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xi E OUTHEAST S TAT D S XPERIENCE Editors E RSIS Monograph No. 25 SIAN THE THE OUTH AN A S HE HE DEMILITARISING DEMILITARISING Rajesh Basrur and Kartik Bommakanti T RSIS Monograph No. 25 DEMILITARISING THE STATE - THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE Rajesh Basrur and Kartik Bommakanti ix RSIS MONOGRAPH NO. 25 DEMILITARISING THE STATE THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE Rajesh Basrur and Kartik Bommakanti Editors S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Note The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Editors or of RSIS. Copyright © 2012 each author for his or her own chapter Published by S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies Nanyang Technological University South Spine, S4, Level B4, Nanyang Avenue Singapore 639798 Telephone: 6790 6982 Fax: 6793 2991 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.rsis.edu.sg First published in 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Produced by BOOKSMITH ([email protected]) ISBN 978-981-07-3466-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contributors vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Rajesh Basrur and Kartik Bommakanti South Asia Chapter 2 Pakistan’s Civil-Military Balance 7 The Fourth Round Ayesha Siddiqa Chapter 3 Demilitarization 30 The Bangladesh Experience Bhumitra Chakma Southeast Asia Chapter 4 Trouble in Thailand 56 Failed Civilian Control amidst Fruitless Demilitarization Paul Chambers Chapter 5 Demilitarizing the State in Indonesia 82 Losing the Impetus for Reform? Leonard C. Sebastian and Iisgindarsah Chapter 6 The Cycle of Militarization, Demilitarization 110 and Remilitarization in the Philippines Renato Cruz De Castro AcknoWLEDGMents This project would not have been possible without the tireless efforts of numerous individuals who deserve the deepest gratitude. We thank Dean Barry Desker for encouraging us to pursue this project. Eugene Tan and his team ensured an excellent workshop – many thanks to Henny Pudiyawati, Tng Eng Cheong, Amudha Mani and Karim Bin Lampu. The smooth publication process was possible with the kind assistance of Mr. Kwa Chong Guan and of Bernard Chin and Juliana Binte Abdul Jaffar. Not least, the contributors showed both commitment and alacrity in reworking their initial drafts despite their hectic schedules. The RSIS Monograph Series Monograph No. Title 1 Neither Friend Nor Foe Myanmar’s Relations with Thailand since 1988 2 China’s Strategic Engagement with the New ASEAN 3 Beyond Vulnerability? Water in Singapore-Malaysia Relations 4 A New Agenda for the ASEAN Regional Forum 5 The South China Sea Dispute in Philippine Foreign Policy Problems, Challenges and Prospects 6 The OSCE and Co-operative Security in Europe Lessons for Asia 7 Betwixt and Between Southeast Asian Strategic Relations with the U.S. and China 8 Fading Away? The Political Role of the Army in Indonesian Transition to Democracy, 1998–2001 9 The Post-Tsunami Reconstruction of Aceh and the Implementation of the Peace Agreement 10 Post-Suharto Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia 11 People’s ASEAN and Governments’ ASEAN 12 Forgetting Osama Bin Munqidh, Remembering Osama bin Laden The Crusades in Modern Muslim Memory The RSIS Monograph Series Monograph No. Title 13 Do Institutions Matter? Regional Institutions and Regionalism in East Asia 14 Population Movements and the Threat of HIV/AIDS Virus at the Bangladesh-India Border 15 Collaboration under Anarchy Functional Regionalism and the Security of East Asia 16 Pandemic Preparedness in Asia 17 The 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks Strategic Fallout 18 Islamic Education in Malaysia 19 Practising Strategic Foresight in Government The Cases of Finland, Singapore and the European Union 20 A Decade of Combating Radical Ideology Learning from the Singapore Experience (2001–2011) 21 From ‘Boots’ to ‘Brogues’ The Rise of Defence Diplomacy in Southeast Asia 22 ASEAN-China Free Trade Area Challenges, Opportunities and the Road Ahead 23 India-Japan Relations Drivers, Trends and Prospects 24 Climate Change, Migration and Human Security in Southeast Asia ContrIBUtors The Editors Rajesh Basrur is Professor of International Relations and Coor- dinator of the South Asia Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. He is the author of South Asia’s Cold War (Routledge, 2008) and Minimum Deterrence and India’s Nuclear Security (Stanford University Press, 2006) and has edited Chal- lenges to Democracy in India (Oxford University Press, 2009). Kartik Bommakanti is Senior Research Analyst with the South Asia Programme at S. Rajaratnam School of International Stud- ies (RSIS). He is the author of “Control and Coercion: Explaining India’s Victory at Kargil” (India Review, Vol. 10 No. 3, July – Sep- tember 