在华基督教传教士的汉学素养探析 ——以 《教务杂志》(The Chinese Recorder)书目为中心的探 讨(1928-1941) 文 / 王 皓

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在华基督教传教士的汉学素养探析 ——以 《教务杂志》(The Chinese Recorder)书目为中心的探 讨(1928-1941) 文 / 王 皓 DOI:10.16129/j.cnki.mysdx.2013.03.035 美学随笔 47 在华基督教传教士的汉学素养探析 ——以 《教务杂志》(The Chinese Recorder)书目为中心的探 讨(1928-1941) 文 / 王 皓 在笔者考察的时期(1928 — 1941)内,西方的汉学研究正经历着从传教士研究向学院化研究的转 向。从范围上来看,传教士所阅读的汉学著作涉及历史、考古、人类学、文学、建筑、戏曲等多个学 科。从书评的内容来说,传教士对于这些著作的认识达到了一定的深度,他们较高的汉学素养应该得 到肯定。但和各个研究方向的专家相比,仍相形见绌,而这种特点也是传教士的职业身份所致。 学界普遍认为,传教士汉学是西方汉学的奠基石,其代表 廉所写的导论被其女谢福芸(Lady Hosie)的序言代替。书评 人物可以追溯到明末的耶稣会士利玛窦(Matteo Ricci)[1]。刘 者提到曾经有一段时间,孔子的名声被一些短暂的阴影所遮掩[4], 东在《美国汉学的传教之根》一文中指出,来华传教士的认同 但目前人们对于圣人的兴趣又有复苏的倾向[5]。同样属于儒家经 滑移导致了追求知识客观性的美国汉学的产生[2]。传教士与汉学 典的还有庞德(Ezra Pound)所译的《大学》(Ta Hio)(1928), 的关系既渊源有自,又不断传承和演进。已有的关于传教士和 书评者指出该书明确表达了两个重要观点:一是个人的道德水 汉学的论著为数众多,这些论著或介绍了传教士的汉学著作, 准对其家庭生活和社会生活的影响是一种动态影响,这种影响 或描述了传教士对汉学发展的贡献,但它们很少论述传教士群 至关重要;二是个人品行是其道德影响力的基础,也是其社会 体的汉学造诣。本文以《教务杂志》(The Chinese Recorder) 生活和个人生活的关键。但是这本译著在某些地方有些随意, 的“书目”(Our Book Table)栏为基本史料,探讨该杂志所评 这引起了学者对其译文准确性的质疑,比如,译者在引用《诗 介的汉学著作,进而展现作为撰稿人的传教士群体的汉学素养。 经》(Book of Verse)时将“天”(T’ien)译为 Heaven,而 由于《教务杂志》评介的书籍数量众多,本文采取抽样考 在其他地方又将它译为 Sky,但原文中的“天”无论如何都比 察方法,取样范围则是 1928 年全年和 1929 年至 1941 年 1、5、 天空(Sky)的含义更为丰富,它甚至暗示一种人格化造物主 9 期的《教务杂志》。 在这一范围内,杂志评介的汉学著作数量 (supreme personal being)的形象[6]。林辅华(Charles Wilfrid 可观,范围涉及历史、考古、人类学、建筑、文学、戏曲等多 Allan)在 1932 年 9 月的《教务杂志》上评介了赖发洛(Leonard 个学科。这些著作中对先秦诸子的研究数量相对较大,笔者将 A. Lyall)[7]的《孟子》译本,并将其与理雅各译本进行比较。 其析出单独论述,其余的汉学著作则合而论之。需说明的是,传 林辅华认为对学生而言,赖译本较理译本帮助更大,因为理译 教士对佛教著作也有很多的评介,但笔者未将其纳入本文的论 本注解太多,过于冗长;但赖译本常常未能详尽阐述孟子所要 述之中,主要是由于这类著作涉及印度哲学和藏传佛教等内容, 表达的思想,他的直译有时读起来过于呆板甚至让人难以理解。 很难称为纯粹的汉学。 林辅华还对“仁”、“礼”、“命”、“上帝”和“圣人”等词语在 上述两个译本中的翻译进行比较和批判。以“士”为例,赖发 一、先秦诸子研究 洛将其译作 Knight,而不是更常见的 Officer 或 Scholar,林辅 《教务杂志》关于先秦诸子的研究涉及孔子、老子、墨子、 华认为就现代人对 Knight 的理解而言,它确与孟子时代奔走 孟子、荀子和列子诸家。