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The Social Traditions During the Reign of Queen Anne Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1940 The oS cial Traditions During the Reign of Queen Anne M. Benedicta Koller Loyola University Chicago Recommended Citation Koller, M. Benedicta, "The ocS ial Traditions During the Reign of Queen Anne" (1940). Master's Theses. Paper 246. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/246 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1940 M. Benedicta Koller THE SOCIAL TRADITIONS DURING THE REIGN OF QUEEN ~ BY SISTER M BENEDICTA KOLLER, O.S.B. A Thesis submitted in partial :f'ul.fillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Loyola University, 1940. I ~' /) T.l:BLE OF CONTENTS PAGE GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE STEWARTS . 1 THE STUARTS OF ENGLAND • . iv INTRODUCTION •• . v CHAPTER I THE CHARACTER OF Q,UEEN .ANNE . 1 CHAPTER II Q,UEEN .ANNE I s ENGLAN'D • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 CHAPTER III SOCIAL LIFE OF THE REIGN OF Q,UEEN ANNE • • • • • • 63 CHAPTER IV CRA.BACTERISTICS OF TBlll .AGE OF .ANNE • • . 98 CONCLUSION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • '136 :SI:SLIOGR.APBY . 139 - 1 GINEALOGICAL TABLE OF TH:£ STEWARTS 1. WALTER FITZALAN Son of Alan Fitz Flaald and Avelina Heading. First Steward of Scotland; founded the Abbey of Paisley in 1164. Died in 1177. 2 • .ALAN I TEE HIGH STEWART Son of Walter, whom he succeeded in 1177. Died in 1204, leaving two sons, Walter and David. 3. WALTER, THE HIGH STEWART Son of Alan, whom he succeeded in 1204. Died in 1246, leaving several sons. 4. ALEXANDER, THE HIGH STEWART Eldest son of Walter. Succeeded his father in 1246. Died in 1283, leaving two sons and a daughter. 5. JAMES. THE HIGH STEWART Eldest son of Alexander and succeeded him in 1283. Married Cecilia, daughter of Patrick, Earl of Dunbar and March, by Whom he had four sons. Died July 16, 1309. 6. WALTER, THE HIGH S.TEWART Second son of James. Born in 1293. Succeeded his father in 1309. In 1315 1. Andrew Stuart, Genealogical History of the Stewarts, A. Strahan, London, 1798. married Marjory Bruce, daughter of King Robert Bruce, by whom he had one son, Robert. Also married Isabel Graham by whom he had one son, John. Died April 9, 1326. 7. ROBERT I THE HIGH STDART Son of Walter and Marjory Bruce. Born March 2, 1316. Succeeded his father in 1326. On the death of his uncle, Xing David Bruce, February 22, 1327, he was cro~ned Xing of Scotland at Scone on March 26, 1327. He died April, 1390. 8. JOlm, EARL OF CARRICK Eldest son of King Robert II. Changed his name from John to Robert and be­ came King Robert III of Scotland. Succeeded his father in April, 1390. Died at Roths~. April 4, 1406. 9. JAMES I Son of Robert III. Murdered at Perth, february 21, 1436 or 1437. 10. JAMES II Son of James I. Killed at the siege of Roxburgh, August 3, 1460. 11. JAMES III Son of James II. Killed near Bannockburn, June 11, 1488. 12. JAMES IV Son of James III. Killed at Floudon Field, September 9, 1513. 13. JADS V Son of James IV. Died at Faulk1and, December 13, 1542. 14. MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS Only child of James V. Born December 8, 1542. Succeeded to the Crown, December 13, 1542. Married the Dauphin of France, Francis, who died December, 1560, without issue. Married Henry, Lord Darnley, son of Matthew, Earl of Lennox. Q;tleen Mary was beheaded in England, February 8, 1586. 15. JAMES VI OF SCOTLAND AND I OF ENGLAND Son of Qneen Mary and Lord Darnley. Succeeded to the Crown of Scotland on the death of his mother in 1586, and to the Crown of England, March 24, 1603. 1 THE STUARTS OF ENGLAND J .wES I -= F= .AND OF DENMARK (1603-1625) (died 1619) ELIZABETH= rFBEDERICIC OF THE PALATINATE I I cu'RilliS II JAMES II MARY =r=WILLI.AM OF (1660-1685~ (1685-1688) (d.1660) ORANGE (d. 1701) (d. 1650) I J.Alms (the old MAkY-WILLI.Al4 III Pretender, b.l688; (1702 - (1688 - (1688-1702) d. 1765.) 