DOCSLIB.ORG

New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 And LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Little can be said about the detailed shape of the ~ es 0 curve because of the large statistical errors. Bk Cm Am I *Research supported by a joint program of the Ofhce of Naval Research and the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Cartwright, and Rouvina, Rev. 806 'Oxley, Phys. 93, (1954). 6;75 MEV Chamberlain, Segre, Tripp, Wiegand, and Ypsilantis, Phys. Rev. 93, 1430 (1954). 'Marshall, Marshall, and de Carvalho, Phys. Rev. 93, 1431 (1954). MEV& e 6,6 J. M. Diclrson and D. C. Salter, Nature 173, 946 (1954). y OEC. l9-20, I952 ~ de Carvalho, Marshall, and Marshall, Phys. Rev. 96, 1081 (1954). Chamberlain, Segre, Tripp, Wiegand, and Ypsilantis, Phys. Rev. 95, 1105 (1954). 4' O. I- V) New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, l- Atomic Numbers W and 100 O O A. GHIQRso, S.G. THQMPsoN, G. H. HIGGINs) AND G. T. SEABQRG) Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Califorrtia, Berkeley, California M. H. STUDIER) P. R. FIELDs, S. M. FRIED) H. DIAMQND, J. F. MECH, G. L. PYLE, J. R. HUIZENGA, A. HIRSCH, AND W. M. MANNING Argonne Eati onal 0.0l-- Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 20 50 40 50 60 70 AND QROP NUMBER C. I. BRovlNE, H. L. SMITH, AND R. W. SPENcE& Los A/amos FIG. 1. Elution of element 99 relative to cahfornium (citrate eluant). Scientific Laboratory, Los Al'amos, %em 3fexico (Received June 20, 1955) identification for the newly discovered element was 'HIS communication is a description of the results completed (i.e., the correct choice between atomic in 1952 and numbers 99 and 100 had been made) a tentative assign- of experiments performed December, "100"4" the following months at the University of California ment to was made and this information was Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), Ar gonne National communicated to the ANL and LASL Laboratories. Laboratory (ANL), and Los Alamos Scientific Labora- Immediately following this, further ion-exchange elu- tory (LASL), which represent the discovery of the tion separations were carried out at both UCRL and elements with the atomic numbers 99 and 100. ANL resulting in essentially simultaneous identification The source of the material which was used for the of the 6.6-Mev alpha activity as belonging to the erst chemical identjt6cation of these elements was the element with atomic number 99 (i.e., elution in the eka- Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory which provided holmium position). The results of these definitive elu- uranium which had been subjected to a very high in- tion experiments are shown in Fig. 1. stantaneous neutron Qux in the "Mike" thermonuclear Further measurements on material from the same explosion (November, 1952). Initial investigations at source by the LASL group led to the observation of a ANL showed the presence in this material of the new 7.1-Mev alpha activity (at an intensity of about 4 Pu'~, ' and investigations at ANL and LASL isotope ' percent of that of the 6.6-Mev alpha activity) without showed the presence of Pu"' and Arrl ', pointing to chemical identification beyond proving that it was due the presence of neutron excess isotopes in greater to a transplutonium element. This 7.1-Mev alpha ac- abundance than expected. tivity was first shown by the UCRL group in ion- the UCRL to look for isotopes of This led group exchange elution experiments of the type described transcalifornium elements in material from the same above to be an isotope of element 100 (i.e., elution in source. Samples were subjected to chemical procedures the eka-erbium position just ahead of the 6.6-Mev to separate the actinide from the lanthanide fraction, ' element 99 alpha activity) and was shown to have a tracer Cf'4' (36-hour, 6.75-Mev alpha particle4) was half-life of about a sustained a longer-lived added and a separation of the tripositive actinides was day by This establishment of the effected using the cation-exchange resin Dowex-50 element 99 parent. isotope and elution at 87'C with ammonium citrate solution. ' responsible for the 7.1-Mev alpha activity as having the These experiments showed the elution in a transcali- atomic number 100 was con6rmed in a similar experi- fornium position of a 6.6-Mev alpha activity and hence ment by the AXL group somewhat later. The elution proved conclusively that a new (transcalifornium) ele- data for the experiments that established this atomic ment had been found. Before the atomic number number are shown. in Fig. 2. The californium, berkelium, LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 1049 gratitide to R. A. Penneman and personnel of his group for their cooperation and the use of their pulse analyzer. MAR. f, l955 The UCRL group wishes to acknowledge the coopera- tion of K. Street, Jr., W. W. T. Crane, L. R. Zumwalt, L. B. Werner, N. E. Ballou, and I. J. Russell in pro- IOOO- viding samples, and to thank N. B. Garden, Rosemary Barrett, and R. A. Glass for active assistance. r Hess, Pyle, Fried, and Inghram (to be published). IOO- Asprey, Browne, Engelkemeir, Fields, Fried, Pyle, Smith, Spence, and Stevens (to be published). 