Long-Term Deer Exclosure Alters Soil Properties, Plant Traits, Understory Plant Community and Insect Herbivory, but Not the Functional Relationships Among Them
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Oecologia (2017) 184:685–699 DOI 10.1007/s00442-017-3895-3 ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY – ORIGINAL RESEARCH Long-term deer exclosure alters soil properties, plant traits, understory plant community and insect herbivory, but not the functional relationships among them Jörg G. Stephan1 · Fereshteh Pourazari2 · Kristina Tattersdill3 · Takuya Kobayashi4 · Keita Nishizawa5 · Jonathan R. De Long6,7 Received: 25 January 2017 / Accepted: 3 June 2017 / Published online: 1 July 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Evidence of the indirect effects of increasing concentrations. When deer were absent, S. palmata plants global deer populations on other trophic levels is increas- grew taller, with more, larger, and tougher leaves with ing. However, it remains unknown if excluding deer alters higher polyphenol concentrations. Deer absence led to ecosystem functional relationships. We investigated how higher leaf area consumed by all insect guilds, but lower sika deer exclosure after 18 years changed soil conditions, insect herbivory per plant due to increased resource abun- the understory plant community, the traits of a dominant dance (i.e., a dilution effect). This indicates that deer pres- understory plant (Sasa palmata), herbivory by three insect- ence strengthened insect herbivory per plant, while in deer feeding guilds, and the functional relationships between absence plants compensated losses with growth. Because these properties. Deer absence decreased understory plant plant defenses increased in the absence of deer, higher diversity, but increased soil organic matter and ammonium insect abundances in deer absence may have outweighed lower consumption rates. A path model revealed that the functional relationships between the measured proper- Communicated by Sarah M Emery. ties were similar between deer absence versus presence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this Taken together, deer altered the abiotic and biotic envi- article (doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3895-3) contains supplementary ronment, thereby changing insect herbivory, which might material, which is available to authorized users. impact upon nutrient cycling and primary productivity. These results provide evidence that deer can alter interac- * Jonathan R. De Long [email protected] tions between trophic levels, but that functional relation- ships between certain ecosystem components may remain 1 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural constant. These fndings highlight the need to consider how Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden increasing global deer populations can have cascade effects 2 Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University that might alter ecosystem dynamics. of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 3 Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish Keywords Trophic cascade · Phenotypic plasticity · University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Herbivore load · Plant diversity · Plant defense 4 Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa‑oiwake, Sakyo, Kyoto 606‑8502, Japan Introduction 5 Department of Environment and Natural Sciences, Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79‑7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Dramatic increases in deer populations have become Kanagawa 240‑8501, Japan a global issue (Côté et al. 2004; Takatsuki 2009a; War- 6 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University ren 2011). The presence of deer can impact on ecosys- of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, England, UK tem processes such as successional trajectories (Gill and 7 Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Beardall 2001), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus budgets University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden (Abbas et al. 2012) and landscape-level water cycling 1 3 686 Oecologia (2017) 184:685–699 (Hobbs 1996). Further, deer grazing alters plant com- et al. 2011), with subsequent effects on ecosystem function munity composition (Abrams and Johnson 2012; Habeck and processes. and Schultz 2015; Perea et al. 2014), as deer selectively Recently, the effect of deer grazing on multiple trophic graze on preferred species, which allows unpalatable groups has been gaining greater attention (Cardinal et al. species to proliferate (Takatsuki and Itô 2009; Wardle 2012; Côté et al. 2004; Davalos et al. 2015; Foster et al. et al. 2001). Additionally, the effect of deer grazing on 2014). In Japan, the Sika deer (Cervus nippon), which is tree seedling establishment can be positive (i.e., reduce found on all the