Political Religion Beyond Totalitarianism

POLITICAL RELIGION BEYOND TOTALITARIANISM THE SACRALIZATION OF POLITICS IN THE AGE OF DEMOCRACY EDITED BY JOOST AUGUSTEIJN, PATRICK DASSEN AND MAARTJE JANSE Political Religion beyond Totalitarianism Also by Joost Augusteijn REGION AND STATE IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY EUROPE: Nation- building, Regional Identities and Separatism (ed. with Eric Storm) FROM PUBLIC DEFIANCE TO GUERRILLA WARFARE: The Experience of Ordinary Volunteers in the Irish War of Independence, 1916–1921 THE MEMOIRS OF JOHN M. REGAN, A CATHOLIC OFFICER IN THE RIC AND RUC, 1909–1948 (ed.) PATRICK PEARSE: The Making of a Revolutionary THE IRISH REVOLUTION, 1913–1923 (ed.) IRELAND IN THE 1930s: New Perspectives (ed.) IRISH HISTORY: A Research Yearbook (1) (ed. with Mary- Ann Lyons) IRISH HISTORY: A Research Yearbook (2) (ed. with Mary- Ann Lyons and Deirdre Macmahon) Also by Patrick Dassen THE MANY FACES OF EVOLUTION IN EUROPE, c. 1860–1914 (ed. with M. Kemperink) DE ONTTOVERING VAN DE WERELD. Max Weber en het probleem van de moderniteit in Duitsland, 1890–1920 GEGIJZELD DOOR HET VERLEDEN. Van de Historikerstreit tot het Sloterdijk-debat (ed. with Ton Nijhuis) DUITSERS ALS SLACHTOFFERS. Het einde van een taboe? (ed. with Krijn Thijs and Ton Nijhuis) VAN DE BARRICADEN NAAR DE LOOPGRAVEN. Oorlog en samenleving in Europa, 1789–1918 (ed. with Petra Groen) Also by Maartje Janse DE AFSCHAFFERS. Publieke opinie, organisatie en politiek in Nederland, 1840–1880 DE GEEST VAN JAN SALIE. Nederland in verval? Political Religion beyond Totalitarianism The Sacralization of Politics in the Age of Democracy Edited by Joost Augusteijn Lecturer in European History, Leiden University, The Netherlands Patrick Dassen Lecturer in European History, Leiden University, The Netherlands and Maartje Janse Postdoctoral Researcher, Leiden University, The Netherlands Palgrave macmillan Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Dassen and Maartje Janse 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edtion 2013 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identiﬁed as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-45082-4 ISBN 978-1-137-29172-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-29172-1 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Transferred to Digital Printing in 2013 Contents List of Illustrations and Plates vii Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgements xii Introduction: Politics and Religion 1 Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Dassen and Maartje Janse Part I Definition Religion and Politics: In Search of Resemblances 15 Herman Paul The Religious Side of Democracy: Early Socialism, Twenty- first- century Populism and the Sacralization of Politics 33 Henk te Velde Part II Religion and Democracy A Dangerous Type of Politics? Politics and Religion in Early Mass Organizations: The Anglo- American World, c.1830 55 Maartje Janse De- sanctifying Affairs of State: The Politics of Religion in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) 77 Eduard van de Bilt Part III Socialism Religious Aspects of Socialist Imagery, c.1890–2000: A Visual Essay 101 Jolijn Groothuizen and Dennis Bos A Grassroots Sacred Socialist History: Dutch Social Democrats (1894–1920) 115 Adriaan van Veldhuizen Part IV Nationalism Nationalism as a Political Religion: The Sacralization of the Irish Nation 137 Joost Augusteijn v vi Contents The German Nation as a Secular Religion in the First World War? About the Problem of Unity in Modern German History 161 Patrick Dassen History or Civil Religion? The Uses of Lincoln’s ‘Last Best Hope of Earth’ 188 Adam Fairclough Part V Religion and Revolution Revolutionary Mystique: Religious Undertones in the Russian Revolution of 1917 215 Henk Kern The Belief in Disbelief: Anticlericalism and the Sacralization of Politics in Spain (1900–39) 231 Eric Storm Concluding Remarks 255 Joost Augusteijn, Patrick Dassen and Maartje Janse Select Bibliography 261 Index 265 List of Illustrations and Plates All pictures courtesy of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam unless otherwise indicated. Illustrations 1 The first photograph ever taken of a crowd, the Chartist ‘Monster Meeting’ of 10 April 1848. Taken by William Kilburn, original at Windsor Castle (courtesy of Wikimedia Commons). 