'K. Street, Jr., and G. T. Seaborg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 2760 (1950). Ghiorso, Thompson, Street, and Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 81, 154 IO- (1951). Cf ~ See, e.g., Thompson, Street, Ghiorso, and Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 80, 790 (1950). ~Thompson, Ghiorso, Harvey, and Choppin, Phys. Rev. 93, I.O- 908 (1954). ~Harvey, Thompson, Ghiorso, and Choppin, Phys. Rev. 93, 1129 (1954). 7. I MEV Studier, Fields, Diamond, Mech, Friedman, Sellers, Pyle, 0 I- Stevens, Magnusson, and Huizenga, Phys. Rev. 93, 1428 (1954). Fields, Studier, Mech, Diamond, Friedman, Magnusson, and Huizenga, Phys. Rev. 94, 209 (1954). l i II I t I 1 I t IO 50 50 70 90 I IO E LUTIO N DROP NUMBER Multiple Meson Production in Emulsions FIG. 2. Elution of element 100 relative to other actinide Exposed to the Bevatron Beam*) elements (citrate eluant). WILLIAM R. JOHNSON RuChution tuborutory, DePurtmerit of Physics, and curium radioactivities will be discussed in a forth- University of Cabfornia, Berkeley, California coming publication. (Received May 31, 1955) Isotopic assignments which were made as the result confirmed the later ' of this early work were largely by EASUREMENTS have been made on the shower- work on the intense neutron irradiation~' of Pu"'. - ~ particle production in nuclear stars formed in Thus can be said that the mass number for the it 600-micron Ilford G.5 stripped emulsions. Production 6.6-Mev 99 alpha activity is 253, corresponding to the P decay sequence Cfs 99' s (~20-day, 6.6-Mev TABLE I. Observed and calculated— shower-particIe s:20 day multiplicity percentages Fermi model. alpha particle), the Cfs" originating from the beta of U'" and daughters. Also, the mass number for Energy in Extension of Fermi's Experimental decay Bev '+e calculations& observations the 7.1-Mev 100 alpha activity is 255 corresponding to P 3.2 0 20 42 the decay sequence 99"':100'ss (~16-hour, 7.1- 1 47 28 ~30 day 2 29 25 Mev alpha the 99"' originating from the 3 particle), ~ ~ ~ 1 beta decay of U'" and daughters. Av 1.17 0.94~0.09 We suggest for the element with the atomic number 0 16 25 99 the name einsteinium (symbol E) after Albert 1 41.5 38 Einstein, and for the element with atomic number 100 2 35 20 the name fermium (symbol Fm), after Enrico Fermi. 3 7.5 17 ~ ~ ~ 0 The primary acknowledgment is to the personnel of Av sg 1.34 1.3+0.11 LASL for the design and construction of the thermo- 17 which rise to the extreme 0 14 nuclear (Mike) weapon, gave 1 38 31 neutron Aux required to produce the very heavy nu- 2 38 30 clides. We wish to thank H. F. Plank for his very able 3 10 18 3 addition the ~ direction of the sampling operation. In 5 ~ ~ 1 ANI group wishes to acknowledge helpful discussions AV Nit 1.44 1.62~0.11 with A. Turkevich and its indebtedness to D. I'". Peppard and his group (George Mason, John Maier, and a In the computation of the percentages for each value of ee the tabulated number represents the shower tracks that would actually be observed, not Richard Wallace), who isolated a heavy element frac- the number of pions created. The numbers in column 3 for ne =2 include the following production schemes: pp+ —,n72++, pp+ —0, n72++0, and tion. The LASL group wishes to acknowledge its pn+ —0. (The +, —,and 0 refer to the charges of the created mesons. ).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NOBELIUM Element Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102
    NOBELIUM Element Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI KERRY LAMB www.raci.org.au NOBELIUM Element symbol: No Atomic number: 102 The credit for discovering Nobelium was disputed with 3 different research teams claiming the discovery. While the first claim dates back to 1957, it was not until 1992 that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry credited the discovery to a research team from Dubna in Russia for work they did in 1966. The element was named Nobelium in 1957 by the first of its claimed discoverers (the Nobel Institute in Sweden). It was named after Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, held more than 350 patents and bequeathed his fortune to