The Jewish population of New South Wales

Key findings from the 2016 Census and Gen17

Dr David Graham with Leon Narunsky JCA is a Sydney-based, not-for-profit organisation serving the NSW and ACT Jewish communities. As the central point for fundraising and strategic planning, JCA is the communal hub that connects the needs of the community with the services that JCA’s 23 member organisations provide in the areas of: aged and community care; culture, engagement and outreach; history, heritage and Holocaust remembrance; Jewish education; security and advocacy; and community continuity.

Acknowledgements

This report was conceived and authored by Dr David Graham who was assisted by Leon Narunsky. JCA funded the licence for access to census data from ABS and the purchasing of specially customised 2016 Census tables. Survey data in this report have been extracted directly from the Gen17 datafiles. The Gen17 Australian Jewish Community Survey was jointly conducted in 2017 by JCA (Jewish Communal Appeal) in Sydney and the Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation (ACJC), Monash University, Melbourne. Key financial support for Gen17 was provided by the Education Heritage Foundation in New South Wales and in Victoria by Gandel Philanthropy, Pratt Foundation, Besen Family Foundation, Cher Family Foundation, JewishCare Victoria and Australian Jewish Funders.

Authors

Dr David Graham is a demographic research consultant to JCA in Sydney. He is an Honorary Associate at the Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies, University of Sydney, Honorary Research Associate at the University of Cape Town, and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR) in the UK. A geographer by training and expert in the study of Jews in Britain, Europe, Australia and South Africa, his skills encompass statistics, survey methods and GIS. Dr Graham was instrumental in the development and success of the nationwide Gen17 Jewish community study and has published widely for academic, professional and general interest audiences both nationally and internationally. He holds a DPhil from the University of Oxford.

Leon Narunsky is a Research Assistant to DJG Research. Formerly the CFO of JCA his career has encompassed actuarial, financial and computing roles in the Australian insurance industry including CFO of the IAG/NRMA IT division, Head of Knowledge and Data Management and Senior Manager, Planning and Analysis. In South Africa, Leon headed up the National Mutual Life Association Actuarial Department.

First published 2020 Contents

1 Introduction and key findings 4

2 New South Wales in context 10

3 Geography 12

3.1 Jewish population distribution 12

3.2 Jewish population change by suburb and neighbourhood 14

3.3 The ‘most Jewish’ suburbs 17

3.4 Internal migration 18

3.5 Geography and population change in ACT 20

4 Demography 21

4.1 Age and sex structure 21

4.3 Jewish births 26

4.4 Jewish deaths (data from communal records) 27

4.5 Natural population change 28

4.6 Age and sex structure of Jews in ACT 28

5 Immigration and belonging 29

5.1 Place of birth 29

5.2 Language 32

5.3 Knowledge of Hebrew and Yiddish (Gen17) 34

5.4 Immigration 36

5.5 Reasons for migrating (Gen17) 38

5.6 Immigrant wellbeing and integration (Gen17) 40

6 Jewish households 42

6.1 Jewish household type 42

6.2 Average household size 44

6.3 Household tenure 44

6.4 Household composition 46

6.5 Lone persons 46 2 The Jewish population of NSW

7 Jewish partnerships and families 48

7.1 Jewish families 48

7.3 Marital status and age 53

7.4 De facto and same-sex couples 55

8 Intermarriage 56

8.1 Intermarriage by religion of partner 56

8.2 Intermarriage by partnership type and sex 58

8.3 Children of intermarried Jews 59

8.4 Intermarriage by age 59

8.5 The intermarriage rate (Gen17) 59

8.6 Intermarriage: Jewish attitudes and behaviours (Gen17) 61

9 Income, wealth and poverty 63

9.1 Personal income 63

9.2 Personal income (Gen17) 64

9.3 Personal income by location 65

9.4 Personal income in ACT 66

9.5 Household income 66

9.6 Household income (Gen17) 67

9.7 Househood income by location 68

9.8 Family income 68

9.9 Wealth and poverty (Gen17) 69

10 Education and schooling 72

10.1 Educational institutions 72

10.2 Educational institutions by location 74

10.3 Type of school attended (Gen17) 75

10.4 Take-up at Jewish schools 76

10.5 School choice for Jewish families (Gen17) 77

10.6 Attitudes towards Jewish schooling (Gen17) 82

10.7 Cost of Jewish schooling (Gen17) 83 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 3

11 Volunteering 87

11.1 Volunteering by various indicators 87

11.2 Volunteering by type of organisation and Jewish identity (Gen17) 89

11.3 Reasons for not volunteering (Gen17) 92

12 Care and welfare 93

12.1 General health and limiting conditions (Gen17) 93

12.2 Need for care assistance by age 95

12.3 Need for care assistance by location 96

12.5 Care and consumer choice (Gen17) 98

12.6 Provision of unpaid care assistance 100

13 Appendices 102

Appendix 1. Construction of ‘broad’ geographical areas using the ASGS boundary system 102

Appendix 2. Jewish population change from 2011 to 2016 based on SA2 area boundaries 104

Appendix 3. Long term population change 106

Appendix 4. Age and sex in single years, Jewish population, NSW 109

Appendix 5. Change in total Jewish households, 2011 to 2016 110

Appendix 6. 2016 Census adjustment methodology 111

Appendix 7. Glossary 113 1 Introduction and key findings

This report combines findings from the 2016 Geography Census and the Gen17 Jewish Community Survey on the Jewish population of New South Wales • NSW’s estimated Jewish population was 1 (NSW) . Brief summary data are also reported for 47,800 a, 40.5% of the national Jewish Jews in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). population and an increase of 4.9% since 2006. However, growth slowed, rising by The Australian census was held on 9th August just 0.5% in the second half of the decade 2016 and carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). It is unparalleled in terms of the • Jews made up an estimated 0.62% of breadth and depth of information it provides about the NSW population, compared with the Jewish population. Gen17 was a nationwide 0.66% in 2011 survey carried out in 2017 by the Jewish community with a sample size of 3,938 in NSW. • 95% of NSW Jews lived in Greater Sydney, It adds a level of detail about Jewish life that is a far greater proportion than the general unavailable from census data. This combination population (64%) of sources shines a very bright empirical light on the Jewish community enabling planners and • Most Jews lived in Eastern Suburbs— other interested groups to better understand this North (47%) where 17% of the population. population is Jewish

In this report, unadjusted census data (i.e. • Between 2011 and 2016 Eastern enumerated or raw numbers) are denoted Suburbs—North grew by 1.4% and Eastern with the subscript ‘u’, (e.g. 123u), adjusted (or Suburbs—South grew by 1.7%. Botany estimated) data have subscript ‘a’ (e.g. 123a), and Regional NSW grew by 32% and 29% and interpolated data have subscript ‘i’ (e.g. 123i) respectively. Upper and Lower North (see Appendix 6)2. The treatment of census data Shore contracted by 11% and 4% presented in all tables is indicated in the table title. respectively Where data have been drawn from the Gen17 survey, this is indicated in the text and in chart • Locally, Rose Bay had the largest Jewish and table titles. population (3,562a) in NSW followed by Bellevue Hill (2,979a) and Vaucluse (2,806a) In the following summary, data relate to the census unless otherwise indicated. • The most Jewish area was Dover Heights where 61% of residents were Jewish, the only area in NSW with a Jewish majority

1 For more information about Gen17 and to view a detailed methodology see Graham D and Markus A, 2018 Gen17 Australian Jewish Community Survey – Preliminary Findings, JCA and Monash University 2 For a detailed explanation of the adjustment methodology and a discussion of the complications relating to the 2016 Census, see Graham D with Narunsky L 2019 The Jewish Population of Australia: Key findings from the 2016 Census, JCA and Monash University NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 5

• Since 2011, NSW experienced a net loss Immigration and belonging

of 355a people to other Australian states and territories, mainly Victoria (211a) and • 49% of NSW Jews were not born in Queensland (109a) Australia compared with 30% in the general NSW population • Since 2011, Ku-ring-gai (Upper North Shore)

experienced a net loss of 470a Jews to other • While 43% of overseas born Jews in NSW places in NSW. Eastern Suburbs—South were aged under 40, this was the case for

had a net gain of 192a and Botany had a net 63% of Australian-born Jews in the state gain of 148a • 19% of Jews in NSW were born in South

• There were 838a Jews in 2016 in the ACT, Africa, 16% in Europe and 6% in each of an increase of 18% since 2006 Israel and the Former Soviet Union

Demography • The size of the South Africa-born

population in NSW (~9,000a people) • In 2016 the median age of Jews in NSW remained essentially unchanged between was 44 years compared with 38 years 2011 and 2016 generally. In 2006 the Jewish median age was 42 years • 37% of Jews in the Upper North Shore were born in South Africa • 31% of the Jewish population in NSW was

aged 60 years and above in 2016. The size • 3,600a NSW Jews spoke Hebrew at home of the sixty-something cohort grew by 60% and a further 3,277a spoke Russian in the decade to 2016 • 46% of Gen17 respondents in NSW read • Gen17 survey data indicate that the average Hebrew ‘quite well’ or ‘very well’; 26% age at first birth for Jewish women in NSW spoke it ‘well’ aged 45 to 49 was 30.0 years old compared with 26.4 years for those aged 65 to 69, i.e. • The average annual number of Jewish it is increasing overseas arrivals to NSW was 29% lower in the 2011-2015 period than in the • Jewish women in NSW aged 45 to 55 2006-2010 period years have had, on average, 2.0 babies each (below replacement level) and • Almost as many Jewish migrants arrived 11% of Jewish women in this age group in NSW from South Africa in the five years are childless from 2001 to 2005 (1,303) as they did in the ten years from 2006 to 2015 (1,488) • An average of 486 Jewish babies were born in NSW each year from 2012 to 2016 • Of the 1,675 total Jewish arrivals to NSW from 2011 to 2015, 26% came from South • Jewish funeral records indicate an average Africa and 26% came from Israel of 447 Jewish deaths took place in NSW each year from 2012 to 2016 • Gen17 data indicate that 83% of Jewish migrants to NSW were more satisfied with • The median age of Jews in the ACT their lives in Australia than in their country was 36 years, rather younger than in of origin. Levels of satisfaction increase the NSW (44 years) more time spent living in Australia 6 The Jewish population of NSW

• 21% of Jewish migrants to NSW felt • 45% of Jewish families in NSW consisted ‘more at ease’ with people from their own of married couples with children compared country (Gen17). This was the case for with 40% generally 32% of those from Israel and 29% of those from South Africa • 48% of Jewish families in NSW had at least one dependent child compared with • 65% of Jews born in Australia had a 47% generally very strong sense of belonging to the country compared with 46% of those born • 7% of NSW Jews aged 15 and above were elsewhere (Gen17) currently divorced compared with 6% generally. Gen17 data showed that 19% of Families NSW Jews aged 18 and above had divorced at least once • The total number of Jewish households

in NSW in 2016 was 17,452u (3,811u • 6% of NSW Jews aged 15 and above lone persons, 12,926u families, 715u were currently widowed compared with group households) 5% generally. Among Jews aged 80 to 89 in NSW, 17% of men were widowed • In 69% of Jewish households, all members compared with 60% of women were Jewish (31% of these are lone persons); in 14%, one or more has No Intermarriage religion (or not stated); in 17% one or more

has a non-Jewish religion • 19,853i Jewish people in NSW live with a partner. 25% of Jews in a couple • Average Jewish household size in NSW was had a partner who did not report being 2.7 persons per household, compared with Jewish—11% had a partner with No 2.9 in the general NSW population religion and 14% had a partner with a non- Jewish religion • 27% of Jewish households in NSW rented their home, compared with 31% generally. • The proportion of partnered Jews in NSW In Sydney Inner City 54% of Jewish who had a Jewish partner fell from 79.0% in families rent 2006 to 75.2% in 2016

• 7% (1,174u) of Jewish households in NSW • Between 2011 and 2016 the number of were one parent families compared with Jews with a partner of No religion increased 12% generally; 36% were couples with by 41%. The number with a non-Jewish children compared with 33% in NSW partner declined by 4% generally; 22% were lone persons, similar to the proportion in NSW generally (23%) • 90% of partnered Jews in NSW were married • 7% of Jews in NSW aged 20 to 39 lived alone compared with 33% of those aged • 79% of married Jews had a Jewish partner 85 and above compared with 39% of de facto Jews

• 77% (10,007u) of Jewish families in NSW • There is little difference in the propensity consisted of married couples and 13% of Jewish men and women to had

(1,640u) were de facto couples Jewish partners NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 7

• When both parents report being Jewish in • Jewish households in NSW were almost NSW, 97% of children are reported Jewish; four times as likely to have annual incomes when only the mother reports Jewish and of $260,000 or above compared with all the father reports an Other religion, the other households in NSW (15% versus percentage is 50%; when only the father 4% respectively) reports Jewish and the mother reports an Other religion, it is 15% • The median annual Jewish household income in NSW was $127,200, 65% higher • 28% of married Jews aged 30 to 34 had a than the rest of NSW households ($77,200) spouse who did not report being Jewish • Jewish couples with children had average • Gen17 indicates that the intermarriage rate household incomes of $197,600, 2.5 in NSW for Jews marrying between 2010 times higher than Jewish one parent and 2017 was 23% households ($78,600)

• 21% of intermarried Jews say they • Gen17 data indicate that 9% of Jewish do not feel very well accepted by the households in NSW had incomes of Jewish community $500,000 or more

• 46% of in-married Jews attend Friday night • Excluding lone persons, 20% of Jewish meals every week compared with 15% of families had incomes of $260,000 or intermarried Jews above (compared with 5% generally). Jewish median annual family income • 26% of Gen17 respondents in NSW are very was $152,100 concerned about intermarriage in Australia and 38% are somewhat concerned • 19% of Gen17 respondents said they were ‘Just getting along’ or ‘Poor’; for Economics Jewish households with incomes of under $25,000 per year this was 62%; it was • In 2016, Jews were four times as likely as 49% for Jews who were currently married the rest of the NSW population to have had but separated personal pre-tax incomes of $156,000 per year or more (the highest income bracket • Relatively few (under 5%) respondents measured by the census) reported experiencing deprivation (limiting their ability to afford food and medicine) • Jewish median personal income was $55,400, 61% higher than general in NSW Jewish schooling ($34,400). However, Gen17 data indicate

Jewish median personal income in NSW • In 2016 there were 7,317a Jewish children in may have been $74,000 NSW schools, a 9% increase since 2011

• At $50,600, median Jewish personal • Jews were 1.7 times more likely than the income was $10,000 lower in Eastern rest of the NSW population to send their Suburbs – South than Eastern Suburbs – children to private schools North; median personal income was lowest in Botany ($40,400 per year) • There were 26% more Jewish children of primary school age in 2016 compared with • Median personal income for Jews in the 2006; by contrast there were 7% fewer of ACT was $69,700 secondary school age 8 The Jewish population of NSW

• From 2006 to 2016 Jewish enrolments in • 55% of Gen17 respondents aged under 45 primary Government schools increased by years said the cost of sending one or more 64%, non-government increased by 3%; of their children to a Jewish school had at the secondary level, Jewish enrolments prevented them from doing so contracted in both Government (by 20%) and non-Government (by 3%) schools • 55% of families with at least one child in a Jewish school said that the cost • The shift away from non-government entailed either a significant or major primary schools was especially financial sacrifice; when family income was pronounced in Eastern Suburbs – North $150,000-$299,999 this was 60% and 84% from 73% in 2011 to 61% in 2016 for families with incomes below $150,000

• Gen17 shows that 68% of 18-29 year olds Volunteering in NSW attended a Jewish school at both primary and secondary levels compared • 30% of Jews in NSW said they had with 26% of 40-49 years olds and 9% of volunteered in the previous 12 months those age 50 and above compared with 20% in NSW generally

• JCA and census records indicate that 46% • Volunteering is sensitive to life cycle stage of Jewish school-aged children in NSW but Jews aged 15 to 19 were most likely to attended Jewish schools in 2016 compared have done so (42%) with 50% in 2011; take-up declined from 47% to 40% at the Jewish primary level • Jewish women were more likely to have volunteered than Jewish men (32% • Gen17 respondents in NSW with at least versus 28%) one child in a Jewish primary school were 1.7 times as likely to have had • Volunteering was most common among household incomes of $300,000 or above Unemployed and Never married. It was compared to families with at least one highest among Australia born Jews child in a government primary school (36%) and lowest among Israel and (37% versus 22%) FSU born Jews

• Families in NSW with at least one child • Gen17 survey data indicate that 55% in a Jewish secondary school were of volunteers had only volunteered almost five times as likely to have had for Jewish organisations. They also household incomes of $300,000 or more volunteered more frequently for Jewish compared to those with at least one child organisations in a government secondary school (34% versus 7%) (Gen17) • Self-described Masorti respondents were most likely to have volunteered (66%) • 72% of Orthodox families choose Jewish followed by Modern Orthodox (63%). primary schools compared with 27% of non- ‘Just Jewish’ (44%) were least likely Orthodox families (Gen17) • Among the volunteers, 23% had done so for • Gen17 respondents said the main a synagogue and 19% for a school advantages of Jewish schooling are ‘Strengthening Jewish identity’, ‘Provide • The most common reason given for not a sense of belonging to the Jewish volunteering was insufficient time (45%) community’, and ‘Developing Jewish friendship and networks’: i.e. social and ethnocentric motivators NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 9

Care and welfare • 56% of respondents in NSW said the cost of home care should be financed • Most (86%) Gen17 respondents in NSW by their own income, savings and reported having good general health. 14% investments (Gen17) had poor health. This was the case for 48% of those aged in their late eighties • 32% of those in NSW aged 80 and above said they did not have sufficient financial • 19% of Gen17 respondents said their daily provisions to pay for their care needs into activities were limited because of a long- old age. This was the case for 53% of those term health problem or disability. This was born in FSU countries (Gen17) the case for more than half of those aged

80 and above • 5,421a Jews aged 15 and above in NSW provided unpaid care assistance to others. • Moderate Pain or discomfort was the 61% of these care givers were women. most common impairment (28%) followed 28% of women in their late fifties did so by moderate Anxiety or depression (22%) (Gen17) • 20% of Gen17 respondents in NSW provided regular assistance to close relatives

• There were 2,793a Jewish people in suffering from physical or mental ill-health NSW in need of assistance with ‘core or disability activities’ in 2016. 52% of those were aged 80 and above

• Of those in need of assistance in NSW, 25% did not live at home i.e. they lived in nursing homes or ‘accommodation for the retired’

• In 2016, 893a Jewish people lived in nursing homes and accommodation for the retired in NSW, a rise of 18% since 2006

• JCA records indicate that there were about 640 Jews in nursing homes in NSW in 2016

• In 2016, 48% of Jews in nursing homes or ‘accommodation for the retired’ in NSW were aged 90 and above compared with 34% in 2006

• 43% of Jewish people aged 90 and above in NSW lived in a nursing home or accommodation for the retired

• 58% of Gen17 respondents in NSW would prefer a care environment with a ‘Jewish ethos’ but not necessarily with kosher facilities. 53% of Modern Orthodox respondents would prefer one with kosher facilities 2 New South Wales in context

The 2016 Census differed from previous censuses since 2006 (45,572a). But during this period, the in several important ways. This impacted the pace of Jewish population increase slowed having approach we have taken to adjusting the data risen by 4.4% between 2006 and 2011 but by only for non-response. The details of this approach 0.5% between 2011 and 2016. can be found in our report on the 2016 Census 3 for Australia . It should also be noted that the Of the 7.5u million people in NSW in 2016, 4.1u approach taken to adjusting the 2011 and 2006 million reported being Christian compared with census data has been amended for comparative 758,000u who reported a non-Christian religion proposes. Therefore, figures for those censuses and 1.9u million people who reported no religion. in this report may differ slightly from those Christianity dominated NSW’s religious landscape previously published. in 2016 accounting for more than half (55%) of the state’s total population (Figure 1). In 2016 the Jewish population of New South 4, 5 Wales (NSW) was estimated to be 47,800a, or 40.5% of the national total. This represented an increase of 4.9% or 2,227a people in the decade

Figure 1. The changing religious identity landscape of NSW, 1991 to 2016 (enumerated)*

8,000,000

7,000,000

6,000,000

5,000,000 Not stated

4,000,000 No religion Other religions 3,000,000 Christianity 2,000,000

1,000,000

0 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016

* Data do not include ‘Supplementary codes’ (2006, 2011) and ‘Inadequately described’ (1991, 1996, 2001, 2016)

3 A detailed methodology and description of the key differences between the 2016 Census and previous censuses can be found in Graham with Narunsky 2019 op. cit. p7-8 and p70-74

4 The enumerated figure for NSW in 2016 was 36,902u

5 An estimated or adjusted census figure (denoted bya ) is an enumerated (raw) census figure that has been adjusted by 29.53% (see footnote 2). NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 11

But in proportionate terms, Christianity declined diversity with non-Christian denominations almost sharply between 2011 and 2016 in NSW—by quadrupling in number since 1991 and rising from 10 percentage points down from 65% (Table 1). 9.2% in 2011 to 10.2% in 2016. Jews made up a By contrast, 26% of people in NSW described very small proportion of the total NSW population 6 themselves as having ‘no religion’, a rise of 8 in 2016 at 0.50%u or 5u per 1,000u people . By percentage points since 2011. These dramatic comparison, for Hinduism it was 24u per 1,000u, changes were mostly a result of people switching for Buddhism it was 28u per 1,000u and for Islam from Christianity to no religion. The overall it was 36u per 1,000u. picture in NSW is one of increasing religious

Table 1. Proportionate size of religious groups in NSW – 1991-2016 (enumerated)*

1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016

Christianity 77.3% 74.7% 72.5% 68.1% 65.0% 55.4%

Islam 1.4% 1.7% 2.3% 2.6% 3.2% 3.6%

Buddhism 1.0% 7,452,016 2.4% 2.6% 2.9% 2.8%

Hinduism 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.1% 1.7% 2.4%

Judaism 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5%

Other religions 0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.6% 0.8% 0.9%

No religion 10.0% 12.9% 11.9% 14.3% 18.1% 25.6%

Not stated 9.1% 7.8% 9.1% 10.1% 7.8% 8.8%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

N 5,717,620 5,977,765 6,230,758 6,511,649 6,869,229 7,452,016

* Data do not include ‘Supplementary codes’ (2006, 2011) and ‘Inadequately described’ (1991, 1996, 2001, 2016). Columns may not to sum to 100% due to rounding.

6 The interpolated percentage for Jews is 0.54%i. See Appendix 6 which discusses the enumerated, interpolated and estimated (adjusted) numbers. 3 Geography

3.1 Jewish population distribution

In 2016 most (87%) of Australia’s Jews lived in In Map 1 it can be seen that even in Sydney just two states, 41% in NSW and 46% in Victoria7. most Jews lived in only a few places8 : Eastern But Jewish population concentration extends well Suburbs—North, Eastern Suburbs—South, beyond state level. Thus, within NSW, the vast Sydney Inner City, Ku-ring-gai (colloquially ‘Upper majority (95%) of Jews lived in Greater Sydney North Shore’), Chatswood Lane Cove and North (‘Sydney’ from here-on) whereas this was the Sydney Mosman (together they are colloquially case for 64% of the state’s general population. the ‘Lower North Shore’). These five locales (Other religious minority groups are also highly account for more than four out of five (82%) Jews concentrated in Sydney relative to NSW generally, in NSW. Indeed, Eastern Suburbs—North alone for example, 95% of Muslims, 94% of Hindus and accounts for almost half (47%) of the state’s 90% of Buddhists in NSW lived in Sydney.) Jewish population.