这些著作大多是对中国典籍的翻译,少 于宫廷之间的这些人不相符[8]。关于道家思想,《教务杂志》也 部分是个别的研究和介绍,这两种取径恰是西方研究汉学的主 评介了阿瑟· 韦利(Arthur Waley)翻译的《道德经》(The 要方式[3]。翻译使中学得以西传,并为西方学者的研究提供了素 Way and Its Power)(1934)。 材。1937 年 9 月的《教务杂志》介绍了苏慧廉翻译的《论语》 在译著方面,费佩德(Robert Ferris Fitch)花了很大的 (The Analects of Confucius 1937 年版,以下仅略写年份), 篇幅评论了梅贻宝翻译的《墨子》(The Works of Motse) 这本书初版于 1910 年,新版本于 1937 年 6 月重印。原版中苏慧 (1929)。 梅贻宝说,“作为一种思想体系,墨家在十数个世纪以 48 美学随笔 来一直被很少得关注,但是作为一种惯常的生活方式,它已经 子的哲学》(The Philosophy of Lieh-Tzu)(1928)、 卫礼贤 在这个国家和民族的特质中深深地扎下根来。” 费佩德认为,墨 (R i c ha r d W i l he l m )的《孔子和儒学》(C o n f u ci u s a n d 子的政治哲学是基于如下观点,即国家应该鼓励贤士(the able Confucianism)(1931)和 Sverre Holth 的《孟子:其一生和 and the virtuous), 他引证《墨子》的话作为根据:“入国而 思想的概述》(Micius: A Brief Outline of His Life and 不存其士,则亡国矣;见贤而不急,则缓其君矣。非贤无急,非 Ideas)(1935)等。需要指出的是,传教士对于一些粗糙甚至是 士无与虑国。缓贤忘士,而能以其国存者,未曾有也。” 有趣的 荒唐的作品也进行了严肃的批判,布朗(Brian Brown)所编的 是,费佩德将《所染》一章与苏维埃对中国的影响联系起来,他 《孔子的故事》(The Story of Confucius)(1927)便属于这种 认为墨子的描述恰当地反映了二者的关系:“子墨子言见染丝者 书籍。该书自称“它比任何一本欧洲书籍都更信实地描述了孔 而叹,曰:‘染于苍则苍,染于黄则黄,所入者变,其色亦变, 子一生的大事件”, 但却在最后一章构造了一个孔子的信徒与一 五入必,而已则为五色矣!故染不可不慎也!非独染丝然也, 个鲁国的王子之间的谈话,该王子称他研究过希腊,并且对所 国亦有染。’” 罗门(Solomon)的“爱妻论”(uxoriousness)不以为然,他似 费佩德也指出,《兼爱》是《墨子》中最伟大的论述,很多 乎还相当了解印度的各个主要神 。此外,书中还有很多关于 人都注意到这些论述和《新约》中的标准极为相似:“圣人以治 存在(being)、 上帝的本质(nature of God)以及佛性和其批 天下为事者也,不可不察乱之所自起,当察乱何自起?起不相 判的长篇大论。书评者认为这些对话过于荒唐,而该书编者却 爱⋯⋯大夫各爱其家, 不爱异家,故乱异家以利其家;诸侯各 信以为真,他甚至在书中这样写道:“中国人不仅把孔子看作一 爱其国,不爱异国,故攻异国以利其国,天下之乱物具此而已 个圣人⋯⋯还把他当作上帝 (he is their God)。” 总之,不管 矣。察此何自起?皆起不相爱。” 此外,他认为墨子不是一个非 是内容上还是可信性上,这本关于儒学的书都远远不够水平[12]。 战主义者,实际上它反对一般所言的非战主义。墨子认为对于 从以上的论述可以看出:1《教务杂志》. 所评介的先秦诸子 挑衅性的或不义的战争必须要还击[9]。 研究大多为学术性著作,这些书籍的作者或译者已不再完全是 汤金森(L.Tomkinson)的《墨子的社会思想》(The Social 传教士,事实上,传教士著者的数量已经少于学院学者和其他 Teachings of Meh Tse)(1927)是对墨子社会思想的译述。 作者的数量,这反映了汉学研究学院化转向的趋势[13]。传教士 汤金森认为墨子是一个热心的社会改革家,其思想中含有一种 苏慧廉和卫礼贤都是学院式学者,前者是是牛津大学的中国史 宗教情怀,他为了实现自己的理想而摩顶放踵。