Volume XI • No.2 • Spring

Theory and Practise of Public Administration in Uzbekistan Dmitry Pashkun, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, National University of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan

Introduction PA in CEE The collapse of the Soviet Union in Theory and Practise of Public Administration 1991 is perhaps the most significant in Uzbekistan /1 political event of the second half Public Human Resources Management /9 of the twentieth century, one that among other things offered was Studies, Programmes & Project the promise of greater freedom and Professional Training of the Civil Servants

democracy through radical struc- /11NISPAcee news 2/2004 tural transformation of its component Co-operation within New Public republics.i Serious changes in all ex- Management /12 Soviet societies not only breaks downs PA on Internet but also creates new structures and Interesting Web Sites /13 models of social and economical life and politico-administrative relations in Review of Activities many states of the former Communist Calendar of Events /14 countries. Recent Publications /16 The conditions of the totalitarian system that had governed the Re- Recent Conferences public for more than seventy years Public Administrations in the EU /21 of the Soviet rule had not promoted openness or the illumination of the NISPAcee Announcements activities of governmental institutions of power. The process of democra- Training for Advisors /22 Translations into CEE National Languages /23 i Mehrdad Haghayeghi, Islam and Politics in Occasional Pa pers Series /23 Central Asia (St. Martin’s Press, New York, 24 1996), p. 133 Winner of Alena Brunovska Award 2004 /2325 [continued on page 2] > NISPAcee Membership /24 Public Administration in CEE

>[continued from page 1] systems and the transformation of Uzbekistan along the path of of the former Soviet administra- reforms. 2 tization and openness that are tive-command management According to article 89 of occurring in Uzbekistan, albeit mechanism into a balanced and the Constitution, the president slowly, allow scientific research stable system of sound market- unites the powers of Head of on the origins and functions of driven institutions. the State and Head of the Execu- governmental structures. The Constitution of Uz- tive. The president is therefore The Soviet domination, and bekistan contains many well- also chairman of the Cabinet of the formation of new Soviet So- known characteristics of a demo- Ministers, the highest Executive cialist Republics in Central Asia cratic state but in the reality, the body. The president is elected for in 1924 – 1936, formatted and set politico-administrative system of seven years, formerly five years, a new kind of identity. Uzbekistan has many character- through universal suffrage. His Soviet legacy in the current istics of the previous Communist executive powers are extensive. public administration system in (Soviet) regime. As a result, the Included among them are: the Uzbekistan: administrative organization of right to form a government, direct Uzbekistan is still centralized the government, and appoint and - Significant degree of centralisa- and public service is still greatly dismiss the prime minister and tion and state involvement in politicized. cabinet ministers; to appoint and almost all aspects of society; recall diplomats; to establish and The constitution of Uz- - Concentration of power in the dissolve ministries; to appoint bekistan characterizes its hands of the President and and dismiss the procurator-gen- political system a secular and state administration; eral and his deputies; to nominate democratic, where sovereignty appointees to the constitutional - Bounded parliament and pow- resides only in the people. It court, supreme court, and board erless judiciary system; also emphasizes the separation of the central bank; to appoint - Underdeveloped local govern- between religion and politics to and dismiss judges of regional, ment; avoid giving the state an Islamic district, city and arbitration - Dominate and top-to-bottom flavour and provides a legal courts; to appoint and dismiss style of management; basis for banning rival political hokims (local or regional gover- parties with religious orienta- - Significant number of former nors) for violations of the law; to tion. The governmental system Soviet (communist) admin- suspend or repeal acts of hokims; in Uzbekistan is republican and istrators in all levels of the to sign all laws of the Oliy Majlis closer to a presidential rather public administration; (Parliament) or return them for than parliamentary system. Al- - Lack of professional civil reconsideration; to declare a though the constitution limits the service system based on the state of emergency; to serve as period of the presidential rule it internationally recognised

commander-in-chief of the armed NISPAcee news 2/2004 has been twice extended. Thus, criterions. forces; to declare war; to rule on Uzbekistan’s president resem- matters of citizenship; to issue bles Third World authoritarian amnesties and pardons; and to The System of presidents-for-life. Government According to appoint and dismiss heads of the national security service. The the Constitution The Executive Branch president also enjoys personal After becoming an independent The office of the president of immunity. Parliamentary Depu- state in 1991, Uzbekistan’s gov- the Republic, first established ties also enjoy immunity from ernment focused significant at- in 1990, is the central position prosecution, but are subject to tention to the solving economic, in public administration and the the sanction of the parliament. No political and social questions. keystone in the national political such restriction is placed on the One of the most immediate is- system. immunity of the president. After sues was the stabilization of the Presidential authority in his state service, the president political environment, especially, Uzbekistan is considered as a the neutralization of extremist 2 Kuatbay Bektimirov & Eduard Rahi- key element in the development political groups, and the reso- mov. Local Government in Uzbekistan. of the new Uzbek State, a kind lution of inter-ethnic tensions. Developing New Rules in the Old of warrant for stability in society Environment. Local Govermments in There was a desperate need for and for the successful advance Eastern Europe, in the Caucasus and 2 the creation of national economic in Central Asia. (OSI-LGI Publications 3 2001), p 474 Public Administration in CEE

becomes a lifetime member of public of Uzbekistan, legislatively and arbitration courts appointed the constitutional court. regulate customs, currency and for a term of five years. The Beneath the president, execu- credit systems, problems of the Constitutional Court hears cases tive agencies no longer exercise administrative – territorial struc- relating to the constitutionality of the dominant power of their ture, and alteration of frontiers of acts passed by the legislative and predecessors in planning and dis- the Republic of Uzbekistan and executive branches. The Consti- tribution functions, but instead approve of the state’s budget. tutional Court judges the con- plays more the role of coordina- Oliy Majlis nominates elections stitutionality of the laws of the tor and regulator of economic to Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan Republic and other acts passed policy. Numerous ministries have and local representative bod- by the Oliy Majlis, the decrees is- been replaced by more flexible ies, elect of the Constitutional sued by the President, the enact- and market oriented economic Court, Supreme Court, Higher ments of the government and the amalgamations, associations, Arbitration Court of the Repub- ordinances of local authorities, as corporations, and holding com- lic of Uzbekistan, ratifies of the well as obligations of the Repub- panies, while responsibility for decrees of the President on the lic of Uzbekistan under inter-state regulating external relations is appointment and removal of the treaties and other documents; shared by such bodies as the higher officials of country, rati- Confirm the constitutionality of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the fies a modification of organs of the Constitution and laws of the Ministry for External Economic state management, ratifies the Republic of Karakalpakstan to Relations, the National Bank for international treaties and agree- the Constitution and laws of the External Economic Activity, and ments and realizes other activity. Republic of Uzbekistan; Interpret other specialized institutions. The right to initiate legislation the Constitution and the laws of in the Oliy Majlis of the Repub- the Republic of Uzbekistan. The lic of Uzbekistan is vested in Supreme Court is the highest The Legislative Branch the President of the Republic judicial body of civil, criminal The highest representative body of Uzbekistan, the Republic of and administrative law. It su- is the Oliy Majlis (The Supreme Karakalpakstan through the high- pervises the administration of Assembly of the Republic of est body of state authority, the justice by the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan). This body exercises deputies of the Oliy Majlis of the the Republic of Karakalpakstan, legislative powers. The Oliy Maj- Republic of Uzbekistan, the Cabi- as well as by regional, city, town lis consist of deputies, elected by net of Ministers of the Republic and district courts. Its rulings territorial constituencies on a of Uzbekistan, the Constitutional are final and binding throughout multi-Party basis for a term of Court, the Supreme Court, the the Republic. Any economic and five years. Higher Arbitration Court and the management disputes that may The Uzbek constitution Procurator General of the Repub- arise between entrepreneurs, en- outlines the powers of the Oliy lic of Uzbekistan. The Oliy Majlis terprises, institutions and organi- Majlis (Chapter 17). It is charged of the Republic of Uzbekistan zations based on different forms NISPAcee news 2/2004 with initiating and passing legisla- shall pass laws, decisions and of ownership, are settled by the tion, as well as executing policies other acts. Any law shall be Higher Arbitration Court and through committee work. It meets adopted when it is passed by a other arbitration courts within two times a year plus any special majority of the total voting power their authority. sessions and holds both public of the deputies of the Oliy Majlis. and closed sessions. The consti- Local Government tution grants similar legislative The Judicial Branch The structure and system of authority to the president, thus The judicial system in the Repub- local government has been throwing into question the actual lic consists of a Constitutional established according to the Law powers of the legislature. In fact, Court, a Supreme Court, and a on Local Public Administration, the legislature spends most of its Higher Economic Court, along adopted on 2 September 1993.Lo- time in session discussing and with the Supreme Court and cal government activities are de- passing presidential proposals Economic Court of the Republic tailed in the seven chapters and and decrees, which suggests that of Karakalpakstan. These courts’ twenty articles of the law. Article it is not the effective rule-making judges are elected for a term of 1 states that the local representa- body of Uzbekistan. five years. The judicial branch tive authorities at the regional, Oliy Majlis adopt and amend also includes regional, district, district and city levels are the 2 the Constitution and laws of Re- town, city, Tashkent city courts local councils, whose full name 3 Public Administration in CEE

