Gospel in the Stars

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gospel in the Stars Gospel in the stars Continue Charles Stromer Synopsis. Since the 1980s, a growing number of Christian ministers, authors and apologists have been teaching that the signs of the zodiac and the names of some stars once had a neo-ultimate meaning for the Jewish patriarchs and ancient Israel about the history of the Israeli Messiah The Redeemer, which Today Christians know as the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The history of the Gospel in the stars was overlooked, say proponents of the theory, because astrological and other pagan myths have dominated star and constellation values for millennia. Gospel in star theory tries to disable, if not redeem, constellations and stars from their pagan associations to reveal their original meaning of the Gospel. It should be emphasized that this is not an attempt to legitimize or Christianize astrology or practice divination. Proponents simply claim to have discovered the gospel meaning of stars and constellations that ancient cultures clouded through astrology. This article examines why a normative view of Scripture and history suggests the dubious value of theory. The connection of the nineteenth century from the beginning, it must be said that exegesis is used to justify the Gospel in the stars (GIS) theory of esoteric and complex. It is impossible in one article to agitate all esoterics and rather complex biblical and historical arguments and interpretations, which GIS proponents may deem important tot their theories. To fundamentally study the theory of GIS, as here, it will be necessary to avoid secondary considerations that may be interesting, but will put us aside. The seminal reference material for GIS theory comes from Francis Rolleston (1781- 1864) extensive research, in the early to mid-nineteenth century, into the ancient names of zodiac signs and numerous stars. Rolleston explained their pagan meanings in different cultures, and then, through the impressive and systematic exegesis surrounding hundreds of verses from the Bible, she offered gospel meanings to these signs and stars. In 1862, this encyclopedic knowledge eventually became the four-part book Mazzaroth, or Constellation. 1 By the end of the nineteenth century, two ministers, one in the United States and one in the United Kingdom, had released books almost simultaneously that extracted widely from Rolleston, popularizing her theory and eventually over-shadowing it. The first of them, the Gospel in the Stars; or, Primeval Astronomy (1882), 2 was written by Joseph A. Seis (1823-1904), a prolific theological author, eloquent orator, and Lutheran minister in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. In Great Britain in 1893, E.W. Bullinger (1837-1913), Anglican minister, theological author and creator of the massive Companion Bible, published the second of these works, Witness the Stars. 3 Bullinger Met Rolleston, who in Keswick, and remained in correspondence with her. He said she was the first to create an interest in the topic. Something doesn't seem to sit quite right with many Christians about the GIS theory. In recent years, a number of parachurch organizations and respected Christians, including Dr. D. James Kennedy, Kenneth C. Fleming, Marilyn Hickey, Chuck Missler, Henry Morris, and the radio program of the Southwest Bible Church, have promoted GIS theory in books and sermons. This has steadily raised grassroots Christian interest in the theory, as seen in the many websites that currently promote it and cassette kits are being distributed. Some enterprising people in North Carolina even hold an annual Mid-Atlantic Star Party each year for amateur astronomers and starships, which includes a biblical-based GIS astronomy program. Reprints of the Gospel in The Stars and Witness stars are published in Our Day by Kregal, and modern proponents of GIS theory, although they add their own nuances of interpretation, usually followed by Bullinger and Seys when replacing astrological and mythological meanings with ideas and stories of the Christian religion. The modern push of GIS theory causes a lot of confusion, at least it's the impression I get from people (both sides of the Atlantic) who ask about it while I travel and talk. Something doesn't seem to sit quite right with many Christians about the GIS theory. They would like it to be true, but something seems to prevent them from accepting it. The Bible and history can help intuition here and clear the confusion. The Bible and GIS theory proponents the cradle of theory in a number of key biblical texts, especially Genesis 1:14-18; 3:1-15; Work 26:13; 38:31-32; Psalms 19:1-6; 147:4; and Matthew 2:1-12. Lawyers use these passages to support the ABCs theory, which in short: God created stars as signs having a unique message to the gospel of Jesus Christ, but this message began to get lost after the fall; however, heavens still announce this special message as people like the Magi knew. 4 Numerous biblical verses and phrases are also preserved to illuminate the names of some stars and 12 zodiac signs with different gospel themes. The goal is to find biblical passages that redeem the distorted astrological and mythological meanings of the stars and signs of the zodiac. Kennedy, in the real meaning of the zodiac, includes Daniel 5:27 (you were weighed on the scales ...) in his interpretation of the sign Libra, which astrologically is the scales. 