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Cécile Dérus Les Relations Entre La Russie Et La Chine De 1689 À 1860

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Cécile Dérus Les Relations Entre La Russie Et La Chine De 1689 À 1860 Cécile Dérus Les relations entre la Russie et la Chine de 1689 à 1860 : échanges diplomatiques et question des frontières ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DÉRUS Cécile. Les relations entre la Russie et la Chine de 1689 à 1860 : échanges diplomatiques et question des frontières, sous la direction de Françoise Lesourd. - Lyon : Université Jean Moulin (Lyon 3), 2017. Mémoire soutenu le 29/06/2017. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Document diffusé sous le contrat Creative Commons « Paternité – pas d’utilisation commerciale - pas de modification » : vous êtes libre de le reproduire, de le distribuer et de le communiquer au public à condition d’en mentionner le nom de l’auteur et de ne pas le modifier, le transformer, l’adapter ni l’utiliser à des fins commerciales. Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3 Faculté des Langues Lettres et Civilisation étrangères Spécialité : Études Slaves Master 2 Mémoire de recherche Les relations entre la Russie et la Chine de 1689 à 1860 : échanges diplomatiques et question des frontières préparé par Cécile Dérus Sous la direction du Professeur Françoise Lesourd Université Jean Moulin 2016-2017 Je tiens à remercier ma directrice de recherche Madame Françoise Lesourd pour ses précieux conseils qui m’ont aidée à réaliser ce mémoire. J’exprime ma reconnaissance à Madame Anne Maître, responsable des fonds slaves de la Bibliothèque Diderot de Lyon, pour sa grande assistance dans la recherche d’ouvrages nécessaires à la rédaction de mon étude. J’adresse aussi mes remerciements à Madame Constant, professeur d’anglais retraitée et à Madame Michèle Barge, institutrice en retraite, pour leur aide dans la relecture de ce travail. Je remercie également mes proches, qui m’ont encouragée et soutenue. 1 Avertissement Pour ce travail de recherche, une décision dut être prise quant à la transcription des noms d’origine russe. Nous avons choisi d’utiliser la translittération française courante, pour faciliter la lecture de ce mémoire qui n’est pas entièrement un travail de slavistique1. En ce qui concerne les noms d’origine chinoise, nous avons préféré privilégier les pinyins pour écrire les noms des souverains de l’Empire Céleste. Vous pouvez trouver en annexe des petits tableaux pour connaître la prononciation correcte des pinyins. Pour les autres appellations d’origine chinoise et mandchoue, nous avons généralement utilisé une version romanisée (Wade-Giles). N’ayant aucune connaissance dans la langue mongole ou dans celle parlée au Turkestan et ne voulant commettre aucune bévue, l’auteur de ce mémoire a choisi d’utiliser les noms tels qu’ils sont présentés dans le livre de Peter Perdue, China marches West, the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. London, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010. Le calendrier julien fut adopté pour ce travail car il était celui qui était généralement employé dans l’Empire russe au XVII et XVIIIe siècle. Il est cependant important de préciser que la majorité des références concernant le XIXe siècle suivent le calendrier grégorien, une conversion a donc été effectuée. Pour passer du calendrier grégorien au julien au XIXe siècle, il faut retirer 12 jours. 1 Nous avons utilisé pour cela le tableau de Paris-Sorbonne disponible au lien suivant : www.recherches- slaves.paris-sorbonne.fr/Cahier9/Translitteration.doc. Les tableaux présentant les prononciations des pinyins p. 113 viennent du livre de Yuancun Virot-Xue, Mots et expressions clés du chinois. Studyrama, 2012, p. 12-13. 2 Introduction L’étude des relations entre la Russie et l’Empire Céleste n’est pas un sujet nouveau. Nous pourrions étudier de nombreux aspects des relations entre ces deux pays. Mais, l’auteur de ce mémoire choisit de se pencher sur l’étude des relations diplomatiques et sur l’évolution du tracé de la frontière. Nous proposons de commencer l’étude de ces relations en 1689. Cette année-là, fut signé le premier traité officiel, le traité de Nertchinsk, entre l’Empire russe et l’Empire Qing. Plus encore, il est le premier traité de la Chine avec une puissance occidentale. Les contacts entre les deux pays ne datent pas des années 1680, ils remontent à l’époque de la dynastie des Ming qui précéda celle des Qing. Nous pouvons retracer les premiers contacts au XVIe siècle plus exactement. L'année 1689 marque aussi, et c'est important même si cela ne semble pas lié directement au sujet que nous présentons, l'accession au trône de Pierre le Grand, le Tsar qui permit à l'Empire russe de se positionner en tant que puissance émergente sur la scène européenne. Notre réflexion couvrira une période de près d’un siècle et demi, mais cela n'est pas sans raison. Le choix de la date de fin, 1860, a été réfléchi. En effet, à cette époque eurent lieu plusieurs événements importants qui