in Uzbek is “Councils of People’s Localities are groped together decisions on their behalf, which Deputies”. In relation to article under a given rural assembly us- are effective on the respective 99 of the Uzbekistan Constitution, ing the criterion of convenience territory. local councils at all levels are for local inhabitants. Govern- headed by a chairman, or hokim ment bodies establish or abolish Practice of Public (hokim is translated as deputy villages, kishlaks and ayls, and ruler). Regional, district and city modify their territories or names Administration hokims also function as the head with due regard for the opinion The Dominance of the Office of the local executive branch, or of the relevant self-governments. of President and Weak hokimiyat. Mahalla (“local community”) Parliament Local government authorities refers to a community of people The current system of govern- are shared between local council residing in a specific territory. ment in Uzbekistan can be and the hokimiyat. The institu- Mahhalas may vary in size from described as a Presidentialship, tion of the hokim is the central 150 to 1500 families. In cities, the mixing the elements of both part of the new system, combin- residents of a particular residen- republicanism and autocracy, ing executive and representative tial quarter or suburb generally with a strong President’s admin- functions. establish mahallas. According to istration and a distinguishing Local government in Uz- Uzbek legislation and tradition, leadership,. The most important bekistan is enhanced by self-gov- the mahalla level is local self- matters in the Republic of Uz- erning community organizations. governing and is not considered bekistan are determined not in The Law on Community Self-gov- part of the central government. the Parliament or even in the ernment, adopted in 1993 and In 1999 the government shifted government but by the Presi- then revised in 1999, classifies greater emphasis to local public dent. The degree and speed of community self-government as order activities by adopting a the public administration as well “independent activity by citizens, community-based approach to as civil service reforms depend guaranteed by the Constitution public law and order. Its nov- very much on the readiness of and the Laws of the Republic of elty lies in the intensification of the President and his circle of Uzbekistan, for the purpose of preventive measures in local advisors to introduce further de- resolving issues of local impor- communities and residential centralization and put a limit on tance according to their own areas. This work is carried out the power of still supreme state’s interests and history, as well as by “prevention inspectors;” local administration. officials who combine the du- to national traditions, spiritual Presidentialship explains why ties of a neighbourhood police values and local customs”. public administration changes officer, public health inspector, Community self-government are so slowly commenced and and a Good Samaritan. In a short exists all over Uzbekistan, found- put into practice. The author-

period of time these organiza- NISPAcee news 2/2004 ed on the principle of decentrali- ity of carrying on important tions have obtained a level of zation. Different types of territo- reforms rests in the presidential autonomy unknown for many rial units engaging in self-govern- bureaucratic structure, almost years. According to article 5 of ment activities include villages, unchecked, where the legislative the amended Law on Community kishlaks, auls and mahallas. and judiciary branches exercise Self-Government Bodies, local According to article 10 of the Law a very weak control over their governments may establish, on Naming Administrative-ter- executive counterpart. As a con- abolish, merge or divide mahal- ritorial Units, the term “village” sequence there is no incentive or las and modify mahhalla borders refers to localities with over two pressure to change, profitable for upon the initiative of mahalla thousand inhabitants which are the “presidential” people, public self-government. located in the vicinity of indus- administration structure. Citizens exercise their consti- trial or construction enterprises, As regards the Parliament tutional right to self-governance railway stations or other impor- (Oliy Majlis) in Uzbekistan, it through citizens’ assemblies. tant objects. is formed through general and These assemblies, attended by Kishlak is the Uzbek name for direct elections by secret ballot resident citizens over the age of rural settlement. A kishlak or aul and considered by the constitu- eighteen, are the highest body of may comprise many neighbour- tion as the supreme legislative community self-government and ing localities and is represented and representative body. Today entitled to represent the inter- by an assembly of its citizens. Uzbekistan has bicameral parlia- 4 ests of its inhabitants and make 5 Public Administration in CEE

ment, with competences more or dominant in virtually all matters. nary citizens due the insufficient less clearly divided between two The president acts as the head number of courts and judges; chambers. However, Uzbekistan of state and executive authority - Lack of guarantees of judges’ is not a federal state, and the in the republic and there are no independence; bicameral structure slows down meaningful lower tiers of inde- - Accusation (prosecution) pre- the legislative process and does pendent authority (i. e., federal vails over defence (advocacy) not necessarily improve the qual- divisions). in criminal procedures; ity of legislation being passed. The current version of the - Absence of a system of admin- In reality, the supremacy of criminal code was introduced in istrative justice; legislative power of Uzbek parlia- 1995.It is based upon a similar - Absence of a system of consti- ment is restricted by “extra-legis- code adopted in the Russian tutional justice accessible to lative procedures’, such as presi- Federation. The code includes ordinary citizens; dential decrees that have the capital punishment for the most - Widespread corruption in the force of law, and the delegation serious offences. judiciary; of legislative rights of parliament Abuses of human rights and - Soviet-type model of procura- to the President. The majority of prisoners’ rights are consistently draft bills in Uzbekistan are thus tor’s authority; and widely reported. The secret - Absence or lack of non-judicial initiated by president and his police are said to tap telephones, institutions for the protec- Cabinet of Ministers. In reality, falsify evidence, and conduct tion and promotion of human the legislature spends most of its illicit searches. Prosecutors are rights. time in session discussing and allowed to go over the heads of passing presidential proposals judges who rule against them. Like all other components and decrees, which suggests that Judges, therefore, rarely examine of its institutional system, the it is not the effective rule-making suspicious evidence because judiciary is affected by various body of Uzbekistan. they can be removed if their informal practices in Uzbekistan, The Constitution of Uz- decisions are overturned twice namely clan structure, and the bekistan makes no mention of by a higher court. Search war- current political context. It would the parliamentary function of rants are authorized and issued not be an exaggeration to say that control over the government. by province or by local (mahalla justice still belongs and serves and district) militia. There have the state. The Judicial Branch been no successful challenges Although some steps towards to the legality of such warrants. Corruption Issues establishing a powerful judiciary A Helsinki Human Rights Watch When the countries of the former and strengthening the independ- report issued in March 2000 Soviet Union, including Uz- ence of judges have been under- documents physical mistreat- bekistan, became independent in taking in Uzbekistan, this branch ment of detainees by police, and 1991, the vacuum created by the NISPAcee news 2/2004 of power remains the weakest. law enforcement agencies’ use sudden loss of state control over The judicial system in Uzbekistan of psychological harassment, all facets of economic life and the remains similar to the Soviet including prolonged solitary rush to privatize state property system, and modernization has confinement, public denuncia- have created a fertile field for not yet significantly changed tion, intimidation, and threats corruption. the administration of justice in of arrest. Reports continue to In Uzbekistan and Central Uzbekistan. In theory, the judici- appear of prisoners being beaten Asia, the practice is so accepted ary is independent; in practice, and abused while in custody. it is not even referred to as “cor- however, its capacity to func- Whether these are anecdotal tion as an independent branch accounts or official reports from ruption.” Instead, it is looked at of government is limited. While the U. S. Department of State, Hu- as a long-established art of gift the constitution describes the man Rights Watch, or Amnesty giving and gift taking, and is part legislature as the highest organ International, it is clear that this of the hospitality culture that is of power, in fact Uzbekistan has a remains a chronic problem in an integral part of life and nation- unitary, presidential form of gov- Uzbekistan. al pride in Central Asia. ernment. In reality, the branches The main features of judicial Jobs in Central Asia all come of government are not coequal or system in Uzbekistan: with an unwritten price tag. The balanced; the executive branch, -Limited access to justice for ordi- higher the job’s potential for 4 as it was mentioned above, is bribe taking, the higher the price 5 Public Administration in CEE

will be. Jobs in law-enforcement Formation of Public public policy making processes bodies like the Interior Ministry; Service in Uzbekistan in Uzbekistan. Prosecutor’s Office; and the judi- Modern public institutions in cial, tax, and customs services, Perception of the Influence Uzbekistan were created quite as well as most government ex- of Different Groups on recently and they are still at their ecutive positions, are all consid- formative stage. The develop- Public Institutions in ered desirably “oily,” or ripe with ment of the public institutions Uzbekistan possibilities for graft. in Uzbekistan has not only been In general, Uzbekistan was able The tradition of corruption is influenced by internal determina- to mobilize all its human resourc- deep-seated in Uzbekistan and tions such as circumstances of es and existing expertise and other Central Asian countries, a the Soviet disintegration, and the create working public institutions region that remains tied to the political orientation of the elites. within a short period of time. The “hokim” system of rule. Hokims It has also been affected by some formation of public service is a are territorial administrative cultural and political traditions of complex process, which involves heads, direct presidential ap- the pre-Soviet and Soviet era. a number of political institutions pointees who command near-ab- and individual or group actors. Immediately after independ- solute authority in their regions. One of the questions of the sur- ence, Uzbekistan like all other Through Soviet rule and the vey study intended to elucidate Central Asian states faced dif- decade of independence that how Uzbekistan’s experts evalu- ficulties in obtaining expertise in has followed, the hokim system ated inputs of different institu- formation of its public service. has changed very little. All of a tions and actors in the formation The government of Uzbekistan territory’s financial flows pass of public administration: did not have enough specialists through the hokim, making it a in public administration. The The experts were asked: “In highly desirable position. cadre problem has been solved your opinion, which of the fol- According to unofficial statis- in two principle ways. The first lowing groups have the greatest tics, the prices for such execu- was the recruitment of those influence on the formation of tive positions in Uzbekistan are representatives who worked in public institutions in the Repub- higher than in Kyrgyzstan and public administration during the lic of Uzbekistan”? The survey Tajikistan, but far below those of Soviet times. The second was found that the experts believed oil-and gas-rich Kazakhstan and the recruitment of locals from that the President of Uzbekistan Turkmenistan. In Kazakhstan, various academic and research had the greatest influence on the securing an oblast hokim posi- institutions. The academic circle formation of public institutions tion may mean a bribe of up plays very important role in the (66.7 %). He was followed by to $5 million; in Turkmenistan, formation of Uzbek public serv- the Parliament (15.1 %) ; in third such a position can cost up to $2 ice by providing both important place was Ministry of Justice million. Throughout the region, guidelines for public administra- (9.9 %). The experts perceived NISPAcee news 2/2004 such prices are determined by tion and public policy and the that the mass media also had the the individual area’s potential for professionals for governmental significant influence (8.3 %). The corruption. institutions. This practice is quite academicians were in the fifth In order to fight the corrup- unique and different from the place (6.5 %). Public Opinion was tion Central Asian governments Soviet and Russian experience. put in last place (3.5 %) should liberalize their political From the very beginning, the The survey also found that 40.4 % and economic systems and es- leaders of Uzbekistan, who did of all respondents believed tablish a balanced distribution of not possess any experience in that their abilities and profes- government power, but ordinary modern public administration, sionalism in the formation of Central Asians are pessimistic made extensive use of local public institution were utilized that anything can be done to academic expertise, although highly, 10.3 % of all respondents change the central role of cor- they sometimes recruited foreign indicated significantly, 14. 6 % of ruption. For them, life not only experts as well. respondents thought that their abilities and professionalism begins with a bribe, it ends with It became quite apparent that were utilized moderately, 14. 7 % one as well: In order to assure a the specialists’ assessments and indicated that it was insignificant burial plot close to one’s family perception of the public adminis- utilization of their abilities and members, a “donation” must be tration had a powerful impact on 6 given to cemetery authorities. professionalism in the formation 7 Public Administration in CEE

