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Regulation by Secretin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

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Regulation by Secretin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 77, No. 11, pp. 6907-6911, November 1980 Neurobiology Regulation by secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin of cyclic AMP accumulation in cultured brain cells (glioblasts/peptides/adenylate cyclase/receptors/gastrointestinal hormones) DIETRICH VAN CALKER, MARGARETE MOLLER, AND BERND HAMPRECHT* Max-Planck-Institut fur Biochemie, 8033 Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany Communicated by Martin Lindauer, August 11, 1980 ABSTRACT Secretin stimulates the accumulation of cyclic Germany. Synthetic VIP (porcine) was from Peninsula Labo- AMP (half maximally stimulating concentration: 10-20 nM) in ratories, San Carlos, CA. Identical results were obtained with cultured mouse brain cells mainly consisting of glioblasts. the two preparations of somatostatin and VIP. The sources of Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is much less ptent in raising the level of cyclic AMP in these cultures. The effect of secretin all other materials are given elsewhere (7, 8). but not that of VIP is inhibited by secretin45-27), a synthetic Cell Culture. Brain cells were obtained from neonatal antagonist of secretin. Stimulation of the adrenergic a-receptors BALB/c mice by mechanical dissociation (7). A suspension of and the adenosine A1-receptors present on the cells attenuates 3 X 106 viable cells (viability 50%, as determined by exclusion the increase in cyclic AMP evoked by secretin and VIP. Soma- of nigrosin) in 5 ml of growth medium (90% Dulbecco's mod- tostatin at low concentrations inhibits the accumulation of cy- ified Eagle's medium, 10% fetal calf serum, Na penicillin at 20 clic AMP (half-maximally inhibitory concentration: 3 nM), in sulfate at 20 the absence or presence of secretin, VIP, or isoproterenol. The units/ml, streptomycin lug/ml) was seeded onto results suggest that secretin might regulate the concentration replica plastic petri dishes 60 mm in diameter and cultured at of cyclic AMP in brain and provoke the question of a possible 370C in a humidified atmosphere of 90% air/10% CO2 (pH of involvement of glial cells in the action of peptide hormones in medium: 7.4 at 370G). The medium was renewed once on the the brain. sixth day of culture irrespective of the total length of the culture period (see legends of figures and table). The pH of the medium Various peptides are known to be common to the brain and the does not change up to a culture time of 4 weeks. Such cultures gastrointestinal tract and pancreas (1). Some of these peptides consist mainly of epithelioid cells (9) considered to be astroblasts, (e.g., substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin) have been shown which can differentiate to resemble mature astrocytes (10, 11). to elicit specific behavioral changes or changes in specific They are employed as models for glial cells (5, 7, 12, 13), be- neuron firing rates or patterns (for review see refs. 2-4). They cause they express presumptive glial markers (5, 14-17) (for are, therefore, hypothesized to act on neurons as neuromodu- review see ref. 5). To ensure that the cells we used closely re- lators or neurotransmitters. Some neurohormones are also semble the rat brain cells described by others (5, 9-12, 14) we known to act on glial cells by regulating the intracellular level have confirmed (unpublished data) the following properties: of cyclic AMP (for review see ref. 5). The possibility had to be (i) morphology (9, 10), (Ui) morphological differentiation to considered that this would not only hold for biogenic amines astrocyte-like cells in the presence of butyryl derivatives of such as norepinephrine but also for peptide hormones. There- cyclic AMP (10, 11), (iii) presence of the glial fibrillary acidic fore, we investigated the effects of peptide hormones on the protein in the majority of cells present in the cultures as shown accumulation of cyclic AMP in glial cell cultures derived from by immunofluorescence (14). As already reported for rat brain neonatal mouse brain. We report-here that somatostatin inhibits cells (9), no morphologically distinguishable neurons can be the basal and the hormone-induced accumulation of cyclic observed in the cultures. In addition, the absence from such AMP in such primary cultures. Furthermore, we report that cultures of the neuron-specific antigens 14-3-2, DI, D2, and D3 the gastrointestinal hormones secretin and vasoactive intestinal (17) and of the neuronal marker enzyme glutamate decarbox- peptide (VIP) stimulate the accumulation of cyclic AMP in ylase (18, 19) indicates that neurons are missing from such these cultures, probably via different types of receptors. Thus cultures. a possible role of peptide hormones in the function of glial cells Experimental Incubation. A detailed description of the is indicated. In addition, the results suggest that secretin or a incubation procedure is given elsewhere (20). Briefly, before closely related compound might exert regulatory influence in the experimental incubation the cultures were washed with 2 the brain. A preliminary report of some of these results has been ml of incubation medium (identical with Dulbecco's modified presented at a conference (6). Eagle's medium except that it contained 24.6 g of NaHCO3 per liter instead of 37 g and that it was adjusted to 320 milliosmoles MATERIALS AND METHODS per liter by addition of NaCl). Thereafter they were incubated Materials. Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and fetal (10 min, 37°C, pH 7.4) in 2 ml of incubation medium con- bovine serum (GIBCO) were from C. Roth, Karlsruhe, Federal taining the various additions, before the concentration of in- Republic of Germany. A partially purified preparation of VIP tracellular cyclic AMP was determined (6, 7, 21). The number (porcine) was kindly donated by V. Mutt, Stockholm, Sweden. of cells per plate at the time of incubation cannot be given, Isolated somatostatin (cyclic; bovine) was from Beckman, because it has not been possible to completely detach the cells Munchen, Federal Republic of Germany. Synthetic somatos- and generate a suspension of single cells without destroying a tatin (cyclic; bovine) and secretin (porcine) were kind gifts of Abbreviations: iBuMeXan, isobutylmethylxanthine; VIP, vasoactive L. Moroder and E. Wuinsch, Martinsried, Federal Republic of intestinal peptide; Ro 20-1724, 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2- imidazolidinone; secretin-(5-27), fragment of secretin consisting of The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page residues 5-27. charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "ad- * To whom reprint requests should be addressed. Present address: vertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universitit, Koellikerstrasse this fact. 2, 8700 Wuirzburg, Federal Republic of Germany. 6907 Downloaded by guest on October 2, 2021 6908 Neurobiology: van Calker et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 (1980) large number of them. The results are means + standard de- viations of triplicate incubations carried out in parallel on replica plates. Each experiment has been carried out at least twice (with comparable results). RESULTS Secretin and VIP. In the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (iBuMeXan; ref. 22), secretin and VIP increase the content of cyclic AMP in the cultured brain cells (Fig. 1, curve a; Fig. 2, curves a and c). This increase cannot be due to an action of the peptides at the receptors al- ready known to be present on the cells-i.e., adrenergic a- and f-receptors (7) and adenosine Al- and A2-receptors (13, 21, 23)-because the effects are not prevented by the corre- sponding antagonists phentolamine, propranolol, and iBu- MeXan, respectively (Table 1). The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Ro 20-1724; ref. 24) was used in experiments 1 and 4 (Table 1), because iBuMeXan is also a potent antagonist of adenosine Al- and A2-receptors (21, 23). However, 3 ,M secretin-(5-27), a syn- thetic fragment of secretin known as an antagonist of secretin cc 9 8 7 6 (25), produces a parallel shift to the right in the dose-response -log[peptide] (M) curve for secretin (Fig. 1, curve b). In contrast, 3 AM secretin- FIG. 2. Stimulation by various concentrations ofsecretin (curves (5-27) does not antagonize the effect of VIP (Fig. 2, curves c a and b) and VIP (synthetic; curves c and d) of cyclic AMP accumu- and d). VIP is much less potent than secretin in stimulating the lation in cultured brain cells in the absence (curves a and c) or pres- accumulation of cyclic AMP in the cultures (Fig. 2). Fig. 2, ence (curves b and d) of 3MuM secretin-(5-27). Cells were cultured for 28 days. All incubations were in the presence of 0.5 mM iBuMeXan. curves c and d, might suggest a biphasic response of the cultures Accumulations were, in terms of pmol of cyclic AMP per mg of pro- to VIP. However, in two repetitions of the experiment no bi- tein: control, 44 + 4; 0.1 AM secretin, 3700 ± 90; 0.1 MM VIP, 800 + phasic dose-response curves were obtained. From one cell batch 140; secretin + VIP, 4660 I 150. Protein, 1.2 mg per plate. Other de- to another, at a given hormone concentration, the responses to tails as in Fig. 1. secretin and VIP vary appreciably. Such as yet unexplained variability of the response has also been observed for isoprote- The increase in the level of cyclic AMP evoked by secretin renol in the brain cell system and for other hormones in per- and VIP is completed within, respectively, 5 or 2 min (Fig. 3, manent cell lines (7). curves a and b). Secretin and VIP increase the level of cyclic AMP also in the absence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, al- though the effect is about one order of magnitude lower (Fig.
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