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THE PROCEEDINGS of . the South Carolina Historical Association ~ ~ 0~ ~ l'J~ z~ Q ~ THE PROCEEDINGS ~ ~ of ~ ~ w . The South Carolina ~ ~ 0 Historical Association ~ ~ 1992 ~· ~ ~ ~ ~· 00 ('l- o n~. ...~ ~ 00 0 0 ;· S. C. t 975. 7 ' ~ SOUTH ~ 1992 t0 Copy 2 ~ Officers of the South Carolina Historical Association 1991-1992 President Valdis 0. Lumans University of South Carolina at Aiken Vice-President Charles H. Lesser South Carolina Department of Archives and History Secretary-Treasurer William S. Brockington, Jr. University of South Carolina at Aiken Executive Board Members Peter W. Becker University of South Carolina at Columbia Denis G. Paz Clemson University Marcia G. Synnott University of South Carolina at Columbia THE PROCEEDIN.GS of The South Carolina Historical Association 1992 Peter W. Becker Editor The South Carolina Historical Association The University of South Carolina Columbia, SC It is the policy of the South Carolina Historical Association to publish all papers presented at the Annual Meeting. The editor of the Proceedings disclaims any responsibility for the scholarship, statement of fact and opinion, and the conclusions of the contributors. The papers in this issue were presented in March 1991. CONTENTS Reflections on Columbia and Richland County by John Hammond Moore 1 The Role of the Germanic Males in the Early Middle Ages by Kathy Pearson 10 The Huguenot Emigration From The French Perspective by Bertrand van Ruymbeke 19 South Carolina General Assembly Elections: 1988 Campaign Finance by John V. Crangle 29 Reform and Reformers in South Carolina: A Historical Perspective by Walter B. Edgar 35 State Government Reorganization in South Carolina by Cole Elease Graham, Jr. 40 The Eminent Lieutenant McKaine by Miles S. Richards 46 Georgia's Response to Brown V. Board of Education 1954-1961 by Thomas O'Brien 55 Taming A Whirlwind: Black Civil Rights Leadership in the Community Setting, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1950-1972 by John L. Godwin 67 The Only Game in Town: The South Carolina Republican Party in the Post-Reconstruction Era by Harris M. Bailey, Jr. 76 The Controversy Surrounding Mendel Rivers and His Battle with the Bottle by Will Huntley 87 iii The United States in the Philippines: Foreshadow of Vietnam by Joseph Taylor Stukes 95 Minutes, Annual Meeting 1991 105 Financial Statement 1991 107 iv REFLECTIONS ON COLUMBIA AND RICHLAND COUNTY John Hammond Moore Columbia, South Carolina· A year ago I discussed a single decade in the life of Columbia. Today my assignment is twenty-five decades, 1740-1990. To begin, a little geography. The region that became Richland County in the 1780s, Richland District in the 1790s, and Richland County once more in 1868, is shaped somewhat like an arrowhead aimed prophetically perhaps at Charleston, 100 miles away. An expanse of 771 square miles, its original boundaries (which have changed little through the years) were the Wateree River to the east and the Broad and Congaree rivers to the west and south, which rolling sand hills to the north. Indians undoubtedly lived here in past centuries and they certainly hunted here in the 18th, but by that date this region was a buffer .zone or a sort of no-man's land between the powerful Cherokee to the west and dwindling tribes of Congaree and Wateree to the east. The Yemassee uprising of 1715 prompted the Congaree to move north to Rock Hill to join the Catawbas, followed by the Wateree some years later. In that war, the Cherokee hesitated, but eventually came down on the side of the settlers. With peace, the British set up the first of several trading posts or forts near the juncture of the Congaree and Broad rivers, now the site of the city of Cayce. Ostensibly this facility (often called a factory) was designed to regulate trade with the Indians, for shoddy dealings by all concerned has been a prime reason for the Yemassee affair. Throughout the remainder of the 18th century, at least to the 1780s, neither Richland County nor Columbia existed. The action, the center of life, in this region ( often called "the Congarees," which can mean pretty much whatever you want it to) was largely on the west bank of the Congaree and the east bank of the Wateree, not in the land that would become Richland County. The main trail from Charleston into Cherokee country went through Cayce, and another to the east went from Charleston to Camden, this state's first inland town, and then on to North Carolina and Virginia en route to Philadelphia. A third trail, 'This paper was delivered as the luncheon address at the annual meeting of the South Carolina Historical Association. South Carolina Historical Association less important, split off from the Cherokee path a few miles north of Cayce, crossed the Broad River, and led to the Catawbas, also connecting with Camden. The first white men to live in this area were cowboys tending their herds