8,70% 36%

35%

5,60%

12,40% 2,30%

Local Mass Media (36%) Foreign Mass Media (8.7%) Presidental Speeches (35%) Speeches by the Ministry's Representatives (2.3%) Friends and Colleagues (12.4%) Internet (5.6%)

of public institutions in Uz- situation remained complicated Information Influx about bekistan and finally, 20.0 % of all in the post-Soviet era, because of Public Institutions in respondents are in the opinion Russia’s domination in informa- Uzbekistan that their skills were not utilized tion dissemination and in the for- The diversification of the sources at all. mation of public opinion in the of information on the working of The survey results show that Central Asian republics. Eventu- public institutions has been one in spite of different opinions on ally, the Central Asian leaders of the important features in the this question, one can conclude recognized the need for changes formation of public administra- that the involvement of local and gradually reduced the pres- tion. If during the Soviet era and experts and professionals in the ence of Russia’s mass media in the first years after the Soviet dis- formation of public institutions their republics by increasing integration Uzbekistan received in Uzbekistan and utilization of their own activity, inviting foreign the information exclusively from their abilities and professional- media, or simply limiting access Moscow, later picture has gradu- ism were quite significant. of the Russian media to the Cen- ally changed. tral Asian audience. The example Perception of Information of Uzbekistan in this matter is the Perception of Formation and Influx about Public most vivid. In Uzbekistan, the Practice of Public Service in Administration in monopoly of Russia’s TV broad- Uzbekistan Uzbekistan casting was removed, and local Evaluation of perception and for-

Information flow is important for channels significantly reduced mation of public administration NISPAcee news 2/2004 the formation of public institu- the amount of time allocated for and practice of its workings was tions. However, during the Soviet the Russian TV broadcasting. also the important part of the sur- era Moscow officials had tightly vey study. controlled all sources of informa- tion and the people of the Soviet 42,30% Union remained behind the infor- mational “iron curtain”. Needles 31% to say, the Soviet people were re- ceiving quite a distorted picture of outside world in general, and a wall of secrecy was effectively build up even around the activ- ity of the Soviet state institutions. The situation alerted to changing 9,20% 17,50% only during the last period of Gorbachev’s reign with the in- troduction of freedom of expres- excellent (31%) good (42.3%) 6 sion and information inflow. The moderately succesful (17.5%) badly (9.2%) 7 Public Administration in CEE

The Respondents’ Opinion institutions of Uzbekistan accord- professionalism of public service, on Success of Formation ing to the Constitution and its’ public officials in the government of Public Institution in workings in practice, it is obvious have to start thinking as if they Uzbekistan that in administration (like in worked in an enterprise respon- the market-economy) there is no sible for satiating citizens-custom- The experts were also asked to third way. There is no specific ers’ needs. Such enterprise has evaluate the workings of public Asian (or Uzbek) example of to be rooted in the public service institutions in Uzbekistan. They public or state administration. ethos and its accountability, were asked “Which of the follow- There can be only authoritarian/ exercised by citizens and differ- ing obstacles do you regard the close or democratic/open mod- ent state organs, needs to be as most influential in the proper els of governance. Uzbekistan is satisfactory as its work perform- workings of public service more related to the first model, ance. (administration) in Uzbekistan? but a direction of the reforms is 12.2 % of respondents believed indisputable. Without increas- Glossary Of Uzbek Terms that the main of obstacle in the ing transparency, downsizing, proper workings of public serv- Aul – The equivalent of kishlak, streamlining governmental ice in Uzbekistan was the “lack of or rural settlement, in Kazakh, procedures, introducing “lean” theoretical knowledge by public Karakalpak or Tatar and “deregulated” government, servants”, 14. 8 % believed that Hokim – The Chairman of the lo- without further cost-reduction it was because of “too many cal council and head of local and cost-saving in governmen- theories and lack of practical administration tal domain, without fight with deeds”, only 5.3 % of respondents corruption and mismanagement Hokimiayt – The executive marked “lack of information on and without creation of ethical branch of local governments functioning of public service environment, where the ethos of in the developed countries” Kishlak – A rural settlement, public service profession will be 9.6 % indicated that the main which may include many promoted, there is no way that obstacle was the “lack of pro- neighbouring localities and is the public administration will fessionals in the field of public represented by an assembly become efficient and citizens will administration in the republic”. of its citizens. be pleased by the work of gov- Another 9.7 % thought that it was ernmental agencies. Mahalla – A community of because of “absence of experi- people residing in a localized ence in public administration”. Social, political and economic area; these may range from 39.4 % of respondents consider differences between Uzbekistan 150 to 1500 families “corruption, cliqueiness, and and developed countries, where Oliy Majlis – “Supreme Council”, favouritism” as the most serious the modern administrative or Parliament, the highest leg- obstacles in the proper workings reforms were introduced, are islative body in Uzbekistan of public service in Uzbekistan. immense. However if Uzbekistan NISPAcee news 2/2004 And finally 9.0 % thought that the wants to succeed in transform- main obstacle was due to the fact ing its economic and social life, that “scientists and experts not it needs to undertake bolder and involved enough” quicker reforms of the govern- ment body, which is directly According to the evaluation of responsible for the success of experts, the above data revealed transition. A path for successful that the most serious problems administrative reforms has been in the proper workings of public already shaped by developed service in Uzbekistan were cor- countries. Uzbekistan, while ruption, cliqueiness and favourit- following these countries, can ism. avoid various mistakes they did in implementing governmental Conclusion changes. After having analyzed the sys- In order for Uzbek Public Ad- tem of governmental and public ministration to work effectively, meeting people’s expectations on 8 9 Public Administration in CEE

Human Resources Management in the Serbian Public Administration System Prof. Dr. Vojin Rakic, University of Belgrade and VVMZ, Serbia & Montenegro

This article gives a short in- Coordinator, a UNDP Special Two international consult- formative overview of one Adviser to the Serbian Govern- ing firms supported the project administrative reform project in ment in functional review, one through training in project Serbia, envisioned to improve Senior National Consultant and management, strategy formula- the central support functions of a Project Manager 1.The meth- tion, monitoring, programming, Serbian Ministries. The project odology used in the analysis as well as in the training of the (“Strengthening Central Support consisted of semi-structured Work Groups in report writing Functions of Serbian Minis- interviews, desk analyses and and presentation skills. One firm tries”, abbreviated as the “CSF participant observation. All the was Bannock Consulting, con- Project”) was realized between employees in the Secretariats of tracted to train and to provide November 2002 and September the four Ministries were inter- other types of support to the 2003, and was designed to be a viewed, as well as the Ministers, Work Groups in functional re- functional review of four Min- Deputy Ministers, advisors, and view and in the development of istries. It was funded policy advice and recommenda- by the Dutch Govern- tions. The other consulting firm ment and administered was the Dutch Royal Institute for by the United Nations Public Administration (ROI). Development Program The four Ministries involved and the Serbian Agency in the project were chosen in for Public Administra- early 2003.The selection criteria tion Development. As its for targeting the Ministries were final output, the project the following: integration into provided the Serbian existing projects of functional Government with recom- review, reform-mindedness of mendations regarding a the Ministers and their support variety of issues related to functional reviews. According to the Secretariats of to these criteria, the following the Ministries and the Ministries were selected: the

