O Beatle Por Trás Das Lentes: a Intencionalidade De Grossman Durante a Visita Dos Garotos De Liverpool Aos Estados Unidos

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O Beatle Por Trás Das Lentes: a Intencionalidade De Grossman Durante a Visita Dos Garotos De Liverpool Aos Estados Unidos O Beatle por trás das lentes: a intencionalidade de Grossman durante a visita dos garotos de Liverpool aos Estados Unidos Diogo Xavier Saes Paulo César Boni Resumo: O estudo aqui proposto debruça-se sobre a primeira visita do quarteto britânico, The Beatles, aos Estados Unidos, incluindo sua apresentação no programa televisivo de Ed Sullivan, em 1964. Analisando duas fotografias de Henry Grossman sobre o fato, com o amparo da metodologia da intencionalidade da comunicação, aflorou-se a compreensão de como o fotógrafo registrou o acontecimento e qual linguagem técnica e elementos de composição visual foram aplicados nas imagens. Palavras-chave: Fotografia. Intencionalidade de comunicação. The Beatles. Henry Grossman. Abstract: The Beatle behind the lens: the Grossman’s intentionatily during the liverpool’s boy’s visit to the USA. The study presented here focuses on the first visit of the British quartet, The Beatles, to the USA and its presentation at the Ed Sullivan TV show in 1964. Analyzing two photographs taken by Henry Grossman about the fact, with the support of the methodology of the intentionality of communication, it was possible to understand how the photographer captured the event and which technical language and visual composition elements were applied on the images. Keywords: Photograph. Communication intentionatily. The Beatles. Henry Grossman. REU, Sorocaba, SP, v. 40, n. 1, p. 51-61, jun. 2014 51 SAES, Diogo Xavier; BONI, Paulo César. O Beatle por trás das lentes: a intencionalidade de Grossman durante a visita dos garotos de Liverpool aos Estados Unidos. Introdução Fenômeno. Esta é uma das definições dada à banda fundada em Liverpool, The Beatles, que desbravou o mundo com suas músicas, estilos e mensagens. Neste processo de rompimento das fronteiras geográficas, The Beatles fizeram sua primeira visita aos Estados Unidos em Fevereiro de 1964 e foram assistidos no programa de Ed Sullivan – The Ed Sullivan Show – por aproximadamente 74 milhões de espectadores – quase metade da população norte-americana da época –, estabelecendo um recorde de audiência. Henry Grossman, fotógrafo que acompanhou o quarteto britânico principalmente entre 1964 e 1968, registrou a primeira vez que os sapatos de McCartney, Lennon, Harrison e Starr tocaram o solo americano, e sua apresentação no referido programa de televisão. Este registro fotográfico de um acontecimento de grande representatividade para o universo musical é uma fonte interessante para a compreensão de como os então meninos do norte da Inglaterra eram vistos pelo público. Ao longo da carreira dos The Beatles, a banda adotou diferentes estilos visuais, comportamentos cênicos e apresentações distintas. Este artigo traz à margem do entendimento como Henry Grosmann fotografou e exibiu o conjunto britânico nos Estados Unidos, como a imagem do grupo foi transmitida pelas suas lentes. Para tal, um recorte de duas fotografias foi selecionado e a metodologia da intencionalidade da comunicação empregada. Derogatis e Kot (2011, p. 15) indagam: “já não foi dito tudo sobre essas bandas [The Beatles e The Rolling Stones] – mais de duas vezes?”. Mas, no decorrer de suas pesquisas, comprovam que muito ainda pode ser extraído e descoberto sobre estes grupos, incluindo The Beatles, mesmo ambos sendo tão midiatizados. A possibilidade de novas descobertas e desdobramentos, assim como a influência histórica da banda, fomentaram a investigação deste estudo. O Beatle por trás das lentes Conforme relatos da Grossman Enterprises (2013), Henry Grossman, natural de Nova York, estudou fotografia no Metropolitan Vocational High School. Quando estava na Brandeis REU, Sorocaba, SP, v. 40, n. 1, p. 51-61, jun. 2014 52 SAES, Diogo Xavier; BONI, Paulo César. O Beatle por trás das lentes: a intencionalidade de Grossman durante a visita dos garotos de Liverpool aos Estados Unidos. University, com uma bolsa de estudos, fotografou convidados ilustres em entrevistas, como Eleanor Roosevelt e John F. Kennedy, constituindo um portfólio único e bastante representativo, principalmente para um fotógrafo tão jovem que ainda estava em torno de seus vinte anos. Assim, com um início de carreira marcado com alguns destaques, Grossman foi convidado, posteriormente, a fotografar para as revistas Life, Time, Newsweek, para o jornal The New York Times, entre outros meios de comunicação reconhecidos mundialmente, cobrindo o cotidiano de figuras políticas, escritores, escultores, pintores e, principalmente, atores e atrizes. Entre tantos ilustres nomes que foram clicados por Henry, pode-se elencar Elizabeth Taylor, Pavarotti, Richard Nixon, Patty Boyd, entre outros. Ele também atuou como