汤金森指出,兼 教授[14;] 后者曾在北京大学任教,并创办了法兰克福中国学院 爱思想是墨子思想的核心,墨子想成为一个实践家,他热情地 (das Frankfurter China-Institut)[15]。2.中国学者已经跻身这 致力于推行兼爱思想,并希望这种兼爱能够在实际生活中发生 些西文译者的行列之中,他们凭借良好的英文能力和对本国思 作用,而不仅仅是一种值得提倡的价值概念。“墨子认为这种爱 想的深刻了解可以更为有效地向西方介绍中国文化,翻译《墨 源于天对人的意志和行为的引导,即使是统治者,也不能逃离 子》的梅贻宝便是一例。3.这些著作虽是学术作品,但也有通 这种意志的支配。⋯⋯帝国的建立依靠上层阶级的联合, 皇帝 俗化的特点,如《论语》、《大学》、《孟子》和《道德经》等中 要领导这样一个联合体需要‘循天道而行’(following T’ien), 国经典都曾被理雅各(James Legge)翻译成英文,但其译文 这样社会的整合就带有一个宗教性的因素,而这种因素又至关 忠实丰富有余,通俗简洁不足。这从理雅各和阿瑟· 韦利对《道 重要。” 书评者认为不能根据这些就认为墨子对造物主 德经》书名的翻译便可见一斑,韦利将其译为 The Way and (Supreme Being)异常尊敬和崇拜,他所关注的是宗教情怀对 Its P ower,这实际上又回到了法国汉学家儒莲(Sta nisl as 于社会的意义和影响。此外,墨子似乎号召人们根据人的正常 Julien)的旧路上来,儒莲将“道”译为 path 或 method,而理 需求来对待人,而不是根据人不可避免的各种差异来把人分为 雅各则认为在英文中为“道”找到一个“确切的等替物”是不 三六九等,而后者恰是儒家的社会思想。墨子进而相信,人们 可能的,而且“在翻译过程中,应对这个问题的最好方法,就 在道德方面的平等使得利他主义能够切实可行[10]。 是将其转移到译本当中”, 于是理雅各将《道德经》译为 The 对于德效骞(H. H. Dubs)翻译的《荀子》(The Works Tao Te King[16]。但显而易见,对于一般的西方读者而言,儒 of Hs ntze)(1928), 书评者指出了荀子思想中的性恶论,即 莲和韦利的译法更为明了易懂。4.有些作品的论点和当代学者 人的本性若无约束,必会走向旁门左道,因此要通过外在的约 的观点十分相契。20 世纪关于墨子的汉语研究可谓卷帙浩繁, 束来控制人的欲望。荀子认为义在利先,因此他鼓励人行仁义, 笔者根据一篇研究索引估计这些论著的数量应不下于 1500 种, 但他强调要恩威并举。总之,荀子的目的是行仁爱,其手段是 要深入评析涉及墨子的思想非笔者学力所能为。但《教务杂志》 师法家,然而他也不主张使用过于严厉的法家手段[11]。其他研 评介的汤金森所著《墨子的社会思想》确与史学名家何炳棣关 究著作还包括麦金尼斯(Tom MacInnis)的《老子的学说》(The 于墨子的论述有相合之处,何先生认为墨子将道德价值的理论 Teachings of the Old Boy)、 巴恩· 李(Baen Lee)的《列 体系全部加以伦理化甚至宗教化,天子类似古之圣王,他是最 美学随笔 49 高神“天”参照人民的意愿而选派到人间的最高统治者[17]。 儒士的尊敬并使得一些学者和大官皈依基督,最有名者如徐光 启和李之藻等,但他们也在政府内树立了一些敌人并且遭遇了 二、其他汉学研究 几次迫害,其中有些人死于监狱,有些人被驱逐出这个国家[26]。 费佩德在评论葛兰言(Marcel Granet)[18]的《中国文明》 同期杂志还刊登了林辅华为天主教神父裴化行( H e n r y (Chinese Civilization)(1930)时认为该书的成就非常高,该 Bernard)所著《利玛窦对中国的科学贡献》(Ricci’s Scientific 书的序言由贝尔(Henri Berr)[19]所作。该书论述了中国文明起 Contribution to China)(1935)所写的书评。本书主要论述 源的问题,葛氏通过集中分析上古中华文明的两个同时展开的 了利玛窦在中国 28 年间的各种贡献,作者详细介绍了利玛窦所 进程—— “自然的驯化与小规模原始群体的混合”, 展现了大一 受到的科学训练和当时欧洲的主流思潮及其对年轻学者的影响。 