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Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining

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Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining IC 9498 INFORMATION CIRCULAR/2007 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Information Circular 9498 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining Edited by Christopher Mark, Ph.D., P.E., Rimas Pakalnis, P.Eng., and Robert J. Tuchman DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pittsburgh Research Laboratory Pittsburgh, PA May 2007 This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. DISCLAIMER Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). In addition, citations to Web sites external to NIOSH do not constitute NIOSH endorsement of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products. Furthermore, NIOSH is not responsible for the content of these Web sites. The views expressed by non-NIOSH authors in these proceedings are not necessarily those of NIOSH. ORDERING INFORMATION To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at NIOSH—Publications Dissemination 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226–1998 Telephone: 1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674) Fax: 513–533–8573 e-mail: [email protected] or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2007–128 May 2007 SAFER • HEALTHIER • PEOPLE™ CONTENTS Page Abstract .........................................................................................................................................................................1 Rock mass characterization for excavations in mining and civil engineering, by N. Barton.........................................3 Mechanized excavability rating for hard-rock mining, by Z. T. Bieniawski and B. Celada........................................15 Rock mass characterization of primary copper ore for caving at the El Teniente mine, Chile, by A. Brzovic and E. Villaescusa ..........................................................................................................................................................25 Stope design considerations using rock mass classification tools at the Xstrata Zinc George Fisher mine, by G. W. Capes, J. P. Doolan, and L. B. Neindorf ..................................................................................................37 An integrated approach to support design in underground coal mines, by M. M. Gadde, J. A. Rusnak, and C. Mark....................................................................................................................................................................49 A rock mass rating scheme for clastic sediments based on geophysical logs, by P. J. Hatherly, T. P. Medhurst, and S. A. MacGregor...............................................................................................................................................57 Practical experiences with application of the coal mine roof rating (CMRR) in Australian coal mines, by D. Hill.................................................................................................................................................................65 Use of the mining rock mass rating (MRMR) classification: industry experience, by J. Jakubec and G. S. Esterhuizen .....................................................................................................................................................73 Classification-based probabilistic design of ground support, by R. B. Langston, H. A. D. Kirsten, G. C. Howell, and J. A. Marjerison ................................................................................................................................................79 The geological strength index (GSI): a characterization tool for assessing engineering properties for rock masses, by P. G. Marinos, V. Marinos, and E. Hoek...............................................................................................87 Development and application of the coal mine roof rating (CMRR), by C. Mark and G. M. Molinda.......................95 Problems with rock classification for empirical and numerical design, by D. Milne ................................................111 Weak rock mass design for underground mining operations, by R. Pakalnis, T. M. Brady, P. Hughes, C. Caceres, A. M. Ouchi, and M. M. MacLaughlin...............................................................................................119 Application of the Q-system to Australian underground metal mines, by W. A. Peck and M. F. Lee ......................129 Rock mass classification in German hard-coal mining: standards and application, by H. Witthaus and N. Polysos..............................................................................................................................................................141 Numerical modeling procedures for practical coal mine design, by R. K. Zipf, Jr....................................................153 UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT cm centimeter m3 cubic meter ft foot m/day meter per day g/cm3 gram per cubic centimeter m/s meter per second g/t gram per ton min minute GPa gigapascal mm millimeter hr hour MN/m meganewton per meter in inch MPa megapascal kg kilogram mt metric ton kJ/m3 kilojoule per cubic meter mt/m metric ton per meter km kilometer Mt million tons km2 square kilometer N/m newton per meter km/s kilometer per second N/m/m newton per meter per meter kN kilonewton N/mm2 newton per square millimeter kN/m kilonewton per meter psi pound-force per square inch kN/m2 kilonewton per meter squared rps revolution per second ksi 1,000 psi t/m ton per meter L/min liter per minute t/m2 ton per square meter L/sec liter per second tnf ton of force lb pound tnf/m2 ton of force per meter squared m meter µsec/m microsecond per meter m2 square meter PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION IN UNDERGROUND MINING Edited by Christopher Mark, Ph.D., P.E.,1 Rimas Pakalnis, P.Eng.,2 and Robert J. Tuchman3 ABSTRACT Rock mass classification is widely used throughout the underground mining industry—in both coal and hard- rock mines. It is used in all stages of the mining process, from site characterization to production operations. The goal of the International Workshop on Rock Mass Classification in Underground Mining was to provide a forum for leading practitioners of rock mass classification to come together and share their methods and experiences with the technique. The workshop was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on May 31, 2007. It was co-chaired by Christopher Mark, Ph.D., P.E., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, and Rimas Pakalnis, P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. The proceedings of the workshop contain 16 invited papers from 9 countries, reflecting the international depth and breadth of current practice. Applications in both hard-rock and coal mining are well represented. Some of the topics that were addressed at the workshop include: • Major rock mass classification systems used in mining and their variants • Collection of input data through observation, rock testing, and geophysics • Design of mine layouts and rock support systems using classification • Estimation of rock mass strength and other input parameters for numerical models from classification • Applications in weak rock, raise boring, cavability assessment, and other special topics • Risk assessment using rock mass classification 1Principal research mining engineer, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA. 2Associate professor of mining engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 3Technical writer-editor, Writer-Editor Services Branch, Division of Creative Services, National Center for Health Marketing, Coordinating Center for Health Information and Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA. ROCK MASS CHARACTERIZATION FOR EXCAVATIONS IN MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING By Nick Barton, Ph.D.1 ABSTRACT When the Q-system was launched in 1974, the name referred to rock mass classification, with focus on tunnel and cavern support selection. Besides empirical design of support, the Q-value, or its normalized value Qc, has been found to correlate with seismic P-wave velocity, with deformation modulus, and with deformation. The Q-system provides temporary or permanent support for road, rail, and mine roadway tunnels and for caverns for various uses. It also gives relative cost and time for tunnel construction for a complete range of rock qualities. There are also indications that Q has captured important elements of the cohesive and frictional strength of rock masses, with Qc resembling the product of rock mass cohesion and rock mass friction coefficient. Figure 1.—The contrast shown by these two core boxes suggests orders of magnitude differences in quality. Quanti- ROCK MASS VARIABILITY tative descriptions of shear strength and deformation modu- lus would vary by orders of magnitude as well. Quality From the outset, the Q-system has focused on sound, descriptors like RMR or GSI that suggest qualities differing simple empiricism that works because it reflects practice
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