Map 1. Jewish population distribution, Sydney region, 2016 (estimated)*

* Source: ABS 2016 Census, ASGS boundaries at SA3 level. Map created with MapInfo Pro v16

7 For further details of NSW’s Jewish population compared with other states and territories see: Graham with Narunsky 2019 op. cit. p15-16. 8 These are all SA3 level areas based on ABS’s ASGS boundary classification (see Glossary Appendix 7) NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 13

This pattern of concentration is revealed in even North Shore’. But the vast majority of Jews greater detail in Map 2. Again, just a few places lived south of the harbour in Eastern Suburbs. accounted for most Jews. To the north of Sydney Dover Heights (SA2) alone accounted for over harbour, the largest concentration was in St one in ten (11.5%) Jews in the whole state with Ives and there was a notable presence south adjacent neighbourhoods accounting for much of of this area towards the harbour—the ‘Lower the remainder.

Map 2. Jewish population distribution, eastern Sydney, 2016 (estimated)*

* Source: ABS 2016 Census, ASGS boundaries at SA2 level. 14 The Jewish population of NSW

3.2 Jewish population change by Eastern Suburbs – North the population increased suburb and neighbourhood by 1.4% (up 313a from 22,058a to 22,371a) and in Eastern Suburbs – South it increased by 1.7%

As noted above, in the decade between 2006 and (up 110 a from 6,437a to 6,547a). This is, perhaps, 2016, the Jewish population of NSW increased slightly less than might have been expected for by 4.9%, up from 45,576a to 47,800 a people. Eastern Suburbs – South given steeper rises Sydney’s Jewish population increased by 4.2% previously experienced, but this increase does over the decade, substantially less than the not include adjacent Botany which grew by 32% general increase experienced by the city overall and where 959a Jews lived in 2016. Meanwhile, (16.1%). More significantly, the NSW Jewish the Upper North Shore experienced an 11% population increased by 4.4%a between 2006 decrease (down 511a from 4,608a to 4,097a) and 9 and 2011 and by just 0.5%a between 2011 and the Lower North Shore decreased by 4% (down 2016, reflecting a considerable decrease in the 98a from 2,674a to 2,576a). These trends reflect rate of growth. the continued movement (mainly through internal migration) away from the North Shore and south The change between 2011 and 2016 varied to the Eastern Suburbs and Botany. considerably by location. This is shown in Table 2 which uses ‘broad’ geographical areas which are the basis of much of the geographical analysis presented in this report (see also Map 1). In

Table 2. Jewish population distribution and percent of total Jewish population in NSW, 2016 (estimated)

Percentage of total Percentage Jewish population change from 2011 2016 2011 2016 2011-2016 Area (based on SA3 boundaries)* Eastern Suburbs – North 22,058 22,371 46.4% 46.8% 1.4%

Eastern Suburbs – South 6,437 6,547 13.5% 13.7% 1.7% Upper North Shore 4,608 4,097 9.7% 8.6% -11.1% (Ku-ring-gai) Lower North Shore (Chatswood – Lane Cove and 2,674 2,576 5.6% 5.4% -3.7% North Sydney – Mosman) Sydney Inner City 2,424 2,486 5.1% 5.2% 2.6%

Botany^ 728 959 1.5% 2.0% 31.6%

Rest of Sydney 6,604 6,131 13.9% 12.8% -7.2%

Rest of NSW 2,036 2,633 4.3% 5.5% 29.3% Total 47,570 47,800 100.0% 100.0% 0.5%

* ASGS boundaries, such as SA3 used here, were first introduced in 2011 so cannot be compared with earlier census boundaries based on the ASGC system (see Appendix 1) ^ Botany has been separated out from rest of Sydney as it is an important growth area. But it is also geographically distinct from Eastern Suburbs – South.

9 Consisting of the two SA3 areas ‘Chatswood – Lane Cove’ and ‘North Sydney – Mosman’ NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 15

In terms of population distribution, nearly half The strongest growth in the 2006 to 2016 decade (46.8%) of NSW’s Jewish population lives in occurred in the far south of the Eastern Suburbs Eastern Suburbs – North while Eastern Suburbs in Little Bay which more than tripled (up 244%,

– South accounts for over one eighth (13.7%) and albeit from a population base of only 42a) and despite its strong growth, Botany accounts for Pagewood which almost tripled (196% from a just 2.0% (Table 2). The North Shore (Upper and population base of 77a) (Table 3). Areas also in Lower combined) accounts for 14.0%. the south, but with larger Jewish populations, that also grew strongly were Maroubra (28%) and There are various ways to examine the data Randwick (15%). Tellingly, in both these places at more localised geographical levels. In the this growth occurred between 2006 and 2011 following section, we have chosen to use ceasing thereafter. Meanwhile, and as noted, boundaries that will be more familiar and intuitive Rose Bay increased by 22% but all other major to those who live in these areas, SSC boundaries growth over the decade was in the south, for rather than ASGS boundaries10. The data are example, South Coogee (43%), Matraville (42%), shown in Table 3. This shows that Rose Bay Botany (149%) and Zetland (134%). had the largest Jewish population (3,562a) in NSW in 2016 followed by Bellevue Hill (2,979a) By contrast, declines were greatest in St Ives and Vaucluse (2,806a). Rose Bay was also the (-11%), St Ives Chase (-37%), Killara (-33%), largest suburb in 2011, though not in 2006, when East Lindfield (-34%), Hunters Hill (-13%) and Bellevue Hill was slightly larger. This is reflected in Cremorne (-31%). All of these suburbs are located the change statistics: Rose Bay grew by 22% over in the North Shore, although decadal declines also the decade to 2016 whereas Bellevue Hill grew by occurred in Bondi (-14%) and Bondi Beach (-4%) in less than 2%. (A table showing population change the Eastern Suburbs. based the ASGS boundaries, introduced in 2011, at the SA2 level is presented in Appendix 2.)

Table 3. Largest 50 Jewish suburbs in NSW (SSC*), 2006, 2011 and 2016 (estimated)^

Number Percent change Suburb 2006 2011 2016 2006-11 2011-16 2006-16 Rose Bay 2,927 3,348 3,562 14.4% 6.4% 21.7% Bellevue Hill 2,934 2,971 2,979 1.3% 0.3% 1.5% Vaucluse 2,685 2,765 2,806 3.0% 1.5% 4.5% North Bondi 2,486 2,487 2,604 0.0% 4.7% 4.7% Dover Heights 2,413 2,517 2,382 4.3% -5.4% -1.3% St Ives 2,432 2,408 2,174 -1.0% -9.7% -10.6% Maroubra 1,496 1,936 1,908 29.5% -1.5% 27.6% Randwick 1,509 1,863 1,742 23.5% -6.5% 15.4% Bondi 1,910 1,757 1,640 -8.0% -6.7% -14.2% Bondi Junction 1,177 1,332 1,323 13.2% -0.7% 12.4% Bondi Beach 1,033 1,027 987 -0.5% -3.9% -4.4% Continued on next page

10 The SSC (State Suburb Code) is a boundary system used by ABS to more closely match neighbourhood boundaries that most people are familiar with. In particular they are more intuitive than the equivalent SA2 boundaries but do not mesh precisely with the ASGS hierarchical system. For example, the ASGS SA2 boundary called ‘Rose Bay – Vaucluse – Watsons Bay’ conflates several areas that, from a Jewish point of view, are spatially distinct and are separate in the SSC system. But potential for confusion remains as there are a number of cases where the same name is used in both systems, e.g. Dover Heights (SA2) has 5,505 Jews whereas Dover Heights SSC has only 2,382 Jews. That is because the SA2 boundary incorporates, inter alia, part of an area most people (and also the SSC classification system) would consider to be Rose Bay. 16 The Jewish population of NSW

Number Percent change Suburb 2006 2011 2016 2006-11 2011-16 2006-16 Woollahra 705 772 749 9.6% -3.1% 6.2% Double Bay 739 633 675 -14.2% 6.5% -8.6% Darling Point 544 526 569 -3.3% 8.2% 4.6% Kingsford 479 527 561 10.0% 6.4% 17.1% Kensington 436 497 446 14.1% -10.3% 2.3% South Coogee 304 334 435 9.9% 30.3% 43.1% Matraville 294 315 418 7.1% 32.8% 42.2% Coogee 411 435 391 5.8% -10.0% -4.8% Hunters Hill 439 383 381 -12.8% -0.6% -13.3% Queens Park 348 339 372 -2.5% 9.7% 7.0% Paddington 361 357 370 -1.2% 3.8% 2.6% Bronte 335 325 307 -3.2% -5.4% -8.4% Mosman 361 305 306 -15.5% 0.1% -15.4% Waterloo 423 399 297 -5.8% -25.6% -29.9% Botany 115 198 288 71.2% 45.5% 149.1% St Ives Chase 443 366 281 -17.3% -23.3% -36.6% Killara 406 287 272 -29.2% -5.4% -33.0% Clovelly 199 226 259 14.0% 14.5% 30.4% Point Piper 285 200 251 -30.0% 25.7% -12.0% Waverley 321 257 249 -19.9% -3.4% -22.6% Darlinghurst 164 208 240 27.2% 15.0% 46.3% Redfern 272 245 231 -9.7% - 6.1% -15.2% Pagewood 77 154 228 100.7% 47.6% 196.2% Chatswood 139 225 214 61.9% - 5.1% 53.7% Rosebery 247 232 209 -5.9% -10.2% -15.6% Edgecliff 158 146 201 -7.3% 37.4% 27.4% Lane Cove North 130 172 194 32.3% 12.7% 49.1% Surry Hills 241 230 188 -4.5% -18.3% -22.0% Lindfield 221 225 187 1.9% -17.1% -15.6% Pymble 197 206 179 4.4% -13.2% -9.4% Lane Cove 163 178 168 9.7% -5.6% 3.6% Gordon 129 117 161 - 9.1% 36.9% 24.4% Cremorne 222 174 154 -21.8% -11.2% -30.6% Elizabeth Bay 156 134 152 -14.2% 13.0% -3.1% Roseville 170 183 152 7.7% -17.3% -10.9% Little Bay 42 121 145 186.6% 19.9% 243.8% Zetland 62 92 145 48.6% 57.3% 133.8% East Lindfield 212 170 140 -19.9% -17.7% -34.1% Wahroonga 155 107 137 -31.3% 28.8% -11.5% Other 11,463 12,153 12,396 6.0% 2.0% 8.1% Total 45,572 47,570 47,800 4.4% 0.5% 4.9%

* This table is based on State Suburb Code (SSC) boundaries as these are considered to be more intuitive than the equivalent SA2 boundaries based on the ASGS system and are also available from 2006, allowing for longer range comparisons as the ASGS was only introduced in 2011 (see Glossary Appendix 7) ^ Jewish population change data since 1991 can be found in Appendix 3 based on postcode boundaries. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 17

3.3 The ‘most Jewish’ suburbs

The estimated proportion of Australia’s population Table 4. Jewish population as a that is Jewish (0.49%a) has fallen slightly from percentage of total population by SA3 2011 (0.52%a), as it has in NSW (from 0.66%a in area, 2016 (estimated)* 2011 to 0.62%a in 2016). Locally, the proportions are much higher, for example, in Eastern Suburbs Area Percent (based on SA3 boundaries) Jewish – North more than one sixth (17.1%) of the population is Jewish, and this is the case for Eastern Suburbs – North 17.1% almost one in twenty in Eastern Suburbs – South Eastern Suburbs – South 4.5% (4.5%) (Table 4). Upper North Shore (Ku-ring-gai) 3.3%

Botany 2.0% While Rose Bay is the largest Jewish suburb, it is Lower North Shore (Chatswood – 1.2% only the second most densely Jewish suburb, and Lane Cove and North Sydney – Mosman) by some considerable margin (Table 5). The most Sydney Inner City 1.1% densely Jewish area is Dover Heights where three Rest of Sydney 0.1% out of five (60.5%) people are Jewish, the only area with a Jewish majority in NSW. In Rose Bay Rest of NSW 0.1% that is the case for one in three (34.2%). Three Total NSW 0.6% other neighbourhoods in NSW are more than a * Calculations based on the estimated Jewish population in an quarter Jewish: Vaucluse (29.0%), North Bondi area as a proportion of the total estimated population in that area (27.4%) and Bellevue Hill (26.8%).

Table 5. Jewish population as a percentage of total population for the 50 most densely Jewish SSCs* in NSW, 2016*

Percent Percent Percent Percent Suburb* Jewish Suburb* Jewish Suburb* Jewish Suburb* Jewish

Dover Heights 60.5% Woollahra 9.8% Matraville 4.1% Darlinghurst 2.0%

Rose Bay 34.2% St Ives Chase 8.6% Hunters Hill 3.9% Gordon 2.0%

Vaucluse 29.0% Bondi Beach 8.2% Chifley 3.7% Rosebery 2.0%

North Bondi 27.4% South Coogee 7.6% East Lindfield 3.6% West Pymble 2.0%

Bellevue Hill 26.8% Edgecliff 7.5% Kingsford 3.5% Waterloo 2.0%

Point Piper 17.1% Tamarama 6.2% East Killara 3.2% Cammeray 1.9%

Bondi 15.8% Maroubra 6.0% Little Bay 3.1% Lindfield 1.8%

Double Bay 14.0% Pagewood 5.8% Kensington 2.9% Northbridge 1.8%

Bondi Junction 13.5% Randwick 5.6% Elizabeth Bay 2.8% Eastlakes 1.7%

Darling Point 13.1% Waverley 5.5% Paddington 2.8% Redfern 1.7%

Watsons Bay 12.6% Centennial Park 5.3% Botany 2.6% Pymble 1.7%

St Ives 12.1% Clovelly 5.3% Killara 2.5%

Queens Park 11.7% Bronte 4.4% Coogee 2.5%

* Calculations based on the estimated Jewish population in an area as a proportion of the total estimated population in that area, where there more than 100a Jews in that area. * an SSC is a State Suburb Code (see note to Table 3) 18 The Jewish population of NSW

3.4 Internal migration

Although we can see how the population has Migration also occurred at the more localised level changed from census to census, that is not the (Table 6). Within NSW the largest net movement same as understanding the movement of Jews was away from Ku-ring-gai (Upper North Shore) across Australia and within NSW, known as which experienced a net loss of 470a Jews. By internal migration. In the five years to 2016 at contrast, Eastern Suburbs – South had a net gain the national interstate level, NSW experienced of 192a and Botany had a net gain of 148a, rather net loss (remainder after population losses are substantial given its relatively small base in 2011 subtracted from gains) of 355a people to all other of 728a. Other net losses were Eastern Suburbs states and territories. Most of this loss was – North (117a) but off a huge base and Chatswood attributable to Victoria (-211a) and Queensland – Lane Cove (87a). (-109a) (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Net migration flow between NSW and all other states, 2011 to 2016 (estimated)

50 19 6

S W 0 N

o

t -8 / -19 m -50

o -34 r f )

s w n o o fl s -100

r n e o p i (

t -109 a r

g -150 i m

f o

t -200 e N -211 -250 Victoria Queensland South Western Tasmania Northern ACT Australia Australia Territory NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 19

Table 6. Net Jewish migration flow into NSW suburbs (SA3 areas) between 2016 and 2011 (estimated)*

Jewish population 2016 Net change 2011-2016

Eastern Suburbs – South 6,547 192 Botany 959 148 Sydney Inner City 2,486 65 Warringah 630 58 Cronulla – Miranda – Caringbah 220 34 Marrickville – Sydenham – Petersham 280 32 Blue Mountains 203 27 Manly 198 26 Ryde – Hunters Hill 882 26 Strathfield – Burwood – Ashfield 319 18 Gosford 320 17 Hurstville 216 10 Pittwater 231 8 North Sydney – Mosman 1,118 4 Leichhardt 407 0 Baulkham Hills 250 -1 Kogarah – Rockdale 286 -1 Richmond Valley – Coastal 439 -4 Hornsby 348 -17 Canada Bay 241 -19 Chatswood – Lane Cove 1,459 -87 Eastern Suburbs – North 22,371 -117 Ku-ring-gai 4,097 -470

* Calculations based on the estimated Jewish population in areas with more than 150a Jews

Finally, we can look at net migration flows Eastern Suburbs – South as well as Sydney Inner between particular suburbs within Sydney. City (74a) and Botany (39a). Botany experienced As noted in Table 6, Ku-ring-gai experienced a net gains from Eastern Suburbs – South (74a), total net loss of 470a Jews between 2011 and Sydney Inner City (40a) and Eastern Suburbs – 2016. In Table 7, reading down the columns, we North (39a). can see that a large proportion of this loss (345a people) was to Eastern Suburbs – North. (Reading Gen17 survey data indicate that 10% of householders across the rows we see the converse, Eastern had lived in their current home for 30 years or more Suburbs – North had a net gain of 345 Jews from while just over half (52%) had lived there for up to six Ku-ring-gai.) Meanwhile, Eastern Suburbs – North years. 10% had recently moved, i.e. they had lived in itself experienced a net loss of 311a Jews to their current home for less than one year. 20 The Jewish population of NSW

Table 7. Net migration flow between selected NSW suburbs, 2011 – 2016 (estimated)

Sydney Eastern Eastern Chatswood North Ryde – Inner Suburbs Suburbs – Lane Ku- Sydney – Hunters Botany City – North – South Cove ring-gai Mosman Hill Other

Botany -40 -39 -74 0 -3 4 0 4 Sydney Inner City 40 -74 0 -3 -51 -23 1 44 Eastern Suburbs – 39 74 311 -13 -345 -18 -5 74 North Eastern Suburbs – 74 0 -311 -4 -6 -8 5 58 South Chatswood – 0 3 13 4 -3 -1 14 57 Lane Cove Ku-ring-gai 3 51 345 6 3 73 -10 1 North Sydney – -4 23 18 8 1 -73 5 17 Mosman Ryde – Hunters Hill 0 -1 5 -5 -14 10 -5 -16 Other -4 -44 -74 -58 -57 -1 -17 16 Total 148 65 -117 192 -87 -470 4 26 239

3.5 Geography and population change in ACT

In 2016, the number of Jews in ACT (Australian

Capital Territory) in 2016 was 838a, an increase of Table 8. Largest 10 Jewish suburbs in ACT 17.7% since 2006. Growth was strongest in the first (SSC), 2006, 2011 and 2016 (estimated) half of the decade (up 13.5%) compared with the second half (up 3.7%). 2006 2011 2016 Watson 24 29 36

ACT’s Jewish population is spread out and can Giralang 4 7 35 be found in 67 suburbs. Unusually, Jews are not Ainslie 26 44 34 concentrated in any particular part of Canberra as they are in most other cities where they reside. The top Griffith 27 24 32 10 areas (out of 131) account for just 36% of ACT’s Bruce 10 23 31 total Jewish population; the equivalent for NSW is O'Connor 17 34 30

48% (and that’s out of 4,500 SSCs). Only three ACT Hackett 11 12 28 suburbs—Ainslie, Kingston and Watson—appear Curtin 19 18 26 in the top ten for each of the last three censuses suggesting high levels of population change. This Barton 14 8 25 may reflect the unique nature of Canberra’s Jewish Kingston 30 22 25 population; more itinerant, secular and less Jewishly Other 531 588 536 cohesive than other communities. Total 712 808 838 4 Demography

4.1 Age and sex structure

The median11 age of Jews in NSW is 44 years that 43% of the Jewish population is aged under which is considerably older than the general 40 years compared with 52% generally. By population at 38 years. The older Jewish age contrast, 31% of the Jewish population is aged 60 structure is evident in Figure 3 which indicates years and above compared with 22% generally.

Figure 3. Jewish population structure compared with the general population, NSW, 2016 (estimated)

2.2% 90+ 0.8% 5.2% 80-89 3.5% 8.9% 70-79 6.8% 14.4% 60-69 10.7%

p 50-59 12.6% u 12.8% o r g

13.4%

e 40-49

g 13.3% A 11.4% 30-39 13.9% 9.1% 20-29 13.6% 10.8% 10-19 11.9% 12.1% 0-9 12.6%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% Percentage of total population from each age group Jewish (N = 47,800) All others (N = 7.7m)*

* This number incorporates an adjustment for the estimated resident population (ERP) complied by ABS and is based on the census post enumeration survey (See Graham with Narunsky 2019 op. cit. p70)

11 The mean and median are both measures of the average. The advantage of the median over the more familiar mean is that very large values (outliers) are less distorting. 22 The Jewish population of NSW

As noted, the Jewish population of NSW A useful way to understand the shape and likely increased by an estimated 4.9% between 2006 future trajectory of NSW’s Jewish population is and 2016, primarily as a result of international to examine its population structure graphically. migration (see section 6.4, below) rather than This is called a population pyramid and is migratory gains from other states (see section presented in Figure 5. It shows undulating 4.4) or natural increase (see below). Meanwhile, peaks and troughs which indicate larger and the median age of Jews increased from 42 smaller age group sizes. The largest peak is years in 2006 to 44 years in 2016. Figure 4 for people aged in their late sixties—these are shows this ageing graphically. It is apparent the baby-boomers who have been entering how the successive lines steadily shift to the retirement in recent years. There is a smaller right of the graph i.e. to older ages. This is peak of people aged in their early forties—this also reflected in the fact that the number of is the ‘echo’ of the baby-boomer generation, people in their sixties increased by 60% in the and there is also an ‘echo of the echo’; a peak decade, a result of the post WWII baby-boomer of children aged around 8 years old with a generation ageing. By contrast, numbers in relatively large group aged 5 to 9 years old their twenties and fifties declined (by 14% and in 2016, i.e. the grandchildren of the baby- 13% respectively). These changes are mainly boomers. Beyond that third peak, we can the result of ‘population momentum’ (i.e. the see that the number of children being born hard-wired or underlying age structure of the is steadily declining, a result of population Jewish population) rather than migration or dynamics. I.e. in the absence of significant changes in birth or death rates. As such, it net migration, there are simply fewer women also indicates the likely size of different age of childbearing age coming up the population groups going forward. Thus, we might expect ranks and, therefore, fewer children being born. an equally large increase (also of around 60%) of people aged in their seventies in the 2016 to 2026 decade.