the establishment of the Nobel Prizes. Nobelium is a synthetic element and does not occur in nature and has no known uses other than in scientific research as only tiny amounts of the element have ever been produced. Nobelium is radioactive and most likely metallic. The appearance and properties of Nobelium are unknown as insufficient amounts of the element have been produced. Nobelium is made by the bombardment of curium (Cm) with carbon nuclei. Its most stable isotope, 259No, has a half-life of 58 minutes and decays to Fermium (255Fm) through alpha decay or to Mendelevium (259Md) through electron capture. Provided by the element sponsor Freehills Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys ARTISTS DESCRIPTION I wanted to depict Alfred Nobel, the namesake of Nobelium, as a resolute young man, wearing the Laurel wreath which is the symbol of victory.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    ftoc.qrk 5/24/04 1:46 PM Page iii Contents Timeline v de Sitter,Willem 72 Dukas, Helen 74 Introduction 1 E = mc2 76 Eddington, Sir Arthur 79 Absentmindedness 3 Education 82 Anti-Semitism 4 Ehrenfest, Paul 85 Arms Race 8 Einstein, Elsa Löwenthal 88 Atomic Bomb 9 Einstein, Mileva Maric 93 Awards 16 Einstein Field Equations 100 Beauty and Equations 17 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Besso, Michele 18 Argument 101 Black Holes 21 Einstein Ring 106 Bohr, Niels Henrik David 25 Einstein Tower 107 Books about Einstein 30 Einsteinium 108 Born, Max 33 Electrodynamics 108 Bose-Einstein Condensate 34 Ether 110 Brain 36 FBI 113 Brownian Motion 39 Freud, Sigmund 116 Career 41 Friedmann, Alexander 117 Causality 44 Germany 119 Childhood 46 God 124 Children 49 Gravitation 126 Clothes 58 Gravitational Waves 128 CommunismCOPYRIGHTED 59 Grossmann, MATERIAL Marcel 129 Correspondence 62 Hair 131 Cosmological Constant 63 Heisenberg, Werner Karl 132 Cosmology 65 Hidden Variables 137 Curie, Marie 68 Hilbert, David 138 Death 70 Hitler, Adolf 141 iii ftoc.qrk 5/24/04 1:46 PM Page iv iv Contents Inventions 142 Poincaré, Henri 220 Israel 144 Popular Works 222 Japan 146 Positivism 223 Jokes about Einstein 148 Princeton 226 Judaism 149 Quantum Mechanics 230 Kaluza-Klein Theory 151 Reference Frames 237 League of Nations 153 Relativity, General Lemaître, Georges 154 Theory of 239 Lenard, Philipp 156 Relativity, Special Lorentz, Hendrik 158 Theory of 247 Mach, Ernst 161 Religion 255 Mathematics 164 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 258 McCarthyism 166 Russell-Einstein Manifesto 260 Michelson-Morley Experiment 167 Schroedinger, Erwin 261 Millikan, Robert 171 Solvay Conferences 265 Miracle Year 174 Space-Time 267 Monroe, Marilyn 179 Spinoza, Baruch (Benedictus) 268 Mysticism 179 Stark, Johannes 270 Myths and Switzerland 272 Misconceptions 181 Thought Experiments 274 Nazism 184 Time Travel 276 Newton, Isaac 188 Twin Paradox 279 Nobel Prize in Physics 190 Uncertainty Principle 280 Olympia Academy 195 Unified Theory 282 Oppenheimer, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • Genius of the Periodic Table
    GENIUS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE "Isn't it the work of a genius'. " exclaimed Academician V.I. Spitsyn, USSR, a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee when talking to an Agency audience in January. His listeners shared his enthusiasm. Academician Spitsyn was referring to the to the first formulation a hundred years ago by Professor Dmitry I. Mendeleyev of the Periodic Law of Elements. In conditions of enormous difficulty, considering the lack of data on atomic weights of elements, Mendeleyev created in less than two years work at St. Petersburg University, a system of chemical elements that is, in general, still being used. His law became a powerful instrument for further development of chemistry and physics. He was able immediately to correct the atomic weight numbers of some elements, including uranium, whose atomic weight he found to be double that given at the time. Two years later Mendeleyev went so far as to give a detailed description of physical or chemical properties of some elements which were as yet undiscovered. Time gave striking proof of his predictions and his periodic law. Mendeleyev published his conclusions in the first place by sending, early in March 186 9, a leaflet to many Russian and foreign scientists. It gave his system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical resemblance. On the 18th March that year his paper on the subject was read at the meeting of the Russian Chemical Society, and two months later the Society's Journal published his article entitled "The correlation between properties of elements and their atomic weight".