5 It includes psalm 21:12 (drawn bow) and psalm 45:5 (sharp arrows) for the sign of Sagittarius, which is mythologically archer (Ibid., p. 49-50). Hickey, in Signs in Heaven, includes Leviticus 10:16 (goat sin offering) for Capricorn, who is astrologically a goat, 6 and psalm 92:10 (wild bull) for Taurus, bull (Ibid., p. 89-100). Fleming, in The Voice of God in the Stars, includes Revelation 5:5 (Lion of judas tribe . hath prevailed) in his interpretation of the sign leo, who astrologically lion. 7 The astrological meaning of the constellation Gemini, which includes the myths of the twins Castor and Pollux and the messenger of the gods, Mercury, is given Christian images of Jesus Christ as The Judge and Ruler (Kennedy, p. 107-115) or Prince and Savior (Fleming, p. 115-121). To replace the myths associated with Demeter, Persephone and Astra (goddess of innocence and purity), the constellation of the Virgin is superimposed with stories of the Virgin Mary, the desired Son, the despised sin, and the choice (Kennedy, 19-25) or The Shepherd's Ridge (Fleming, p. 35-41). Using psalm 91:13, Seys insou blurs the myth of Scorpio from its astrological meanings (around Mars and Juneau), giving it the biblical identity of the snake of Genesis and the history of the battle between Christ and Satan (p. 43-51). This is just the tip of a huge iceberg of Christian religious ideas replaced by pagan myths to reinforce GIS theory. Seys himself admits that such exegesis may seem strange (Ibid., p. 15). Eden Insider's Origin theory sounds strange, too, and Seys fails to build confidence in the GIS theory of his view of its origins. Referring to the Jewish philosopher Philo and the Jewish historian Joseph, Seiss argues that Patriarch Abraham, staying in Egypt, taught true meaning to Egyptian priests, who eventually distorted this meaning in astrology (Ibid., cpt 16) But then Seiss goes further back. He suggests that Abraham got true meaning through Noah, who probably got it from Methuselah, who got it from Adam's sons, especially Enoch and Seth. But where did these two men get it from? Seyce claims that they received it from their father, Adam, who received it from God. It's a matter of inspirational recording, Seys writes that God gave Adam special revelations (Ibid., p. 152), apparently including the gospel message written in the stars, which Seys calls the pictorial memorial of the promised Redeemer (Ibid., p 158). just when this supposed knowledge was given to Adam, reveals the most fundamental flaw in Adam's theory of GIS, thus being the first person to have an initially true meaning. : how human salvation and history will play out in the gospel of Jesus Christ. This meaning of the stars began to pass from Adam through the generation, but in historical moments became distorted through pagan mythology and astrology (Ibid., p. 150). A careful look at when this alleged was given Adam shows the most fundamental flaw in GIS theory. Because Adam was in perfect communion with the Divine Mind, he came out of the hands of his Creator, induced by innate science, and ... has not lost it by sin (Ibid., p. 151-152). Seys continues: God, of course, did not make man without at the same time shining all the light and intellect into him, to equip him entirely for all the requirements of the highest perfection of his being in his sphere, and for the intellectual and physical mastery of all earthly creation at the head of which he stood. The first man fell, but this fall did not destroy from his intellect the knowledge that his Creator had previously shone into him. The apostate from Christianity thus does not lose the knowledge he possessed. The judgment came upon Adam, and a firm need, but there was no destruction of his intellectual treasures or his intellectual abilities. Although they depreciated during the transfer of his descendants, they were not washed from Adam himself (Ibid., p. 158). (While much of this language and reasoning sounds like a doctrine straight out of the nineteenth century New Thought, we should ignore these effects here.) What Seyce says is that God gave Adam the story of the gospel before the fall. I have not been able to find where any modern GIS lawyer disagrees with this belief.