Figure 4. Jewish population change, NSW, 2006 to 2016 (estimated)

7,000 6,500 p

u 6,000 o r 5,500 g e

g 5,000 a

h 4,500 c a

e 4,000

n i

3,500 n o i 3,000 t a l

u 2,500 p

o 2,000 p

h 1,500 s i

w 1,000 e J 500 0 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90+ Age group

2006 (N = 45,576) 2011 (N = 47,570) 2016 (N = 47,800) NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 23

Figure 5. Age and sex structure for the Jewish population of NSW in single year cohorts, 2016 (estimated)

102 99 96 93 Male Female 90 87 84 81 78 75 72 69 66 63 60 57 54 e g

A 51 48 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 3 0 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Number of people per age categrory

Data on the number of people in each single year 10 (+14%) in 2016 but relatively fewer people in age cohort are presented in Appendix 4 (Table 65). their twenties (-14%) and fifties (-13%). But most strikingly there were many more people aged in The pyramid can also be used to examine how their sixties (+60%) and nineties (+63%). the population structure has changed over time. In Figure 6 we can see that compared with 2006, there were relatively more children aged under 24 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 6. Population change: age and sex structure for the Jewish population of NSW, 2006 and 2016 (estimated)

100+ 95-99 90-94 Male Female 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64

p 55-59 u o

r 50-54 g

e 45-49 g A 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

2,000 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,000 750 500 250 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000

Number of people in each cohort

Male 2016 Male 2006 Female 2006 Female 2016

4.2 Age by location Sydney Inner City has the highest proportion of young adults (twenty and thirty somethings). We now examine the age structure in terms Lower North Shore and Rest of Sydney have the of location (Table 9). This shows that Eastern highest proportions of Jews aged 80-89 (9%) and Suburbs – South and Botany have the aged 90 and above (11%) respectively. highest proportions of Jews aged under 20 (29% and 28% respectively). Botany has the lowest proportion of older Jews (age 60+). NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 25

Table 9. Age distribution of Jews in NSW, 2016

Eastern Eastern Upper Lower Suburbs - Suburbs - North North Sydney Rest of Rest of North South Shore Shore Inner City Botany Sydney NSW Total

0-9 13.1% 14.3% 11.8% 11.8% 6.3% 14.7% 9.2% 9.7% 12.1% 10-19 11.2% 14.2% 16.0% 6.6% 4.2% 13.7% 7.7% 8.5% 10.8% 20-29 9.5% 7.3% 9.9% 7.9% 16.2% 7.8% 7.6% 7.1% 9.1% 30-39 11.1% 10.5% 7.0% 11.2% 21.0% 12.8% 12.2% 11.3% 11.3% 40-49 12.1% 17.0% 12.7% 12.4% 9.3% 16.7% 15.1% 15.3% 13.4% 50-59 12.3% 11.5% 16.5% 12.7% 9.8% 13.1% 12.5% 14.3% 12.6% 60-69 14.4% 10.8% 14.5% 18.1% 15.1% 10.3% 15.0% 19.5% 14.4% 70-79 9.0% 7.3% 7.1% 10.3% 10.8% 6.3% 10.0% 9.4% 8.9% 80-89 5.2% 4.3% 3.9% 7.0% 6.0% 3.5% 6.7% 3.9% 5.2% 90+ 2.0% 2.8% 0.7% 1.9% 1.3% 1.1% 4.0% 1.0% 2.2% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

The next two tables present age data by broad in Eastern Suburbs – South there was a 27% geographical area for 2016 as well as population increase in the number of 10-19 year olds but a change since 2011. Gains can be seen across 25% decrease in the number of 30-39 year olds the board in Botany and Rest of NSW. Gains also (Table 11). By contrast, in Upper North Shore, occurred in Sydney Inner City, especially among gains occurred among those aged 60 and above. younger cohorts and in the Eastern Suburbs, where the picture was more mixed. For example,

Table 10. Age group by location 2016 (estimated)*

Eastern Eastern Upper Lower Suburbs - Suburbs - North North Sydney Rest of Rest of North South Shore Shore Inner City Botany Sydney NSW Total

0-9 2,930 937 482 304 155 140 601 212 5,762 10-19 2,497 934 654 171 104 131 503 185 5,179 20-29 2,129 475 405 205 402 74 497 155 4,343 30-39 2,474 687 286 288 521 122 797 246 5,420 40-49 2,718 1,118 519 320 231 159 992 334 6,391 50-59 2,756 755 675 328 242 124 821 313 6,015 60-69 3,224 706 596 465 373 98 982 426 6,870 70-79 2,018 479 293 266 267 60 655 206 4,243 80-89 1,166 285 159 180 149 34 440 85 2,499 90+ 456 181 28 49 32 10 263 22 1,043 Total 22,369 6,557 4,098 2,575 2,475 952 6,552 2,186 47,765

* Excludes No Usual Address and Migratory – Offshore – Shipping 26 The Jewish population of NSW

Table 11. Age group by location, percentage change 2011 to 2016 (estimated)*

Eastern Eastern Upper Lower Suburbs – Suburbs - North North Sydney Rest of Rest of North South Shore Shore Inner City Botany Sydney NSW Total

0-9 2% -8% -2% 10% 35% 18% -10% -2% <1% 10-19 <1% 27% -18% -2% 14% 61% -5% 14% 2% 20-29 -9% -2% -14% -19% -7% 26% -16% 1% -9% 30-39 -10% -25% -9% -21% 23% -3% -15% 3% -11% 40-49 5% 13% -16% 27% 2% 64% 9% 11% 7% 50-59 -5% 4% -27% -17% -20% 33% -11% -11% -9% 60-69 13% 7% 15% 0% 24% 87% 4% 20% 12% 70-79 27% 30% 27% 17% -12% -4% 41% 45% 25% 80-89 -12% -24% -28% -6% -26% 12% -3% -4% -13% 90+ 40% 19% 32% 11% 13% 188% 31% 53% 32% Total 1% 2% -11% -3% 2% 32% -1% 8% <1%

* Excludes No Usual Address and Migratory – Offshore – Shipping

4.3 Jewish births in terms of averages, then this suggests a slightly larger birth cohort of 486 in 2016 and a 5% Census data can be used to provide an estimate increase over the decade. But it also suggests a of the size of the Jewish birth cohort since it 10% decrease between the 2007 to 2011 period records the total number of babies aged under 1 and the 2012 to 2016 period. recorded on the night of the census (9th August 2016). It should be stressed that this is only Gen17 data indicated that the average age at first indicative of the birth cohort and therefore these birth of Jewish women in NSW aged 45 to 49 data represent a proxy for Jewish births rather years old was 30.0 years. Average age at first than an actual measure12. birth has been increasing as it was 27.7 years for women aged 55 to 59 and 26.4 years for women The data are examined in two ways: the ‘point aged 65 to 69. In addition, the census shows that estimate’ shows the estimated number of 10% of women aged 45 and above13 have never babies aged under 1 in the census. The ‘average had a baby – an indicator of childlessness. It also estimate’ is the annual average of the number shows that on average, Jewish women in NSW of children aged under 5 in the census. This aged 45 to 55 years have had 2.0 children which approach ameliorates the possibility of temporary demographers consider to be below replacement fluctuations that might affect the point estimate level and other data suggest this figure was higher as well as the typically higher non-response level in recent decades. 11% of women in this age for very young babies in the census. group were childless. Figure 7 summarises the data for Jewish women aged 45 and above (i.e. The results are shown in Table 12 for 2006, 2011 past their reproductive years) and shows that 45% and 2016 for Australia-born, Jewish children. have had two children and 2% have had five or Based on the point estimate, it suggests there more children. were 464 Jewish ‘births’ in NSW in the year to the Census night in August 2016. This is 2% lower than the 2011 equivalent and 13% lower than in 2006. However, if the data are analysed

12 In practice, there is some uncertainty about the accuracy of the census data relating to very young children (under two years old) where under-reporting is more likely than for other groups. 13 This is the age by which the vast majority of women will have given birth. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 27

Table 12. Jewish ‘births’ in NSW, Australia-born, alternative measures (estimated)

10 year % change Year / period Total ‘births’* 5 year % change (2006-2016)

2006 535 x x Point estimate for ‘births’ in the 2011 473 -12% x 12 months prior to the census* 2016 464 -2% -13%

2002 to 2006 463 x x Average number of ‘births’ in 2007 to 2011 542 17% x 5-year period prior to census 2012 to 2016 486 -10% 5%

* These are not counts of births as such but estimates from the total number of babies aged under 1 on the night of the census

4.4 Jewish deaths (data from Figure 7. Number of children ‘ever born’ to communal records) Jewish women aged 45 and above, NSW (Ns refer to the estimated number of To complete the demographic picture of the women in each category) Jewish community in NSW, we now examine Jewish deaths using communal statistics on 4 children, 759, 6% 5 or more children, Jewish funerals (burials and cremations). These 209, 2% have been gathered by JCA and show that a total of 464 funerals were recorded in 2016 in NSW. No children, For the period 2012 and 2016, 2,217 Jewish 1,229, 10% funerals took place, an average of 447 per year 1 child, 1,552, (Figure 8). By comparison, 2,012 funerals were 13% 3 children, 2,979, recorded for the period 2007 to 2011 (402 per 24% year). In other words, the annual average number of Jewish deaths14 has been increasing. 2 children, 5,512, 45%

Figure 8. Total Jewish burials and cremations recorded, NSW, 2006-2017

600

485 s l 500 477 470 464 a i r 447 430 u 419

b 407 392 396 s 388

h 378 n

s 400 i o i t w a e J m

e d 300 r e d r o c and c

e 200 r

l a t o T 100

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Sources: Sydney Chevra Kadisha, North Shore Temple Emanuel and Emanuel Synagogue

14 Note this is not the same as the ‘death rate’ which is the number of deaths as a proportion of the population in a particular time period. 28 The Jewish population of NSW

4.5 Natural population change Table 13. Jewish population by age and In summary, the 2007-2016 decade saw sex, ACT compared with NSW, 2016 considerable demographic dynamism. The first (estimated) half of the decade (2007-2011), births outpaced deaths (average of 542 birth per year against ACT % NSW % Male Female Total of total of total an average of 402 deaths), on average by about 140 persons per year—in other words, natural 0-9 47 67 114 14% 12% increase occurred. However, in the second half 10-19 34 39 73 9% 11% of the decade, 2012-2016, while births continued 20-29 43 70 113 14% 9% to outpace deaths, the average fell to only about 30-39 65 70 135 16% 11% 39 persons per year—a much reduced level. 40-49 60 44 104 13% 13% Focusing on point estimate data alone we see 50-59 47 53 100 12% 13% that in 2016, there were 464a Jewish births and, coincidently, 464 Jewish deaths in NSW, 60-69 52 40 92 11% 14% indicating zero natural change. (Note these data 70-79 39 34 73 9% 9% do not reflect other population changes such as 80-89 13 9 22 3% 5% net migration (see section 6.4) and assimilation.) 90+ 4 0 4 0% 2%

Total 402 426 828 100% 100% 4.6 Age and sex structure of Jews in ACT

There are less than a thousand Jews in ACT, of whom 51.5% are female and 48.5% male (Table 13). Teenagers are under-represented although the proportion aged under 20 was 23% in both ACT and NSW. Nevertheless, the average age of Jews in ACT, 36 years, is rather lower than for those in NSW, 44 years. Compared with NSW, the 20-29 and 30-39 age cohorts in ACT were notably larger in proportionate terms (14% and 16% for ACT versus 9% and 11% respectively for NSW). By contrast, there are proportionately fewer older Jews in ACT than NSW. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 29

5 Immigration and belonging

5.1 Place of birth

As a traditionally immigrant community, half (49%) is becoming increasingly ‘native’. Nevertheless, of the Jewish population of NSW was not born in migration from some countries showed increases, Australia. This compares with just under a third for example, the number of Jews born in Israel (30%) for the rest of the NSW population. One in increased by 23% in the decade and the US-born five (19%) Jews in NSW was born in South Africa, population increased by 18%. By contrast, the almost one in six (16%) was born in Europe, and number born in Germany and all East European 6% was born in Israel (Figure 9). Despite this high countries declined by more than 30%, a reflection level of non-Australian nativity, a high proportion of the older Holocaust Survivor generation passing of Jews in NSW nevertheless hold Australian on. Meanwhile, the largest migrant group, South citizenship (94%) reflecting the fact that a majority Africa-born Jews, experienced a net increase of overseas born Jews are well integrated within of 4.4% over the decade but, notably, did not Australian society. increase at all between 2011 and 2016, indicating the end of a long and demographically fruitful Between 2006 and 2016, the proportion of Jews period of Jewish South African migration to NSW. in NSW that was born in Australia increased by 15% (Table 14). This shows the Jewish population

Figure 9. Place of birth, Jewish population of NSW, 2016, N=47,800 (estimated)

Other Rest of Europe 3% UK 3% 5% Israel 6%

Former Soviet Union* 6%

Eastern Europe Australia 8% 51%

South Africa 19%

* Former Soviet Union includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan 30 The Jewish population of NSW

Table 14. Jewish population of NSW by place of birth, 2006, 2011 and 2016, and change* (estimated)

Number Percentage change

Place of Birth 2006 2011 2016 2006-2011 2011-2016 2006-2016

Australia 20,377 22,316 23,462 9.5% 5.1% 15.1% South Africa 8,633 9,018 9,015 4.5% 0.0% 4.4%

Israel 2,211 2,449 2,708 10.8% 10.6% 22.5%

UK 2,098 2,180 2,114 3.9% -3.0% 0.8%

Rest of E. Europe 1,770 1,569 1,219 -11.4% -22.3% -31.1%

Ukraine 1,336 1,498 1,201 12.1% -19.8% -10.1%

Rest of W. Europe 1,423 1,407 1,177 -1.1% -16.3% -17.2%

USA 930 1,084 1,097 16.6% 1.2% 18.0%

Hungary 1,208 1,019 816 -15.6% -19.9% -32.4%

Russian Federation 1,085 1,000 736 -7.8% -26.4% -32.2%

Poland 784 655 506 -16.5% -22.7% -35.4%

Rest of FSU* 411 455 416 10.7% -8.6% 1.2%

New Zealand 403 415 403 3.0% -3.0% - 0.1%

Germany 616 489 392 -20.7% -19.7% -36.3%

Other 2,293 978 1,229 - 57.3% 25.7% -46.4%

Total 45,576 46,532 46,493 2.1% -0.1% 2.0%

* Excludes Not Stated and Supplementary Codes; for FSU see note to Figure 9

It is also the case that overseas-born groups Place of birth is also related to where you live differ in terms of age profile. Overall, 43% of and we see different groups concentrated in the Jewish population of NSW is aged under different areas of NSW. For example, Upper 40 but for Australia-born Jews this is the case North Shore has a high proportion of South for 63%, young even when compared with the Africa-born Jews (37%), albeit down from 43% general population of NSW (52%) (Figure 10). Just in 2011. One sixth (16%) of Jews in Sydney 24% of the overseas born Jewish population is Inner City, and the same proportion in Botany, aged under 40. Other Jewish groups with young were born in the FSU, both down from about a age profiles are American and Israel born (49% quarter (25% for Sydney Inner City and 23% for and 42% respectively). By contrast, Jews from Botany) in 2011 (Table 15). Poland, Hungary and Germany have the oldest age profiles, with less than 15% being aged under 65. These differences reflect the very different experiences of migration for these different groups. East European Jews primarily arrived in Australia as post-WWII refugees whereas Americans and Israelis are economic migrants living here temporarily or who have come for marriage and/or to raise families. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 31

Figure 10. Age distribution of Jewish population of NSW by place of birth, 2016 (estimated)*

100% 11% 11% 14% 16% 90% 23% 24% 31%

80% 41% 44% 25%

70% 40% 32% 44% 33% 60% 86% 87% 89% 51% 50% 46% 33% 40% 42% 63% 30% 52% 49% 42% 43% 20%

25% 24% 23% 10% 17% 13% 5% 13% 2% 6% 0% l a a y y d d h K i e r l c s n n n i i S A a U S U a a a r a a r S W r l l F f g U t s w N a I m n A s

e r l

e P o u J u e a h

Z l t

t H A G a o u t w T o e S o T N

23,478 9,014 2,697 2,361 2,108 1,097 813 505 407 374 47,800 7.8m

0-39 years 40-64 years 65+ years

* All sub-groups with at least 350 peopl

Table 15. Place of birth by location, 2016* (estimated)

South Australia Africa Israel FSU Other Total N^

Eastern Suburbs – North 51% 21% 5% 4% 20% 100% 22,371

Eastern Suburbs – South 50% 19% 5% 8% 19% 100% 6,547

Upper North Shore 40% 37% 6% 1% 15% 100% 4,097

Lower North Shore 49% 17% 7% 2% 25% 100% 2,576

Sydney Inner City 42% 9% 5% 16% 28% 100% 2,486

Botany 47% 12% 7% 16% 18% 100% 959

Rest of Sydney 49% 10% 7% 4% 30% 100% 6,549

Rest of NSW 55% 7% 9% 1% 27% 100% 2,180

Total 49% 19% 6% 5% 21% 100% 47,765

* Green shading indicates highest and red shading indicates lowest proportions per country; Rows may not to sum to 100% due to rounding. ^ Excludes No Usual Address (NSW) and Migratory – Offshore – Shipping (NSW) 32 The Jewish population of NSW

5.2 Language

The census measures whether, and how well, The languages in decline such as Hungarian, respondents spoke English. More than three- Polish, German and Yiddish are in line with quarters (79%) of Jews in NSW spoke no other country of birth trends (see Table 14). language in 2016. Of the remainder (10,141a people), most (73%) spoke English ‘very well’, Important differences can be observed in terms of 17% spoke it ‘well’, and 9% did not speak it languages spoken at home by age group (Figure well or at all. 11). For example, Hebrew speakers (3,606a) are young with 53% being aged under 40, as are The census also asked about languages spoken Spanish speakers at 55%. By contrast, Polish at home. The majority (79%) of Jews in NSW speakers are all aged 40 or above and German spoke English at home but that was not the speakers have the highest percentage aged 70 case for many Jews (9,979a people) and of years or above—66%. these, the most common non-English language spoken in Jewish homes was Hebrew, spoken by As discussed (Table 15), immigrant groups

3,600a people, followed by Russian with 3,277a are not randomly distributed across NSW speakers (Table 16). and this is also reflected data on language (Table 17). For example, Russian speakers are Between 2006 and 2016 the number of people over-represented in Eastern Suburbs – South who spoke English at home increased by 5%. The (22%) and Sydney Inner City (15%), as are total number who spoke a non-English language Hungarian speakers in Eastern Suburbs – at home increased by 4%. Over the 2006-2016 North (64%). decade, Hebrew overtook Russian as the main non-English language with the former increasing by 35% and the latter decreasing by 5%.

Table 16. Language spoken at home, estimated number of people, Jewish population, NSW 2006, 2011 and 2016*

Totals 2016 Change

Language 2006 2011 2016 Proportion 2006-2011 2011-2016 2006-2016

English 35,561 37,147 37,427 78.9% 4% 1% 5% Hebrew 2,660 3,200 3,600 7.6% 20% 12% 35% Russian 3,461 3,626 3,277 6.9% 5% -10% -5% Hungarian 974 802 635 1.3% -18% -21% -35% French 359 449 471 1.0% 25% 5% 31% Spanish 252 299 361 0.8% 19% 21% 43% German 447 331 260 0.5% -26% -21% -42% Afrikaans 125 147 181 0.4% 17% 23% 45% Yiddish 233 200 150 0.3% -14% -25% -36% Polish 217 194 139 0.3% -11% -29% -36% Other 839 816 904 1.9% -3% 11% 8% Total 45,129 47,211 47,406 100.0% 5% 0.4% 5%

* Data exclude: ‘Non-verbal, so described’, ‘Inadequately described’, and ‘Not stated’. Columns may not sum to 100% due to rounding.

NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 33

Figure 11. Language spoken at home by age, NSW, 2016 (estimated)

100% 9% 7% 14% 90% 26% 30% 28% 34% 80%

36% 40% 55% 70% 62% 40% 66%

n 60% o i t a l

u 35% 45% p 50% o p

41% f o 40% 66% %

30% 55% 53% 37% 45% 20% 20% 35% 38% 29% 10% 25% 14% 8% 6% 0% s h h h n h n n h w s s a s a a n c s i i i i i i e l l a r n r s n d m g a a e s r b a d r k P o g i u e e F r E n Y i n f S p R G H u A H 352 3,606 37,420 465 3,285 157 273 627 189 136 Language spoken Under 40 40-69 70+

Table 17. Language spoken at home by location, 2016 (estimated)*

English Hebrew Russian Hungarian French Spanish German Other Total

Eastern Suburbs – North 48% 44% 40% 64% 43% 29% 47% 36% 47% Eastern Suburbs – South 13% 11% 22% 9% 14% 15% 12% 15% 14% Upper North Shore 9% 10% 2% 6% 5% 5% 2% 5% 9% Lower North Shore 6% 6% 2% 6% 5% 10% 6% 5% 5% Sydney Inner City 4% 4% 15% 4% 10% 10% 5% 4% 5% Botany 1% 3% 7% 2% 4% 4% 1% 2% 2% Rest of Sydney 13% 15% 11% 7% 13% 24% 20% 2% 13% Rest of NSW 5% 8% 1% 1% 5% 2% 5% 32% 6% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% N 37,420 3,606 3,285 627 465 352 273 1,771 47,800

* Columns may not to sum to 100% due to rounding 34 The Jewish population of NSW

5.3 Knowledge of Hebrew and (26%) say they can speak it Well (Figure 12). Yiddish (Gen17) This is in stark contrast to Yiddish which, as the census shows, is a far less prevalent language. Whilst the census can tell us about the numbers Knowledge of Yiddish is greatest in terms of of people who speak Hebrew and Yiddish ‘at understanding (9%) with 3% being able to speak home’, it does not tell us about the general it at least 'quite well' (note the census indicates knowledge of these languages and how their just 0.3% speak it at home (Table 16)). importance extends well beyond their census status as ‘mother tongues’. For that we must turn The ability to understand these languages is to survey data. related to age but in opposite directions. Excluding those born in Israel, the younger a person is, the The ability to speak Hebrew does not correspond more likely it is they understand Hebrew 'quite well with the ability to read the language (among well' or 'very well' but the opposite is the case for Jews living outside Israel). Almost half (46%) of understanding Yiddish, a language of the old in Gen17 respondents in NSW can read Hebrew NSW15 (Figure 13). 'quite well' or 'very well' and half as many

Figure 12. Ability to read, speak and understand Hebrew and Yiddish, NSW (Gen17 N=3,938 per item)

Read 18% 28% 46% w e r

b Speak 13% 14% 26% e H Understand 14% 17% 31%

1%

h Read 4% 5% s i d

d <1%

Y i Speak 3% 3% 2% Understand 8% 9%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Very well Quite well

Q: How well can you read, speak and understand Hebrew? Q: How well can you read, speak and understand Yiddish?