of cattle and Indian traders. In their midst were occasional squatters and dirt-poor frontiersme~ but none of these folk held title to land and cannot be viewed as settlers. Th\! first such people were German-Swiss immigrants who, in the mid-1730s, established homesteads west of the Congaree in a township known as Saxe-Gotha. By 1740 another group of whites and blacks out of North Carolina and especially Virginia were doing the same thing in what would become known as "Lower Richland," the region south of the Sumter highway. So, from the beginning, we find divisions that continue to the present day. Richland--a relatively large black populatio~ ties to Virginia and plantation society, for "Lower Richland" would develop into a realm of huge holdings, white columns, magnolias, banjoes, all the trappings dear to Margaret Mitchell fans. Lexington--far fewer blacks, small farms, and a world more Piedmont than Low Country. Through the years Richland usually has had about twice as many people as Lexington. In 1980 the totals were 270,000 to 140,000, but Lexington had only 14,000 blacks, Richland, 104,000. Earlier, in 1765, some 12,000 people were living in or near the fall line zone stretching through the Midlands of South Carolina, and another 10,000 could be found farther inland in the Piedmont. A decade later (1775), their ranks had increased nearly four-fold to an estimated 83,000, giving South Carolina a greater upland population than any other southern state. These people, often seeking cheap land safe from incursions by Indians, French, and Spanish, provide the impulse for the Regulator movement, a campaign for local government that achieved limited success on the eve of the American Revolution. The role of the Richland County area in both struggles is far from clear. The Regulators, upwardly mobile landowners yearning for stable social conditions, certainly enjoyed support, although research by Richard Maxwell Brown indicates that the prime centers of Regulator activity were a bit farther inland, in Fairfield and Newberry counties and Camden. As for the Revolution, divisions and wounds left by the Regulator hassle still were painfully fresh, and Robert Lambert tells us that loyalty to the crown was strong among newcomers, who undoubtedly were numerous in this area, and allegiance to King George certainly was evident among Germans living on the west bank of the Congaree. At least thirty-five men in a regiment commanded by Colonel Thomas Taylor ( often called the father of Columbia) went over to the British during that struggle. Wade Hampton I, apparently thinking war had ended with the fall of Charleston in May 1780, made his peace with the British. However, within six months he was actively backing the rebel cause once more. In the short run, the most important result of this war on the local scene was growth of a small commercial center on the we~t bank of the <?ongaree near Friday's Ferry, a community merchant Joseph Kershaw chnstened Granby m 1774 to honor the .Marquis of Granby, an advocate of colonial rights. (Six years earlier, for the same reason, Pine Tree Hill became Camden, to pay homage to Charles Pratt, Lord Camden.) However, in the mid-1770s Kershaw got into financial difficulty, and young Wade Hampton acquired his Granby store, thus beginning his rise to prominence. Then, when the British overran the John Hammond Moore state in 1780, FORT Granby became a center of some importance and for a time, as noted, Hampton cooperated with them. That fort, as well as a small redoubt at the eastern end of Friday's Ferry were the scene of the only organized warfare in this region. Eventually, after a siege of several weeks, the British surrendered that fort to Virginian Henry Lee, father of Robert E., in May 1781. Henry Lee, having no ties to the area, permitted the defenders to depart with considerable property seized from local farms, so enraging Thomas Sumter that he threatened to resign his command. Thus, development of Granby had significance, as did the rise of Wade Hampton. Ronald Bridwell, in his massive Ph.D. study, notes with'awe that this man apparently owned no land in 1778. A decade later, at age 32, he was a wealthy planter with several hundred slaves and various commercial ventures, and by 1805 was enjoying an annual income of $50,000. Admittedly he was a free-hooter and war profiteer who grabbed everything not nailed down and also, in 1783, he made a fortuitous marriage to a wealthy Lower Richland widow who passed away the following year, leaving him both land and slaves. This development has significance, too, for it focused Hampton's attention for the first time on the Richland side of the river, not Lexington. He quickly teamed up with Thomas Taylor r and others to take full advantage of the most important result of the war on the local scene s ( other than independence, of course): creation of a new state capital.
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