1714) 1694) PRINCE RUPERT PRINCE J!wmiCE SOPRIA=ELECTOR OF (d. 1682) (d. 1652) (d. 1714) HANOVER GEOiGE I ( 1714-1727) 1. Arthur Lyon Cross, A Shorter History of England and Greater Britain, Macmillan and Company, New York, 1934, p. xviH. ,, ' INTROJ)(JCTION THE ROYAL HOUSE OF STUART The Stuart family was first known as the Stewards of Scotland. A tradition of doubtful origin claims Fleanee, the son Baneho, to be the founder 1 of the Stewarts in Scotland. It can be definitely asserted, however, that the origin of the royal Stuarts cannot be traced back on firm ground farther 2 than the reign of David I, who ruled Scotland between 1124 and 1150. Walter Fitzalan, Steward of Scotland, during this reign is a real historical charac- ter and there is no doubt regarding his existence, but there is reason to sus- 3 peet the existence of the four generations preceding him. The evidence eon- earning the first four generations has been criticized by Sir David Dalrymple in his Annals, Vol. I, p. 358, although he acknowledges Walter living in the 4 twelfth century to be a Steward of Scotland. In his conclusive remarks on the origin of the House of Stuart, Sir David Dalrymple states: "In the reign of David the First, before the middle of the twelfth century, the family of the Stewards was opulent and powerful; it may, therefore, have subsisted for many ages previous to that time, but when and what was its commencement, we cannot determine.n5 The name "Stewart" is a derivation from the title of Seniscalcus meaning steward, which originated from the German word "seniscalc" or "oldest 1. Percy Melville Thornton, The Stuart Dznasty, William Ridgway, London, 1890, P• 2. 2. Ibid., p. 3. 3. Andrew Stuart, Genealogical History of the Stewarts, A. Strahan, London, 1798, p. 1. 4. Ibid., p. 1. 5. Ibid., p. 2. (Quoted from Dalrymple, Annals, I,p.358.~ of the servants". 0 This title entailed the duties of a chamberlain who exer~ cised supreme authority in the management of the King's household and also in 7 the regulation of the royal revenues. In feudal times the individual hold- ing this exalted position in the realm was empowered to administer jnstice 8 and even to direct warfare. The spelling of the name, as well as the duties of the position, has undergone various changes. Originally it was spelled "Stewart" showing its derivation from "steward" (seniscalcus); then it asgamea the form of "Steuart", and finally the spelling of "Stuart" which is used at present. The Genealogical Table preceding this Introduction will give brief and concise information of the members of the Royal House of Stuart from Walter, the first Steward of Scotland, to ~een Anne, the last of the Stuarts. This work is a modest attempt to present the social traditions of the reign of qpsen Anne, as well as the extent of the influence exerted by the Queen on the social conditions of her time. The theme is developed through a study of Anne's character, a discussion of the England of her day, a detailed account of the social life of her reign, and a conclusive treatmen of the characteristics of her era. The whole makes an interesting study and brings into bold relief the two principles which were the mainstay and back- bone of the Stuart dynasty, namely, "the theory of Divine right of kings11 ,and 11 the king can do no wrong". Queen Anne adhered to both principles religious- ly, and that she engendered the same adherence in the subjects of her realm is evidenced only too clearly by their loyalty and fidelity to a Queen who 6. Thornton, The Stuart DYA&Stl, P• 3. 7. Samuel Cowan, The Royal House of Stuart, From Its Origin to the Accession of the House of Hanover, 2 Vols., Greening and Company, Ltd., London, 1908 I, p. 4. 8. Thornton, The Stuart Dynasty, p. 3. · in many respects was nothing but a mere figure-head of power~ In their opin- ion her few good qualities of character so far obscured her many deficiencies that to them she was known only as "Good ctueen Anne". In developing this theme there was no dearth of material, but the chief problem was to make a wise selection of the material pertaining exclu- sively to the topic under consideration. The best source of information, proving a veritable 11 gold mine" of facts was: a) the collections of the Addresses of the Qneen to the Lords and Commons; b) the personal letters of ~een Anne; c) the private diaries and memoirs; d) the newspaper articles; and e) the articles in the periodicals. Special mention mnst be made of Samuel Pepy's Diary and Correspondence. This is a ponderous but complete work which leaves out no detail, but in an inimitable way includes all events, being flavored here and there with choice bits of gossip which throw a new light on the .Age of Anne. In addition to the sources mentioned above there are several Histories of the Reign of Qpeen Anne which are detailed to a grea extent often to the point of monotony, but useful, nevertheless, in aiding o to arrive at satisfactory data relating to the social traditions of this period.
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