15 In places such as Victoria, where there are large Haredi communities, this is not the Case. See Graham with Narunsky 2019 op. cit. p32 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 35

Figure 13. Ability to understand Hebrew and Yiddish quite well or very well by age group*, NSW (Gen17 N=3,938)

18-39 years 17% 25% 43% *

w 40-59 years 18% 15% 33% e r b

e 60-79 years 9% 12% 20% H 80+ years 8% 5% 13%

<1% 18-39 years 3% 4% h

s <1% i

d 40-59 years 5% 6% d Y i 60-79 years 3% 13% 16% 80+ years 3% 17% 21%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Very well Quite well * Excluding those born in Israel

Figure 14. Ability to speak Hebrew and Yiddish Quite well or Very well by current religious/Jewish identification^, NSW (Gen17 N=3,938 per item)

Strictly Orthodox/Haredi* 54% 23%

Modern Orthodox 27% 4%

Traditional 23% 4%

Masorti/Conservative 19% 5%

No denomination – just Jewish 17% 3%

Non-practising (secular/cultural) 14% 3%

Progressive/Reform 13% 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Hebrew^ Yiddish

^ Excluding those born in Israel * The sample size for Strictly Orthodox/Haredi is not statistically reliable although the results should be considered indicative

The ability to speak Hebrew is related to current Yiddish, the next group is Masorti/Conservative, religious/Jewish identification. In general, the more with similar levels among Modern Orthodox, religious a respondent’s position, the more likely it Traditional and Secular/cultural Jews. is they can speak Hebrew (Figure 14). But this is not the case for Yiddish. Whilst Strictly Orthodox Jews are by far the most likely to be able to speak 36 The Jewish population of NSW

5.4 Immigration

The number of Jewish migrants arriving in NSW Examining migration in more detail, 1,657 Jews in 201516 was estimated to be 391 (Table 18). living in NSW in 2016 arrived from overseas from This was 10% lower than the equivalent figure 2011 to 2015 (Table 19). This was 9% lower than for 2010 (435). However, such point estimates the equivalent number arriving from 2006 and 2010 are susceptible to fluctuations and an alternative and 30% lower than the equivalent number arriving approach is to examine average data, mitigating from 2001 to 2005. Much of this decline has been this possibility. These show that migratory due to falling migration from South Africa, which inflows were 29% lower in the 2011-2015 period declined by 67% over the period. The significance than in the earlier 2006-2010 period (Table 18). of this can been seen by the fact that almost as (Note these are gross, not net, figures as they do many migrants arrived from South Africa in the not reflect Jewish emigration from Australia.) five years from 2001 to 2005 as arrived in the ten years from 2006 to 2015 (1,303 versus 1,488 respectively). Although migration from Israel and Table 18. Year of arrival* in NSW, Jewish Other countries has picked up, the numbers hardly population, various years (estimated) compensate for the South African decline.

Number % Time period Year/period^ of arrivals change Total in-migration to NSW has actually been declining since the late 1990s (Figure 15). South Point 2010 435 10% African migration peaked in the 1996-2000 period estimate 2015 391 which itself eclipsed the FSU peak of the early 1990s. NSW entered a new phase of Jewish Annual 5 year 2006-2010 465 -29% migration after 2005 where no single country average 2011-2015 331 dominated the picture. In fact, Jewish migrants * The census question asks, in what year did you ‘first arrive in Australia to live’ for at least one year. from South Africa, who comprised more than two ^ Since the census takes place in August and year of arrival data thirds (71%) of new arrivals in the late nineties, are recorded by the calendar year, data for 2016, 2011 and 2006 are incomplete in each respective census hence the figures for dropped to 55%, 41% and 26% of new arrivals in the most recent complete datasets are presented here. successive five-year periods to be equal with Israel (26%) in the most recent (2011-2015) period.

Table 19. Estimated number of Jewish overseas arrivals to NSW by place of origin, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015*

Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3 2001 - 2005 2006 - 2010 2011 - 2015 % % Number Number Number % change change change of arrivals % of of arrivals % of of arrivals % of wave1- wave2- wave1- in period arrivals in period arrivals in period arrivals wave2 wave3 wave3 South Africa 1,303 55% 754 41% 437 26% -42% -42% -67% Israel 461 19% 334 18% 425 26% -28% 27% -8% Other 605 26% 731 40% 795 48% 21% 9% 31% Total 2,369 100% 1,819 100% 1,657 100% -23% -9% -30%

* Totals show the number of Jewish arrivals who were present on each respective census night (in 2006, 2011 and 2016) and who arrived in the preceding five-year period. Therefore, people who arrived in the period but left prior to census night of that period are not included. As each census takes place in August, the data relate to the five-year period to December of the year preceding the census year to ensure complete years are compared.

16 Since the census took place in August 2016 the most recent full year of data is used, i.e. the calendar year 2015 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 37

Finally, it should be noted that the census leaving NSW for other countries, especially ultimately presents an incomplete picture of Israel (e.g. due to Aliya). For these figures, migration as it does not (and cannot) gather international census data and arrival records data on outflows such as the number of Jews may be consulted.

Figure 15. Number of Jewish migrants present in NSW in 2016 by period of arrival and place of origin (estimated)*

3,000

2,750 477 619 s

t 2,500 n a

r 189 g i 2,250 m 277 162 525 h i

s 2,000 526

w 637 e

J 404

1,750

f 128

o 461

r 681 e 1,500 b 137 729 m 658 80 u

n 1,250 545 d

e 585 t 2,056 a 1,000 334 1,047 m 1,032

i 161 t 49 750 80 1,574 1,303 425 E s 549 995 500 66 754 549 517 759 566 696 250 104 437 4 36 36 70 70 27 69 21 14 9 85 0 5 17 73 36

Period of arrival

South Africa FSU Israel Other

* these data include migrants who were present in 2016—i.e. migrants who passed away or otherwise left Australia since their arrival are excluded 38 The Jewish population of NSW

5.5 Reasons for migrating (Gen17)

Gen17 respondents who were not born in But the reasons given differed depending on the Australia, were asked to give the two most country from which immigrants originated. For important reasons they had for leaving their home example, those from Israel, the UK and the USA country, i.e. key push factors. By far the most primarily cited family reasons (UK immigrants important reason was family ‘parents brought also cited lifestyle/climate) (Table 20). And while me to Australia, partner relocated job etc.’ (34%) those from East European countries also cited (Figure 16). The second most important reason family reasons, they, together with migrants from was ‘poor political situation’ in their country of South Africa and the Former Soviet Union, also origin (22%) closely followed by ‘poor future for mentioned poor political situation. They were also my children’ (21%). likely to mention ‘To escape persecution’.

Figure 16. Most important and second most important reason for immigrants leaving their home country to come to Australia, NSW (Gen17 N=2,224)

Family reasons (parents brought me to Australia, 34% partner relocated job etc.) 8% 16% Poor political situation 22% 10% Poor future for my children 21% 9% To escape social strife/crime 13% 4% Poor economic/employment prospects 11% 4% To escape persecution 5% 3% Poor lifestyle/climate 7% 2% To escape war/terrorism 5% 1% Poor educational opportunities 2% 14% Other reason(s) to leave (please specify) 6% Prefer not to say 2%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Most important reason Second most important reason

Q: Which, if any, of the following reasons prompted you to leave your country of origin? If you lived in more than one country, please refer to the country you lived in for the longest period of time before coming to Australia.

In terms of reasons given for coming to Australia, or ‘pull factors’, the most important reason was again family related with 31% saying they ‘came with my parents as a child’ (Figure 17). The second most important reason given was that Australia offered ‘a safe environment’. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 39

Table 20. Most important reason cited by immigrants for leaving their home country to come to Australia, by country of origin, NSW (Gen17 N=2,224)**

Ukraine + United Russian Eastern South Africa Israel Kingdom Federation USA Europe^

To escape social strife/crime 22% 2% <1% 6% 4% 1%

To escape persecution <1% <1% <1% 8% <1% 17% Poor future for my children 19% 7% 4% 11% 3% 1% Family reasons* 22% 46% 46% 35% 60% 40%

Poor political situation 27% 3% 1% 15% 1% 19%

Poor lifestyle/climate 1% 5% 14% 1% 2% 2%

Other reason(s) to leave 9% 32% 34% 22% 30% 20%

Prefer not to say 1% 5% <1% 2% 1% <1% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

** proportions above 10% highlighted * Parents brought me to Australia, partner relocated job etc. ^ Poland, Hungary and Germany

Figure 17. Most important and second most important reason for immigrants to come to Australia, NSW (Gen17 N=2,224)

Came with my parents as a child 31% 3% To join family or partner here 19% 12% 10% Better future for my children 19%

A safe environment 10% 24% 6% Australia is similar to my country of origin 17% 5% Employment reasons (e.g. recruited by employer) 2% 5% Ability to obtain an Australian visa 8% 4% Better economic prospects 11% Educational reasons (e.g. to study) 2% 2% The Jewish community here 1% 3% Other reason(s) to move here (please specify) 6%

Prefer not to say 1%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Most important reason Second most important reason 40 The Jewish population of NSW

In general, NSW Jewish immigrants were just as 5.6 Immigrant wellbeing and likely to feel ‘more at ease’ with Australian born integration (Gen17) people (19%) as they were with people from their own country (21%) (Figure 19). But this level Overall, most (83%) NSW respondents not born differed depending on country of origin with those in Australia were more satisfied with their lives from Israel and South Africa being most at ease in Australia than in their countries of origin, but with their fellow (respective) migrants and least levels of satisfaction varied with the greatest at ease with people born in Australia. By contrast, being among those from the Former Soviet Union those born in Eastern Europe were most at ease (95%) and the lowest (but still not absolutely with those born in Australia. low) among those from the United States (70%) (Figure 18). As with life satisfaction, levels of ease are closely related to the length of time immigrants Levels of satisfaction tend to increase the longer have been living in Australia. Those who have a person has been living in Australia. For example, been living here the longest were most at ease of those respondents who arrived here relatively with people born in Australia (~30%) and those recently, from 2015-2017, 26% said they were who have been here the shortest were most much more satisfied with their lives in Australia at ease with people from their own country of whereas this was the case for 44% of those who origin (~30%). arrived here from 2005-2009 and for 62% of those who arrived in the early 1990s.

Figure 18. Levels of immigrant’s satisfaction with life in Australia compared with the country you previously lived in, by country of birth, NSW (Gen17 N=2,224)

Total 59% 24% 83.2%

Ukraine + Russian Federation 78% 17% 94.6%

Eastern Europe 73% 13% 86.0%

South Africa 59% 27% 85.5%

United Kingdom 51% 34% 84.8%

Israel 45% 27% 72.0%

USA 38% 32% 69.9%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Much more satisfied More satisfied

Q: Compared to life in the country you lived in permanently before coming to Australia, how satisfied are you with your life in Australia? NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 41

Figure 19. Extent to which immigrants feel at ease with people born in Australia, by country of birth, NSW (Gen17 N=2,224)

40% 35% 35% 32% 29% 30% 30%

25% 21% 21% 19% 19% 20% 16% 17% 14% 12% 15% 11% 9% 10% 5% 0% Israel South USA Ukraine + United Eastern Total Africa Russian Kingdom Europe Federation

More at ease with people from my country of origin More at ease with people born in Australia

Q: Do you currently feel more at ease among people born in Australia or people from your country of origin?

Figure 20. Sense of belonging to Australia by country of birth, NSW (Gen17 N=3,938)

Total 53% 31% 12% 2% 1% 1%

1% <1% Australia born 65% 26% 7% 2% 1% Immigrant 46% 33% 15% 3%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Very strong Quite strong Neutral (neither strong nor weak) Quite weak Very weak Don’t know/Prefer not to say

Q: To what extent do you have a sense of belonging in Australia?

Similar results were seen in terms of sense of lower at 46% (Figure 20). Even so, 79% of belonging to Australia. Overall, just over half immigrants have a quite or very strong sense (53%) said they had a very strong sense of of belonging to Australia. belonging but among those born in Australia, this is 65%; among those born overseas it is 6 Jewish households

In the following section, the census data There are various other ways in which a Jewish are enumerated (i.e. unadjusted) unless household might be defined and, in this analysis, otherwise stated17 . Also, in this section, we identify Jewish household in terms of the the words ‘household’ and ‘dwelling’ are following three types: used interchangeably. • All-Jewish – all members reported Jewish (this includes lone persons) 6.1 Jewish household type • Jewish and No religion/Not stated – at A Jewish household refers to any dwelling in least one person reported Jewish and at which at least one occupant reported Jewish least one other person reported No religion by religion in the 2016 Census, regardless or Not stated but no one reported an Other of the religion responses of other household (non-Jewish) religion members. By this definition there were 17,452u Jewish households in NSW in 2016 (41% of the • Jewish and Other religion – at least

42,953u Jewish households in Australia). Jewish one person reported Jewish and at least households comprise 0.52% of the total of 2.6 one person reported a different religion million households in NSW. Of these, 3,811u (e.g. Christian) were lone persons, 12,926u were families (i.e. dwellings containing more than one related Just over two out of three (69%) NSW Jewish person, including 1,174u Jewish lone parent households are All-Jewish (i.e. all members are households) and 715u were ‘group households’ Jewish), although almost one in three (31%) of (which comprise unrelated people over the age of these is a lone person household (Figure 21). 15 who share a home). In addition to these Jewish A further 14% comprise at least one Jewish households, a further 1,122u Jewish people were person living with at least one person who living in ‘non-private dwellings’, i.e. primarily care reported No religion or did not state a religion (but homes and retirement homes. not with anyone stating a different religion) and around one in six (17%) comprise at least one Comparisons with 2011 are complicated by the Jewish person living with a person who had an fact that the adjustment factor applied in this Other religion (mainly Christian). report only relates to individuals, not households or families (see Appendix 6) and a less detailed By contrast, a higher proportion, 74%, of Victorian definition of Jewish household was used in 2011. Jewish households are All-Jewish and 12% However, in Appendix 5 some experimental comprised at least one Jewish person living with comparisons using different approaches are made a person who had an Other religion. alongside a more detailed explanation of the technical issues.

17 For a full description of the adjustment methodology applied, please see Appendix 3 of Graham D with Narunsky L 2019 op. cit. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 43

Whilst two out of five (42%) Jewish households Figure 21. Jewish households by type, in NSW are located in Eastern Suburbs – North NSW, 2016 (enumerated) N=17,452 (where 15% of all households in the area are Jewish) (Table 21), 17% of households are found in Rest of Sydney. This is a notably high proportion given that this region accounts for 13% Jewish and No Religion/ of the Jewish population (see Table 2). Not Stated 2,465 14% Eastern Suburbs – North has the highest Jewish and Other All Jewish 8,133 proportion of All-Jewish households (82%) which religion 3,043 47% 17% tends to correlate with Jewish population size and density –the lowest proportions of All-Jewish are

Lone Person in Rest of Sydney and Rest of NSW where the 3,811 22% Jewish population is small and spread out.

Table 21. Jewish households by location (SA3) and Jewish household type, 2016**

% of Jewish % of total households + No Jewish Jewish in each Total Jewish Religion or + Other households locality that households* Location All-Jewish Not Stated Religion Total^ in NSW^ are Jewish 7,393 Eastern Suburbs - North 82% 9% 9% 100% 42% 15.3%

2,055 Eastern Suburbs - South 72% 14% 14% 100% 12% 4.1%

1,284 Sydney Inner City 57% 24% 19% 100% 7% 1.5%

1,182 Upper North Shore 78% 9% 13% 100% 7% 3.1%

1,119 Lower North Shore 58% 17% 25% 100% 6% 1.4%

337 Botany 64% 11% 26% 100% 2% 2.1%

3,001 Rest of Sydney 39% 22% 38% 100% 17% 0.2%

1,087 Rest of NSW 40% 23% 37% 100% 6% 0.1%

17,458 Total 67% 14% 19% 100% 100% 0.8%

* total does not sum to 17,452 households due to confidentiality controls employed by ABS ** Green shading indicates highest and orange shading indicates lowest proportions per household type ^ totals may not add to 100% due to rounding 44 The Jewish population of NSW

6.2 Average household size 6.3 Household tenure

NSW households with at least one Jewish person Almost two out of five (38%) Jewish households had an average size of 2.7 persons per household, in NSW are owned outright, a somewhat higher slightly smaller than for the general population at proportion than in the state generally (32%) 2.9 (Table 22). Excluding lone person households, (Figure 22). This is because the Jewish age this increases to 3.1. The average size of Jewish structure is older and older people are more likely households where all members are Jewish was to have paid off their mortgages. A total of 4,576u 2.4 and smaller than the average household size Jewish households are rented and Jews are less of households containing at least one Jew with at likely to rent their home than is generally the case least one other member who is not Jewish, or No (26% compared with 31% respectively). religion or religion Not stated which are similar at 3.0 and 3.1 respectively. Jewish home ownership varies considerably by location. For example, almost half (47%) of Jewish households in Lower North Shore are owned outright (closely followed by Eastern Table 22. Average household size Suburbs – North and Upper North Shore, both on (persons per household) by household 46%) whereas in Botany, this is the case for only type, NSW, 2016 one in five (20%) Jewish homes and is probably reflective of a younger age structure in that area All (Table 23) (see section 5.2). By contrast, renting households All excluding is very common (54%) in Sydney Inner City and households lone persons Botany (39%) but far less common elsewhere. More than a third of Jewish homes in Botany Jewish population 2.7 3.1 (40%), Eastern Suburbs–South (39%) and Ku-ring- gai (36%) are owned with a mortgage. General population 2.9 3.2

Average household size is also quite variable by All-Jewish 2.4 3.1 location. It is largest in Eastern Suburbs – South at

Jewish Jewish and 3.2 persons per household and Sydney Inner City household No religion/ 3.0 N/A (also 3.2) and smallest in rest of Sydney (2.0). This Not stated type will be reflective of differing age structures and Jewish and Other 3.1 N/A levels of religiosity in different areas. religion NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 45

Figure 22. Tenure: Jewish households compared with the rest of the population, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)

40% 38%

35% 32% 32% 32% 31% 30% 26% 25%

20%

15%

10%

5% 2% 2% 2% 3% 0% Owned outright Owned with a Rented Other tenure Not stated mortgage

Jewish Households (N = 17,452) All Other Households (N = 2.6m)

Table 23 Jewish household^ tenure and household size by location, 2016 (enumerated)*

Owned Average Owned with a Other household Location outright mortgage Rented tenure Total N size**

Eastern Suburbs - North 46% 29% 22% 3% 100% 7,386 3.0

Eastern Suburbs - South 29% 39% 30% 2% 100% 2,044 3.2

Sydney Inner City 21% 24% 54% 1% 100% 1,286 3.2

Upper North Shore 46% 36% 17% 1% 100% 1,174 2.2

Lower North Shore 47% 29% 23% 1% 100% 1,097 2.3

Botany 20% 40% 39% 1% 100% 323 3.0

Rest of Sydney 32% 37% 28% 3% 100% 3,054 2.0

Rest of NSW 36% 33% 29% 3% 100% 1,072 2.5

NSW 39% 32% 27% 2% 100% 17,434 2.7

* Green shading indicates highest and orange shading indicates lowest proportions per tenure type; Rows may not to sum to 100% due to rounding. ^ any dwelling in which at least one person is Jewish. Excluding ownership type not stated ** persons per household 46 The Jewish population of NSW

6.4 Household composition and above) lived alone in NSW, a figure which has increased by 3% over the last decade, although it Compared with the NSW general population, is lower than in 2011 (Table 25). However, there Jews are more likely to live in couple families has been far greater variation by age group. For (66% compared with 60%) but they are just as example, the number of Jewish people aged likely to live alone (22% compared with 23%) 60-74 living alone increased by 63% over the (Figure 23). On the other hand, Jews are notably decade whereas the number aged 75-84 years less likely to live in one parent households (7% decreased by 18% yet the number aged 85 years compared with 12%). There were 1,174u one and above increased by 22%. These changes parent Jewish households in NSW. are mainly structural, i.e. due to the shape of the underlying age structure of the population, There is significant variation in Jewish household rather than a result of preference for living alone. composition at the local level (Table 24). For As such, we can expect the number of Jews aged example, over half (51%) of households in Upper 75 and above and living alone to increase in the North Shore consist of couples with children, coming years. compared with 14% in Sydney Inner City. Jewish lone person households make up 10% of Upper The proportion of people in any particular age North Shore households but a third (33%) in group living alone increases with age. Among Sydney Inner City. young adults in 2016, 7% lived alone compared with a third (33%) of people aged 85 and above. Some of these differences occur because there is high variation in household stock across the city It is also instructive to examine whether the with apartments in Sydney Inner City and family likelihood of living alone has changed. This homes further out. is shown in the final three columns of Table 25. In 2016, 7% of people aged 20-39 lived alone, compared with 9% a decade earlier. 6.5 Lone persons This suggests that the propensity to live alone has declined in younger age groups. Moreover, It was seen above that Jews are as likely to live although slightly more people lived alone in 2016 alone as those in the general population (Figure than they did in 2006, the likelihood of living alone 23). In 2016, 4,141i Jewish people (aged 20 years has declined across the board.

Figure 23. Household composition – Jewish and general population, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)

100% 4% 4% Group household 90% 22% 23% 80% Lone person household 1% 1% 70% 7% 12% Other family 60% 50% 30% 27% One parent family 40% 30% Couple family with no children

20% 36% 33% Couple family with children 10% 0% Jewish Households Other Households (N = 17,452) (N = 2.7m) NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 47

Table 24. Jewish household type by location, 2016 (enumerated)*

Couple Couple family One Lone family with with no parent Other person Group Location children children family family household household Total N

Eastern Suburbs - North 36% 30% 6% 1% 24% 3% 100% 7,440

Eastern Suburbs - South 45% 24% 8% 0% 19% 4% 100% 2,060

Sydney Inner City 14% 35% 4% 1% 33% 12% 100% 1,279

Upper North Shore 51% 31% 7% 0% 10% 1% 100% 1,198

Lower North Shore 33% 37% 4% 0% 22% 3% 100% 1,108

Botany 42% 23% 12% 0% 21% 2% 100% 322

Rest of Sydney 37% 31% 7% 1% 19% 5% 100% 2,985

Rest of NSW 29% 33% 9% 0% 22% 7% 100% 1,090

Total NSW 36% 30% 7% 1% 22% 4% 100% 17,482

* Orange shading indicates lowest and green indicates highest proportions per column; rows may not sum to 100% due to rounding

Table 25. Jewish people who live alone by age, NSW, 2006 and 2011 enumerated, 2016 interpolated*

Lone persons as a percentage of all Total number of lone persons % change in persons in each age group number of lone Age group 2006 2011 2016 persons 2006-16 2006 2011 2016

20-39 835 765 582 -30% 9% 8% 7%

40-59 992 954 876 -12% 9% 9% 8%

60-74 823 1,169 1,342 63% 18% 17% 17%

75-84 876 721 722 -18% 32% 29% 27%

85 and above 506 590 619 22% 37% 32% 33%

Total (age 20+) 4,033 4,199 4,141 3% 14% 14% 12%

* Although data for households have not generally been adjusted (see Appendix 6), data for lone persons in 2016 have been interpolated

7 Jewish partnerships and families

A ‘Jewish family’ comprises any dwelling with Jewish families (80%) (Table 26). By contrast, at least two or more related people, of which at this is the case for only 25% of Jewish families least one person reported Jewish. In other words, in Rest of NSW where Jewish families with ‘Jewish families’ exclude lone person households non-Jewish members are most likely to be and group households (where unrelated people located (45%). As with Jewish households, the share a dwelling). As with data on households, likelihood of all family members being Jewish data on Jewish families are unadjusted unless inversely correlates with Jewish population size otherwise stated. and density.