Recommended publications
  • Witnesses of Jehovah" Can Be Seen At
    HARVEST HOUSE PUBLISHERS Eugene, Oregon 97402 This book was originally published in 1988. The authors have authorized free distribution of this book in PDF format on two conditions: 1) The book be distributed at no charge. 2) The book be distributed with no editorial changes. Previews of the film "Witnesses of Jehovah" can be seen at: http://www.goodnewsdefenders.org/video.htm English & Spanish DVDs can be ordered at: http://www.goodnewsdefenders.org/ Preface We were Jehovah's Witnesses for 22 years of our adult lives, until we formally resigned from the organization known as The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. We did this by sending in a letter of disassociation in August 1982, requesting that our names be removed from membership. Although the act of disassociation was simple enough, the events leading up to that decision involved a great deal. We had personally witnessed many inconsistencies down through the years but had always shelved our doubts. We lived through the 1960's and the false prophecy concerning the end of the world in 1975. However, the issue that became paramount to us was the fact that Jehovah's Witnesses had surrendered their freedom of conscience to their leadership. This was by design; the Watch Tower Society has become an authoritarian, totalitarian organization, ruled by a group of men known as the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses. This small group of men, through their representatives, wields absolute control over the consciences and lives of 3.4 million Jehovah's Witnesses. This imposition of conscience affects the lives of members in areas of health (both mental and physical) as well as marriage, raising- children, education, general welfare, and almost every decision-making process imaginable.
    [Show full text]
  • Revelation Notes.Pdf
    Revelation Notes Studies completed with Joe Focht, Chuck Smith, Jon Courson, John Walvoord, Henry Morris, Matthew Henry, Warren Wiersbe, William Newell, Tim LaHaye, and NIV Study Bible. Recommended reading: Joseph Seiss (seeing the separation of the Church and Israel although it was written over 100 years ago), John Walvoord (ex-president of Dallas Theological Seminary – The Revelation of Jesus Christ), and Henry Morris (The Revelation Record). Introduction: “Revelation isn’t hard to understand. It’s hard to believe.” – Henry Morris Rules for our study through Revelation – 1. Interpret as literally as possible. Metaphorical keys are “like” and “as.” 2. Follow the outline. (1:19) 3. Stay in sequence. “then…then…then.” 4. Look for Jesus – it’s really all about Him. Despite the abnormal attraction of Americans to the strange and paranormal (ie. Supermarket check- out lines news magazines), there is a great lack of Revelation being taught in the Church. The importance of Biblical prophecy: 1. Pressing the importance of living for Jesus today expectantly looking for the soon return of Christ. 2. Keeping the material/temporal world in perspective, in light of eternity. 3. Pushing us to live lives of purity. 4. Developing faith in us. - “Now I tell you before it comes, that when it does come to pass, you may believe that I am He.” (John 13:19) - Isaiah 41:4, 21-24, 26; 42:8-9; & 44:6-7 – God makes Himself known be telling of things that will come to pass. Written by John, who was likely the youngest apostle. (“The apostle whom Jesus loved.”) - The only apostle not to die a martyr’s death…“the martyrdom of a long life.” Tradition tells us (Iraneus, Jerome, Clement of Alexandria, Eusubius and others agree) that during the Christian persecution of 95-96 AD, Emperor Domitian tried to kill John in a vat of boiling oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Pietism and Mission: Lutheran Millennialism in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Lawrence R
    Volume 64:4 October 2000 Table of Contents Eschatology and Fanaticism in the Reformation Era: Luther and the Anabaptists Carter Lindberg ............................... 259 Death and Resurrection as Apocalyptic Event David P. Scaer ................................279 Pietism and Mission: Lutheran Millennialism in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Lawrence R. Rast Jr. ........................... 295 Sectarian Apocalypticism in Mainline Christianity Larry Nichols ................................. 319 Theological Observer ............................... 336 Out of the Mouths of Babes - Almost Rediscovering the Treatise as Ecumenical Response ....................................... David P. Scaer Book Reviews ...................................... 