fotógrafo oficial da Broadway. No cenário musical, em meio aos acordes, composições, melodias e ao som sujo do rock, Grossman investiu algumas películas para gravar a luz que fora incidida em Jimi Hendrix, Rod Stewart, Joe Cocker, The Supremes, Thelonious Monk e outros. Mas o grupo o qual ele mais teve contato, que lhe rendeu inúmeras fotografias publicadas e um legado histórico foi The Beatles. Com os FabFour1, Henry Grossman fotografou principalmente entre 1964 e 1968. Mesmo com um background que tendia a uma vertente clássica e retratos, o fotógrafo, que era apenas poucos anos mais velho que os integrantes dos Beatles, estabeleceu laços fortes e um relacionamento estreito com os ingleses, firmando uma conexão harmônica que pavimentou o caminho para fotografias que viriam a ser capturadas do dia-a-dia da banda, para o registro dos momentos fora dos palcos, da intimidade e informalidade dos garotos em meio a amigos e parentes. A intencionalidade Fotografia está diretamente relacionada à luz. “A palavra Fotografia significa desenhar (ou escrever) com a luz. [...] Cada vez que se tira uma fotografia, está-se de facto a deixar que a luz existente desenhe a sua própria imagem [...].” (LANGFORD, 1979, p. 11, grifos do autor). Souza e Custódio (2005) relembram ainda que o intuito inicial da fotografia foi o realismo, 1 Apelido dado aos Beatles; uma abreviatura de Fabulous Four, ou “O Quarteto Fantástico” (tradução livre). REU, Sorocaba, SP, v. 40, n. 1, p. 51-61, jun. 2014 53 SAES, Diogo Xavier; BONI, Paulo César. O Beatle por trás das lentes: a intencionalidade de Grossman durante a visita dos garotos de Liverpool aos Estados Unidos. possibilitando gigantesca contribuição para o aspecto documental e, em um segundo momento, sendo popularizada pela imprensa como um veículo de informação. Eles ainda mostram que a fotografia presenteou a humanidade com uma nova maneira de entender e vislumbrar o que está à nossa volta. Para os mesmos autores (2005, p. 237), “as características inerentes à fotografia [...] transformam-na numa explosão inimaginável de produção imagética jamais vista ou pensada”. Assim, pode-se perceber que com a escrita da luz têm-se infinitas possibilidades de criações de imagens. Kossoy (2009) acredita que toda fotografia possui uma finalidade, um propósito, e que esta imagem criada sempre terá sua carga de informatividade, armazenando seu registro iconográfico como meio de informação. A associação dos elementos dispostos em uma imagem nos abastece com determinadas informações e compreender essas informações consiste em desempenhar a leitura fotográfica. Ao analisar determinada imagem, sua representação é exalada pelos pixels (no caso de câmeras digitais) que armazenam uma mensagem, que funcionam como os poros da fotografia e transpiram sua essência. Mas, é importante salientar que essa essência expelida não é simplesmente engendrada. Ela teve sua gênese e passou por um processo de concepção, por etapas e estágios que antecederam o momento do click do fotógrafo. Observar uma fotografia, então, com um olhar retroativo, é exercitar a desconstrução da imagem, procurando um diálogo com a realidade dinâmica presenciada pelo fotógrafo e, dessa maneira, perfilar a linguagem técnica com o intuito de diagnosticar a intencionalidade do autor do disparo. Esse olhar desconstrutivo da imagem, proposto por Boni (2000, p. 49), é a metodologia empregada na análise torneada neste artigo: Alguns recursos técnicos e uma série de elementos que compõem a linguagem fotográfica são largamente utilizados pelos profissionais da fotografia, em particular o repórter fotográfico, para auxiliar a manifestação do seu pensar através de uma foto. Ele lança mão desses elementos para “descrever” ao leitor o seu pensar sobre o que fotografou. Esses elementos são uma espécie de vocabulário utilizado para “traduzir” para o leitor o significado que o fotógrafo havia construído antes de apertar o disparador de seu equipamento fotográfico. Cada indivíduo possui um receptáculo diferente e, consequentemente, pode absorver cognatos distintos de uma mensagem fotográfica. Por isso, a intencionalidade da comunicação se REU, Sorocaba, SP, v. 40, n. 1, p. 51-61, jun. 2014 54 SAES, Diogo Xavier; BONI, Paulo César. O Beatle por trás das lentes: a intencionalidade de Grossman durante a visita dos garotos de Liverpool aos Estados Unidos. mostra importante, pois ela corrobora para a minimização de plurais na interpretação, denotando a reverberação na mensagem edificada pelo fotógrafo. Fotografias “significam conceitos programados, visando a programar magicamente o comportamento de seus receptores” (FLUSSER, 2002, p. 37). Ainda, não é suficiente o fotógrafo se preparar para uma composição imagética pretendida se ele perder o instante decisivo, conforme diria Cartier-Bresson em sua frase pinçada do cardeal de Retz (ASSOULINE, 2012). Além de traduzir em uma fotografia toda linguagem
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