Most (77% or 10,007u) Jewish families consisted 7.1 Jewish families of married couples alongside 1,640u (13%) de facto couple families and 1,174u (9%) one A total of 12,926u Jewish families were parent families. Compared with the rest of the enumerated in NSW in 2016 and 62% of NSW population, Jews are more likely to live these are All-Jewish (all family members are as married couples with children (45% versus Jewish). The location with the largest number 40% respectively) and almost half as likely to of Jewish families is Eastern Suburbs – North live in one parent families (9% versus 16% which also has the highest proportion of All- respectively) (Table 27).

Table 26. Jewish families, by Jewish family type and location, 2016 (enumerated)*

Jewish + No Total Jewish religion or Not Jewish + Other families Location All-Jewish stated religion Total

5,453 Eastern Suburbs - North 80% 10% 10% 100%

1,597 Eastern Suburbs - South 69% 16% 15% 100%

1,053 Upper North Shore 77% 10% 13% 100%

822 Lower North Shore 49% 21% 30% 100%

702 Sydney Inner City 42% 34% 24% 100%

258 Botany 60% 14% 26% 100%

2,266 Rest of Sydney 28% 27% 44% 100%

776 Rest of NSW 25% 30% 45% 100%

12,927 Total NSW 62% 17% 21% 100%

* Green shading indicates highest and orange shading indicates lowest proportions per household type. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 49

Table 27. Couple type by family composition, Jewish families and all other families, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)

Total Jewish families All Other Families Marital Status* Family composition N=12,926 N=1.9m

Couple family with children 45% 40% Married Couple family with no children 32% 29% Couple family with children 4% 5% De facto Couple family with no children 9% 8% One parent family 9% 16% Not married Other family 1% 2% Total 100% 100% * Social marital status of family reference person

Table 28. Social marital status by family composition and Jewish family type, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)

Jewish + No Jewish Marital religion or + Other status* Family composition All-Jewish Not stated religion Total N

Couple family with children 63% 16% 21% 100% 5,811 Married Couple family with no children 70% 11% 19% 100% 4,196

Couple family with children 22% 38% 40% 100% 505 De facto Couple family with no children 28% 37% 35% 100% 1,135

One parent family 74% 16% 10% 100% 1,174 Not married Other family 68% 21% 11% 100% 120

Total 62% 17% 21% 100% 12,941

* Social marital status of family reference person ^ This does not sum to 12,926 due to confidentiality controls employed by ABS

Married couple families, whether with or without children, are far more likely to be All-Jewish than de facto couple families, for example, 63% of married Table 29. Registered marital status of couples with children are All-Jewish families family reference person, by Jewish compared with 22% of de facto couples with household type, NSW, 2016 (enumerated) children (Table 28). All-Jewish All other Marital Status families families In terms of registered marital status, Jewish families in NSW are more likely to consist of a Married 78% 70% married couple (with or without children) than Divorced 8% 8% other families in the state (78% versus 70% Separated 2% 4% respectively) (Table 29). They are slightly less Widowed 2% 3% likely to be divorced and widowed and far less Never married 9% 15% likely to be Never married (9% versus 15% Total 100% 100% respectively), mainly a reflection of the older N 12,926 1.9m Jewish age structure. 50 The Jewish population of NSW

Jewish families in NSW are more likely to have When dependent children are present, those no children at home than other families (42% who are All-Jewish are more likely than other versus 38%) (Table 30). On the other hand, they Jewish families to have three or more children are slightly more likely to have dependent children (24%). Overall, they have an average of 2.0 (48% versus 47%). dependent children at home, compared with 1.8 when at least one person has No religion or Not stated (Table 31).

Table 30. Count of dependent children, by Jewish family type, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)*

Jewish + No religion Jewish + Other Total Jewish All other All-Jewish or Not stated religion families families

No children 42% 40% 44% 42% 38%

No dependent children^ 11% 11% 9% 10% 15%

At least one dependent child 47% 49% 47% 48% 47%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

N 7,986 2,210 2,730 12,926 1.9m

* A dependent child/ren comprises all children aged 0-14 years and all dependent students aged 15-24 years ^ this refers to families who have children present but who are not dependent

Table 31. Families with Dependent Children, by Jewish family type, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)*

Jewish + No religion Jewish + Total Jewish All other All-Jewish or Not stated Other religion families families

One dependent child 31% 38% 36% 33% 39%

Two dependent children 44% 48% 45% 45% 41%

Three dependent children 20% 12% 16% 18% 15%

Four or more dependent children 4.3% 2.8% 2.4% 3.6% 4.7%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

N 3,782 1,080 1,291 6,153 0.9m

Average number of dependent children 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9

* A dependent child/ren comprises all children aged 0-14 years and all dependent students aged 15-24 years NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 51

Jews in NSW are far more likely to live in 7.2 Marital status apartments and semi-detached homes than is generally the case. As a result, they are far less In addition to formalised, ‘Registered Marriages’, likely to live in separate (detached) houses (48% the census also records ‘Social Marital Status’.18 versus 74% generally) (Table 32). Jews are more likely to be married (registered) than the general population of NSW (59% compared with 50% respectively) (Figure 24). Table 32. Type of dwelling, Jewish And Jews are slightly less likely to be in de facto families and all other families, NSW, 2016 partnerships than is generally the case (7% (enumerated) versus 9%). They are also less likely to be ‘Never married’ (21% versus 27%), which is at least Total Jewish All other partly due to their older Jewish age structure. families families (N=12,296) (N=1.9m)

Separate house 48% 74% Semi-detached, row or terrace house, townhouse 18% 10% etc. Flat or apartment 33% 15%

Other/Not stated 1% 1%

Total 100% 100%

Figure 24. Current marital status – Jewish population and general population, (all people aged 15 and above, estimated) NSW, 2016

70% 59% 60% 50% 50%

40%

30% 27% 21% 20% 9% 10% 7% 7% 6% 6% 5% 2% 2% 0% Never Married Married de Separated* Divorced* Widowed* married* facto

Jewish (N = 36,793) General Population (N = 5.6m)

* These people were currently unpartnered (no de facto relationship) at the time of the census

18 Social Marital Status indicates a person’s relationship status based on current living arrangements of couples. Where a couple relationship exists in the household, the type of relationship is identified (ABS 2016 Census Dictionary page 107). 52 The Jewish population of NSW

Between 2006 and 2016, there was an 5% variables. Not all people who are ‘Married’ are in increase (1,003a) in the number of Jewish a marriage and similarly, not all people who are adults living in registered marriages in NSW ‘Never married’ are unpartnered. Thus, 17% of (though not all married Jews were married to people whose status is Never married were in de other Jews) (Table 33). However, the largest facto marriages as were 21% of people whose proportionate increase was in the number of status is currently Divorced. de facto partnerships (up by 29% in the decade, an increase of 581a). The number Marital status is shown geographically in Table 34. who were ‘Never married’ was down Sydney Inner City has the highest proportion of slightly (by 2.6%). adults who have never been married (40%) due to its relatively large young-adult population (see Because 'registered marriage' and ‘social Table 9). On the other hand, Sydney Inner City marital status’ measure different things—the has the lowest proportion of married Jews (39%) former being about ceremony, the latter about compared with Upper North Shore which has the partnership status—we can cross tabulate these highest proportion (67%).

Table 33. Current partnership status (persons aged 15 and above), NSW Jewish population, 2006 and 2016 (estimated)*

Total Percent 2006 to 2016

Current partnership status 2006 2016 2006 2016 Total change % change

Never married (no partner) 7,783 7,581 20.6% 19.4% -201 -2.6% Married (living with spouse) 20,153 21,156 53.4% 54.0% 1,003 5.0% Living in de facto marriage 1,979 2,560 5.2% 6.5% 581 29.4% Separated (no partner) 586 619 1.6% 1.6% 33 5.7% Currently divorced (no partner) 2,037 2,443 5.4% 6.2% 406 19.9% Widowed (no partner) 2,394 2,084 6.3% 5.3% -310 -13.0% Other 2,831 2,729 7.5% 7.0% -102 -3.6% Total 37,763 39,173 100.0% 100.0% 1,512 3.7% * Columns may not to sum due to rounding

Table 34. Marital status by area (persons aged 15 and above), NSW Jewish population, 2016 (estimated)*

Never married Married Separated Divorced Widowed Total N

Eastern Suburbs - North 24% 60% 2% 7% 7% 100% 18,079 Eastern Suburbs - South 24% 58% 3% 8% 8% 100% 5,075 Upper North Shore 23% 67% <1% 4% 5% 100% 3,302 Sydney Inner City 40% 39% 4% 11% 7% 100% 2,293 Lower North Shore 20% 62% 1% 9% 8% 100% 2,155 Botany 24% 53% 4% 12% 7% 100% 746 Rest of Sydney 25% 51% 2% 13% 9% 100% 5,650 Rest of NSW 27% 48% 4% 16% 6% 100% 1,850 Total 25% 57% 2% 9% 7% 100% 39,150

* Rows may not to sum due to rounding. Green shading indicates highest and orange indicates lowest proportions per partnership status. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 53

Gen17 survey data provide some additional 7.3 Marital status and age information on Jewish divorce in NSW. Unlike the census, it asked whether respondents had Marital status changes over a person’s life course. ever been (rather than if they are currently) Among Jews in NSW, three quarters (75%) divorced and found that this was the case for remain single ‘Never married’ in their late twenties almost one in five people (19%) aged 18 and but by their late thirties this is the case for just above. Most had been divorced once, but 17% 22% (Figure 25). Marriage is the predominant of this group had been divorced more than once. status until people reach their late eighties when widowhood takes over. Meanwhile, divorce and Respondents who had been divorced were separation are the statuses for more than one in asked whether a ‘get’ (Jewish divorce ten people aged in their late forties rising to almost document) had been granted. For one in three one in five in their sixties. (35%) respondents, this was not relevant as they had not had ‘a Jewish religious marriage’, In 2016, 75% of people aged 25-29 were but of those who had experienced a Jewish Never married compared to 70% in 2011 religious marriage, most (79%) said a get had suggesting that the age at which Jews are been granted. first marrying is increasing or that fewer are choosing to marry.

Figure 25. Marital status as a proportion of each age group, Jewish population, NSW, 2016

Never married Married Divorced / Separated Widowed

90+ 2% 22% 5% 71%

85-89 2% 39% 6% 52%

80-84 3% 55% 11% 31%

75-79 3% 63% 15% 19%

70-74 4% 68% 18% 11%

65-69 4% 70% 19% 7%

60-64 7% 70% 19% 4%

55-59 9% 72% 17% 2%

50-54 12% 72% 16% 1% Age group 45-49 11% 75% 13% 1%

40-44 15% 76% 9% <1%

35-39 22% 73% 5%

30-34 36% 61% 3%

25-29 75% 24% 1%

20-24 98% 2%

15-19 100%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Proportion of each age group by marital status 54 The Jewish population of NSW

Gender is also an important factor. The longer However, 18% are in a partnership and live in life expectancy of Jewish women than Jewish a de facto partnership and a further 19% are in men, combined with a higher rate of remarriage a partnership but do not live with their partner for men, inevitably leads to more women (Figure 26). remaining widowed than men (60% of Jewish women in their eighties are widowed compared As noted, the experiences of Jewish men and with 17% of Jewish men). From their mid- women differ in this regard. Among those forties onwards, men are more likely to be who have never been married, women are married than women, and women are more more likely to be unpartnered than men (71% likely to be divorced than men (until both sexes versus 61% respectively). But the difference reach their mid-eighties). For example, 17% is greatest in terms of those who are currently of Jewish women in their sixties are divorced divorced or widowed, for example, 55% of men compared with 13% of men of that age. who are currently divorced have a new partner compared with 22% of women. Gen17 data indicate that among those in NSW (aged 18 and above) who are not currently married and living with their spouse, a majority (62%) is not in a permanent partnership.

Figure 26. Partnership status for all those not currently married and living with their spouse NSW (Gen17 N=1,096)

Total 18% 19% 62% d

e Female 6% 7% 86% w o d Male 22% 13% 65% W i d

e Female 9% 13% 78% c r o v i Male 17% 37% 45% D t a r d h e

t Female 9% 20% 71% e

v i , r e r e l n a

g s n m i Male 15% 24% 61% S i

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Currently living with your de facto partner In a long-term partnership but not living together Not in any kind of long-term partnership NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 55

7.4 De facto and same-sex In terms of same-sex de facto couples, there couples were 114 a Jewish women and 145a Jewish men in such unions. (Same-sex marriage was not

Of the 2,374a Jews in de facto (or social) sanctioned in Australia until December 2017). marriages, most (2,115a or 89%) were in opposite- This is about 1.2% of all Jews in partnerships sex partnerships (Table 35). Of these, a majority (including married couples), similar to the (61%) had never been previously married, proportion in NSW generally (1.0%). although 29% were divorced, 3% were separated from a marriage, and 4% were widowed from a marriage.

Table 35. Type of de facto marriage, Jewish population by sex, (persons aged 15 and above) NSW, 2016 (estimated)*

Male Female Total % of total

Persons in opposite-sex couple 1,036 1,079 2,115 89%

Female in same-sex couple - 114 114 5%

Male in same-sex couple 145 – 145 6%

Total 1,181 1,193 2,374 100%

* Excludes not stated. Rows and columns may not sum due to rounding

8 Intermarriage

In the following section, for comparative a partner who reported No religion and one in purposes, data on Jewish intermarriage for 2016 seven (14%) had a partner with an Other religion use interpolated19 figures. In all other cases data (Table 36)21. Thus, almost one in four (25%) are based on enumerated figures. Also in this Jews living in a couple in NSW had a partner section, unless otherwise stated, ‘Jewish’ also who did not report Jewish by religion or by includes people who reported their religion as ancestry in the 2016 Census. No religion/Not stated but who reported their ancestry as Jewish. The proportion of partnered Jews in NSW who have a Jewish partner has declined since 2001, from 79.5% to 75.2% in 2016, in line with an 8.1 Intermarriage by religion of increase in the number of those with a partner partner reporting No religion. The proportion with a partner with an Other religion has remained 20 There were 19,853i Jewish people in NSW largely unchanged. living with a partner (married or de facto) in 2016. Of these, three quarters (75%) had a Jewish partner, more than one in ten (11%) had

Table 36. Religion of partner (married or de facto) for Jewish individuals living in a couple, NSW, 2001 to 2011 (enumerated) and 2016 (interpolated)^

Religion of partner 2001 2006 2011 2016

Jewish 79.5% 79.0% 77.3% 75.2%

No religion 5.5% 6.2% 7.8% 10.8%

Other religion* 14.9% 14.8% 14.9% 14.0%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

N (Jewish individuals) 16,763 17,46 6 19,389 19,853

No religion + other religion 20.4% 21.0% 22.7% 24.8%

* the majority (90%) of these partners are Christian ^ Columns may not sum to 100% due to rounding

19 This is an estimate of the enumerated census figure had the religion question format and circumstances of the 2016 Census matched those of the immediately preceding censuses. The interpolated figure can be directly compared with enumerated data from earlier

censuses. It is denoted by a subscript i (interpolated) after the number.

20 Note this figure excludes those whose partner did not report a religion (N=227i). A note of caution is however warranted. For completeness, data on Jews in this section also incorporate people who identified as Jewish in the ancestry question but who

reported their religion as No religion or Not stated religion (800i partnered individuals in 2016). Strictly speaking, such individuals are not part of the interpolated adjustment. Moreover, a unique adjustment pertaining to such individuals has not been attempted. But for the purposes of this section and for expediency, we have treated them in the same way as Jews by religion. 21 Unless otherwise stated, these data are based on Jewish individuals who live with their partner (as opposed to couples in which at least one person is Jewish). The data exclude Jewish people in a partnership whose partner was temporarily away from home on

census night. They also exclude Jews in same-sex couples in NSW (N=200u). NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 57

Table 37. Religion of partner for couples (married or de facto) in which at least one partner is Jewish, NSW, 2001 to 2011 (enumerated) and 2016 (interpolated)

Religion of partner 2001 2006 2011 2016

Jewish 66.0% 65.2% 63.0% 60.3%

No religion 9.2% 10.2% 12.7% 17.3%

Other religion* 24.8% 24.5% 24.3% 22.5%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

N (Couples in which at least one partner is Jewish) 10,096 10,570 11,897 12,386

No religion + Other religion 34.0% 34.8% 37.0% 39.7%

* the majority (90%) of these partners are Christian

Data on intermarriage can either be expressed as a proportion of all Jewish individuals marrying (as Table 38. Number of Jewish individuals by above) or as a proportion of all couples marrying religion of partner (married or de facto) (i.e. all marriages involving at least one Jew). The and change from 2011 (enumerated) to advantage of the couples’ approach is that it is 2016 (interpolated), NSW more intuitive since marriage, after all, is based on couples. On the other hand, couples-based % change 2011 to intermarriage figures tend to be higher than those Religion of partner 2011 2016 2016 based on individuals and some may feel they Jewish 14,988 14,935 -0.4% give an exaggerated indication of the state of No religion 1,512 2,137 41.3% intermarriage. Although neither approach is more Not Jewish 2,889 2,781 -3.7% accurate than the other, it is important that the Total 19,389 19,853 2.4% base upon which the statistics are calculated is clearly understood.

Thus, examining the same data in terms of couples (in which at least one partner is Jewish)

(12,386i couples excluding couples where the partner did not respond to the religion question), in 60% of cases both partners were Jewish, in 17% one partner was Jewish and one is No religion and in 23% one partner is Jewish and one has an Other religion.

Between 2011 and 2016, the total number of partnered Jewish individuals (married or de facto) increased by 2.4%, alongside a slight decrease (3.7%) in the number of Jews with a partner who reported an Other religion and essentially no change in the number with a Jewish partner (-0.4%) (Table 38). On the other hand, there was a dramatic proportionate increase in the number of Jews whose partner reported No religion, rising by 41.3% from 2011 to 2016. 58 The Jewish population of NSW

8.2 Intermarriage by partnership Compared with married Jews, those in de facto type and sex partnerships are more than twice as likely to have a partner with an Other religion (30% versus 12% Multiple factors impact the likelihood of respectively) and almost four times as likely to intermarriage occurring, with certain Jewish have a partner with No religion (32% versus 9% subgroups tending to exhibit higher levels than respectively) (Table 39). others. The key census variables of interest are type of partnership, sex, age and location.22 Jewish women are slightly more likely to have a Jewish partner than Jewish men but the main The vast majority (90%) of partnered Jews in NSW difference between the sexes is that Jewish women are married with the remainder (10%) being in de are more likely to have a partner with No religion and facto (or cohabiting) partnerships. Jewish men are more likely to have a partner with an Other religion (i.e. Christian) (Table 40). This is less a result of preference on the part of Jews and Table 39. Religion of partner for Jewish more to do with preference on the part of non-Jews, individuals by partnership type*, NSW, especially non-Jewish males, who are more likely 2016 (interpolated) to identify as No religion than non-Jewish females which means the pool of such men is larger. All partnered De Jewish Religion of partner Married facto individuals

Jewish 79.3% 38.7% 75.2% No religion 8.5% 31.5% 10.8% Other religion** 12.3% 29.8% 14.0% Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% N (Jews living in 17,900 1,948 19,853 couples) * excluding Jews with partners who did not state a religion ** the majority (90%) of these partners are Christian

Table 40. Religion of partner for married Jewish individuals by sex and partnership type, NSW, 2016 (interpolated)

Married Religion of partner

Jewish males: Jewish females: Jewish males: Jewish females: religion of religion of religion of religion of male Religion of partner wife husband Total female partner partner Total

Jewish 78.5% 80.1% 79.3% 38.3% 39.1% 38.7% No religion 7.6% 9.3% 8.5% 30.6% 32.3% 31.5% Other religion* 13.9% 10.6% 12.3% 31.0% 28.6% 29.8% Total** 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% N^ 9,042 8,858 17,900 983 965 1,948 * the majority (90%) of these are Christian partners ** Columns may not sum to 100% due to rounding ^ Excluding Jews whose partners who did not state a religion

22 Jewish denomination is also an important determinant of intermarriage however the census does not capture this information but can be analysed using survey data. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 59

8.3 Children of intermarried Jews 8.5 The intermarriage rate (Gen17) Gender is also relevant in terms of the religion of upbringing of children. The likelihood of a child In contrast to the prevalence measure being raised Jewish is highest when both parents of intermarriage, which is a snapshot of are Jewish. Taking the religion reported for the intermarriage at one moment in time (and as such, youngest dependent child as a proxy for the is the only kind of intermarriage data available religion all the children in a family are being raised, from the census), the intermarriage rate refers when both parents are Jewish, 97% of couples in to the proportion of all marriages taking place NSW raise their children Jewish (Table 41). When in a particular time period that involved Jews the parents are not both Jewish, the sex of the marrying non-Jews. This can only be obtained Jewish parent becomes an important factor in the with survey data. likelihood of a child being raised Jewish. That is, when the child’s mother is Jewish and the father Gen17 indicates that the intermarriage rate in has an Other religion, 50% of couples raise their NSW for Jews marrying between 2010 and 2017 children Jewish. By contrast, when the father was 23%24. In other words, almost a quarter is Jewish, and the mother is Other religion, the of Jews who married in this period married a proportion is just 15%. non-Jew. Figure 28 shows how intermarriage in NSW has changed over time25. Between the 1960s and 1990s, it rose steadily, followed by a 8.4 Intermarriage by age notable increase in the most recent period, almost doubling from 13% to 23%. Jews who marry at a very young age (under 25) tend to be more religious than those who marry at older ages, so are more likely to marry Jews. Almost all (88%) married Jews aged 15- Table 41. Religion of youngest dependent 24 in NSW are married to other Jews23 (Figure child by religion of married parents, NSW, 27). However, it is also true that Jews who 2016 (interpolated) marry today are more likely than their parents to marry a non-Jewish person, in other words, the % Youngest Number child of younger a person is the more likely they are to reported as married marry someone who is not Jewish. Almost three Religion of parents Jewish couples out of ten (28%) married Jews in NSW aged in Both mother and father 97% 3,344 their early thirties have a spouse who did not Jewish report Jewish. Mother Father No religion 57% 465 Jewish Father Other religion 50% 487

Father Mother No religion 17% 362 Jewish Mother Other religion 15% 599

23 This percentage relates to a group of less than 40 individuals. 24 The equivalent statistic in terms of couples is 38% – i.e. almost two out of five weddings taking place in that period and involving at least one Jew was an intermarriage. 25 Note this is an approximation of intermarriage over time since it only includes marriages that were extant in 2017. In other words, anyone marrying in earlier years who is no longer alive, has assimilated or who left the state is not included in these data. 60 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 27. Married Jews by age by religion of spouse (N=3,502, interpolated)