nous permettent d’arrêter cette réflexion sur les relations entre les deux Empires à ce point et qui permettent d’appréhender toute cette période comme un ensemble cohérent. En 1860, entre la Russie et l’empire du Milieu fut signé le dernier des traités inégaux des années 1850-1860, celui que nous pouvons considérer comme une synthèse et une légitimation des deux précédents et qui remplaça le traité de Kiakhta qui avait assuré pendant plus de cent ans la stabilité des relations entre les deux contrées : il s’agit du traité de Pékin. Après ce traité, la délimitation de la frontière de l’Amour, zone qui suscita un grand intérêt en Russie, ne subit plus de changements majeurs. De plus, par celui-ci, l’Empire russe se vit confirmer légalement de nouvelles acquisitions territoriales d’une taille significative dans la région de l’Amour et de l’Oussouri, bien que dans les faits, ces régions étaient déjà depuis quelques années sous le pouvoir de la Russie. Celle-ci devint, grâce à son accès au Pacifique, une puissance maritime au même titre que les autres puissances européennes rivales présentes sur le territoire chinois. Nous assistons à une victoire territoriale russe qui nous montre une 3 situation bien différente de la fin du XVIIe siècle. Nous pouvons encore ajouter qu’en 1860 est fondée la ville de Vladivostok. Cette appellation est des plus significatives car en français « Vladivostok » peut se traduire par « Maître de l’Orient ». La Russie semble donc s’autoproclamer Maître de cette partie du monde. Auparavant, si nous avions dû attribuer un tel titre à un pays, nous aurions sans doute choisi la Chine. L’étude des relations diplomatiques de ces contrées et de l’évolution de la définition de la frontière nous amène à étudier les différents échanges qui eurent lieu entre les deux Empires : des échanges économiques, politiques et à nous pencher sur différents types de documents : des traités, des livres de comptes, des lettres… Donc pour percevoir cette évolution qui se produisit, autant dans les relations diplomatiques entre les deux pays, que dans la définition de la frontière, nos sources premières sont des traités russes et des écrits diplomatiques comme par exemple les instructions notifiées par les Tsars à leurs ambassadeurs. Bien qu'étudiant le chinois, l'auteur de ce mémoire ne possède pas une maîtrise suffisante du mandarin pour pouvoir lire et étudier des écrits relatifs à la diplomatie chinoise. De ce fait, le travail suivant adoptera plus facilement un point de vue centré sur la Russie que sur l'empire du Milieu, tout en ne le rejetant pas. Ainsi, il serait intéressant d’étudier pour quelles raisons et de quelles manières ces deux Empires vont développer des relations, se heurter, chercher à s’amadouer et à se dominer. L’aspect des relations diplomatiques qui se révèle d’abord à nous et ce depuis le début des relations officielles de la Russie avec l’Empire Céleste (après 1689) est de nature commerciale. Les relations commerciales, à une époque où les distinctions entre commerce et diplomatie sont encore très floues, semblent privilégiées par l’Empire russe. Nous pourrions donc étudier quelles en sont les intérêts, les spécificités et analyser le système de traité qui les garantit. Mais il ne faudrait pas résumer les relations entre les deux pays à des échanges de nature purement commerciale. Nous ne pourrions pas expliquer les variations de la politique de l’Empire du Milieu envers la Russie simplement par ces points. Il faudrait donc se demander si les peuplades limitrophes n’ont pas eu aussi une influence sur l’évolution des relations diplomatiques entre les deux Empires. C’est une question importante pour les cerner surtout au XVIIIe siècle, siècle durant lequel l’Empire Qing atteignit son apogée et en parallèle, l’Empire djoungar, disparut de l’Histoire. Enfin, il serait intéressant de se poser une autre question. Avec le XIXe siècle, nous observerons un changement dans l’équilibre des relations diplomatiques de plus en plus clair qui permit à 4 la Russie de se proclamer « Maître de l’Orient ». Il serait donc pertinent de se demander si la pénétration commerciale de la Russie, constatée dès la fin du XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècle était un précurseur d’une expansion territoriale. 5 Partie I : Des premiers contacts au XVIIIe siècle : les intérêts économiques de l’Empire russe Chapitre I. Le commerce, un intérêt premier pour la Russie depuis le début des relations diplomatiques entre les deux pays 1) Des premiers contacts à la « crise d’Albazine » : résumé concis du début des relations entre les deux pays jusqu’en 1689 Afin de comprendre ce qui amena ces deux Empires en expansion à se côtoyer et surtout à signer, au début de la période que recouvre notre étude, le premier traité entre la Russie et la Chine, qui résolut la première crise « majeure » entre les deux contrées, il convient d’abord d’expliquer de façon concise l’expansion russe en Sibérie et les premiers contacts qui se sont alors noués entre les deux pays.
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