62 2 Orthodox Bubbles, or a Review of the […] New York Magdalen Society (s.l., 1831) (courtesy of the Library Company, Philadelphia). 67 3 Albert Hahn, ‘De brandkast, beschermd met bijbel en wierookvat’ (The Netherlands, 1902). 102 4 ‘Fusilaron a Cristo’ (Spain, 1936) (courtesy of accionjuvenil.espanaforo.com, retrieved June 2012). 103 5 L.J. Jordaan, ‘De kiesrechtparagraaf in de troonrede: De zon breekt eindelijk door!’ (The Netherlands, 1913). 105 6 Walther Crane, ‘Towards the Light’ (Great Britain, 1903). 106 7 Willem Papenhuyzen, ‘Als een rots in de branding van het leven, weerkaatsend het licht van den komende dag’ (The Netherlands, undated). 107 8 Wilhelm Schulz, ‘Die zehn Gebote Bebels’ (Germany, 1875–99). 108 9 Produktivgenossenschaft für den Bezirk Halle- Merseburg, Als Opfer sind sie gefallen. Gedenkt der Pariser Kommune! (Berlin, 1926) (book cover). 109 10 Brass gallows- shaped lapel pin (United States, 1887) (courtesy of Chicago Historical Society, chicagohistory.org, retrieved June 2012). 110 11 Ivens and Storck, ‘A still from the film Misère au Borinage’ (Belgium, 1933). 111 vii viii List of Illustrations and Plates 12 Walter Crane, ‘In Memory of the Paris Commune’ (Great Britain, 1891). 112 13 Anonymous, ‘Golgotha 1919. The murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht’ (Germany, 1919). 113 14 ‘ Berlin- Friedrichsfelde, Einweihung Gedenkstätte’ (Germany, 1926) (courtesy of Bundesarchiv). 114 15 Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International (Soviet Union, 1920) (courtesy of shafe.co.uk, retrieved June 2012). 114 Plates 1 Poster for the Centrale Plan- Commissie, Dutch Social Democratic Party, NVV (trade union), ‘Fascisme’ (The Netherlands, 1936). 2 Revolutionary Committee of the Shanghai Drama College, ‘Bali gongshe wansui!’ (‘Long Live the Paris Commune!’) (China, 1971). 3 Revolutionary Committee Political Propaganda Group, ‘Qianli yeying lian hongxin’ (‘To go on a thousand “li” march to temper a red heart’) (China, 1971). 4 H.G. Jentzsch, ‘Germany’ (Der Wahre Jacob, Germany, 1893). Note: Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologizes for any errors or omissions in the above list and would be grateful if notiﬁ ed of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. Notes on Contributors Joost Augusteijn is a lecturer at Leiden University. He has previously held posts at the University of Amsterdam, Trinity College, Dublin and Queens University Belfast, and has taught at the College of William and Mary. He is the author of From Public Defiance to Guerrilla Warfare: The Experience of Ordinary Volunteers in the Irish War of Independence 1916–1921 (1996), and Patrick Pearse: The Making of a Revolutionary (2010), as well as the editor of several volumes on Irish history and beyond. Eduard van de Bilt has a PhD in History from Cornell. He teaches American History at Leiden University and the University of Amsterdam, and specializes in American intellectual history. He is co- editor of several books on American history and the author of Becoming John Adams: The Making of a Great American in Leiden, 1780–1782 (2005), Demasqué van een Democratie (2002) and, together with Joke Kardux, Newcomers in an Old City: The American Pilgrims in Leiden, 1609–1620 (1998) and Obama in Historisch Perspectief (2009). Dennis Bos is a lecturer in Dutch History at Leiden University. He has published on the history of the early socialist movement in the nineteenth century and is currently finishing a book on the socialist mythology surrounding the Paris Commune of 1871. Patrick Dassen lectures at Leiden University where he specializes in German history,

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