Other religion No religion Other + No religion

30% p

u 25% o r g

e

g 20% a

f o

n 15% o i t r o p

o 10% P r

5%

0% 25- 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60- 65- 70- <25 75+ 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 Other religion 12% 9% 14% 12% 14% 14% 14% 9% 11% 10% 11% 8% No religion 0% 12% 14% 13% 11% 10% 7% 8% 6% 6% 5% 3% Other + No religion 12% 21% 28% 26% 24% 24% 21% 17% 17% 16% 16% 11%

Age group

Figure 28. Intermarriage rate by period marriage took place, NSW (Gen17 N=2,452)*

25%

23% h y l s t i n w e e r r J

u

t 20% c

o s n l

a s i u

d o i h v i 15% w d

n 13% 13% i e

s h u s i o p w s e

r 10% J i

f e 8% o h

t

n h o t i i t 5% r w

o 5% g p 3% n o i v i P r l

0% 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010-2017

Period marriage took place

* All Jewish individuals who are married and currently living with their spouse. Status is established based on the following question: Was your current, or most recent, marriage held under Jewish religious auspices? NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 61

8.6 Intermarriage: Jewish related to a person’s religious position. Thus, one attitudes and behaviours (Gen17) in three (33%) non-practising Jews are concerned about intermarriage compared with 84% of Most (79%) intermarried Jews in NSW say they Orthodox Jews (figure 32). feel somewhat or very well accepted by the Jewish community but 17% do not feel very well accepted and a small minority (4%) do not feel accepted at all (Figure 29). Figure 29. Feelings of acceptance by intermarried Jews, NSW (Gen17 N=256) Intermarried Jews in NSW are far less likely to Not accepted at all, observe Jewish practices than in-married Jews. 4% For example, 46% of in-married Jews attend Friday night meals every week compared with

15% of intermarried Jews (Figure 30). And 59% Not very well of in-married Jews fast on Yom Kippur every year accepted, 17% compared with 18% of intermarried Jews. Very well accepted, 36% Similarly, in-married Jews are far more likely than intermarried Jews to eat kosher meat both inside Somewhat accepted, and outside the home. Indeed two out of five 43% (40%) intermarried Jews eat pork products at home and more than half (57%) do so outside the home (Figure 31). Q: Thinking about yourself as one of an intermarried couple, how accepted do you feel by the Jewish community? Do you 26% of respondents are very concerned about feel you are... intermarriage in Australia and 38% are somewhat concerned. Levels of concern however are closely

Figure 30. Attendance at Friday night meals and fasting on Yom Kippur by religion of spouse, NSW (Gen17 N=2,451)* l a e e y s a o m l

d Jewish spouse 46% 23% 23% 8% i t c r / s a F y d b l

i a n b

a e m i d r a n f f S h

e

h t t t t Non-Jewish spouse 15% 13% 32% 40% i h A g i w n r u

Jewish spouse 59% 11% 9% 21% p n p o

t K i

s a m F

Y o Non-Jewish spouse 18% 11% 15% 57%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Always Usually Sometimes Never

* excluding those who prefer not to say and those who do not fast for health reasons. 62 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 31. Kosher meat consumption by religion of spouse, NSW (Gen17 N=2,451)* e t a h t e Jewish spouse 25% 56% 18% r e m o

f f

m t o o

h h e g p u Non-Jewish spouse

y 3% 35% 61% o T b t s e a d h

e Jewish spouse e 14% 55% 30% t

e m m e

m f u d i s o o

s h n t e o u p

c Non-Jewish spouse 2% 32% 65% o y T

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Only kosher meat Ordinary (non-kosher) meat, but not pork products Ordinary (non-kosher) meat including pork products

* excluding prefer not to say

Figure 32. Level of concern felt about intermarriage by current religious/Jewish identification, NSW (Gen17 N=3,784)

Modern Orthodox 35% 49% 84%

Traditional 44% 34% 78%

Masorti/Conservative 39% 29% 68%

Progressive/Reform 45% 12% 58%

No denomination – just Jewish 38% 11% 49%

Non-practising (secular/cultural) 25% 8% 33%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Somewhat concerned Very concerned

9 Income, wealth and poverty

9.1 Personal income

Income is a key determinant of economic population to earn $156,000 per year or more, the wellbeing, albeit, not the only one. It is also highest income bracket measured by the census subject to a relatively high level of non-response (14.7% versus 3.5% respectively). And whilst in the census, despite being a compulsory 75% of the general population earned under question. However, Jews were far less likely to $65,000, this was the case for 56% of Jews. not respond to the income question as the general NSW population (9% generally versus 4% for These figures are also reflected in the estimated Jews). Setting these non-responses aside, Figure median26 personal annual incomes with Jews at 33 shows that, in terms of personal income, Jews $55,400, compared with $34,400 for the rest of were four times as likely as the rest of the NSW the NSW population27, a difference of 61%.

Figure 33. Personal income, NSW Jewish population versus rest of NSW, 2016*

4% >$156,000 15%

6% $104,000-$156,000 10%

15% $65,000-$104,000 18%

$41,600-$65,000 18% 14%

$20,800-$41,600 25% 17%

<$20,800 21% 15%

Nil/Negative 11% 9%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Rest of NSW (N=6.3m) Jewish (N=39,182, estimated)

* All people aged 15 and above, excluding non-response

26 The mean and median are both measures of the average. The advantage of the median over the more familiar mean is that very large values (outliers) are less distorting. 27 Excluding persons under 15 and those who did not respond to the income question 64 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 33 also indicates that not all Jewish adults In terms of personal income, the modal30 band have high personal incomes. 24% earned less was $100,000-$149,999 (18%) (Figure 34). than $20,800 per year ($400 per week). That said, However, 27% of respondents reported personal this does not necessarily mean these people are incomes of $150,000 or more and we can at risk of poverty. Some may live in households (approximately) compare this with the census with other income earners: for example, those where 15% earned $156,000 or more. Clearly caring for young children (usually mothers) who these are very different results, so which is perhaps earn part-time incomes alongside their more accurate? spouse’s full-time income. Others may be young adults living with their parents or living alone but Unfortunately it is not possible to answer this with relatively low outgoings. question within the confines of a report of this nature, however, a second set of Gen17 data are presented in Figure 34 which are from a small but 9.2 Personal income (Gen17) arguably, more representative sub-sample*. This referral sub-sample had a Jewish median personal Gen17 provides an alternative source of income of $74,000 as opposed to $91,500 information on personal income, but it is (the latter being more representative of JCA’s important to note it is not directly comparable28. database). And whilst this sub-sample median Two key advantages of survey data over the was also far higher than the census median of census are that the upper income bracket is $55,000, it is probably the more accurate of the far greater than the census’s ($500,000 per figures available. annum compared with $156,000 in the census), important because the Jewish population has much higher average earnings than the general population, and, because it is part of a survey dataset, so the possibilities for analysis are greater. On the other hand, the level of non-response was considerably higher (28% compared with 4% in the compulsory census). That said, additional analysis indicates this non- response does not appear to be biased towards any particular income group or band29. Of greater interest is the fact that the survey data indicate far higher incomes than the census.

28 In addition to the issues discussed in the text the question wording and presentation is rather different too: in Gen17 the question asked: “Which of the following best represents your current PERSONAL annual gross income, from all sources, BEFORE taxes and other deductions?”. In the 2016 Census it asked: “What is the total of all income the person usually receives?” followed by a detailed set of instructions about what to include. Separately, Gen17 took place one year later than the 2016 Census which may also have impacted comparability, the age cut off for the census was 15 compared with 18 in the survey, and the census includes a Nil/Negative income, category not included in the survey. 29 This level of income non-response is typical in optional sample surveys of the Jewish community. Those who choose prefer not to say (PNTS) are simply more likely to choose that option for all questions, presumably due to a higher than average sense of privacy. But otherwise there does not seem to be a different relationship between income and reporting PNTS. For example, cross tabulations of income with a question on perceived wealth (Prosperous through to Poor) shows that once income PNTS is set aside, the distributions are statistically the same. 30 Mode is a measure of central tendency meaning the most common value NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 65

Figure 34. Personal pre-tax annual income, NSW (Gen17 N=3,938, N=259*)^

5% $500,000 or more 2% 5% $300,000 to $499,999 4% 7% $200,000 to $299,999 5% 10% $150,000 to $199,999 4% 18% $100,000 to $149,999 15% 15% $75,000 to $99,999 19% 16% $50,000 to $74,999 18% 11% $25,000 to $49,999 14% 8% $10,000 to $24,999 13% 6% Less than $10,000 7%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

Gen17 total NSW sample JCA referals* NSW

^ all those aged 18 and above, excluding non-response * JCA referrals are an online snowball sub-sample that was created off the back of the main Gen17 sample, that in NSW was generated using JCA database (see Graham and Markus, 2018 Op. cit. p79

9.3 Personal income by location

Census data indicate that personal income is Table 42. Personal income by area, highly variable by location across NSW (Table Jewish population age 15 and above, 42). Overall, it was highest among Jews living NSW, 2016 Census in the Lower North Shore (median $77,400 per year) and lowest for Jews outside Sydney Median Estimated (median $40,400 per year). Personal incomes annual number of income people were more than $10,000 lower in Eastern Suburbs – South than in Eastern Suburbs – Lower North Shore $77,400 2,186 North. Of the areas analysed within Sydney, Eastern Suburbs – North $61,700 18,059 median personal income was lowest in Botany Sydney Inner City $59,600 2,272 ($40,400 per year). Upper North Shore $55,500 3,295

With the exception of unrelated people living in Eastern Suburbs – South $50,600 5,075 the same home (e.g. flatmates), income tends Rest of Sydney $46,400 5,670 to be shared among household members. Botany $40,400 736 Thus, personal income is a limited indicator Rest of NSW $31,900 1,834 of wealth and poverty; household income is a more accurate indicator for understanding Total $55,500 39,128 such issues. 66 The Jewish population of NSW

9.4 Personal income in ACT In NSW, Jewish household income was notably higher than household income generally. For The median personal annual income for Jews in example, 15% of Jewish households had annual ACT in 2016 was $69,700, compared with $51,900 incomes of $260,000 or above compared with 4% for the rest of the ACT population31 , a difference of for all other households (Figure 36). 34%. It was also 26% higher than the median for Jews in NSW ($55,400). The median annual Jewish household income was $127,200, 65% higher than the rest of NSW This difference is visually evident in Figure 35 households ($77,200) (Table 43). But household which shows that, in terms of personal income, income is related to household composition Jews were more than twice as likely as the rest and Jewish couples with children at home had of the ACT population to earn $156,000 per year much higher average incomes of $197,600, or more (10.4% versus 4.6% respectively), this 2.5 times higher than Jewish one parent being the highest income bracket measured by households ($78,600). the census. They were also 1.6 times as likely to earn in the $104,000-$156,000 range (17% Nevertheless, in all cases, including for lone versus 11%). parents, Jewish household incomes in NSW were higher than the equivalent incomes in the general population. For example, Jewish lone persons 9.5 Household income had median incomes of $49,100, 43% higher than lone persons in the rest of NSW ($34,300). Note A ‘Jewish household’ refers to any dwelling in however, the median annual income for Jewish which at least one occupant reported Jewish by lone persons aged under 50 was almost double religion in the 2016 Census, regardless of the that of those aged 50 years or above ($77,600 religion responses of other household members. (aged under 50), compared with $39,200 (aged 50 and over)).

Figure 35. Personal income in ACT, Jewish versus rest of ACT population, 2016*

7% Not stated 1% 4.6% >$156,000 10.4% 11% $104,000-$156,000 17% 22% $65,000-$104,000 24%

17% $41,600-$65,000 15% 17% $20,800-$41,600 15% 14% <$20,800 13% 8% Nil/negative 5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Rest of ACT (N=0.3m) Jewish (N=672, estimated)

* All people aged 15 and above

31 Excluding persons under 15 and those who did not respond to the income question NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 67

Figure 36. Household annual income* for Jewish households and all other households, NSW, 2016 (enumerated)

0% $416,000 or more 1% 2% $312,000-$415,999 7% 2% $260,000-$311,999 7% 5% $208,000-$259,999 10% 10% $156,000-$207,999 15% 19% $104,000-$155,999 18% 12% $78,000-$103,999 10% $52,000-$77,999 11% 16%

$26,000-$51,999 19% 12% $1-$25,999 13% 8% 2% Negative income / Nil income 2%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

All other households N=2.3m) Jewish households (N=15,684)

* data exclude families where all incomes are not stated or some are but not all incomes are stated

9.6 Household income (Gen17)

As discussed above (section 10.2), direct comparisons between census and survey data on income are problematic. Gen17 indicates that Table 43. Median annual household almost one out of five Jewish households (19%) income for Jewish households by in NSW had incomes of $100,000-$149,999. household composition, NSW, 2016 The data also suggest that 9% of households have incomes of $500,000 or more. Gen17 gives Jewish Rest of population NSW a median Jewish household income for NSW Couple family with children $197,600 $127,300 of $150,000 compared with $127,000 in the present census. Whilst it is likely this Gen17 figure is an Couple family with no $133,000 $79,700 overstatement, in this case, we cannot examine children present the referral sub-sample because it is too small. One parent family $78,600 $60,000 Other family $80,800 $72,700 Lone person household $49,100 $34,300 Group household $116,000 $85,800 Total $127,200 $77,200 N (enumerated) 15,684 2.3m

* Figures exclude those who did not respond to the income question or households where not all incomes were stated. 68 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 37. Median annual pre-tax household income, NSW (Gen17 N=2,072)*

$500,000 or more 8.6%

$300,000 to $499,999 9.6%

$200,000 to $299,999 15%

$150,000 to $199,999 17%

$100,000 to $149,999 19%

$75,000 to $99,999 10%

$50,000 to $74,999 9%

$25,000 to $49,999 6%

$10,000 to $24,999 5%

Less than $10,000 1%

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

* unique households

9.7 Household income by location With median annual family incomes of $152,100, Jewish families had incomes on average 65% The census shows household incomes also to be higher than the rest of NSW families ($92,200). highly variable by location across NSW (Table 44). Overall, they are highest among Jews living in Upper North Shore (median $168,000) and Lower North Shore (median $163,600 per year) and Table 44. Median annual Jewish household lowest for Jews outside Sydney (median $70,900 income by area, NSW, 2016* per year). Household annual incomes are $18,000 lower in Eastern Suburbs – South than in Eastern Median Estimated annual number of Suburbs – North. Of the SA3 areas analysed within income people

Sydney, median household annual incomes are Upper North Shore $168,000 1,011 lowest in Botany ($101,600 per year). Lower North Shore $163,600 957 Eastern Suburbs – North $141,800 6,548 Eastern Suburbs – South $123,600 1,841 9.8 Family income Sydney Inner City $117,200 1,167 Rest of Sydney $111,600 2,900 ‘Jewish families’ are Jewish households excluding Botany $101,600 288 lone persons and group households (i.e. where Rest of NSW $70,900 972 unrelated people share a dwelling). And as with NSW total $127,200 15,684 household incomes, the family incomes of * Figures exclude households where any eligible members did not Jewish families in NSW are substantially higher respond to the income question than family incomes generally. For example, 20% of Jewish families have incomes of $260,000 or above compared with 5% generally. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 69

9.9 Wealth and poverty (Gen17)

While most (78%) Gen17 respondents in NSW Given the very high levels of income reported in felt they were at least reasonably financially Gen17, few people (under 5%) in NSW reported comfortable, almost one in five (19%) said they experiencing serious levels of deprivation were Just getting along or else Poor (Figure to the extent they had to reduce the size of 39). However, this was highest among those their meals and could not afford prescription who were ‘Married, but separated’ (49%) or medicines (Table 45). Divorced (34%)32. Gen17 respondents aged 50 and above in NSW Unsurprisingly, perceptions of financial were asked whether they felt they had enough circumstance are closely related to actual income money to live comfortably throughout their (Figure 40). Thus, 62% of households with retirement. A majority (76%) said they did but incomes of under $25,000 considered themselves one in five (20%) said they were not confident to be Just getting along or worse, compared with (Table 46). This, however, varied with age with none in the highest bracket ($500,000 or above)33. respondents age 80 and above being most confident. It also varied by country of origin with Perceptions of financial circumstance also vary those born in Australia being most confident and with age. 17% of those in their twenties said they those being born overseas being least confident. were 'jst getting along' or worse, rising to 22% of those aged in their fifties and declining thereafter (Figure 41).

Figure 38. Family annual income*, Jewish families and all other families, NSW, 2016 (enumerated) 0% $416,000 or more 1% 2% $312,000-$415,999 10% 3% $260,000-$311,999 9% 6% $208,000-$259,999 13% 11% $156,000-$207,999 16%

$104,000-$155,999 22% 20% $78,000-$103,999 13% 9% $52,000-$77,999 17% 10% $26,000-$51,999 18% 9% $1-$25,999 6% 3% Negative income / Nil income 2% 1% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

All other families (N=1.7m) Jewish families (N=11,465)

* data exclude families where all incomes are not stated or some by not all income are stated

32 Gen17 data N=2063 excluding non-response 33 Whilst the prosperity question was directed at all individuals, the data have been compared with household income since some respondents report very low personal incomes but high estimates of personal prosperity – these individuals may be benefiting from higher incomes earned by other family members. Indeed, further analysis indicates that 75% of these respondents are female and 56% are aged under 30. 70 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 39. Perception of current financial Table 45. Levels of deprivation*, in circumstances, households, NSW the previous 12 months, NSW (Gen17, (Gen17 N=2,072) N=3,896, N=1,618)

Prefer not to say Individuals Households 4% Prosperous Nearly poor Poor 7% 1% 1% Meals only* 2.1% 0.2% Medicine only* 0.5% 1.4%

Meals and medicine* 1.8% 0.9%

Total 4.4% 2.6% Just getting along 16% Living very *Q: In the last 12 months did you personally: comfortably 27% Ever reduce the size of your meals because there wasn’t enough money to buy food? Need prescription medicine but didn’t get it because you couldn’t Living reasonably afford to buy it? comfortably 44%

Q: Which of the following terms best describes your current financial circumstances?

Figure 40. Perception of current financial circumstances by household income, households, NSW (Gen17 N=2,072)

$500,000 or more 52% 45% 3%

$300,000 to $499,999 14% 59% 23% 3%

$200,000 to $299,999 5% 39% 52% 5% 2% $150,000 to $199,999 30% 53% 14% 1% 2% $100,000 to $149,999 20% 58% 18% 1% 1% 3% $75,000 to $99,999 21% 49% 25% 1% 1% 2% $50,000 to $74,999 5% 52% 40% 3% 1% $25,000 to $49,999 3% 46% 34% 12%

Less than $25,000 4% 35% 41% 6% 14% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Prosperous Living very comfortably Living reasonably comfortably

Just getting along Nearly poor Poor NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 71

Figure 41. Perception of current financial circumstances, individuals reporting ‘Just getting along or worse’ by age group, NSW (Gen17 N=2,287)

25% 22% 20% 20% 20% 18% 17%

14% 15% 11%

10%

5%

0% 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+ Age group

Table 46. “Overall, how confident are you that you will have enough money to live comfortably throughout your retirement years?” NSW, age 50 years and above (Gen17 N=743 per category)

Very Fairly Not confident confident confident Don’t know Total

Total 25% 51% 20% 4% 100%

50-59 16% 51% 28% 5% 100% Age 80+ 36% 46% 13% 5% 100%

Australia 27% 52% 16% 6% 100%

South Africa 26% 45% 25% 3% 100% Country of birth Israel 13% 54% 24% 9% 100%

FSU 0% 66% 24% 11% 100% 10 Education and schooling

10.1 Educational institutions

There were an estimated 7,317a Jewish children Compared with the NSW general population, in schools in NSW in 2016, a 9% increase since Jews were more likely to send their children to

2011 (6,703 a) and 10% increase since 2006 pre-schools and to attend university but less (6,663a). In 2016, Jews were 1.7 times more likely to attend TAFE. likely than the rest of the NSW population to send their children to non-government (private) schools (62% compared with 36% generally) (Table 47). The proportion of Jewish children in non-government (private) schools has been declining since 2006. It was 62% in 2016 but 67% in 2011 and 68% in 2006.

Table 47. Type of educational institution attended, 2016, Jewish population and rest of NSW population (estimated)*

Jewish N=11,869 All others N=1.8m

Pre-school 9% 7%

Government 18% 23%

Infants/Primary Catholic <1% 7%

Other non-government 18% 4%

Government 6% 15%

Secondary Catholic 1% 7%

Other non-government 19% 4% Technical or Further Educational Institution (including TAFE 3% 8% Colleges) University or other Tertiary Institution 24% 21%

Other 2% 4%

Total 100% 100%

* Data exclude Not stated (5% Jewish, 23% general); Columns may not to sum to 100% due to rounding NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 73

While the total number of Jewish children in Meanwhile, in the secondary sector between schools in NSW increased by 10% between 2006 2006 and 2016, there was overall contraction in and 2016 overall (since the size of the school- the smaller government school sector of 20% aged population increased), the rise was unevenly and a more modest decline of 3% in the non- distributed across sectors. While the primary government (private) sector. But the data also sector grew by 26% (up from 3,405a to 4,296a), indicate the non-government secondary sector the secondary sector contracted by 7% (down grew (by 2%) in the latter part of the decade. from 3,258a to 3,029a) (Table 48). These changes are primarily a result of population dynamics: a In summary, the big shift away from non- result of the baby boom ‘echo’ noted above (see government (private) primary schools continued Figure 6, page 24). after 2011 and even accelerated, against a backdrop of a large rise in the number of primary- Although these shifts are largely ‘locked in’ (i.e. a aged children. Meanwhile, the modest shift into result of a change in the total number of children non-government (private) secondary schools also per age group), there is clear evidence that school continued after 2011 but at a reduced rate, and preferences have also been changing. The overall against a backdrop of overall decline in secondary increase in the primary sector from 2006 to school-aged cohort. 2016 was almost exclusively focused on a rise in enrolments to government schools (up 64%) whilst the non-government (private) schools only experienced a rise of 3% (Table 48). The data indicate this switch in preferences accelerated during the decade.

Table 48. Type of educational institution attended, Jewish population, NSW, 2006, 2011 and 2016, (estimated)

2006 2011 2016 % change

2006 - 2011 - 2006 - N % N % N % 2011 2016 2016

Pre-school 886 7% 1,198 9% 1,082 9% 35% -10% 22%

Infants / Government 1,301 10% 1,541 12% 2,135 17% 18% 39% 64% Primary Non-government* 2,104 16% 2,146 17% 2,161 17% 2% 1% 3%

Government 828 6% 696 5% 666 5% -16% -4% -20% Secondary Non-government* 2,430 19% 2,318 18% 2,363 19% -5% 2% -3%

University/TAFE 3,279 26% 3,405 27% 3,206 26% 4% -6% -2%

Other 326 3% 275 2% 264 2% -16% -4% -19%

Not stated 1,634 13% 1,220 10% 672 5% -25% -45% -59%

Total 12,789 100% 12,800 100% 12,548 100% 0% -2% -2%

* including non-government Catholic schools 74 The Jewish population of NSW

10.2 Educational institutions by size of the government sector (594a additional location pupils, Table 50) but almost no change in the size of the non-government sector (Table Data on type of school attended by sector and 49). By area at the primary level, Eastern suburb are shown in Table 49 (percentages) Suburbs – North experienced growth of 69% and Table 50 (totals). Between 2011 and in the primary government sector but a slight 2016, the proportion of Jewish pupils in NSW contraction in the non-government sector (2%). attending non-government (private) schools at the primary level declined from 58% to 50% The secondary level experienced a modest in 2016 but increased slightly at the secondary contraction in its overall size (by -4%) in the level (from 77% to 78%)34 (Table 49). The shift government sector and a slight growth in the away from non-government primary schools size of the non-government sector (+2%). was especially pronounced in Eastern Suburbs But again, there were local variations with – North (from 73% to 61%). Eastern Suburbs – North growing by 14% in the government sector compared with a contraction In terms of sectoral change, between 2011 and of 14% in that sector in the Upper North Shore. 2016 at the primary level, as noted, there was By contrast, the non-government sector grew significant variation with 39% growth in the by 36% in Eastern Suburbs – South.

