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Tc Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı

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Tc Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI I. DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONUNA KADAR MACARİSTAN DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖZTÜRK Muzaffer ŞEN ELAZIĞ – 2016 T.C. FIRAT ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI I. DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONUNA KADAR MACARİSTAN DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN HAZIRLAYAN Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖZTÜRK Muzaffer ŞEN Jürimiz, ……… tarihinde yapılan tez savunma sınavı sonunda bu yüksek lisans / doktora tezini oy birliği / oy çokluğu ile başarılı saymıştır. Jüri Üyeleri: 1. Prof. Dr. 2. 3. 4. 5. F. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yönetim Kurulunun …... tarih ve ……. sayılı kararıyla bu tezin kabulü onaylanmıştır. Prof. Dr. Zahir KIZMAZ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürü II ÖZET Doktora Tezi I. Dünya Savaşı Sonuna Kadar Macaristan Muzaffer ŞEN Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Yakınçağ Bilim Dalı Elazığ-2016; Sayfa: XIV + 413 Göçebe bir yaşam süren Macarlar yerleşik düzene 890 yıllarında Karpatlar Havzası’na gelmeleri ile geçmişlerdir. O nedenle bu dönem yurt tutuş evresi olarak da isimlendirilmiştir. Yaklaşık 1000 yıllarında Aziz István döneminde Hristiyanlığı benimseyerek buradaki varlıklarını pekiştirmişlerdir. XIV. yüzyıla gelindiğinde Türklerle karşılaşmışlar ve Mohaç yenilgisinin ardından Macar Devleti dağılmış ve üç parçaya ayrılmıştır. Topraklarının bir kısmı Osmanlı yönetimine, bir kısmı Avusturya yönetimine geçmiştir. Fakat Osmanlı Devleti’nin bölgede gücünü yitirmesiyle ondan kalan otorite boşluğunu ve Macaristan topraklarını Avusturya ele geçirmiştir. Fakat Avusturya İmparatorluğu’nun baskıcı sindirici politikaları Macarları ayaklanmaya itmiştir. Önce İmre Thököly, ardından da Ferenc Rákóczi önderliğinde iki defa ayaklandılarsa da başarılı olamamışlardır. Avrupa’da Fransız İhtilali’nin etkileri hızla yayılırken milliyetçi düşünceler de gittikçe kuvvetlenmiştir. Bu durumdan rahatsızlık duyan Avrupalı devletler, Fransız İhtilali’nin etkilerini hafifletmek amacıyla 1815’de Viyana Kongresi’ni gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Avrupa milliyetçilik akımı ile çalkalanırken, bağımsızlık ateşiyle yanan ve Avusturya’nın baskıcı yönetiminden usanan Macarlar 1848 yılında Lajos Kossuth önderliğinde ayaklanmışlardır. Tam muvaffakiyet elde edecekken Rusya’nın Avusturya’ya yardımı üzerine geri adım atmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bundan sonra Macarlar 1867’de ikili monarşi kurulana dek kendi kabuklarına çekilmişlerdir. Dış III politikada milliyetçi söylemlerin artması İtalya’nın ve Almanya’nın birliğini sağlaması Avusturya’nın gözünü korkutmuş, arkasını sağlama almak adına Macarlar’a ikili monarşi teklifinde bulunmuşlardır. Avrupa’daki çıkar çatışmaları ve yapılan çeşitli uluslararası anlaşmalar Avrupa’da bloklaşmalara neden olmuştur. Avusturya’nın Bosna Hersek’i işgal ve ilhakı ile büyük savaşın zemini hazırlanmıştır. Avusturya veliahdının bir Sırplı tarafından öldürülmesi sonucu Avusturya-Sırbistan Savaşı başlamış, diğer devletlerin de katılımıyla bir dünya savaşına dönüşmüştür. Savaşı Avusturya’nın da bulunduğu İttifak bloğunun kaybetmesiyle İkili monarşinin, milliyetçi düşüncelerin de tesiriyle parçalanma süreci hızlanmıştır. Yenilen devletlerin durumunu görüşmek üzere Paris Barış Konferansı toplanmış, yenilen devletlerle barış antlaşmaları imzalanmıştır. Bu kapsamda Macaristan ile de Trianon Antlaşması imzalanmıştır. Dağılmanın ardından Macaristan topraklarının ve nüfusunun yaklaşık 2/3’ünü kaybetmiştir. Kaybedilen topraklar, Çekoslavakya, Avusturya, Yugoslavya, Romanya, Ukrayna, İtalya ve Polonya’ya Paris Barış Konferansı neticesinde imzalanan antlaşmalarla verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Macaristan Tarihi, Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu, I. Dünya Savaşı, Barış Antlaşmaları, Trianon Barış Antlaşması IV ABSTRACT Doctorate Thesis Hungary Until The End of World War I Muzaffer ŞEN The University of Fırat The Institute of Social Science The Department of Elazığ-2016; Page: XIV + 413 The Hungarians were living a nomadic life until they moved to Carpathian Basin in 890 where they started to live a sedentery life. Because of that this period is called land holding period. Around 1000 A.D. in the time of St. Istvan Hungarians adopted Christianity and strengthened their presence in the Carpathian area. In the 14th century Hungarians encountered Turks and after the loss in the Battle Of Mohacs, Hungarian State was divided into 3 parts. Some of the land was ruled by Ottomans and some of them by Austrians. But after the Ottomans lost there power in the area, the