Ministers’ Cabinets. The NISPAcee news 2/2004 Ministry of Mining and Energy, recommendations were the Ministry of Construction and finalized last September. other staff members. Such a Urban Planning, the Ministry of Apart from giving an overview body of information was ana- Science, Technology and Devel- of the project, this article will lyzed through the application opment, as well as the Ministry highlight (in a condensed form) of both qualitative and quantita- of Agriculture and Water Man- one specific issue addressed tive methods. A questionnaire, agement. by the project team, that is the as a primary research tool, was problem of human resources A study tour to Slovakia and specifically developed for this management in Serbian public Slovenia was organized with the particular project by the local administration. objective to provide the Work experts. It framed the interviews Group members with relevant The systemic analysis of the into three hour sessions (on comparative experience. The Secretariats and Cabinets of the average) with each interviewee. tour took place during June four Ministries was conducted Factor analysis (with categorized 2003 and lasted one week. The by four Work Groups, their answers) was introduced as a participants included Work tool for data comparison. The Group members and the man- method was meant to provide 1 The author of this article was the agement team of the project. 8 UNDP Special Adviser to the Serbian supplemental information for There was full co-operation from 9 Government in functional review. making the recommendations. Public Administration in CEE

both the Slovak and Slovenian to the firing or retirement of would be delegated to the HRM side and the offered programme public servants). units within the Ministries. An of meetings in both countries Drawing consequences from education and training centre was excellent. The tour fulfilled the previous diagnosis, the for civil servants would be the its primary goal of enabling the project team developed the fol- other central institution dealing participants to learn more about lowing preliminary recommen- with HRM. administrative reforms in these dations (in summarized form): If created, the two above countries during the transition • The creation of a Central mentioned institutions will period, and of providing them Office/Agency for HRM (ei- address almost all problems with a basis for applying some ther independently organized, summarized above. The only of these experiences to Ser- part of the existing Agency for exception might be the second bia. The group received useful Public Administration Devel- problem, defined as the lack of information for its basic task of opment or as a section within a clear concept of civil servants. preparing recommendations the Ministry for State Adminis- A solution to this problem will for a better organization and tration and Local Self-Govern- probably needed to be found functioning of the four Serbian ment). at a level even higher than the Ministries. Besides, useful central HRM Office, since it insights into the organization • The creation of HRM units requires a conceptual, strategic of Government institutions in within the Secretariat of each 2. Government decision concern- these two countries might also Ministry ing the issue of developing a be reflected in the participants’ • The establishment of an edu- career or non-career system in everyday practices in their own cation and training centre for Serbian public administration. Ministries. civil servants. It remains to be seen if the new On the basis of the inter- • The redefinition and reor- Serbian Government will take views, desk analyses, the study ganization of procedures such a step. The next elections tour and participant observa- into modern, computerized, are scheduled for 28 December, tion, the project team also efficient and effective mecha- which is four days after the investigated major problems in nisms. finalization of this article. the area of human resources • The development of adequate management in the four Serbian evaluation procedures. Note: Ministries. These problems turn - Moeller, Jens. 2002.Challenges The crucial aspect of the out to be quite representative of HRM. Belgrade: Agency for recommendations is the crea- of the entire Serbian public Public Administration Devel- tion of a central HRM Office, administration system in that opment. which would deal with a vari- NISPAcee news 2/2004 domain and can be summarized - Rakic, Vojin (a. o. ). 2003.Puto- ety of issues, such as strategy as follows: kaz za Evropu: Preporuke za development in HRM, employ- budući razvoj srpske javne • A lack of a clear strategy in ment procedures of civil serv- uprave. Belgrade: UNDP and the field. ants, the administration of state the Agency for Public Admin- • An underdeveloped concept exams, ranks, salaries and istration Development of the of public servants. evaluation procedures (simi- Government of Serbia • A lack of evaluation proce- larities with the Slovak solution dures. are obvious). Some of the more • Inadequate databases of civil specific aspects of these tasks servants. • The non-existence of a central 2 The proposal to create HRM units office which would deal with within a variety of state institutions in Serbia came also from a Danish expert HRM. team that conducted an analysis of • A lack of continuity in the human resources management in the follow-up of the entire process Serbian public administration system during 2002 (Moeller, 2002). For an of HRM within the Ministries extensive overview of the recommen- 10 (from the hiring process up dations of the CSF Project team, see 11 Rakic a. o. (2003). Studies, Programmes & Projects

The Center of Excellence for Professional Training of the Civil Servants in Romania

The reform in Public Administra- agement as well as training de- a centre of excellence” (quality tion in Romania, on both institu- sign and delivery, the Project TA standards are intended at every tional and legislative levels, has Team has constantly increased action step). as main purpose providing for their efforts in order to promote In the work frame of the con- professional, efficient and politi- the Excellence of Training for the tract RO 0106.02, the Technical cally unbiased public services. Civil Service. Assistance team is supporting This reform includes modern- The design and implementa- the National Institute of Public izing institutional structures, tion of training modules have Administration (NIA) to create changing mentalities and behav- complied with stated principles a Knowledge and Documenta- ior and generating a trustworthy as: “joint ownership with the tion Centre, using the available relation between citizens and beneficiary” (1 Year NIA Pro- budget under Incidental expen- the civil service. ditures of EURO The EU PHARE 200, 000. Project “Develop Moreover, the an operational Documentation National Insti- Centre will consti- tute of Public tute the backbone Administration of the networking (NIA) capable with the Regional of educating Training Centres competent civil (RTCs), provid- servants”, imple- ing them with the mented by the latest information Consortium led by in real time via Ecole Nationale e-mail. In the same d’Administration way, the Centre (ENA, France), will collect the and wishes to sup- feedback given by port the Romanian the RTCs when Government in gramme Modules were devel- requesting the materials and it achieving this strategic goal. oped and designed jointly for will continue its development NISPAcee news 2/2004 The General Objective of the the benefit and intellectual own- according to the actual needs of Project is to contribute to the ership of NIA) ; “goal oriented the services’ beneficiaries, being progress in democratic devel- and team approach” (learning in this way market-oriented. objectives are clearly stated and opment, strengthen the consti- The eight RTC’s are under the training is delivered by a tutional state and accession of the methodological coordina- well-functioning team composed Romania to the European Union tion of NIA and they are provid- of EU and Romanian experts), through transfer of administra- ing their quality output for the “considering the Romanian tive competencies, profession- regional development of the context and the public reform” alism and high qualification. administrative network, creating (all the content is developed and Achieving this goal, NIA will a synergy that can insure the presented in the frame of the become a “Centre of Excel- necessary condition for a suc- reform of the Public Administra- lence” which offers high qualita- cessful implementation of the tion and accession to the EU), tive services to the public at any Romanian reform of the public “training the trainers tech- time through appropriate, client administration and to respond niques” (the Junior Trainers and oriented training and consulting. to all the challenges of the inte- NIA trainers are fully involved in On its way to implement the gration process in EU by 2007. the entire training process with fundamental concept of Centre the view to develop the trainers’ of Excellence within NIA man- 10 capacity), “aiming at creating 11 Studies, Programmes & Projects

The Fruitful Co-operation of NISPAcee Members to Share Knowledge and Expertise in Relation to the New Public Management Yelena Medvedeva, Ukraine, Alexander Kopats, Belarus

NISPAcee Institutional Members, the core module for the Masters developed technologies to the the Odessa Regional Institute of Programme in Public Administra- Belarus Academy. Public Administration of National tion (health) Public policy and Through co-operation, which Academy of Public Administra- strategy in the health sphere was started as early as in 1999, the tion, Office of the President of developed. Ukrainian and Belorussian part- Ukraine (ORIPA NAPA), and the With taking into considera- ners have created the ground Academy of Public Administra- tion long term needs to change for further fruitful collaboration, tion under the Aegis of the Presi- the postgraduate teaching pro- including the dissemination of dent of the Republic of Belarus gramme for Ukrainian health ORIPA-gained experience in adult are actively collaborating within managers within the framework education being one of the most the Regional Academic Partner- of the Masters Programme in meaningful bipartite teamwork. ship Scheme Project to dissemi- Public Administration, the three The methodology of adult train- nate the experience of NISPAcee major priorities for that project ing which was worked out under Associate Member the Universi- were as follows: DFID support and assistance of ty of North London (UNL – now - The development of a curri- the University of North London is London Metropolitan University) culum for a new generation disseminating to Belarus Acad- in adult teaching. of health service managers emy within a new REAP project. The Regional Academic Part- working within a democratic, In implementing the ongoing nership Scheme (REAP) brings decentralised and pluralistic Project the faculty representa- new curricula, new training change agenda. tives from the Academy investi- courses and models, new text- - Changing trainer-centred gated the methodology of adult books and other training mate- methodologies aimed at im- education, when visiting ORIPA rials developed by 89 leading parting knowledge to passive in January 2004, by means of universities in the CIS countries recipients into student-centred immersion into the process of in partnership with 54 of the UK’s methodologies which promote learning. Besides, 35 lectures and best universities during the im- debate about both the process methodologists from the Belarus

plementation of 89 joint projects. NISPAcee news 2/2004 and results of effective health Academy have been trained in The scheme is funded by the management practice. the course at a seminar that took UK Department for International place in Minsk (February, 2004). Development (DFID). The British - A focus on the active learning needs of individual members The seminar was delivered by Council (BC) is responsible for Svetlana Khadzhyradeva – the the management of the scheme. of staff, including personal effectiveness, linked with the ORIPA’s doctorate and former In 2000 the UNL and ORIPA institutional development UNL’s intern. The developed started co-operation within REAP aspects of the programme. curricula and training materials project “Programme to support are being worked on for further and develop the teaching of Along with the developed dissemination among the univer- health management” modern technologies for public sities that provide training pro- servants, training appeared to grammes to public servants. The project activities were be of great interest for another focused on regional and local NISPAcee Institutional Member The three universities have government bodies and health – Academy of Public Administra- provided a good practice of dis- organisations which want health tion under the Aegis of the Presi- seminating knowledge and exper- administrators and health man- dent of the Republic of Belarus. tise in relation to the new public agers who are able to solve the At present ORIPA, supported management through NISPAcee problems that health care faces by DFID, is disseminating these network. during a period requiring con- 12 stant reform. Within the project 13 Public Administration on Internet