Table 49. Type of school attended by location and sector, Jewish population, 2011 and 2016 – percentages

Proportion attending non-government % change in size of sector (private) sector Location 2011 2016 Primary Secondary

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Gov’t Non-Gov’t^ Gov’t Non-Gov’t^

Eastern Suburbs - North 73% 91% 61% 90% 69% -2% 14% -2%

Eastern Suburbs - South 61% 81% 61% 84% 13% 12% 8% 36%

Upper North Shore 48% 74% 49% 74% 5% 6% -14% -13%

Lower North Shore 24% 49% 18% 54% 61% 12% -26% -10%

Sydney Inner City* 26% 31% 28% 56% 64% 84% - 41% 66%

Botany* 52% 56% 41% 65% 57% -1% 19% 77%

Rest of Sydney 26% 38% 13% 35% 31% -44% -13% -23%

Rest of NSW 38% 53% 40% 45% 13% 23% 30% -8%

Total 58% 77% 50% 78% 39% 1% -4% 2%

* Percentages are based on small numbers of children (see Table 50) ^ Non-government (private) sector

34 Taking the sector as a whole, there was a shift away from non-government schools between 2011 (67%) and 2016 (62%) NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 75

Table 50. Type of school attended by location and sector, Jewish population, 2011 and 2016 (estimated)* – totals

2011 2016

Location Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

Gov't Non-Gov't Gov't Non-Gov't Gov’t Non-Gov’t^ Gov’t Non-Gov’t^

Eastern Suburbs - North 475 1,275 134 1,377 803 1,254 153 1,343

Eastern Suburbs - South 268 419 79 328 304 468 85 446

Upper North Shore 216 201 125 352 225 214 108 306

Lower North Shore 116 36 53 50 187 40 39 45

Sydney Inner City 35 12 40 18 57 22 23 30

Botany 37 41 24 30 58 40 28 53

Rest of Sydney 308 107 200 121 403 60 175 93

Rest of NSW 86 53 42 48 97 65 54 44

Total 1,541 2,144 696 2,324 2,135 2,162 666 2,360

^ Non-government (private) sector

10.3 Type of school attended (Gen17)

Gen17 data showed that one third (33%) of also showed that two out of five (42%) people respondents in NSW have attended both a Jewish attended a Jewish primary school, regardless of primary and a Jewish secondary school while 37% their secondary path, and 39% attended a Jewish have attended both a government primary and secondary school, regardless of their primary path. government secondary school (Table 51). They

Table 51. Types of school attended for all those educated in Australia, NSW, Gen17 (N=1,970)

Secondary level

Jewish Government Independent school school school Total

Jewish school 33% 5% 3% 42%

Government school 5% 37% 7% 49% Primary level Independent school 1% 1% 8% 9%

Total 39% 43% 18% 100% 76 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 42. Type of school attended for all those educated in Australia, by age, NSW Gen17 (N=1,970)

80% 68% 70% 66%

60%

50% 47%

40% 28% 30% 26% 24%

20% 9% 8% 10%

0% Both a Jewish primary and schondary school Both a Government primary and schondary school

18-29 30-39 40-49 50+

However, this picture disguises considerable Overall, 46% of Jewish school-aged children in variation by age. For example, more than two NSW attended Jewish schools in 2016 (Table thirds (68%) of those aged 18 to 29 years 52). Jewish school take-up overall has declined attended a Jewish school at both primary and since 2011 when it was 50%, however, most secondary levels compared with a quarter of that decline was focused on the primary (26%) of those aged in their forties and level (down from 47% to 40%), continuing a less than 10% of those age 50 and above previous trend. The proportion of take-up at the (Figure 42). secondary level increased very lightly (up from 54% to 55%) again continuing a trend. Almost the mirror of this picture is observed in terms of those who attended government The size of the Jewish school-aged population schools at both the primary and secondary increased by 9.3% (up 620a children) between levels. In other words, there has been an 2011 and 2016, compared with almost increasing tendency to be educated in the no change (0.4%) over the previous five private Jewish sector at both levels over time. years (Table 52). However, this growth was concentrated almost entirely in the non-Jewish primary sector (+32.1%). The overall pattern in 10.4 Take-up at Jewish schools the decade from 2006 to 2016 was of strong growth in the size of the primary sector cohort What proportion of Jewish school-aged children (almost all of which was focused on the non- attend (private) Jewish schools in NSW? Since Jewish sector) alongside contraction in the size the census does not disaggregate the non- of the secondary level cohort. Nevertheless, government sector by Jewish and non-Jewish the Jewish school sector actually increased school status, JCA data on Jewish school slightly at this level. numbers in NSW have been collected and are examined in the context of the census data. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 77

Table 52. Jewish school take-up* by level, 2006 to 2011

Number of Jewish children Percentage change in sector per category by year size by period

2006 - 2011 - 2006 - School level School sector 2006 2011 2016 2011 2016 2016

Jewish school 1,703 1,727 1,709 1.4% -1.0% 0.4%

Non-Jewish school 1,706 1,949 2,576 14.3% 32.1% 51.0% Primary Total 3,409 3,676 4,285 7.9% 16.6% 25.7%

Percent in Jewish schools (take-up) 50% 47% 40% - - -

Jewish school 1,628 1,644 1,656 1.0% 0.7% 1.7%

Non-Jewish school 1,632 1,376 1,376 -15.7% 0.0% -15.6% Secondary Total 3,260 3,020 3,032 -7.3% 0.4% -7.0%

Percent in Jewish schools (take-up) 50% 54% 55% - - -

Jewish school 3,331- 3,371 3,365 1.2% -0.2% 1.0% Non-Jewish school 3,337 3,326 3,952 -0.3% 18.8% 18.4% Total Total 6,668 6,697 7,317 0.4% 9.3% 9.7%

Percent in Jewish schools (take-up) 50% 50% 46% - - -

* Census data in this table are based on type of institution (i.e. the figures have not been broken down by age). This is the same approach used in the NSW 2011 Census report (Table 29, page 43). Note however that figures may differ from that report due to the implementation of revised adjustment factors. Source: Data for Jewish schools—all of which are private (‘non-government’) schools—are from JCA records; data on ‘non-Jewish’ schools (public and private) are from the census and are estimated

10.5 School choice for Jewish child to independent primary school (Table 53). families (Gen17) Among Jewish families with children of secondary school age (i.e. 13 to 18 years old), Survey data can also be used to give an on average, 67% send at least one child to a indication of the proportion of Jewish Jewish school, and 17% send at least one child households that send their children to Jewish to a government secondary school. schools. Unlike the census, survey data allow for the disaggregation of the non-government In summary, Jewish families are 1.5 times sector by Jewish and non-Jewish school as likely to send their children to Jewish types. However, these data are not directly secondary schools as they are to send them to comparable with those shown above, not Jewish primary schools, and more than three least because they are based on households times as likely to send them to non-Jewish with school-aged children as opposed to independent secondary schools as they are individual children. to send them to non-Jewish independent primary schools. Almost half of families with Gen17 data also show that Jewish school take- primary aged children send them to non-Jewish up is higher at secondary level than at primary public schools. level. Among Jewish families with children of primary school age (i.e. 5 to 12 years old), on average, 46% send at least one child to a Jewish school, 49% send at least one child to a government school and 5% send at least one 78 The Jewish population of NSW

Why is there dissonance between school Table 53. Proportion of households preference and actual choice? One factor might with school-aged children by school be affordability and Gen17 data on income allow type NSW (Gen17 N=570 household for further examination of this. Household income for primary level, N=300 household for distributions for families with children in primary secondary level) school (some of whom may also have children in secondary school) are shown in Figure 44 by Level school type. Those with at least one child in a Sector Primary Secondary Jewish primary school are 1.7 times as likely to have household incomes of $300,000 or above Jewish 46% 67% compared to families with at least one child in a Government 49% 17% government primary school (37% versus 22%). Independent 5% 17% (Note it is possible that some families have more Total 100% 100% than one primary-aged child and we cannot assume that families choose one type of school But when asked whether it is preferable for for each of their children.) Jewish children to attend a Jewish school at primary or secondary level, the difference is small with 57% indicating preference a primary and 60% indicating preference at secondary level (Figure 43). Opinion, it seems, does not match behaviour.

Figure 43. Preference for Jewish schooling by level, NSW Gen17 (N=628 per level)*

Secondary School 33% 27% 21% 8% 11%

Primary School 34% 23% 21% 9% 14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Strong preference for a Jewish school Some preference for a Jewish school No preference either way for Jewish or non-Jewish school Some preference for a non-Jewish school Strong preference for a non-Jewish school

Q Whether or not you have children, do you feel it is preferable for Jewish children to attend a school that is Jewish OR non-Jewish OR do you have no preference either way? * all unique households with at least one child aged under 19 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 79

Figure 44. School type by pre-tax annual household income for households with children in primary school, NSW (Gen17 N=570 households)*

l Jewish 24% 39% 37% o o h c s

y r a m i Independent

r 31% 31% 38% p

f o

e p y T Government 37% 40% 22%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Proportion in household income bracket

Under $150,000 $150,000-$299,999 $300,000 and above

* excludes income non-response (26% overall)

Figure 45. School type by pre-tax annual household income for households with children in secondary school, NSW (Gen17 N=300 households)* l

o Jewish 24% 42% 34% o h c s

y r a d n

o Independent 22% 35% 43% c e s

f o

e p y

T Government 60% 33% 7%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Proportion in household income bracket

Under $150,000 $150,000-$299,999 $300,000 and above

* excludes income non-response (30% overall)

But a different pattern is exhibited by families versus 7%). Conversely, families with at least with children of secondary school age (some of one child in a government secondary school are whom may also have children in primary school) 2.5 times as likely to have a household income of (Figure 45). Families with at least one child in a under $150,000 compared with families who have Jewish secondary school are almost five times at least one child in a Jewish secondary school as likely to have household incomes of $300,000 (60% versus 24%). or more compared to families with at least one child in a government secondary school (34% 80 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 46. Type of primary school children attend by current religious/Jewish identification of householder, NSW (Gen17 N=570 households)*^

Non-Orthodox 27% 62% 11% l o o h c s

r y a

m Traditional 51% 47% 1% r i p f o

e p y T Orthodox 72% 28%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Proportion of identity group in each school type

Jewish Government Independent

* Orthodox = Strictly Orthodox/Haredi, Modern Orthodox, Chabad; Non-Orthodox = Masorti/Conservative, Progressive/Reform, No denomination – just Jewish, Non-practising (secular/cultural), Humanist (Secular), Atheist ^ one family may have more than one child at a primary school

Figure 47. Type of secondary school children attend by current religious/Jewish identification of householder, NSW (Gen17 N=300 households)*^

Non-Orthodox

l 52% 26% 22% o o h c s

y r a d

n Traditional 78% 14% 8% o c e s

f o

e p y

T Orthodox 85% 5% 11%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Proportion of identity group in each school type

Jewish Government Independent

* Orthodox = Strictly Orthodox/Haredi, Modern Orthodox, Chabad; Non-Orthodox = Masorti/Conservative, Progressive/Reform, No denomination – just Jewish, Non-practising (secular/cultural), Humanist (Secular), Atheist ^ one family may have more than one child at a secondary school NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 81

In summary, there is a clear difference in terms primary school choice is shown. As expected, of preference and choice between secondary at the primary level, Orthodox families are and primary schooling decisions. At the primary most likely to choose Jewish schools (72%), by level, parents are choosing the public option even contrast, non-Orthodox families are most likely though many could probably afford the private to choose government schools (62%)35. (Note option. But at the secondary level, families that some families may have more than one primary- can afford the private option are choosing this aged child and it cannot be assumed that families path, the implication being that those who cannot choose one school type for all their children.) afford it may feel they are being left out. But at the secondary level (Figure 47), important Another factor worth exploring in terms of school shifts are observed. Whilst all groups increase choice in NSW is Jewish identity. This can be their presence in Jewish schools, this is especially modelled using a variable called current self- so among traditional and non-Orthodox groups. identified Jewish/religious position. In Figure 46, Indeed, non-Orthodox almost doubled its the relationship between Jewish position and proportion from 27% to 52%.

Figure 48. Type of primary school children attend by country of birth of householder, NSW (Gen17 N=570 households)

l Australia 48% 44% 7% o o h c s

y r a m

i South Africa 52% 46% 1% r p

f o

e p y T Other 31% 63% 6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Proportion of CoB group in each school type

Jewish Government Independent

Finally, we examine the data in terms of country At the secondary level we again see the shift into of birth of householder. Again there are important Jewish schools but householder’s country of birth differences based on level. For families with at is a key factor (Figure 49). The increase is modest least one child in primary school and where the for families with Australian born householders householder is born in either Australia or South but striking among the two other groups. Africa, around half send their child to a Jewish Families with South African born householders primary school (Figure 48). But this is rather lower increase their presence at secondary Jewish (31%) families with householders born elsewhere. schools by such an extent that they are almost exclusively at these institutions (85%). No less striking is the near doubling of the proportion of householders born in other countries, increasing from 31% to 59%.

35 Although it should also be born in mind that Emanuel School is not a specifically Orthodox school. 82 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 49. Type of secondary school children attend by country of birth of householder, NSW (Gen17 N=300 households)

l Australia 58% 20% 23% o o h c s

y r a d

n South Africa 85% 11% 4% o c e s

f o

e p

y Other 59% 22% 19% T

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Proportion of CoB group in each school type

Jewish Government Independent

Figure 50. First main advantage of full-time Jewish day schools, NSW (Gen17, N=3,938)

Strengthen Jewish identity 23%

Provide a sense of belonging to the Jewish community 21%

Develop Jewish friendships and networks 13%

Provide strong Jewish education 11% Strong secular academic education (outstanding results for university entry) 7% Education takes place in a Jewish environment 5%

Other 10%

No advantages 5%

Don’t know/Prefer not to say 5%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Q: Whether or not you have attended one, what do you consider to be the main advantages of full-time JEWISH DAY SCHOOLS, if any?

In terms of the first main advantage, 23% 10.6 Attitudes towards Jewish mentioned ‘strengthening Jewish identity’ schooling (Gen17) as and a further 21% mentioned ‘provide a sense of belonging to the Jewish community’ Whether or not Gen17 respondents in NSW (Figure 50). had attended a Jewish school themselves or whether they had any children, they were asked what they thought were the three main advantages of Jewish schools (from a list of 16 items plus an option to add other reasons). NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 83

Figure 51. Top ten advantages of Jewish schools mentioned*, NSW (Gen17, N=3,938 per item)

Provide a sense of belonging to the Jewish community 49.0%

Strengthen Jewish identity 48.8%

Develop Jewish friendships and networks 48.1%

Provide strong Jewish education 26% Strong secular academic education 23% (outstanding results for university entry) Education takes place in a Jewish environment 13% Provide Hebrew literacy 13%

High quality of resources/technology/library etc 8%

Reduce likelihood of intermarriage 7%

Increase Jewish observance 6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Q: Whether or not you have attended one, what do you consider to be the main advantages of full-time JEWISH DAY SCHOOLS, if any? * Respondents were asked to mention the first, second and third most important advantages. This graph amalgamates the responses to these three options

When all three responses are taken into account prevented them from sending one or more of their (i.e. summing all three responses together), it is children to a Jewish school36. Overall, 37% said interesting to see that three items are statistically that it had, but the percentage was higher among indistinguishable, each being considered younger cohorts who are more likely to have important by just under half of NSW respondents school-aged children: among those aged under (Figure 51). Two of these were mentioned 45 years, an average of 55% said the cost had above (sense of belonging and strengthening prevented them from doing so. Jewish identity) but a third item, ‘Developing Jewish friendships and networks’ also appears. Parents with children attending Jewish schools Note these items are social and ethnocentric in were asked whether or not the cost of doing nature; they are not educational or religious. And so was within their household’s financial perhaps here lies an indication of at least some capacity. More than half (55%) said that the of the driving force behind the notable recent cost entailed either significant or major financial movement at the primary level, away from Jewish sacrifices (Figure 52). However, there are schools and into government schools with high notable differences when household income proportions of Jewish pupils. is factored in. For families with annual pre-tax incomes of $300,000 or more, 24% say the cost is a significant or major sacrifice, itself a sizable 10.7 Cost of Jewish schooling proportion given this income level, but this pales (Gen17) in comparison to 60% among families with incomes of between $150,000 and $299,999, and All NSW respondents with children (including 84% for families with incomes below $150,000 adult children who had left home), were asked (Figure 52). whether the cost of school fees had ever

36 People who had never considered a Jewish day school for their child/ren are excluded 84 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 52. Affordability of Jewish schooling by household income* NSW Gen17 (N=411)

All 13% 32% 33% 22%

Prefer not to say 10% 35% 32% 24%

Under $150,000 16% 44% 40%

$150,000-$299,999 7% 33% 40% 20%

$300,000 or above 40% 37% 17% 7% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Well within household’s financial capacity

Entails some financial sacrifices for the household

Entails significant financial sacrifices for the household

Entails major financial sacrifices for the household

Q: Earlier you indicated that at least one of your children attends a Jewish Day School. Would you say the cost of sending your child/ children to a Jewish day school… * All households with at least one child currently attending a Jewish school

Figure 53. Methods of financing Jewish day school fees* NSW (Gen17 N=411 per item)

Personal/household income 58%

Personal/household savings 17%

Financial support from other family members 16% (e.g. grandparents)

Means-tested subsidies from the school 11%

Bank loan/use of home loan 11%

Other financial arrangement(s) 4%

Prefer not to say 14%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Q: In what way or ways are you currently financing your child’s/children’s Jewish Day School fees? * All households with at least one child currently attending a Jewish school NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 85

Parents with children in Jewish schools in NSW seen here with 42% saying that they probably were asked a multi-select question about how or definitely would do so compared with 40% they are financing the cost of this schooling. The who said they probably or definitely would not do most common response, 58%, was through so. Again, we see some evidence that suggests personal household income followed by personal parents view secondary Jewish schooling to be or household savings (17%) (Figure 53). more important than primary Jewish schooling.

Respondents with young children (aged under 5) When these data are analysed in terms of income, at home were asked how likely it was they would there is a general relationship suggesting lower send their child to a Jewish primary school. One incomes are associated with a higher likelihood in three (33%) indicated that they would probably of not choosing a Jewish school either at primary or definitely do so but over half (55%) said they or high school level (figure 55). The data suggest probably or definitely would not do so (Figure 54). that whilst the relationship is generally apparent A similar question was asked with respect to a there is a notable difference between those with Jewish high school, this time to anyone who had household incomes below $150,000 a year and a child aged under 12. A different pattern can be those above this amount.

Figure 54. Likelihood of sending a child to a Jewish primary or secondary school, NSW, (Gen17, N=246^, N=477*)

Planning to send child to a Jewish primary school^ 19% 14% 27% 28% 12%

Planning to send child to a Jewish secondary school* 20% 22% 24% 16% 18%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%

Yes, definitely Yes, probably No, probably not No, definitely not Undecided

Q: Earlier you indicated at least one of your children is aged under five years old. Are you currently planning to send this child to a Jewish primary school? (If you have more than one child aged under five, please relate your answer to the eldest child.) Q: Earlier you indicated at least one of your children is aged under 12 years old. Are you currently planning to send this child to a Jewish high school? (If you have more than one child aged under 12, please relate your answer to the eldest child.) 86 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 55. Likelihood of sending a child to a Jewish primary or high school by household income, NSW Gen17 (primary N=246, high N=477)

Under $150,000 6% 11% 36% 34% 13% y r a

m $150,000-$299,999 21% 16% 28% 23% 12% i P r $300,000 or above 29% 7% 25% 29% 11%

Under $150,000 8% 21% 32% 24% 15% h g i H $150,000-$299,999 23% 27% 25% 10% 15%

$300,000 or above 32% 19% 14% 13% 23%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Yes, definitely Yes, probably No, probably not No, definitely not Undecided

Q: Earlier you indicated at least one of your children is aged under 12 years old. Are you currently planning to send this child to a Jewish High School? (If you have more than one child aged under 12, please relate your answer to the eldest child.) NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 87

11 Volunteering

The census captures data on volunteering by 11.1 Volunteering by various recording whether a person spent any time indicators engaged in unpaid voluntary work through an organisation or group, in the twelve months prior Volunteering is sensitive to age and sex. to the 2016 Census for every person aged 15 and Jewish teenagers (aged 15 to 19) in NSW are above. In total, 30% of Jews in NSW said they had most likely to have volunteered (42%) but the volunteered, a somewhat higher proportion than propensity to do so declines with age (Figure for the remainder of the NSW population (20%). 56). It takes a steep dip around the early Although this is also higher than the proportion of thirties (25%), presumably due to childcare Jews who volunteered in 2011 (27%), changes to responsibilities, but rises and peaks in the late this question in 2016 (which provided additional forties (37%) mainly declining thereafter. examples of different types of volunteering) may have contributed towards increased positive responses and complicate direct comparisons between 2011 and 2016.

