1 2 пр и ФГЛО У НП О «Белгородски й государственный национальны й исследовательски й университет» , п о адресу : 308015 г. Белгород, ул. Победы, 85 ; e­mail: [email protected] . С диссертацие й можн о ознакомитьс я в научно й библиотек е ФГАО У ВП О «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» . Автореферат разосла н 06.09.201 3 год а и размещё н н а сайта х http://4vwvv.bsu.ecki.ni и http: //vak.ed.gov.TU Учёный секретар ь диссертационного совет а кандидат биологических нау к Н.Г. Габру к ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАБОТ Ы Актуальность исследования . Семейств о Amaiyllidaceae Jaum e St.­Hil . включают окол о 7 0 родов и боле е 100 0 видов , распространенных н а все х кон ­ тинентах, кром е Антарктиды. В условиях средне й полос ы Росси и с продолжи ­ тельной холодно й зимо й вид ы большинств а родо в культивирую т в условия х защищенного грунт а и используют в фитодизайне, дл я выгонки и срезки. У ря ­ да видо в открыт ы ценны е алкалоиды , таки е ка к ликорин , кринин , тацетги н и др., успешно используемы е в медицине [Артюшенко , 1970 ; Садритдинов, Кур ­ муков, 1980] . Выявление способност и растени й к размножени ю в условия х интродук ­ ции, оценк а устойчивост и в культуре , продуктивност и цветения , изучени е структуры побего в имеет важно е значени е дл я решения вопросов , связанны х с сохранением биоразнообразия , формирование м региональног о ассортимент а полезных растений и расширением знаний о видах. Большой вкла д в изучение отдельных представителей семейства АтагуШ­ daceae в условия х защищенног о грунт а в Росси и внесл и З.Т . Артюшенк о [1970], С.Г . Саако в [1983 ] (Санкт­Петербург) , Н.Ю . Азбукин а [1987] , В.Н . Бы ­ лов, E.H . Зайцев а [1990] , Л.Н . Аксенов а [1983] , Е.А . Седов а [1976] , (Москва) , Л.А. Иванов а [2002] , C.B . Литвинов а [2003] , (Кировск , Мурманско й обл.) , в утепленном грунт е ­ В.И . Болго в [1994] , (Сочи) . Однак о н е вс е морфо ­ биологические признак и изучен ы полно , чт о сдерживае т искусственно е раз ­ множение и распространени е эти х декоративны х растений . В защищенно м грунте н а юго­западе Росси и исследовани е биологически х особенносте й видо в и сортов семейства Amaryllidaceae проведен о впервые . Цель и задач и исследования . Цел ь работ ы ­ выявлени е биологически х особенностей видо в и сортов семейства Amaryllidaceae в условиях защищенно ­ го грунта. Для достижени я поставленно й цел и был и сформулирован ы следующи е задачи: ­ изучит ь ритм ы развити я представителе й семейств а Amaryllidaceae, ре ­ гулярность и продолжительность цветения ; ­ выявить особенности морфологическог о строени я вегетативных органо в генеративных растений ; ­ дать морфологическу ю характеристик у соцвети й Clivia miniata (Hook. ) Regel, выявить особенности развития цветков и плодов у растений этого вида; ­ исследоват ь способност ь к семенном у и вегетативном у размножени ю отдельных видов и сортов семейства Amaryllidaceae­, ­ изучит ь семенну ю продуктивност ь видо в и сорто в Hippeastrum Herb , при самоопылении и в различных комбинациях скрещиваний ; ­ изучит ь прегенеративны й перио д онтогенез а видо в и сорто в Hippeas­ tnm и для сокращения ег о продолжительности оценит ь возможность временно ­ го культивирования растений в открытом грунте ; ­ дат ь оценк у успешност и интродукци и представителе н семейств а Amaryllidaceae в условия х оранжере и НИ У «БелГУ » и разработат ь практиче ­ ские рекомендации п о культивированию растений, созданию фитокомнозиций . Научная новизна . Впервые в условиях оранжереи н а юге Среднерусско й возвышенности изучен а сезонна я ритмик а развити я у 1 1 видов , 1 8 сорто в се ­ мейства Amaryllidaceae, выделен ы 2 группы и 4 подгруппы п о срокам цветения , дана морфологическа я характеристик а соцвети й Clivia miniata. Уточнен ы мор ­ фобиологические параметр ы вегетативны х органо в виргинильны х и генератив ­ ных растений , выявлен ы показатели­индикатор ы генеративног о онтогенетиче ­ ского состояни я изученны х видо в и сортов , и х вариабельность . Исследован а способность к семенном у и вегетативном у размножени ю 9 видов , 1 0 сорто в Amaryllidaceae в условия х оранжере и НИ У «БелГУ» . Выявлен ы особенност и прегенеративного и генеративного периодо в онтогенез а видо в и сортов Шрре­ astrum. Проведен а оценк а перспективност и интродукци и 1 4 видов и з 1 3 родо в семейства Amaryllidaceae пр и использовании в защишенном грунте . Практическая значимость . Создан а коллекци я и з 1 4 видов и 1 8 сорто в представителей семейств а Amaryllidaceae в оранжерее ботанического сад а НИУ «БелГУ». Выявлен о 1 1 наиболе е перспективны х видо в семейств а Amaryllidaceae, разработан ы мероприяти я п о их культивировани ю и размноже ­ нию вегетативным и способам и и семенами. Рекомендован о временно е исполь ­ зование открытог о грунт а дл я ускорени я развити я сеянце в Hippeastrum X hybrida hört . Основные положения, выносимые на защиту. 