www.cris.unu.edu to Web Sites

http://www.crc-mcc.go.ro

The site of UNI-CRIS (United Nations Univer- sity – Comparative Regional Integration Stud- ies) – it contributes towards achieving the universal goals of the UN through comparative and interdisciplinary research and training for The site containg details about the Public Ad- better understanding of the processes and im- ministration program of the Meeting and Confer- pact of intra-and inter-regional integration. It ence Center, Branch of the Black Sea University works in partnership with initiatives and cen- Foundation, as well as a general presentation of tres throughout the world that are concerned the MCC-BSUF and its program and activities. with issues of integration and co-operation

http://www.euaquismcc.4t.com http://www.man.ac.uk/idpm NISPAcee news 2/2004

Institute for Development Policy and Man- Details and information (registration, forms, agement is a multi-disciplinary unit within presentation, etc) about the Meeting and Con- the University of Manchester specialising in ference Center – Branch of the BSUF – PHARE policy, management and development in de- international conferences program “The im- veloping and transitional economies. plementation and enforcement of the internal market acquis”. 12 13 Review of Activities

July 1 – 2, 2004, Calendar of Events Conference “Current Issues in Regional Development” Working language: Czech, English April 21, 2004, 6th Culture of Pub- Working language: Ukrainian Contact: lic Administration Conference Contact: Prof. Karel Lacina, Working language: Estonian, English Mr. Dmytro Beznosenko, Ukrainian phone: +420-466 036 236, Contact: Acedemy of PA, Kyiv, fax.: +420-466 036 173, Institute of Humanities and Social phone: +380-44-456-3624, e-mail: [email protected] Sciences, Tallinn Technical fax: +380-44-455-6899, e-mail: [email protected] University, Tallin, Estonia, July 5 – 11, 2004, e-mail: [email protected] International special course: June 7, 2004, Modern Innovative Technologies April 1 – September 30, 2004, Seminar “Methods for Phenom- to Teach Adults 26 two-day-long training seminars enon Investigation – What is the for Polish Public Administration First” Language: Russian (at central and regional levels) Working language: Polish Contact: devoted to the EU issues, mostly Kolisnichenko Natalya, Contact: concerning structural policy and the Odessa Regional Institute of Public Prof. Bogusława Urbaniak, participation of national administra- Administration, National Academy of University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland, tions and judiciary in the EU system. Public Administration, phone: +48-42-635 5244, 635 5041, Odessa, Ukraine, Working language: Polish with simul- fax: +48-42-635 5304, phone: +38 0482 639514, taneous interpretation to English, e-mail: [email protected], fax: +38 0482 639249, French, German [email protected] e-mail: [email protected], Contact: web: www.oridu.odessa.ua Mr. Jerzy Siek, June 23 – 25, 2004, Assistant to the Director for Training VII. International Colloquium on September 8 – 12, 2004, and Research Programmes, Regional Sciences 5th Summer Seminar for Young e-mail: [email protected] Working language: Czech, Slovak, Public Servants from Southeast- Polish ern Europe “Preparation for May 25 – 29, 2004, International Contact: EU Accession” Conference “Public Administra- Jiri Vystoupil, Masaryk University, Contact: tion: New Technologies” Faculty of Economics and Administra- Ms. Elitsa Markova, Contact: tion, Lipova 41a, 602 00 Brno, Economic Policy Institute, 85, Evlogi Moscow State University, Czech Republic, Georgiev Blvd., 1142 Sofia, Bulgaria, School of Public Administration, phone: +42-549-49 8468, phone: +359-2-980 8489, Moscow, Russia, e-mail: [email protected] 9801059; 9809268, phone: +7-095-93915-89, fax: +359-2-980 4359, fax: +7-095-939-53-38, June, 2004, e-mail: [email protected], rd e-mail: [email protected], 3 Annual Ukrainian Regional web: www.epi-bg.org NISPAcee news 2/2004 web: http://www.spa.msu.ru Training Centers Trainer Confe- rence September 8 – 9, 2004, Contact: International Scientific Confer- May, 27 – 29, 2004, International Tetiana Protsyk, training coordinator, ence “European Finance – Theory, Seminar “Party System and Western Ukrainian Regional Training Policy and Practice Interests of Civil Society in Center, Kyiv, Ukraine, Working language: Slovak, Czech, Modern Russia” phone: +380 322 979809, 970810, English Contact: e-mail: [email protected] Contact: North-Caucasus Academy of Public Matej Bel University, Administration, Pushkinskaya, 70, June, 2004, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia, Conference “Poland-Germany e-mail: [email protected] Starostin Alexander, and the EU-Enlargement” September 16 – 22, 2004, phone: +7-8632-402351, Working language: German, Polish The Fourth Annual Graduate Sem- Sidorenko Ivan, Contact: inar “New Countryside Culture, phone: +7-8632-696296, Filip Kaminski, Warsaw School of Local Governance and Sustain- e-mail: [email protected], Economics, World Economy Research ability in Rural Development” web: www.skags.ru Institute, ul. Rakowiecka 24, 02-551 Warsaw, Poland, Language: English May 28, 2004, Annual Conference phone/fax +48-22-848 9132, Contact: “Current Issues in Public e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] 14 Administration in Ukraine” 15 Review of Activities

October 23 – 24, 2004, Workshop I. May 27 – 28, 2004, Scientific Conference “Theory The impact of the European Un- Seminar: Developing the and Practice of Management: ion on national administrations Project Pipeline for Structural Topical Problems” Workshop II. Funds Operations Working language: Russian Does size matter? Small states in Contact: Contact: the European Union Ms Lisette Borghans, Olga Holuternekh, Contact: e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: science.spa.msu.sk Marina Vrhovsek, Faculty of Administration, Training Centre, June 3 – 4, 2004, Events of the Belarus State Gosarjeva ulica 5, Ljubljana, Seminar: Cohesion Fund and Economic University, Minsk, phone: +386 1 58 05 588, Transfer from ISPA to the Belarus fax: +386 1 58 05 595, Cohesion Fund e-mail: [email protected] Contact: April 21 – 22, 2004, Ms Lisette Borghans, Conference “The Social e-mail: [email protected] and Economic Policy of the Belarus State in June 14 – 16, 2004, Conditions of Open Seminar: E-Procurement Economy” in Europe Working language: Contact: Russian Ms Gediz Cleffken, Contact: e-mail: [email protected] Mrs. E. M. Yurgel, phone: +375-17-214 9557, June 14 – 15, 2004, fax: +375-17-495 106, Seminar: Backing Competitive- e-mail: [email protected] ness with Quality Public Administration May 18 – 19, 2004, Contact: “Broadening the Ms Nancy Vermeulen, European Union and e-mail: [email protected] the Republic of Belarus on the June 21 – 25, 2004, New Border” Events of European Institute of Seminar: European Negotiations Working language: Public Administration (EIPA), Russian Maastricht, The Netherlands Contact: Contact: Ms Noelle Debie, Dr. Mishkevich, May 13 – 14, 2004, e-mail: [email protected] phone: +375-17-214 9557, EIPA’s First European Public fax: +375-17-249 4035, Managers Forum, An Exclusive June 28 – 29, 2004, Mrs. E. M. Yurgel, European Programme for Seminar: Adapting to European NISPAcee news 2/2004 phone: +375-17-214 9557, Top Executives in Public Adminis- Integration: How to Effectively fax: +375-17-495 106, tration addressing Critical Coordinate EU Policy-Making e-mail: [email protected], Europeanisation and Modernisa- at Central Level web: www.bseu.by tion Challenges – Third Seminar: Contact: The EU Social Agenda, Social Ms Eveline Hermens, Events of the University of Dialogue and PPPs e-mail: [email protected] Ljubljana, Slovenia Contact: Ms Araceli Barragan, July 5 – 9, 2004, September 23 – 25, 2004, e-mail: [email protected] European Summer School for Conference “11th Days of Slovenian Policy Makers: “Tools and Administration: Administration May 24 – 25, 2004, Skills for Policy- and EU Seminar: Who’s Afraid of Making” Working language: Slovenian, European Information? Contact: English Contact: Ms Sonja van de Pol, Ms Joyce Groneschild, e-mail: [email protected] September 23 – 25, 2004, e-mail: [email protected] EGPA Annual Conference “Four Months after Administering the New Europe” Working language: English 14 15 Review of Activities