    [Show full text]
  • First Observation of Atomic Levels for the Element Fermium (Z ˆ 100)
    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS week ending VOLUME 90, NUMBER 16 25 APRIL 2003 First Observation of Atomic Levels for the Element Fermium (Z 100) M. Sewtz, H. Backe, A. Dretzke, G. Kube, W. Lauth, and P. Schwamb Institut fu¨r Kernphysik, Universita¨t Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany K. Eberhardt, C. Gru¨ning, P. Tho¨rle, and N. Trautmann Institut fu¨r Kernchemie, Universita¨t Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany P. Kunz, J. Lassen, and G. Passler Institut fu¨r Physik, Universita¨t Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany C. Z. Dong and S. Fritzsche Fachbereich Physik, Universita¨t Kassel, D-34132 Kassel, Germany R. G. Haire Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6375 (Received 25 October 2002; revised manuscript received 6 March 2003; published 25 April 2003) The atomic level structure of the element fermium was investigated for the first time using a sample of 2:7 1010 atoms of the isotope 255Fm with a half-life of 20.1 h. The atoms were evaporated from a filament and stored in the argon buffer gas of an optical cell. Atomic levels were sought by the method of resonance ionization spectroscopy using an excimer-dye-laser combination. Two atomic levels were found at wave numbers 25 099:8 0:2 and 25 111:8 0:2 cmÿ1. Partial transition rates to the 12 23 e 5f 7s H6 ground state have been determined from their saturation characteristics. Multiconfiguration 12 5 o Dirac-Fock calculations suggest that the leading orders of these levels could be the 5f 7s7p I6 and 12 5 o 5f 7s7p G5 terms.
    [Show full text]
  • BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged To
    BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged to Four and Five Significant Figures Norman E. Holden Energy Sciences & Technology Department National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 www.bnl.gov Prepared for the 44th IUPAC General Assembly, in Torino, Italy August 2007 Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This preprint is intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, it may not be cited or reproduced without the author’s permission. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors.
    [Show full text]
  • Python Module Index 79
    mendeleev Documentation Release 0.9.0 Lukasz Mentel Sep 04, 2021 CONTENTS 1 Getting started 3 1.1 Overview.................................................3 1.2 Contributing...............................................3 1.3 Citing...................................................3 1.4 Related projects.............................................4 1.5 Funding..................................................4 2 Installation 5 3 Tutorials 7 3.1 Quick start................................................7 3.2 Bulk data access............................................. 14 3.3 Electronic configuration......................................... 21 3.4 Ions.................................................... 23 3.5 Visualizing custom periodic tables.................................... 25 3.6 Advanced visulization tutorial...................................... 27 3.7 Jupyter notebooks............................................ 30 4 Data 31 4.1 Elements................................................. 31 4.2 Isotopes.................................................. 35 5 Electronegativities 37 5.1 Allen................................................... 37 5.2 Allred and Rochow............................................ 38 5.3 Cottrell and Sutton............................................ 38 5.4 Ghosh................................................... 38 5.5 Gordy................................................... 39 5.6 Li and Xue................................................ 39 5.7 Martynov and Batsanov........................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Ment 98), Einsteinium (Element 99), Fermium (Element 100), Mendelevium (Element Downloaded by Guest on September 26, 2021 472 PHYSICS: G