lack of power and authority was filled by the Austrians. But the oppressive behaviour of the Austrian rule, led Hungarians to riot against them. First in the lead of İmre Thököly then Ferenc Rákóczi Hungarians rioted against Austrian rule twice but these riots did not succeed. While the effects of French Revolution were spreading really fast in Europe, nationalist ideas were getting stronger and stronger. Some of the European states were not happy with this, so in order to minimise the effects of this situation, they summoned a convention in Vienna in 1815.While Europe was shaking with nationalist movements, the Hungarians were bored of this oppressive Austrian rule and they wanted their freedom. So they rioted again in the leadership of Lajos Kossuth. As they were about to succeed the Russian aid to Austria made Hungarians to step back. After these events, Hungarians remained silent until the dual monarchy which was formed in 1867. The increase in nationalist rhetoric in foreign policy and both Germany and Italy getting V powerful was scaring Austria. So in order to stay safe, Austrians offered Hungarians dual monarchy. The agreements and common interests made some blocks in Europe. Austrian occupation and annexation in Bosnia prepared the ground for the “Great War”. The war started after the assassination of the Austrian Prince by a Serbian, after joined by other states to be the First World War. After the Alliance forces which included Austria lost the war and the nationalist ideas quickened the fall of dual monarchy. To discuss the situations of the losing states Paris Peace Conference was held and some treaties were signed with losing states. In this matter Treaty of Trianon was signed with Hungary. After the disintegration, Hungry lost 2/3 of her land and population. The lost lands were given to Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Ukraine, Italy and Poland as a result of the treaties in the Paris Peace Conference. Key Words: History of the Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, World War I, Paris Peace Conference, Trianon Peace Treaty VI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................. VI TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................. IX ÖN SÖZ .......................................................................................................................... X KISALTMALAR ....................................................................................................... XIV GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1. 19. YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINA KADAR MACARLAR ................................. 7 1.1. Macarların Kökenleri ve Bugünkü Yurtlarına Gelişleri ......................................... 7 1.2. Hristiyanlığı Kabul Etmeleri ve Tarihi Macaristan’ın Kurulması ....................... 13 1.3. Osmanlı Devletinin Avrupa’ya Geçişi ve Türk-Macar İlişkileri ......................... 28 1.4. Mohaç Meydan Muharebesi ve Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti ......................................... 38 1.5. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Macaristan’dan Çekilmesi ve Habsburglar Dönemi ........................................................................................................................ 48 1.6. Fransız İhtilali ve Sonraki Dönemde Macaristan ................................................ 60 1.7. 1815 Viyana Kongresi.......................................................................................... 67 1.8. 1848 Macar İhtilali ............................................................................................... 73 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2. AVUSTURYA-MACARİSTAN İMPARATORLUĞU DÖNEMİ ....................... 81 2.1. 19. Yüzyıldaki Siyasi Gelişmelerin Ardından İtalya ve Alman Birliklerinin Sağlanması .................................................................................................................. 81 2.1.1. Genel .............................................................................................................. 81 2.1.2. İtalyan Birliği’nin Sağlanması ....................................................................... 82 2.1.3. Alman Birliği’nin Sağlanması ....................................................................... 86 2.2. Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu ve Macaristan ........................................... 90 2.2.1. 1848-1867 Dönemi Gelişmeleri ve İkili Monarşiye Giden Süreç ................. 90 2.2.2. İkili Monarşi ve Macaristan ......................................................................... 105 2.3. Avrupa’da Güç Mücadeleleri, Blokların Oluşması ve Avusturya-Macaristan’ın Bloklar İçindeki Yeri ................................................................................................
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