345 New England's Moral Legislator: Timothy Dwight, 1752-181 7. By John R. Fitzrnier .......... Lawrence R. Rast Jr. When God Becomes My Enemy: The Theology of the Complaint Psalms. By Ingvar Flqsvik. ..................................Chad L. Bird The Fabricated Luther: The Rise and Fall of the Shiver Myth. By Uwe Siemon-Netto. .......... Lowell C. Green Preaching Christ from the Old Testament: A Contemporary Hermeneutical Method. By Sidney Greidanus. ......................., ... Carl C. Fickenscher I1 Pietism and Mission: Lutheran Millennialism in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Lawrence R. Rast Jr. Introduction A noted historian of Christianity in the United States assessed the influence of pietism in the following sweeping terms: "There is no area of American life which is free from our pietistic concern; none in which the pietistic attitude is not a significant factor."' Pietism is part of the atmosphere Americans breathe. Believing that style does, in fact, inform substance, it is not too much to say that pietistic practice has significantly formed the theology and practice of American Chri~tianity.~As a distinctly American church, The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod has also been formed in fundamental ways by pietism.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever-Changing Teachings of Jehovah's Witnesses
    Włodzimierz Bednarski Szymon Matusiak Ever-changing teachings of Jehovah’s Witnesses The most important changes in the doctrine of the Watchtower Society in the years 1879-2015 Gdańsk 2016 Translation: Jarosław Romanowski, Szymon Matusiak Copyright © Włodzimierz Bednarski and Szymon Matusiak 2016, expanded edition This book is not for sale. Contact: [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. Bible ..................................................................................................................................... 8 The Bible and the spiritualist J. Greber............................................................................................... 8 Studying books equals the Bible study? ............................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2. Teaching about God and the Holy Spirit ........................................................................ 12 Who and what is God and does He stay on the Pleiades? ................................................................. 12 The Trinity ........................................................................................................................................ 15 The Holy Spirit ................................................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3. Teaching about Christ .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Election Controversy Among Lutherans in the Twentieth Century: an Examination of the Underlying Problems
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Dissertations (1934 -) Projects The Election Controversy Among Lutherans in the Twentieth Century: An Examination of the Underlying Problems John M. Brenner Marquette University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Brenner, John M., "The Election Controversy Among Lutherans in the Twentieth Century: An Examination of the Underlying Problems" (2012). Dissertations (1934 -). 204. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/204 THE ELECTION CONTROVERSY AMONG LUTHERANS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: AN EXAMINATION OF THE UNDERLYING PROBLEMS by John M. Brenner, B.A., M.Div. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin May 2012 ABSTRACT The Election Controversy among Lutherans in the Twentieth Century: An Examination of the Underlying Problems. Author: John M. Brenner The Election Controversy of the nineteenth century re-shaped the face of confessional Lutheranism in America. The Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America, the leading voice of confessional Lutheranism in America, bore the brunt of the dispute and ultimately dissolved. This dissertation examines the Election Controversy with special attention to the twentieth century attempts to resolve it in order to discover the underlying problems that have prevented the opposing sides from reaching a resolution. The dissertation is written from the viewpoint of the Wisconsin Synod, one of the synods involved in the controversy but often ignored in the discussion of it. The study is needed because contemporary observers do not have a good understanding of confessional Lutheranism and Lutheranism’s historic emphasis on doctrinal purity.