统的早期历程。书评者认为葛兰言用大量坚实的材料得出其结 他还论述了皇帝对天文学进行垄断的原因,以及天象在中国文 论,而作者的论述能够向西方读者提供一种关于中国历史的全 化中的宗教性意义,而利玛窦对 1596 年 9 月 22 日日蚀的准确 新认识[20]。和学界专业人士相比,费佩德对于此书的评介显得 推测使其作为天文学家的声望牢固确立。最后裴化行提到了利 有些不得要领。事实上,葛兰言的这本著作在西方汉学界毁誉 玛窦对于其后来者的示范作用,以他为代表的耶稣会士不仅给 参半,在中国学界亦反响不一。美国宾夕法尼亚大学谢理雅(J. 中国带来了天主教信仰,还将天文学等科学传入中国,从这个 K. Shryock)、 陈训慈、丁文江和雷海宗等人对此书都曾作过评 层面上讲,他将利玛窦视为现代中国科学事业的先驱[27]。 论。以雷海宗为例,他首先肯定了葛氏的成绩,认为《中国文明》 考古学和人类学方面,胡保罗(Paul G. Hayes)介绍了 是西方汉学界最高成就的代表之一,其缺陷在于:一是方法方 葛维汉的《中国四川省的古代石窟》(The Ancient Caves of 面,葛氏认为中国春秋以前的年代完全不可靠,在著作中只把 Szechwan Province, China)(1932), 这些石窟位于川西一 他认定的中国古史上发展的步骤按序写出,而历史全靠年代维 些峭壁上,据说都是由土著居民在这些砂岩壁上凿空而成,但 系,若无年代,历史就不成其为历史。二是态度方面,葛氏认 是葛维汉在综合了历史资料和人类学成果后断定这些石窟实际 为中国古代政治史的材料完全不可靠,连关于春秋战国时代的 上是汉族人所造的石墓,其时间可以追溯到汉代和三国早期。 材料他都怀疑,所以把政治史略讲几句就去专讲法制史,这不 葛维汉的研究也得到了英国皇家地理学会会员陶然士(Rev. 免呆板或空虚。雷氏最为惋惜的是,1930 年出版的《中国文明》 Thomas Torrance, F. R. G. S.)和华西协和大学(West 英译本几乎是西方和中国学界公认的一个极为草率的译本,大 China Union University)戴谦和教授(Prof.Daniel Sheets 小错误不可胜数,他批评该译本是“糟蹋别人的著作”[21]。1936 Dye)的帮助[28]。 年 5 月期的《教务杂志》还评介了李治(W.Sheldon Ridge)[22] 在中国建筑方面,艾香德(Karl Ludvig Reichelt)评介 的《当西方来到东方》(When the West Came to the East) 了丹麦建筑师艾术华(J. 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Hart)编译的《百家诗》 萄牙语文献为材料描述了早期耶稣会士在中国的各项事业、成 (The Hundred Names)(1933), 其中后者论述了中国诗歌的 就和奋斗,他从 16 世纪中期沙勿略(Xavier)的到来写到 1773 历史、精神和技巧,并选译了从公元前 2300 年到清朝的中国古 年在教宗的命令下耶稣会(Society of Jesus)的解散。利玛窦、 诗共 170 首,这些诗的主题包括自然、生活和爱情,大约 40% 汤若望(Schaal)、 南怀仁(Verbiest)等耶稣会士利用其学术 是由女性所写。书评者认为该诗集纠正了人们关于中国诗歌的 才能为传教事业服务,他们利用自己的博学成功地赢得了一些 两个错误观念:1.中国女性诗人没有多少成就;2.中国的诗歌 50 美学随笔 很少触及爱情[31]。此外,乐灵生也评论了小 薰良(Shigeyoshi 汉学著作,但它们也具有介绍中国文化的功能,如戴著研究了 Obata)翻译的《李白诗集》(The Works of Li Po)(1935), 中国 20 个不同的名字,这为西方读者提供了很多有趣而又重要 该书初版于 1922 年,乐灵生所评为重印版本。