vency (bankruptcy) of organiza- Recent Publications tions was investigated from the point of view of economic secu- they play in developing countries rity of the country in the condi- and countries with economies in tions of difficult socio-economic transition. Co-published by the situations and criteria of forming UN ICT Task Force, the infoDev of state policy in order to prevent program of the World Bank and bankruptcy and to create condi- the Wireless Internet Institute, tions for effective carrying of this book was very well received bankruptcy. in Geneva at the World Summit on the Information Society. Production Coast Calculation Contact: and Economic Growth in The Wireless Internet Institute Online Industry on the Basis of Cross- Store, 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, sectoral Simulation Boston, MA 02110, USA, Prikhodchenko O. I. Improving the Quality of East phone: 617-439-5400, Resume: and West European Public fax: 617-439-5415, The guideline devoted to the Services e-mail: [email protected] methods of calculation of full Editors: Elke Loffler, Mirko Vintar Romanian Economic Review expenses on final product and Publisher: Ashgate others parameters of input – out- Contact: Price: 49.95 GBP put tables on the basis of the Valentina Vasile, Resume: real information for Republic of e-mail: [email protected] This volume provides a com- Belarus in the system of National prehensive overview of current Publications of the Academy of Accounts. For this aim special reforms in public sector quality Public Administration, Minsk, computer program was elaborat- management in Eastern Europe. Belarus ed. This program allows to fulfill Comparisons are made with Language: Russian both calculation and aggregation trends in Western European of initial branches. countries to draw out the lessons Criminal Bankruptcy Logics emerging from current develop- in Belarus: Economic and ments (including e-governance). Law Aspects Berkov V. F. The findings make essential Mytskikh N. P. Book of lectures reading for academicians and Resume: Resume: students in public policy and The article deals with actual In the manual the questions of public administration who are problems of revealing and sup- logic having the important value interested in modernization of pressing economic-legal crimes for education of creative and

the public sector from an interna- connected with bancruptcy. Some critical thinking of the future NISPAcee news 2/2004 tional perspective. types of criminal bankruptcy are experts are stated. It is intended for students of system of open Contact: considered, definite schemes of formation (education) of Acad- Ashgate Publishing Direct Sales, their displaying and examples Bookpoint Limited, 130 Milton Park, that have taken place in practice emy of business administration Abindgdon, Oxon OX14 4SB, of applying law on bankruptcy in under the aegis of the President phone: +44-1235-827 730, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan of Republic of Belarus, trainees fax: +44-1235-400 454, are given. on a speciality «The Government e-mail: [email protected] and economy». On Economic Bankruptcy, The Wireless Internet Public Policy to Prevent it and Logics: Problems and Exercises Opportunity for Developing Some Issues of Counter Crisis Berkov V. F., Terlukevich I. I. Countries Management Resume: Price: $ 48.95 Mytskikh N. P. In the book problems (tasks) and Resume: Resume: exercises which performance will This book, based on the proceed- Conferences papers – About eco- promote mastering of theoretical ings of the conference held at nomic insolvency (bankruptcy) positions of logic and purchase of the United Nations on Wireless about state policy on averting practical skills of correct reason- Internet adoption, reflects on the bankruptcy and about problems ing, specifications of formulations, importance of the wireless tech- of anti-crisis government. The the logic analysis of educational, 16 nologies and the way in which phenomenon of economic insol- scientific, art and other texts 17 Review of Activities

are given. Problems (tasks) and Resume: tax systems in transition countries exercises are picked up according This work studies basic activities are given by author. to requirements of the program of the institute of public prosecu- State Budget of a rate of logic for high schools tor in the Republic of Belarus Manual. to. Exercises brief theoretical data when supervising law execution are premised. For students of as well as the basic forms of pros- Sorokina T. V., technical specialties. ecutor’s response to the violation Resume: of law as well. The essence and role of budget Methodology of the managerial and it features in condition of personnel selection Synergic Aducational Model creation of market relations in mechanism. within Distance Learning Belarus are concerned. The is- Tchueshov V. I Gantcharik L. P. sues of planning of revenues and Resume: Resume: expenditures both Republican An attempt has been undertaken The research objective is the budget and Local ones are inves- in the article to consider major educational process model in the tigated. characteristics of the Methodol- system of distance learning. The The Economic of Region ogy of the managerial personnel model allows to define synergetic Borisevich V. I., Geizler -P. C. selection mechanism. parameters of order and regard the effectiveness of distance Fateev V. S. The Branches of the Tree learning as the fulfillment of the Edited by Borisevich V. I. Demitchev D. M. objective and the achievement of Resume: Resume: the expected results. Monograph – the theoretical, The article covers the genesis of methodological and organization- Contact: the development of separation of al bases of of regions’ classifica- Mr. Alexander Kopats, powers theory up to the present phone/fax: +375-17-222 8205, tion are concerned. The models time (state). The author analyses e-mail: [email protected] of development of small towns the system of power institutions settlements and regional policy of the Republic of Belarus. Author Publications of the Belarus as a whole are investigated. The maintains that alongside such State Economic University, authors submitted a recommen- traditional branches of power as Minsk, Belarus dations for social and economic legislative, executive and judicial, An Economic Development development of Minsk city. the presidential and the control of Belarus on a Boundary Production Management and prosecutions branches of of Centuries: Problems, Management of Enterprise power should be defined. Summarize, Prospects Pelih S. A., Goev A. I., Plotnitskij Administration Law Shimov V. N., M. I. Zabelov S. M. Resume: Edited by Plotnitskij M. I. Book of lectures Monograph about issues and Resume: Resume: problems of Belarus economic Manual – the issues linked with NISPAcee news 2/2004 The book presents an overview development. management of modern enterpris- of basic notions, categories and Social and Economic Statistics es are concerned. The authors institutions of the current admin- Datshinskaj N. P., Podhvatilina S. suggested a principles for organi- istrative law. Recommended for S., Tesluk I. E. zational structure of management economics students. Edited by Nesterovich S. R., in firms amd companies and ways Lawfull Regulation of Resume: for building of nets structures as well. Economic Relations The main terms, classifications, Zabelov P. S. methodology of calculations for Introduction to Project Resume: macroeconomic indicators are Financing. This work deals with adjustment discussed. Krivorotko Y. V., Sokol D. V. of economic relations. Ways to Theory of Taxes Manual. Minsk. avoid short – comings in legal acts Monograph. Resume: are offered. Zajtst N. E. The issues of financial project Main Line of Activities of Resume: management are concerned. The Prosecutor Services to Secure The theoretical bases of organi- approaches to financial projects, Constitutional Rights of zation and management of tax financial coefficients and date are examined by the authors. Citizents in Belarus relations are concerned. The The authors vividly shown the 16 Strigo A. I. theoretical aspects for building of 17 Review of Activities

World Bank experience in sphere Publications oh the Institute model and the patterns of em- of financial project management of Economics, Hungarian ployment characteristics of the and how to put into practice. The Academy of Sciences, nineties are described. Then the book gives benefits for students, Budapest, Hungary erosion of employment is traced post-graduate students and spe- from individual histories control- The Role of Labour Market cialists who working in area of ling the effects of gender, age and Expectations and Admission project management and business schooling. Finally, particular as- Probabilities in Students’ planning. pects of low employment of Roma Application Decisions on Contact: are accounted for, focusing on Higher Education: the case of Prof. Mikhail Mishkevich, the role of low schooling, regional phone: +375-17-249 8204, Hungary backwardness, and labour market fax: +375-17-495 106, Author: Julia Varga discrimination. e-mail: [email protected] Resume: The Hungarian Labour Market This paper analyses the effects Publications of Masaryk – Review and Analysis 2003 of labour market expectations University, Brno, Czech Editors: Karoly Fazekas, Jeno and admission probabilities on Koltay Republic students’ application strategies Control Systems of Public Contact: to higher education. The starting Ms. Erzsebet Hubai-Markus, e-mail: Administration and Public Sector hypothesis of this study is that [email protected] Authors: Rektorik, J., students consider the expected Selesovsky J., et. al. utility of their choices, a func- Publications of the Central Price: 250 CZK tion of expected net lifetime European University Center Language: Czech earnings and the probability of for Policy Studies, Budapest, Resume: admission. Based on a survey Hungary This handbook tries to introduce carried out among Hungarian Society and Genetic the existing control systems of secondary school students, three Information: Codes and Laws public sector and public admin- aspects of application decisions in the Genetic Era istration in relation to its reform are investigated: the number of and also in relation to the access applications; the institutions/field Editor: Judit Sandor of the Czech Republic to the Euro- specialisation ranked first and last Price: EUR/USD 34.95, GBP 23.95 pean Union. in students’ choices; and the se- Resume: lection between state-funded and The beginning of the twenty-first Crisis Management in Public century will be marked in human Administration cost-priced education. The results of this paper confirm that both history for collecting, classifying, Authors: Rektorik, J., Selesovsky, expected wages and admission and interpreting genetic data, in- J., Vilasek, J., et al. probabilities determine students’ cluding the human genome. The Language: Czech application strategies and that book addresses the social, ethical, Resume: the seemingly irrational student and legal implications of collect- NISPAcee news 2/2004 This handbook was prepared in preferences for institutions/ ing, storing, analyzing, and com- order to help to understand the orientations with less favour- mercializing genetic information issue of crisis management be- able labour market opportunities in a multidisciplinary perspective. cause of the fact that experience might be the result of a rational Prominent biologists, medical reveals the increasing importance decision process. doctors, lawyers, anthropolo- of this topic in relation to capaci- gists, philosophers, sociologists, ties of public authorities and their The Employment of the Roma and theologians from different employees. A special emphasize – Evidence from Hungary countries provide their views on is given to the legal base of the Author: Gabor Kertesi the complex biological and social crisis management as well as to Resume: impacts of the imminent prolif- the economic consequences. The The paper is based on data of eration of genetic information. text also introduces standards individual work histories of the The authors explore the various existing in the EU, NATO and the 1993/94 representative Roma uses and applications of genetic Czech Republic. survey in Hungary. First the information in the biomedical sci- Contact: disappearance of full employ- ences and in various non-medical Ivan Maly, ment of Roma in the 1984 – 1994 domains, and discuss the current e-mail: [email protected] period is documented by the use dilemmas of making laws in the of a quasi cross-sectional macro field of the genetics. 18 19 Review of Activities