2011, pp. 283–328) and “Satellite Integration and Multiple Independently Retargetable Reentry Vehicles Technology: Indian- United States Civilian Space Cooperation” (Astropolitics, Vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 7–31, 2009). The Authors Ayesha Siddiqa is an Islamabad-based independent social scien- tist. She is the author of Military Inc: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (Pluto Press, 2007)), Pakistan’s Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979–9: In Search of a Policy (Palgrave, 2007); and “Pakistan’s Counterterrorism Strategy: Separating Friends from Enemies” (Washington Quarterly, Winter 2011). Bhumitra Chakma is Senior Lecturer and Director of the South Asia Project, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Hull. He is the author of Pakistan’s Nuclear Weap- ons (Routledge, 2009), Strategic Dynamics and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation in South Asia (Peter Lang, 2004) and editor of The Politics of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia (Ashgate, 2011). vii Iisgindarsah is Researcher at the Centre for Strategic and Inter- national Studies (CSIS), Jakarta. Previously, he was Research Analyst at S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Singapore. He is the author of “The Cocos Islands Plan and Indonesia’s Dynamic Equilibrium” (Strategic Weekly Analysis, Future Directions International, 26 April 2012) and “Indonesia’s Democratic Politics and Foreign-policy Making: A Case Study of Iranian Nuclear Issue, 2007-2008” (RSIS Working Paper, No. 236, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 19 April 2012). Paul Chambers is Research Director and Lecturer in the Southeast Asian Institute of Global Studies (SEAIGS) at Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. He has published widely on democratisa- tion and civil-military relations in Southeast Asia as well as the political economy of the Mekong region. He is the author, with Thein Swe, of “Cashing in” Across the Golden Triangle: Thailand’s Northern Border Trade with China, Myanmar, and Lao PDR (Silkworm Books, 2011), and co-editor, with Aurel Croissant, of Democracy under Stress: Civil-Military Relations in South and Southeast Asia (ISIS, 2010). Renato De Castro is Professor at the International Studies Depart- ment, De La Salle University, Manila, and the holder of the Charles Lui Chi Keung Professorial Chair in China Studies. His recent works include: “The Philippines in 2011: Muddling through a Year of Learning and Adjustment” (Asian Survey, January/Febru- ary 2012), “The Aquino Administration’s 2011 Decision to Shift Philippine Defense Policy from Internal Security to Territorial Defense” (Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, March 2012) and “The Obama Administration’s (Neo-Liberal) Engagement Policy in East Asia: Implications for U.S.-China Relations in the 21st Century” (Issues and Studies, June 2011). Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator of the Indonesia Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of Interna- tional Studies. He is the author of Realpolitik Ideology: Indonesia’s Use of Military Force (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005). viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Rajesh Basrur & Kartik Bommakanti everal countries in the post-colonial era went through social and political upheavals and came under military rule or experienced nominal civilian control with varying degrees of military domi- Snance. With the passage of time, military regimes or military-dominated governments were unable to effectively exercise power and progressively relinquished power to elected civilian representatives. How have the post-military regimes fared in South and Southeast Asia? This volume, which revolves around this central question, is the outcome of a work- shop held in Singapore in March 2011 by the South Asia Programme of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). The objective of this study is to develop a deeper understanding of civil-military rela- tions in post-military regimes. In generic terms, this exercise in comparative civil-military relations offers several insights that are relevant to a wider understanding of the state of civil-military relations in developing societies. These insights evaluate a range of factors influencing the civil-military balance. These include the formal distribution of power between the civilian and mili- tary branches of government, the informal interaction between the two sectors, the extent of an external threat to the state, the degree of insta- bility in domestic governance under civilian control; the effectiveness of civilian institutions and processes; the strength of civil society; the level of the military’s penetration

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