    [Show full text]
  • Emmanuel ! Introduction to the Day THE
    Introduction to the Day Jeremiah’s promise of the execution of “justice and righteousness in the land” finds ironic fulfillment in the execution of Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews. It appears so utterly contradictory that the king should be crucified with the criminal. This victory appears for all the world as ignominious Welcome to Emmanuel ! defeat. Yet through the gate of death our Lord opens November 24, 2019 the door to paradise. It is wonderful to worship with you today! ____________________________________ All are welcome regardless of your faith affiliation. If you are a visitor worshiping with us today, we are Enter his gates with thanksgiving, blessed by your presence. Please sign the guest book and his courts with praise. in the Gathering Space, so we can keep in touch. Give thanks to him, bless his name. All parts of today’s worship service are printed in (Psalm 100:4) this bulletin, including words for the songs. If you ____________________________________ would like to sing with music, books are provided in the racks on the back of the seat in front of you. The song or page number is provided for easy look up. This is a service of Holy Communion. All God's people are invited to the table by our Lord Jesus THE SERVICE Christ. You will find instructions for Holy Communion later in the bulletin. Assistive hearing devices are available in the PRELUDE Gathering Space. Restrooms are located in the hall off the Gathering Space immediately to the left. Please see one of our “Our God is a Great Big God” ushers for assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Shaping an American Eschatology
    1 Knowing the Time, Knowing of a Time 3rd Annual Conference of the Center for Millennial Studies Boston, December 6-8, 1998 Conference Proceedings The “Watched-Pot” and the End of the World: Shaping an American Eschatology Robert K. Whalen Some years past we sent our six-year old to Vacation Bible School. Our motivation was less faith than Mom’s desire for a quiet house during July and August. The children held a recital when VBS ended and sang this little ditty: Somewhere in Outer Space God has prepared a place For those who love him and obey. Jesus will come again, Even though we don’t know when, THE COUNTDOWN’S GETTING SHORTER EVERY DAY! “The countdown’s getting shorter every day!” With those few words a harmless children’s hymn explodes into warning. What child has not heard the countdown litany of “Ten, nine, eight, seven . .?” He can finish the sequence for himself. Something is almost here. Almost upon him. Not quite yet, perhaps . but, almost. It is this psychic tension, telling even in a child’s rhyme, which enables eschatology to survive in evangelical American Protestant thought. Such tension is absent in American Catholicism or liberal Protestant thought. Although neither of those traditions explicitly repudiate the Second Advent, they relegate it to a sort of geological time and treat it as they might the Psalmist’s prediction that “Every valley shall be exalted and every mountain made low.” True enough -- but one needn’t time the process with a stopwatch. The “countdown” thus becomes so extended as to be meaningless in the faith-life of the laity.
    [Show full text]
  • Apocalyptic Vision G E N E R a L E D I T O R Robert B
    Apocalyptic Vision G E N E R A L E D I T O R Robert B. Kruschwitz A rt E di TOR Heidi J. Hornik R E V ie W E D I T O R Norman Wirzba PROCLAMATION EDITOR William D. Shiell Prod UC tion A S S I S tant Haley Stewart D E S igner Eric Yarbrough P UB li SH E R The Center for Christian Ethics Baylor University One Bear Place #97361 Waco, TX 76798-7361 P H one (254) 710-3774 T oll -F ree ( US A ) (866) 298-2325 We B S ite www.ChristianEthics.ws E - M ail [email protected] All Scripture is used by permission, all rights reserved, and unless otherwise indicated is from New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. ISSN 1535-8585 Christian Reflection is the ideal resource for discipleship training in the church. Multiple copies are obtainable for group study at $3.00 per copy. Worship aids and lesson materials that enrich personal or group study are available free on the Web site. Christian Reflection is published quarterly by The Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University. Contributors express their considered opinions in a responsible manner. The views expressed are not official views of The Center for Christian Ethics or of Baylor University. The Center expresses its thanks to individuals, churches, and organizations, including the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, who provided financial support for this publication. © 2010 The Center for Christian Ethics at Baylor University All rights reserved Contents Introduction 8 Robert B.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 40, No. 1 (March 2000)
    LSQXL, 1 1 Lutheran Foreword In this issue of the Quarterly we are pleased to share with our readers the 1999 annual Reformation Lectures, de- livered on October 28-29 in Mankato, Minnesota. These lec- Synod tures were sponsored jointly by Bethany Lutheran College and Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary. This was the thirty-sec- ond in the series of annual Reformation Lectures which began in 1967. The format of the Reformation Lectures has always been Quarterly that of a free conference and thus participation in these lectures is outside the framework of fellowship. The views of the presenters ISBN 0360-9685 do not necessarily represent the position of the Quarterly. This year there were three presenters. The first lecture CONTENTS was given by Dr. Charles Arand of St. Louis, Missouri. He re- ceived his S.T.M. and Th.D. degrees at Concordia Seminary, St. The 32nd Annual Reformation Lectures Louis, where he was called in 1989. Here he currently serves as Three Lectures on Eschatology Chairman of the Department of Systematic Theology and Asso- ciate Vice-President of Academic Affairs. In addition to numer- Lecture One: ous articles on topics relating to the Lutheran Confessions, he The Eschatological World of the Lutheran . 5 authored Testing the Boundaries: Windows into Lutheran Iden- Confessions tity (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1995) and trans- Charles P. Arand lated the Apology of the Augsburg Confession for the new edition of the Book of Concord due from Fortress Press in early 2000. Lecture Two: This past summer he finished volume one of a projected two- Longing for Heaven While Living with Hitler: .