1. Изученны е представител и семейств а Amaryllidaceae ­ 1 1 видов , 18 сортов п о комплексу признако в являютс я перспективным и дл я культивиро ­ вания в условиях зашищенног о грунт а н а юг е Среднерусско й возвышенности , имеют устойчивые ритмы сезонного развития и стабильные сроки цветения . 2. Выявленны е особенност и онтогенетически х состояний , и х качествен ­ ные и количественные признак и позволяю т определят ь биологически й возрас т сеянцев Hippeastrum х hybrida и прогнозировать их дальнейшее развитие . 3. Н а юге Среднерусской возвышенност и для сокращени я прегенератив ­ ного период а онтогенез а растени й семейств а Amaryllidaceae пр и размножени и предложены их сезонные однократные пересадки в открытый грунт . Апробация работы . Основны е положени я и результат ы работ ы был и представлены н а Международны х научны х и научно­практически х конферен ­ циях: «Лекарственные растения и биологически активны е вещества» (Белгород , 2008); «Биологическ и активны е соединени я природног о происхождения » (Бел ­ город, 2008) ; «Ботанически е сад ы в 2 1 веке » (Белгород , 2009) ; «Фитодизай н в современных условиях » (Белгород , 2010) ; «Декоративно е садоводств о в Рос ­ сии: состояние, проблемы, перспективы» (Сочи , 2011); «Досягнення i проблеми генетики, селекц н т а б]отехнолог11 » (Алушта , 2012) ; «Дендрология , цветовод ­ ство и садово­парковое строительство», к 200­летию Никитского ботаническог о сада (Ялт а 2012) ; «Сохранени е разнообрази я тропикогенно й и субтропикоген ­ ной флор ы пр и интродукции» , посвященно й 85­лети ю ботаническог о сад а ЯГПУ им . К. Д. Ушинског о (Ярославль , 2012) ; «Цветоводство : традици и и со ­ временность» (Волгоград , 2013) . Публикации. П о тем е диссертаци и опубликован о 1 4 работ , и з ни х 5 статей в изданиях, рекомендованных перечнем ВАК РФ. Структура и объем диссертации. Диссертаци я состои т и з введения, ше ­ сти глав , выводов , практически х рекомендаций , библиографическог о списка , включающего 20 5 наименований , в то м числ е 2 8 — н а иностранны х языках , и приложений. Работ а изложен а н а 13 2 страницах , включае т 4 4 рисунка , 18 таблиц, 4 приложения. Все рисунки в работе выполнены автором . СОДЕРЖАНИЕ РАБОТ Ы ГАВА 1 . ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕ Й СЕМЕЙСТВА AMARYLLIDACEAE JAUM E ST. ­ HIL . (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ) В данно й глав е п о литературным источника м собра н и проанализирова н материал систематическог о положения , географическог о распространени я и экологической приуроченност и видо в семейств а Amaryllidaceae Jaum e St.­Hil . Дана морфологическая характеристик а отдельны х видо в луковичных растений . Приводится материа л п о истори и интродукци и представителе й семейств а Amaryllidaceae в России и странах ближнего зарубежья . ГЛАВА 2. ОБЪЕКТЫ, УСЛОВИЯ И МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИ Й Исследования проводилис ь с 200 8 п о 201 2 гг . в отдел е оранжерейны х растений ботанического сад а НИУ «БелГУ» н а базе созданной с участием авто ­ ра коллекции и в условиях открытог о грунт а в окрестностях г . Белгорода. Объ ­ ектами исследовани й являлис ь 1 4 видо в и 1 8 сортов , которы е относятс я к 13 рода м и з 9 три б подсемейств а Amaryllidoideae семейств а Amaryllidaceae и луковицы­детки некоторы х видо в семейств а Amaryllidaceae, образовавшиес я в результате вегетативного размножения : ­ триба Amatyllideae: Amaryllis belladonna L. , Nerineßexuosa (Jacg ) Herb. ; подтриба Crininae: Crinum moorei Hook , f.; ­ триба Lycorideae:_Lycoris squamigera Maxim. ; ­ триба Cyrtantheae: jCyrtanthus elatus (Jacq. ) Trau b (syn . Valotta purpurea (Aiton) Herb.) ; ­ триб а Haemantheae: Clivia miniata (Hook. ) Regel , Haemanthus albiflos Jacq.; ­ триба Stenomesseae: Eucharis x grandiflora Planch , ex. Linden;
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