Nationalism after Communism: reform of public administrations. phone: +361 327 3138, Lessons Learned State building should be viewed fax: +361 327 3183, Editors: Alina Mungiu-Pippidi, primarily as a constituency build- e-mail: [email protected], web: http:// Ivan Krastev ing. The document is the collec- www.ceu.hu/cps/pub/pub_open.htm Price: EUR/USD 34.95, GBP 23.95 tive product of the “Agenda for Publications of the Foundation Civil Society in Southeast Europe” Resume: for European Studies project, nicknamed Blue Bird, and What if a policymaker charged – European Institute, Lodz, it aims to serve as a vision paper with crafting a peace arrange- Poland ment in an ethnic conflict situa- for development of the region, Civil Services in the Accession tion would ask an academic what addressing both governments and States: New Trends and the practical wisdom can theory of publics and trying to offer coher- Impact of the Integration ethnic conflict and nationalism ent policy strategies. Process offer in support? Can a bridge A limited number of copies can be be thrown between the world of ordered for free from Borbala Varga Authors: Danielle Bossaert and academia, suffocated with politi- at [email protected] or via Christoph Demmke (Polish edi- fax: +36-1-327 3000/2306 cal correctness and driven by the tor: Mariusz Mielczarek) empty intellectual ambition of Ethnic Violence and Price: distributed free of charge system-paradigms, and the world Justice: The Debate over Language: Polish translation of those who have to craft policies Responsibility, Accountability, Resume: of interethnic peace and coopera- Intervention, Complicity, The publication compares the tion with little knowledge of the- Tribunals and Truth organisation and structure of civil ory, scarce time to order proper Commissions services in the accession states, research, and limited resources of Price: EUR/USD 19.95, GBP 12.95 trying to establish the trends in money to invest? This book tries Resume: the development of their civil services, with emphasis on law is- to analyze in this context what How should the outside world sues. The authors analyse the ef- the postcommunist experience of have reacted when women fects of the European integration ethnic revival and conflict has in and children were herded into process on the administrations of common with other nationalisms churches and burned to death the accession states. The conclu- and nation-related conflicts of in Rwanda? Or when some 6,000 sions are a kind of an examination our world, and what, if anything, men were murdered in Srebreni- of the future challenges facing the is special about it; what the best ca? How should it deal with the civil services of these countries. practices are of managing differ- ongoing slaughter and enslave- ent ethnic conflicts within a state ment in Sudan, where some two Improving Policy or in neighboring states; and what million people have died over Implementation in an Enlarged institutions work and under what the past two decades? Are the European Union: The Case circumstances? Khmer Rouge alone responsible of National Regulatory

In Search of Responsive for Cambodia’s killing fields? Are Authorities NISPAcee news 2/2004 Government: State Building diplomats, business people, and Authors: Phedon Nicolaides with and Economic Growth in the distant political leaders accounta- Arjan Geveke and Anne-Mieke Balkans ble when strongmen in places like den Teuling (Polish editor: Somalia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Editor: Ivan Krastev Aleksandra Maciaszczyk) and Congo resort to mass murder Resume: Price: distribution free of charge to seize and maintain power? Do Why is economic growth not gen- Language: Polish translation the governments that provided erating support for market capital- Resume: arms and loans to Iraq bear part ism and why is state weakness The book describes a problem of the responsibility for Saddam reproduced in the Balkans? These uneven implementation of Com- Hussein’s chemical weapons at- two questions are at the center munity rules by national authori- tacks on Kurdish towns? Ethnic of this policy document, which ties and the question of “imple- Violence and Justice explores the challenges two assumptions at mentation deficit”. The authors many issues surrounding massive the heart of the present policy argue that an effective policy violations of human rights that paradigm. It shows that economic application and enforcement have marred the past century and growth is not sufficient to create depends – before all – on national the international community’s a social base for a market society authorities that should be empow- inadequate responses to them. and that state building in the Bal- ered, sufficiently independent, kans can not and should not be Contact: fully accountable and flexible simply reduced to an EU-guided CEU Press Ltd., H-1397 – they have to be able to respond 18 Budapest Pf. 519/2, 19 Review of Activities

to changing market conditions. vention on EU Reform and En- Efficiency Review of This publication examines the largement” held at the European Government Agencies’ institutional arrangements in Institute in Lodz on 19 – 20 Sep- Performance, Member States and candidate tember 2003.The Conference was Collection of research papers. countries for national regulatory organised within the framework Swedish National Audit Office, authorities (NRAs) and proposes of EUCON Project which was car- Swedish Institute of Public Ad- performance appraisal and peer ried out by Trans European Policy ministration (Second edition) reviews. Study Association (TEPSA) and Resume: its member institutions. EUCON EU Enlargement and Multi- The work presents the results of Project is aimed at stimulating a level Governance in European efficiency study of government trans-national debate on works Regional and Environment agencies’ performance in the and results of the European Con- Policies: Patterns of sphere of financing higher educa- vention as well as the key issues Learning, Adaptation and tion, public budgeting processes. of the future of Europe and some Europeanisation among The objects of the study are medi- sensitive points arising from the Cohesion Countries (Greece, cal universities, Ukrainian Acad- enlargement process after the emy of Public Administration. Ireland, Portugal) and Lesson completion of the Convention for New Members (Hungary, works. The publication is divided Sociological Expertise in Poland) into three parts: I. From Europe Public Administration: Case Authors: collective work (Polish Agreements to Copenhagen Study on the Political Reform editors Maria Karasińska-Fendler 2002.Achievements and dilemmas in Ukraine. and Jarosław Kundera) – assessment of relations between Yu. P. Surmin and others, Ed. V. Price: distributed free of charge the EU and accession countries, D. Bakumenko, L. H. Shtyka Language: Polish translation II. Citizens’ Europe and III. The Resume: Resume: shape of the EU beyond enlarge- The publication demonstrates This publication is a result of the ment after the convention. methodology, methods and instru- multinational research project, Contact: ments of social expertise applied based on the national reports. Mr. Jerzy Siek, Assistant to the for the political reform concep- The main objective of the project Director for Training and Research tion proposed in the draft of the was the initial diagnosis of the Programmes, Law of Ukraine “On introducing current situation of the two policy e-mail: [email protected] changes to the Constitution of areas (regional and environ- Ukraine”. The work will be inter- mental policy) in the selected Recent Publications of the esting for politicians, government countries and the preparation of National Academy of Public officials, scientists, students and case study reports, followed by Administration, Kyiv, Ukraine public community. elaboration of policy guidelines Public Policy Making: The Intermediate Level of for new MS. The key issue tackled Collection of Policy Papers Government in European NISPAcee news 2/2004 by the reports was the adoption – compiled by Oleksandr States: Complexity versus of certain solutions resulting from Kiliyevych, Vladyslav Romanov Democracy”. the experience of the cohesion Resume: countries (Greece, Ireland, Portu- translation from EIPA book into The book contains the policy Ukrainian gal) and adjusting them to specific papers prepared by the Academy conditions of the new Member students who participated in the Writing Effective Public Policy States (Poland, Hungary) (guide- Canadian and Polish internship Papers: A Guide for Policy lines for the new members). programs 2002 within the frame- Advisers in Central and Convention on EU Reform and work of the Public Policy Capac- Eastern Europe Enlargement. Post-conference ity Building Project funded by Translation from OSI publication Papers the Canadian Government. The into Ukrainian and Russian Authors: collective work (editor: publication will be useful for pub- Both versions (incl. the English Maria Karasińska-Fendler) lic administration students and one) are on-line: http://lgi. osi. hu/ publications/default. asp? id=112 Price: distributed free of charge academia, public servants and Language: Polish translation local government officials, as well Contact: Ivanna Atamanchuk, e-mail: Ivanna. Resume: as for think tanks and NGOs deal- [email protected] This publication contains the pa- ing with issues of effectiveness pers, which were presented at the and efficiency in different spheres of public administration. 20 international conference “Con- 21 Recent Conferences