major islands, has expanded its range by competition with other vegetation) or negative (i.e., deer 70% in recent decades (Nakajima 2007). Increased sika selectively browse seedlings) (Itô and Hino 2005). There- deer grazing favors the dominance of the unpalatable shrub fore, studying the effects of deer herbivory is crucial Berberis thunbergii, which in turn benefted the Japanese to understanding how ecosystem functioning could be Macaque (Macaca fuscata) that feeds upon its berries altered as climate and land use change continue to impact (Tsuji and Takatsuki 2004). However, in another study on deer populations globally. sika deer grazing reduced the arthropod community as a Damage done directly to plants by large herbivores such result of decreased understory plant cover (Katagiri and as deer often induces fundamental phenotypic changes to Hijii 2015). Furthermore, deer grazing may infuence the both the physical and chemical traits of a plant (Danell and abundance and diversity of insect herbivores by affecting Huss-Danell 1985; Karban 2011; Ohgushi 2005). Deer the growth and development of their host (Suominen et al. browsing can reduce plant traits, such as plant height, num- 1999). Oviposition and larval weight of the gall midge Pro- ber of shoots (Den Herder et al. 2004), number of leaves cystiphora uedai that typically uses Sasa species as a host per plant (Takagi and Miyashita 2012), and leaf N content was negatively impacted on by sika deer browsing (Tabu- (Lind et al. 2012). Nonetheless, occasionally deer brows- chi et al. 2010). Despite increasing knowledge on how ing may actually increase foliar nutrient content (Takagi deer grazing impacts upon other organisms across different and Miyashita 2012). Further, deer herbivory can reduce trophic levels, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning chemical defense traits such as foliar tannin concentra- how deer affect insect herbivory across different feeding tions (Barrett and Stiling 2007; Shimazaki and Miyashita guilds in the understory vegetation. 2002), while sometimes deer herbivory can increase plant In deciduous broad-leaved forests in the temper- structural defense (Shikata et al. 2013). In some cases, ate regions of Japan, the understory vegetation is often deer herbivory results in compensatory growth (Takagi and dominated by Sasa species, also known as dwarf bamboo Miyashita 2012) and can even increase reproductive output (Miyawaki et al. 1982). The Sasa species are perennial, (Ohgushi 2005). semi-woody and rhizomatous plants that typically repro- In addition to these direct effects, deer herbivory can duce vegetatively, with rare mast fowering events occur- induce changes to both soil and plant properties that might ring every few decades (Abe and Shibata 2012; Makita indirectly affect interactions with other trophic groups. For 1992). After these mast fowering events, nutrients seques- example, Kardol et al. (2014) found that deer impacts on tered in Sasa species biomass are released into the soil, the structure of the soil affected the mycorrhizal commu- subsequently providing an important source of nutrients for nity, thereby generating negative effects on tree seedling trees and tree seedlings (Tripathi et al. 2005). A number of establishment. Takatsuki and Itô (2009) showed that high insects depend upon Sasa species as host plants, including densities of deer inhibited tree regeneration and favored Lepidoptera species (Ide 2004), gall midges (Tabuchi et al. understory plant communities composed of highly her- 2010) and leaf hoppers (Matsukura et al. 2009). Sika deer bivory-tolerant and well-defended species. Furthermore, also commonly consume Sasa species, especially during changes to plant properties induced by deer presence the winter when other annual understory vegetation is una- can have positive (Barrett and Stiling 2007; Takagi and vailable (Takatsuki 2009b). Miyashita 2012) or negative (Lind et al. 2012; Shimazaki In this study, we aimed to gain understanding of multi- and Miyashita 2002) effects on the attack of these plants trophic interactions initiated by deer. We measured soil by other herbivores. The direction of these indirect plant- properties, the understory plant community, and the traits mediated interactions induced by deer can be similar or dif- of the dominant understory plant, Sasa palmata, both ferent across different insect-feeding guilds (Poelman et al. inside and outside a deer exclosure fence that had been 2010; Viswanathan et al. 2005). The response of plant traits in place for 18 years. Our frst objective was to determine to deer herbivory and the impact that such responses might how deer herbivory might lead to alterations in feeding have on the likelihood of future insect herbivore attack has patterns in three insect-feeding guilds. To our knowledge, been explored (see references above). However, there is a no study to date has sought to disentangle