乐灵生提到李白 的知识[35;] 而绘画集则带有显著的东方特色,画中的很多面孔和 嗜酒如命,有了酒他可以顿消忧愁并文思泉涌;他因为在诗中 服饰与在典型的中国艺术景观中所见到的毫无二致,然而一些 将杨贵妃比作赵飞燕(Lady Flying Swallow)(按:即“借 非中国的特征也被保留了下来,比如对耶稣形象的处理[36]。值 问汉宫谁得似,可怜飞燕倚新妆”) 而遭到贬黜。乐灵生还认为 得一提的是,《教务杂志》还评论了近代中国文化史上一种重要 从李白的诗中可以看出一丝幽默,如他在《戏杜甫》中写道: 期刊:《皇家亚洲文会北中国支会会刊》(J o u r n a l o f t h e 借问别来太瘦生,总为从前作诗苦。 North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society)。 该会 乐灵生还介绍了小 薰良所译的《夜宿山寺》、《山中问答》 刊涉及中国思想、哲学、习俗和历史等多方面,研究对象较为 和《拟古》等诗,他认为这些译作或许丧失了李白诗中的轻灵 冷僻和艰深,所以除了专业研究者外,其受众并不广泛[37]。 飘逸,但读起来还比较顺畅并且也偶尔闪现出灵光[32]。早在民 三、小结 国十五年(1926)六月三日,闻一多就曾在《北平晨报》副刊 上发表了他对这本译著的书评。闻一多是唐诗研究专家,他对 通过上文的论述,笔者认为:1.作为抽样,传教士所阅读 小 译著的批判是犀利而又专业的,举一例为证: 的汉学著作涉及历史、思想、考古、人类学、建筑、文学、戏 闻一多认为李白诗气势上的浑璞是无法翻译的,但去掉了 曲等多个学科,应该说在门类上是较为多样的。考虑到材料的 气势,又等于去掉了李太白。“‘我来竟何事,高卧沙丘城?城 抽样性质,我们可以合理地推论,传教士所关注的汉学著作要 边有古树,日夕连秋声’⋯⋯这是何等的气势, 何等古朴的气 比本文所展现的更为全面和丰富。从书评的内容来说,传教士 势!你看译到英文,成了什么样子? 对于这些著作的认识达到了一定的深度,但和各个方向的专家 Why have I come hither, after all? 相比,仍不免相形见绌,甚至给人隔靴搔痒之感。笔者之所以 Solitude is my lot at Sand Hill city 引述雷海宗、梁思成和闻一多等学者对这些作品的评论,意在 There are old trees by the city wall 引入一参照体系,这两者的对比或许能有助于我们对普通传教 And many voices of autumn, day and night” 士群体的汉学素养进行恰当的认识和评价。在笔者看来,传教 然而闻一多也指出译文的毛病主要不在译者的水平,而是 士群体的汉学素养确实较高,但并未高到汉学专家的程度,而 由于这一类浑然天成的名句太玄妙、太精微,禁不起翻译,一 这也体现了其传教士的职业身份[38]。2.有些书评的细节映照了 翻译便把它毁了[33]。 时代的色彩。这一点在费佩德评论阿灵顿的《中国戏曲史》时 戏曲方面,费佩德介绍了阿灵顿(L. C. Arlington)的 有所体现,如费佩德认为阿灵顿关于中国戏曲的批评是“无谓 《中国戏曲史》(The Chinese Drama)(1930)。 作者写到中国 的”(unnecessary)的批评,而不是“错误的”批评。事实上, 戏曲的流行在相当程度上要归功于唐明皇,他通晓音乐并设立 文学评论家夏志清先生也曾对中国古代小说作过类似的评价。 了梨园教坊,而且他曾选坐部伎人子弟和宫女数百人到梨园学 他说中国传统小说的宗教信仰逃不出“因果报应”、“万恶淫为 习歌舞,有时亲加教正。据说中国的戏曲至少起源于公元前 8 首”这类粗浅的观念,凭这些观念很难写出西方小说中引人深 世纪,阿灵顿说中国的戏曲在当今“是艺术上最为完美的剧种, 思的道德问题来;中国文学传统里并没有一个正视人生的宗教 但它能否传播到世界的其他地区尚且是个疑问”。 阿灵顿在书中 观,中国人的宗教不是迷信,就是逃避,或者是王维式怡然自 没有讳言他对中国戏曲的负面看法,如他在论述一部戏曲时写 得的个人享受[39]。因此,费佩德未必是不同意阿灵顿的见解,他 道“大多数情节都写得极差,这首先反映了中国人心智上的幼 只是认为发表这种见解并无必要。而通过一些文献我们可以了
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