3rd Quality Conference for Public Administrations in the EU: Making Opportunities Work September 15 – 17, 2004 Rotterdam, The Netherlands How can we improve the quality aspects of excellent service or Mr. Yves Cannac – President of public services in the EU? The business operations. Moderators of the CEGOS Group and former Dutch government is proud to will make sure that all sessions Deputy Secretary General of host the 3rd Quality Conference are interactive and inspiring. In the Presidency of the French for Public Administrations in the between, there will be coffee Republic EU. Many excellent examples breaks and lunches to revitalise and many others. as well as unresolved problems your mind, body and spirit. At To facilitate making a choice will be highlighted during 3QC. the Doelen Interaction Square conference tracks are composed Roadmaps, best practices and you can meet and discuss with according to the following sectors underlying business operations friends and colleagues or arran- and themes: will be discussed in a stimulating ge meetings. Here you will find environment. 3QC invites you the Vision Theatre, Interaction There are plenty of ways to to exchange ideas, debate and Café, Conference Expo, Internet achieve the improvement in speak freely. change and in- Participate in novation – we just challenging in- Sectors Themes need to make sure we use them! It’s -depth discus- •Central and regional government •Leadership with good reason sions. Learn •Local government •The user perspective about different that the confer- •Agencies • E-government perspectives. ence slogan is Meet like-min- •Health care •Partnerships ‘making opportuni- ded colleagu- •Education •Change management ties work’. es. Make new • Police and Judiciary •The power of measurement You will be friends. And •Defence •Applying total quality models among 1, 200 have fun, too! •Cost-effectiveness policymakers and We will take practitioners from you on an all different levels inspirational three-day journey to facilities, Message Boards and and sectors, sharing the same make opportunities work. Meeting Points. goal. There will be senior deci- NISPAcee news 2/2004 From 15 till 17 September 2004 You may choose to participate sion makers and policy advisors, you will be able to choose from in nearly 100 sessions on various school principals and health care a wide range of plenary sessions, themes. Keynote speakers will managers, police commissioners workshops, agorae and master share their views of the public and fire department chiefs, qual- classes that will arm you with sector challenges with you. 3QC’s ity managers and supervisors, new insights and fresh inspira- keynote speakers include: innovators and change agents, tion. You will be informed about Professor P. Nikiforos Diamando- managers and leaders and many remarkable successes and about uros – European Ombudsman more. Participants come from all the inevitable failures that are Mr Miha Pogačnik – Violinist, EU Member States and beyond. the day-to-day reality of impro- innovative performer, entrepre- You will find yourself in good ving quality in the public sector. neur and Cultural Ambassador company! Workshop presenters will tell for Slovenia For more information about you about their experiences Mr. Al Gore – former Vice the speakers, conference tracks in the daily practice of quality President of the United States and social program, please visit improvement. Agora speakers (invited) www.3qconference.org will address you with their Mr. Erkki Liikanen – European strong opinions. Master class Commissioner for Enterprise and 20 presenters will highlight specific Information Society 21 NISPAcee Announcements

Call for Applications Training for Advisors “Institution Building for EU Membership”

Place: will be specified by mid May 2004 Preliminary term: end of June 2004

General Information: tunity to share own know-how How to Apply: and learn from the experiences NISPAcee (The Network of If you are interested in of the EU member states. Schools and Institutes in Cen- participation, please, submit the tral and Eastern Europe), with Target Group: following documents by e-mail the support of the UNDP RBEC to the NISPAcee Secretariat: The target group for this train- Regional Support Centre and ing are policy advisors from 1. Application form (available MATRA programme is organiz- current accession countries and on www.nispa.sk or from ing the TRAINING FOR ADVI- future candidate states working the NISPAcee Secretariat SORS “Institution Building on institution building in central [email protected] on request) for EU Membership”. The government agencies. Eligible 2. Curriculum Vitae training programme has been countries are Belarus, Bulgaria, designed within the framework 3. Short description of the rel- Czech Republic, Croatia, Esto- of the project “Building advi- evant knowledge and experi- nia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, sory capacities on Institution ence on EU Institution Build- Poland, Romania, Russian Fed- Building in preparation for EU ing and policy advisory work eration, Serbia & Montenegro, membership”. This project com- (0,5 page) Slovak Republic, Ukraine. prises the 2nd phase of the larger 4. Recommendation letter UNDP/ NISPAcee initiative on Selection Procedures and confirming knowledge and building advisory capacities in Criteria: experience in EU Institution Building and EU affairs) European, Central Asian states The participants of the course and Caucasus. will be selected by the selection Deadline for Applications: The main objective of committee according to the fol- May 20, 2004 the current programme is to lowing criteria: strengthen advisory capacities CONTACT:

Ø Knowledge and experience NISPAcee news 2/2004 on institutional reform matters NISPAcee Secretariat, in Institution Building and in Central and Eastern Europe- Ms. Elena Zakova, European Integration an states through the training of Project Manager local specialists and the devel- Ø Advisory experience in pub- Address: opment of a training manual lic sector organisations Hanulova 5/B, and to assist the governments Ø Proficiency in spoken and P.O.Box 163, of the EU candidate states in written English Bratislava 42, Central and Eastern Europe in Selection process can in- 840 02 coping with the capacity re- clude two stages: document re- Slovak Republic quirements needed for success- view and telephone interviews Phone: +421 2 64285435, ful European integration. in selected cases. Fax: +421 2 64285557, E-mail: [email protected] AIM: Financial Support: The aim of the training course The travel, accommodation and is to build the skills of a group subsistence costs of selected of policy advisors working in participants will be fully cov- the current accession countries ered by NISPAcee. and future candidate states by 22 providing them with an oppor- 23 NISPAcee Announcements

SIGMA and Other NISPAcee Publications – Translation Occasional into CEE National Papers Languages CALL FOR PAPERS We invite colleagues to submit Goal of this project is to trans- NISPAcee make a general agree- their research papers in English late SIGMA and other relevant ment with the EIPA (European for review. Papers should be publications from English to CEE Institute of Public Administration, written on relevant public admin- national languages. Maastricht, The Netherlands) istration and public policy issues for the translation of EIPA pub- How to Apply: based on empirical investigation lications within this project. All carried out in central and eastern Applicants will have to prove the institutions interested in transla- European countries. The papers utility of the translated publica- tion of the EIPA publications are should not exceed 40 pages in tions in their respective countries, invited to apply for the transla- length. If a paper is written in a the distribution policy, quality of tion grants to NISPAcee. Informa- native language, a three-page long translation, and an ability to cover tion about the publication you English language summary could the distribution costs; Priority can find at the homepage of EIPA will be given to institutions, which be submitted with the bibliogra- http://www.eipa. nl phy of the referred literature, and will distribute the publication at Please send letters of inquiry and their own expense; Applicants with information about the length applications to NISPAcee Secre- of the whole paper. Each author should determine clear overall tariat. calculation of costs of translation can propose two reviewers for their submitted paper, but the (checking/editing) and publishing The deadline: final decision to select the review- (priority will be given to reasonab- - May 31, 2004 ers remains at the discretion of le price quotes for translation and the Editor. Those authors whose publishing). papers are selected for publication will receive a modest honorarium.

Winner of Alena Brunovska Award 2004 programme of which he was co- In 1989 he completed his Ph. founder. Between 1994 and 2003

D. degree in the Theory of Man- NISPAcee news 2/2004 he was Director of the Institute agement. Then he studied at the of Sociological Studies and since London School of Economics and 2000 he has been Head of the Political Science (1990 – 1991) and Centre for Social and Economic took part in professional fellow- Strategies there. In 2002 he was ships and exchange programmes appointed the Permanent Guest of Eisenhower Exchange Fel- Professor at the Konstanz Univer- lowship in the USA (1992), at sity. Oxford University (1993 – 1994), In 1995 he was elected the Prof. Martin Potůček, PhD. at Konstanz University (1997 Chairman (1994 and 1996 Vice- nd – 2000), at the Institute of Human Born in Prague on 2 September Chairman) of the Masaryk Czech Sciences in Vienna (1998) and at 1948. He studied philosophy, Sociological Association. He CEU in Budapest (1998 – 2000). In mathematics, political science serves as the First Vice-Chairman 1990 he joined the newly estab- and sociology at the Masaryk of the Research and Development lished Faculty of Social Sciences University in Brno. Until 1989 he Council of the Government of the at Charles University in Prague. worked as a researcher at the Czech Republic and the Advi- He habilitated there in 1992 in Department of Complex Model- sor to the Prime Minister of the sociology and in 1998 he gained ling, Sportpropag, and later at the Czech Republic. Institute of Social Medicine and full professorship in public and 22 Organisation of Health Care. social policy at the new study 23 NISPAcee MEMBERSHIP Presently, the NISPAcee enlists 120 Institutional members (from 22 countries), 34 Associate mem- bers (from 17 countries), and 210 Observers (from 35 countries). New Institutional members of the NISPAcee Romanian Association of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration, Cluj, Napoca, Romania New Associate members of the NISPAcee UNDP BiH (United Na- tions Development Programme) Sarajevo, Bosnia & Hercegovina Department of Political Science, Jonkoping Inter- national Business School, Jonkoping University, Sweden NISPAcee ACTIVITIES ARE SPONSORED MAINLY BY: – The Local Government and Public Service Re- form Initiative Open Society Institute, Budapest, Hungary – SIGMA/OECD, Paris, France (SIGMA- Support for Improvement in Governance and Management in Central and Eastern European Countries is a joint initiative of OECD/CCET and EU/PHARE mainly financed by EU/PHARE) - USAID, New York, USA – NASPAA (National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Ad- ministration), Washington, USA – UNDP RBEC (United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Europe & the Commonwealth of Independent States), Regional Support Center, Bratislava, Slovakia – UNDESA (United Nations Division of Public Economics and Public Administration) New York, USA – World Bank, Waschington, D.C., USA – Open Society Institute, New York, USA NISPAcee NEWS is published with the support of the Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative (Affiliated with the Open Society Institute), Nador ut. 11, 1525 Budapest 114, Hungary. NISPAcee News is published quarterly. We invite individuals as well as organisations to contrib-

ute to the third issue of volume XI. NISPAcee reserves the right to edit submissions for clarity, NISPAcee news 2/2004 style, grammar and space. The deadline for the next issue is May 31, 2004.

NISPAcee Secretariat Hanulova 5/B P.O.Box 163 840 02 Bratislava 42 Slovak Republic tel/fax: +421-2-6428 5357, 6428 5557 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.nispa.sk

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