    VOL. 45, 1959 PHYSICS: G. T. SEABORG 471 of californium isotopes. The horizontal broken line labeled "0.02%" indicates the peak height for a group which would have that intensity relative to the total alpha particles. It is seen that the general background is considerably higher than this value, and, in fact, some of the peaks which are sketched in are hardly justifi- able in view of the scatter of the data. The bottom part of Figure 8 shows the same part of the spectrum taken under much improved conditions, as shown by the line illustrating the peak height of 0.02 per cent. All of the peaks are seen much more clearly and, in addition, one or two have showed up which were completely ob- scured under the other conditions. The principal change in technique which re- sulted in this improvement consisted of lining the interior of the spectrograph with very-low-atomic-number material which has the desirable effect of reducing low- angle scattering of alpha particles. In summary, we may say that during the past few years very important ad- vances in theory, as well as in experimental technique, are beginning to result in a systematic assignment of nuclear spectroscopic states and an interpretation of these states in terms of some detailed knowledge of nuclear structure. In this discussion, attention has been confined to one aspect of a very broad problem, namely, that having to do with spectroscopic states in the heavy-element region deduced from the alpha-decay process. There are many other experimental methods which are brought to bear on this problem, some of which have been touched upon in a peripheral sense in this discussion and others not mentioned at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Einstein, Mileva Maric
    ffirs.qrk 5/13/04 7:34 AM Page i Einstein A to Z Karen C. Fox Aries Keck John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ffirs.qrk 5/13/04 7:34 AM Page ii For Mykl and Noah Copyright © 2004 by Karen C. Fox and Aries Keck. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.
    [Show full text]
  • HESS Opens up the Gamma-Ray Sky
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER HESS opens up the gamma-ray sky NUCLEAR PHYSICS COMPUTING NEWS VIEWPOINT SOLDEand IGISOL cast new Logbook brings note-taking Simon Singh on how to ight on how carbon forms p6 into the 21st century p 18 amaze the public p58 CABURN 20% off all Vacuum Science Limited feedthrough products* To mark the new year and celebrate our expansion and relocation, Caburn is pleased to offer customers 20% off all feedthrough products ordered before the end of March, 2005. Offer applies to all standard feedthrough products, including: • Multipin feedthroughs • Subminiature C & D • Coaxial feedthroughs • Fibre optics • Thermocouples • Power feedthroughs • Breaks and envelopes • Connectors and cables *Offer applicable to orders placed by Thursdsay, March 31,2005. Visit our comprehensive website: www. c abu i* n M a Ju k 1 see section 6 of our online catalog for discounted products WMm ft I UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY I FRANCE | ITALY Yfefil w> Caburn Vacuum Science Ltd Caburn Vacuum Science GmbH Caburn Vacuum Science Sari Caburn Vacuum Science SrL ^X^J UKAS 1st Floor, Martlet Heights, Am Zirkus 3a 38 Place des Pavilions Corso Lombardia, 153/15 mlmkMammi The Martlets, Burgess Hill, D-10117 Berlin 69007 LYON 10149 TORINO ISO 9001 * 2000 West Sussex RH15 9NJ UK Tel: +49 (0)30-787 743 0 Tel: +33 (0)437 65 17 50 Tel: +39 011 4530791 F" M 5 1*3 2 7 Tel: +44 <°>1444 873900 Fax: +49 I0*30"787 743 50 Fax: +33 (°'437 65 17 55 Fax: +39 011 4550298 Fax: +44(0)1444 258577 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] CONTENTS Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • Americium-241 It''
    It" • DOE/LLW-130 LP RECEIVE w. NOV 2 1 1995 O SCI $ National Low-Level Waste Management Program 8$ Radionuclide Report Series V-' Volume 14: Americium-241 it'' Nations/ Low-Level Waste Management Program 1 September 1995 ^ m ^^^^mm^^mm^-^n^ EriV DiSTfiiBUTiON OF WIS DOCUMENT IS UHLMTED DOE/LLW-130 National Low-Level Waste Management Program Radionuclide Report Series Volume 14: Americium-241 M. R. Winberg R. S. Garcia Published September 1995 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-94ID13223 DISTRIBUTION OF ISIS DOCUMENT 18 UNLBTED ° ' »* DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. ABSTRACT This report, Volume 14 of the National Low-Level Waste Management Program Radionuclide Report Series, discusses the radiological and chemical characteristics of americium-241 (241Am). This report also includes discussions about waste types and forms in which 241Am can be found and 241Am behavior in the environment and in the human body. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi• bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]