    [Show full text]
  • Columbia Union Visitor for 1951
    1- 0t OW;Nr.; • • Etc.r- rib PENt4S'f LYA,J;A • HcSF-',- • • wEST Vol. 56 Washington, D. C., January 25, 1951 No. 4 Call to North American Laymen YEARS ago the message came By T. L. OSWALD be wise to volunteer. Those who through the Spirit of prophecy: do volunteer will get $100 more Secretary, General Conference Home "God wills that a voice be heard Missionary Department monthly than men who wait to be rousing His people to action" drafted. The bill's backers hope (Testimonies, Vol. V, p. 709). "Let eyes are turned to that meeting. that enough men will come for- the Gospel message ring through Thousands of our consecrated lay- ward to make it unnecessary actu- our churches, summoning them to men will take their vacations at ally to draft anybody. universal action" (Id., Vol. VII, that time in order to receive the The Army, Navy, and Air Force p. 14). benefits of this season of prayer, have made it plain that they must The laymen of the Seventh-day study, and consecration. Every have an extra 5,000 doctors and Adventist ranks have done yeoman church in the North American Di- 600 dentists this year, based upon service throughout the years. Ever vision will be represented. Every an anticipated strength of 2,500,- since the layman, Captain Bates, conference will have its zealous 000 men. Under a new goal of and scores of other farmer-evan- laymen and women there. nearly 3,000,000 men announced gelists united their efforts with the The whole emphasis will be by the President, the medical need early ministry, our laymen have placed on the realization of the probably will be higher.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of It All by Brett Younger
    73 The End of It All BY BRETT YOUNGER The rider on the white horse and the party in heaven in Revelation 19 seem far away most days, but what we believe about the future affects how we live. Believing that the end belongs to God breaks the power of the world and fills us with hope that continues even in sorrow. Revelation 19 have a good friend who works hard to keep me informed by sending op- ed pieces from The New York Times, articles from Christian Century, and I Texas Aggie jokes. Every now and then he emails, for reasons only he understands, an update from the Rapture Index. The purpose of this Web site is to “eliminate the wide variance that currently exists with prophecy reporting” into a “cohesive indicator.” The Rapture Index is a “Dow Jones of end times, a prophetic speedometer. The higher the number the faster we’re moving towards the rapture.” These people with too much time on their hands list forty-five categories in which they assign a score of one to five. Indicators of the end of the world include the occult, Satanism, false prophets, the mark of the beast, the Anti- christ, earthquakes, floods, plagues, unemployment, inflation, interest rates, globalism, ecumenism, liberalism, and civil rights. Civil rights? The scale for the total score ranges from below 85 (”slow prophetic activity”) to above 145 (”fasten your seat belt”). The index as of the last time I checked was 164.1 Try to stay calm. The goofiness that surrounds the Second Coming is embarrassing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vital Landscape: Evangelical Religious Practice and the Culture of Nature in America, 1790-1870
    The Vital Landscape: Evangelical Religious Practice and the Culture of Nature in America, 1790-1870 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Grainger, Brett Malcolm. 2014. The Vital Landscape: Evangelical Religious Practice and the Culture of Nature in America, 1790-1870. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Divinity School. Citable link https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37367451 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Vital Landscape: Evangelical Religious Practice and the Culture of Nature in America, 1790–1870 A dissertation presented by Brett Malcolm Grainger to The Faculty of Harvard Divinity School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology in the Subject of History of Christianity Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts March 2014 © 2014 Brett Malcolm Grainger All rights reserved. David Neil Hempton Brett Malcolm Grainger “The Vital Landscape: Evangelical Religious Practice and the Culture of Nature in America, 1790–1870” Evangelicalism, historians have long noted, was a movement born in field, forest, and stream. Like most truisms, however, this one has rarely been explored as deeply as it deserves. Using the tools of cultural history, this dissertation explores the variety of ways in which antebellum evangelicals engaged, enlisted, and resisted the spiritual potential of the natural world in order to progress in the religious life.
    [Show full text]