Figure 56. Proportion who have volunteered* by age group, Jewish population, NSW, 2016^ s

r 45% e e t

n 40% u l o

v 35%

t a h

t 30%

p

u 25% o r g

e 20% g a

f 15% o

n o

i 10% t r o

p 5% o

P r 0%

Age group

* Records people (aged 15 and above) who spent time doing unpaid voluntary work through an organisation or group, in the twelve months prior to 2016 Census. Excludes work done as part of paid employment, to qualify for government benefit; obtain a qualification or for a family business. ^ Excludes not stated 88 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 57. Proportion who volunteer, by age and sex, Jewish population, NSW, 2016

6% 90+ 12% 17% 80-89 18% 29% 70-79 27% 31% 60-69 27% p u o r 50-59 36% g

31% e g

A 40% 40-49 31% 27% 30-39 26% 35% 20-29 31% 45% u20 38%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% % of age group that volunteers

Female Male

Jewish women in NSW are more likely to country of birth, Australia-born Jews (36%) volunteer than Jewish men (32% for women were more likely to have volunteered than any compared with 28% for men). And this is the other group with the lowest likelihood being case at almost all ages with the exception of those born in Israel (22%) and the FSU (10%). those aged 80 years and over (Figure 57). The Although it is only possible to speculate, these gap is greatest in the teen years and the forties. differences may be related to feelings of connection to the Jewish community and/or Different groups exhibit different propensities society at large. towards volunteering (although these will also likely be influenced by age and sex). Table 54 shows the highest proportion who volunteer by labour force status is among the unemployed (37%) followed by those who work part-time (34%). In terms of marital status, the Never married group is most likely to have volunteered (33%) and the widowed group (mostly older people) the least likely (20%). In terms of NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 89

11.2 Volunteering by type Table 54. Proportion of group that of organisation and Jewish volunteers* (age 15 and above) by labour identity (Gen17) force status, marital status and country of birth, Jewish population, NSW, 2016^ In contrast to the census, Gen17 survey data indicate that more than half (54%) of respondents in NSW % of sub-group age 18 above had volunteered the previous 12 who volunteer months (Figure 58). This is a considerably higher All Jews in NSW 30% proportion than was recorded in the census (30%) Unemployed 37% but it must be recognised that the questions 37 Employed, worked on volunteering were different in each case . 34% part-time 30% of respondents had volunteered for Jewish Employed, worked Labour 30% organisations only, a further 15% volunteered for force status full-time non-Jewish organisations only, and 9% volunteered Not in the labour 28% for Jewish and non-Jewish organisations38. force Employed, away 26% from work Not only are Jews in NSW more likely to volunteer Never married 33% for Jewish than non-Jewish organisations but they are also more likely to volunteer more frequently Married 32% Marital for them too, hence 35% had volunteered at least Divorced 26% status once a week for Jewish organisations compared Separated 21% with 24% for non-Jewish organisations (Figure 59) Widowed 20%

Australia 36%

South Africa 31% Figure 58. Volunteering by respondents Country of Other country 27% birth aged 18 and above by organisation type, Israel 22% NSW (Gen17, N=3,938) Former Soviet 10% For Jewish and Union (FSU) Non-Jewish organisations * Records people (aged 15 and above) who spent time doing 9% unpaid voluntary work through an organisation or group, in the twelve months prior to the 2016 Census. Excludes work done as part of paid employment, to qualify for government benefit; obtain a qualification or for a family business. For Non-Jewish organisation only ^ Excludes not stated 15% None 46%

For Jewish organisation only 30%

Q: In the last 12 months, have you done any unpaid voluntary work to support an organisation(s)?

37 Gen17 asked: “In the last 12 months, have you done any unpaid voluntary work to support an organisation(s)?”. The 2016 Census asked: “In the last twelve months did the person spend any time doing voluntary work through an organisation or group?” followed by a detailed list of inclusions and exclusions. 38 An assessment of the Gen17 referral sub-dataset (N=294 i.e. smaller but arguably more representative) indicates similar overall levels of volunteering (46%). However, interestingly, this also showed that volunteering for Jewish organisations only was slightly lower than for non-Jewish organisations only (21% versus 24% respectively). 90 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 59. Frequency of unpaid voluntary work done in the last 12 months by organisation type, NSW (Gen17: N=1,859 Jewish organisation; N=933 non-Jewish organisation)

Jewish organisation 35% 27% 38%

Non-Jewish organisation 24% 28% 48%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

At least once a week Less than once a week but at least once a month Less often than once a month

Figure 60. Frequency of unpaid voluntary work done in the last 12 months by current self-defined Jewish/religious position, NSW (Gen17 N=3,781)

13% 21% Masorti/Conservative 34% 33%

7% 11% Modern Orthodox 47% 36%

12% 22% Progressive/Reform 27% 39%

9% 8% Traditional 33% 50%

7% 26% Non-practising (secular/cultural) 15% 52%

10% 12% No denomination – just Jewish 22% 56%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Jewish and Non-Jewish organisations Non-Jewish organisation only

Jewish organisation only None Regarding self-defined Jewish position, the group Respondents in NSW who had volunteered most likely to volunteer is Masorti (66%) followed for a Jewish organization in the previous year by Modern Orthodox (63%). The group least likely were asked what kind of organisation(s) this to volunteer is ‘Just Jewish’ (44%) (Figure 60). was. The most commonly mentioned category However, in terms of the type of organisations was a synagogue (23%) followed by Jewish respondents volunteered for, Modern Orthodox school (19%). This highlights the role these two were most likely to only volunteer for Jewish types of communal institution play not just in organisations (47%)39 . Masorti were most likely terms of service delivery but also for galvanizing to volunteer for both Jewish and non-Jewish other forms of Jewish communal engagement. organisations. Important differences are seen in terms of gender with men being more likely to volunteer for a synagogue, a school and especially CSG and Maccabi (Figure 61).

Figure 61. Jewish organisations that respondents had volunteered for in the previous 12 months among those who had volunteered for a Jewish organisation*, NSW (Gen17 N=1859 per category)

21% A synagogue 26% A Jewish school 17% 20% JCA 13% 12% 5% Community Security Group (CSG) 12%

JewishCare 10% 9% JNF 9% 8% Sir Moses Montefiore Jewish Home 8% 7% Maccabi 3% 7% NSW Jewish Board of Deputies 5% 6% UIA 7% 6% Sydney Jewish Museum 6% 4% B'nai b'rith 4% 2% Other Jewish organisation(s) 47% 36% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Female Male

Q: Which JEWISH organisation(s) have you volunteered your time to support in the last 12 months? * Many organisations were mentioned and items are not independent. This list is cut-off at 2%

39 It is even higher among the Strictly Orthodox (71%) but this figure is not statistically reliable. 92 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 62. Reasons given for not volunteering, NSW (Gen17 N=1496 per item)

Do not have the time 45%

Prefer to give financial support rather than your time 13%

Don’t know what opportunities are available 12%

Have never been asked/It has never occurred to you 11%

Are not interested 8%

Have health problems 7%

Don’t have enough money 6%

Do not have transport 2%

Don’t have enough experience 1%

Everything that interests is inaccessible 1%

Something else 8% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Q: There are many reasons why some people do voluntary work and others do not. You said that you have not done any voluntary work in the past 12 months. Is this because:

11.3 Reasons for not volunteering (Gen17)

The 46% of respondents in NSW who had not volunteered in the previous 12 months were asked why this was the case. Just under half (45%) said this was because they did not have enough time, by far the most common reason given (Figure 62). 12 Care and welfare

12.1 General health and limiting In addition to their self-assessed general health, conditions (Gen17) NSW survey respondents were also asked whether their daily activities were limited because Respondents to the Gen17 survey were asked of a long-term health problem. Whilst overall to describe their general state of health. Overall, levels were low, with 19% reporting this was the in NSW, most people (86%) have good health case, again, the likelihood of people experiencing but 14% do not. However, health is sensitive to limitations to their daily activities increased with age and, as can be seen in Figure 63, general age. With more than half of those in their eighties health deteriorates as people get older so for and above reporting a long-term health problem those aged under 50, 10% or less had fair to bad or disability (Figure 64). Moreover, the severity of general health but by the time they reached their this limitation(s) also increases with age. late eighties, this was the case for almost half (48%) the cohort.

Figure 63. Self-assessed general health by age, NSW, (Gen17, N=3,938)

90+ 46% 2% 48% 85-89 43% 5% 48% 80-84 30% 5% 35% 75-79 25% 7% 33% 70-74 16% 7% 22% 65-69 14% 3% 17% 60-64 13% 2% 15% 55-59 12% 1% 13% Age 50-54 7% 4% 11% 45-49 9% 1% 10% 40-44 3% 2%5% 35-39 7% 1% 8% 30-34 4% 2% 6% 25-29 4% 2% 6% u25 4% <1% 4% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55%

Fair Bad

Q: How is your health in general? 94 The Jewish population of NSW

Figure 64. Whether day-to-day activities are limited because of a health problem or disability which has lasted, or is expected to last for at least 12 months, NSW (Gen17 N=3,938)

90+ 32% 28% 60% 85-89 36% 19% 55% 80-84 41% 12% 53% 75-79 28% 10% 37% 70-74 22% 8% 30% 65-69 23% 4% 27% 60-64 14% 5% 19% 55-59 15% 2% 17% Age 50-54 13% 2% 15% 45-49 9% 1% 10% 40-44 5% 1% 6% 35-39 6% 2% 9% 30-34 7% 2% 10% 25-29 11% 3% 14% u25 9% 9%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65%

Yes, limited a little Yes, limited a lot Q: Are your day-to-day activities limited because of a health problem or disability which has lasted, or is expected to last, at least 12 months? Please include problems related to old age.

Table 55. Proportion of respondents with moderate or extreme impairment in five categories of ill-health, NSW, Gen17 (N=3,938 per item)

Type of impairment Level of impairment

I have some problems walking about 11% Mobility I am confined to bed <1%

I have some problems washing/dressing myself <1% Self-care I am unable to wash or dress myself <1%

Usual activities (e.g. work, study, I have some problems with performing my usual activities 8% housework, family or leisure activities) I am unable to perform my usual activities <1%

I have moderate pain or discomfort 28% Pain / discomfort I have extreme pain or discomfort <1%

I am moderately anxious or depressed 22% Anxiety / depression I am extremely anxious or depressed 1%

Q: Please indicate which statements best describe your own state of health today. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 95

The survey also asked whether respondents in 12.2 Need for care assistance NSW had specific impairments due to health by age conditions. The most common impairment was pain or discomfort at a moderate level (28%) The 2016 Census recorded 2,793a Jewish followed by anxiety or depression also at a people in NSW in need of assistance with ‘core moderate level (22%) (Table 55). Few respondents activities’40. Need, however, is often closely reported severe impairment in any of the related to age and over half (52%) of those in categories examined. need, or 1,461a people, are aged 80 and above. The data shown in Figure 65 indicate that in terms of absolute size, the number of people needing assistance is greatest among those aged 85-89 (columns and left-hand axis). But the graph also shows the proportion of each cohort in need; this is 1.6% for people under 50 years and 3.6% for people aged 50 to 69 but it rises steeply—beyond 50% in the late eighties—thereafter (line and right-hand axis).

Figure 65. Need for assistance with core activities by age – estimated number of Jewish people and percent of each age group, NSW, 2016 ) ) e s 600 90% n n i l ( m

u e l 80% c o n c 500 ( a

t e s

70% i c s n s a a t

s 400 60% f i o s

s d a e 50% f e o n

300 d n i e

40% e p n u

o n r i 200 30%

g s

e w g e

20% a

J

h f 100 c o

a r 10% e e

f b o

m 0 0% u % 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 + N - - 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 5 0 5 ------9 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9

Age group Total in need of assistance with core activities % of age group in need of assistance with core activities

40 Need is defined in the census as “People with a profound or severe disability… needing help or assistance in one or more of the three core activity areas of self-care, mobility and communication, because of a disability, long term health condition (lasting six months or more) or old age.” ABS 2016 Census Dictionary p180 96 The Jewish population of NSW

12.3 Need for care assistance Among those aged 50 and above in need of by location assistance in NSW in 2016, 59% (1,655a) lived in their own home, a rise of 18% since 2006.

Of the 2,793a people in need of assistance in NSW, Of these, 630a lived alone and 1,025a lived with 25% lived in ‘non-private dwellings’ (almost all a spouse or someone else (Table 57). Overall, of whom (90%) were living in nursing homes or between 2006 and 2016, the number of people in 'accommodation for the retired'). Of the remainder, need of assistance and living alone increased by

2,036a Jewish people lived in their own homes of 11%, whilst among those living with their spouse which one in five 41% lived in Eastern Suburbs – or others, the increase was 23%. The increase North (Table 56). among those in their nineties was considerably higher, whether living alone (48%) or living with someone else (60%). Table 56. Need for assistance with core activities for all those living in their own homes by location, Jewish population, 2016 (estimated)*

Total in need of assistance Percent

Eastern Suburbs - North 848 41% Eastern Suburbs - South 267 13% Botany 66 3% Sydney Inner City 179 9% Upper North Shore 110 5% Lower North Shore 83 4% Rest of NSW 510 25% Total 2,063 100% * Excludes those in non-private dwellings such as nursing and retirement homes

Table 57. Need for assistance with core activities by age and household type, Jewish population, NSW, 2006, 2011 and 2016 (estimated)*

% change % change % change Age 2006 2011 2016 2006-2011 2011-2016 2006-2016

50-69 79 101 115 27% 14% 45%

70-79 73 86 127 18% 47% 74%

Lone person 80-89 306 254 225 -17% -11% -26%

90+ 110 113 162 3% 43% 48%

Total 568 555 630 -2% 14% 11%

50-69 208 259 302 25% 16% 45%

70-79 229 222 240 -3% 8% 5% Living with spouse or 80-89 303 352 338 17% -4% 12% others 90+ 91 88 145 -2% 64% 60%

Total 830 921 1,025 11% 11% 23%

* Excludes those in non-private dwellings such as nursing and retirement homes NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 97

12.4 Jews living in care facilities The average age of people living in nursing The census distinguishes between people who homes or accommodation for the retired live at home and those who live in ‘non-private in NSW has steadily increased over the dwellings,’ within which, nursing homes and decade—34% were aged 90 and above in 2006 accommodation for the retired,41 fall. In 2016, compared with 39% in 2011 and 48% in 2016. there were 893a Jewish people living in such facilities in NSW, a rise of 18% since 2006. In 2016, 23% of Jewish people aged 90 and above lived in a nursing home and a further

Of these, most (517a) were living in nursing 20% lived in accommodation for the retired homes and a further 376a were living in (Table 58). Therefore 43% of the very old lived accommodation for the retired. However, in these types of accommodation, similar a word of caution is warranted here. JCA to the proportion in 2006 (42%) and 2011 records indicate that there were about 640 (45%). However, between 2006 and 2016, Jews in nursing homes in 2016 and we the number of Jews aged 90 and above living suspect that the difference may be due to in nursing homes increased by 44% and the the way administrators who complete the number living in accommodation for the retired census forms in such institutions are defining doubled (up 103%). their facilities since the total of 893a in both accommodation types is similar to the number we understand from community records can be accommodated in such institutions in NSW. See Definitional note~ below.

Table 58. Jewish residents of nursing homes and accommodation for the retired* by age, 2006, 2011 and 2016, NSW (estimated)

Percentage of total Jewish population in age group % change

Age 2006- 2011- 2006- Facility group 2006 2011 2016 2006 2011 2016 2011 2016 2016

Under 80 87 80 75 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% -8% -6% -14%

80-89 233 354 215 8% 13% 9% 52% -39% -8% Nursing homes 90+ 158 297 227 26% 38% 23% 88% -24% 44%

Total 478 732 517 2.7% 3.7% 2.5% 53% -29% 8%

Under 80 25 17 40 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% -32% 140% 62%

Accommo-dation 80-89 151 97 133 5% 3% 6% -36% 38% -12% for the retired 90+ 99 53 202 16% 7% 20% -47% 284% 103%

Total 276 166 376 1.6% 0.8% 1.8% -40% 126% 36%

* See footnote 41

41 ‘Accommodation for the retired or aged (not self-contained) … refers to hostel type accommodation (with common living and eating facilities) provided for retired or aged people who are generally in good health and capable of looking after themselves.’ (2016 Census dictionary p158). Note homes for the retired such as B’nai B’rith Retirement Villages and Lifestyle Manor are not included in these figures since residents have private addresses and live independently. 98 The Jewish population of NSW

In addition to those living in care homes and retirement homes in 2016, 148a Jewish people Figure 66. Preferred type of care facility, in NSW were living in other care facilities (but NSW, Gen17 (N=3,938) also defined as non-private dwellings) such as Prefer not to say, 42 hospitals and respite facilities. These will have Don’t know which 2% been temporary residences for most people. option I prefer, 7%

Jewish environment No Definitional note ~ with kosher preference , facilities, 18% In the census, a private dwelling includes mainly An environment that 9% houses and flats but also caravans and tents is not specifically Jewish, 6% for example. A Non-Private Dwellings (NPD) is one that provides “a communal or transitory type of accommodation.” They vary by function An environment with a Jewish ethos but and include hotels, guest houses, prisons, not necessarily with kosher facilities boarding schools, hospitals, nursing homes and 58% so on. According to ABS, people in NPDs are enumerated on personal forms, not household forms, so information on their family structure is not collected but data on metrics like religion are Q: If you needed to be looked after in a care home or supported collected. “In the case of accommodation for the living environment, which type of facility, if any, would you retired or aged, where one establishment contains would prefer? both self-contained units and units that are not Not surprisingly, preference is strongly related to self-contained [i.e. with common living and eating religious position. Hence we see that just over facilities provided for retired or aged people who half (53%) of Modern Orthodox respondents in are generally in good health and capable of looking NSW said that they would prefer a facility with after themselves], then both household forms kosher facilities but for most other groups, an (self-contained) and personal forms (not self- environment that had a Jewish ethos but not contained) are used as appropriate".43 necessarily with kosher facilities, was most likely to be preferred (Figure 67)

12.5 Care and consumer choice (Gen17)

Whilst most people will not require residential care until they are very elderly, if at all, Gen17 respondents were asked what kind of care home or supported living environment they would choose, should it ever become necessary. Most (58%) respondents in NSW said that they would prefer an environment with a Jewish ethos but not necessarily one that has kosher facilities (Figure 66).

42 Specifically, these are: Public hospital (not psychiatric); private hospital (not psychiatric); psychiatric hospital or institution; hostel for the disabled; other welfare institution. 43 Source: ABS 2016 Census Dictionary p189-190, p158 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 99

Figure 67. Preferred type of care facility by current Jewish/religious position, NSW, Gen17 (N=3,938)

Modern Orthodox 53% 40% 3%4% 1% Traditional 20% 71% 3%5%

Masorti/Conservative 17% 69% 1%4% 9%

Progressive/Reform 5% 73% 6% 7% 9%

No denomination – just Jewish 4% 63% 10% 14% 10%

Non-practising (secular/cultural) 2% 50% 17% 20% 11%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Prefer care in a Jewish environment with kosher facilities Prefer care in an environment with a Jewish ethos but not necessarily with kosher facilities Prefer care in an environment that is not specifically Jewish No preference Don’t know which option I prefer

Q: If you needed to be looked after in a care home or supported living environment, which type of facility, if any, would you would prefer?

Figure 68. Preferences for how personal care and support for people to continue living at home should be financed, NSW, Gen17 (N=3,938)

Personal income, savings, investments 56%

Government 25%

Jewish community 4%

Other sources 2%

Don’t know 12%

Prefer not to say 1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Q: Most people would prefer to live in their own home when they reach old age. If you will require personal care and support to continue living at home, should this be mainly financed by:

When asked about who should finance the investments, with a further 25% saying it cost of supporting someone in their own should be financed by the government (Figure home, if they preferred to be cared for this way 68). Few (4%) felt it should be financed by the when they reached old age, most respondents Jewish community. (56%) said they would expect this to be financed with personal income, savings and 100 The Jewish population of NSW

Respondents aged 50 and above were asked whether they felt they had sufficient financial Table 59. Do you have sufficient financial provisions to pay for their care needs into old age. provisions to cover the cost of your care Overall, just over half (54%) said they did but just needs in old age? by age and country of under a third (32%) said they did not and a further birth, NSW, Gen17 (N=743) 14% were unsure (Table 59). This varied by age, with older respondents being more confident Don’t Yes No know Total than younger respondents. Nevertheless, 32% of those age 80 and above said they did not TOTAL 54% 32% 14% 100% have sufficient financial provisions. There is also 50-59 42% 32% 26% 100% Age variation in terms of country of birth with a quarter 80+ 65% 32% 4% 100% of South African respondents (25%) aged 50 and Australia 58% 28% 14% 100% above being unsure whether they had sufficient South 55% 19% 25% 100% financial provisions and more than half (53%) of Country Africa of birth those born in FSU countries saying they did not Israel 45% 38% 16% 100% have sufficient financial provisions. FSU 28% 53% 19% 100%

12.6 Provision of unpaid care assistance

Unpaid care assistance44 is also reported in the census and this shows that 5,421a Jews aged 15 and above provided such assistance to others (who were not necessarily Jewish) in NSW. (This compares with 5,227a in 2011). Care providers are more likely to be female than male—61% of unpaid care givers are women (this percentage is unchanged from 2011).

The proportion of people providing care assistance increases steadily with age until it peaks in the late fifties when over a quarter (28%) of women provide care, and proportions decline thereafter as people begin to require care themselves and/or the person(s) they are caring for requires professional help (Figure 69).

44 ABS defines unpaid assistance to a person with a disability as “unpaid help or supervision given in the previous two weeks to another person to assist them with daily activities because of a disability, a long-term health condition or problems related to old age. A long- term illness is one that has lasted or is likely to last for six months or more. The care could have been provided to family members or other people, but excludes care given through an organisation or club.” ABS 2016, Census Dictionary p241 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 101

Figure 69. Provision of unpaid care assistance, by age and sex, NSW, 2016

2% 90+ 7% 85-89 7% 9% 11% 80-84 14% 16% 75-79 9% 70-74 19% 12% 21% 65-69 16% 27% p 60-64 17% u o r 28%

g 55-59

20% e

g 50-54 27% A 18% 45-49 20% 10% 40-44 15% 10% 35-39 11% 8% 30-34 9% 7% 8% 25-29 9% 20-24 8% 6% 15-19 6% 4% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Proportion providing unpaid care assistance

Female Male

Gen17 respondents in NSW were asked whether Table 60. Proportion who give regular they provided regular assistance to close relatives help or support to a close relative suffering from physical or mental ill-health or by type of disability, NSW, Gen17 disability. Overall, 20% said this was the case and (N=3,938 per item) 10% of respondents reported giving regular help to an elderly family member suffering physical ill- Type of relative Type of disability health/disability (Table 60). Elderly family Physical ill-health/disability 10% member Mental ill-health/disability 3%

Child under 18 in Physical ill-health/disability <1% my family Mental ill-health/disability <1%

Another close Physical ill-health/disability 4% family member Mental ill-health/disability 4%

Q: Do you look after, or give any regular help or support to, a close relative (parent, child, spouse, or sibling), either inside or outside your home, who is suffering from long-term ill-health or a long-term disability? Please do not count anything you do as part of your paid employment. 13 Appendices

Appendix 1. Construction of in the ABS system). However, as discussed in ‘broad’ geographical areas using the report, SA2 boundaries are not particularly the ASGS boundary system intuitive for the localised analysis of the Jewish population. For example, the SA2 boundary The broad areas used for geographical analysis in called ‘Bondi – Tamarama – Bronte’ merges three this report are based on seven SA3 boundaries distinct areas and is separate from ‘Bondi Beach plus Rest of Sydney and Rest of NSW. Table 61 – North Bondi’ which confuses things further still, shows the relationship between these SA3s and hence the use of alternative and more intuitive their constituent SA2 neighbourhoods (areas SSC (State Suburb Code) boundaries in the smaller than SA2 are SA1s and Mesh Blocks detailed analyses. but these are only identified by numerical codes

Table 61. Relationship between SA2 and SA3 areas for the construction of the broad geographies used in this report

Broad geography SA3 boundaries SA2 – constituent areas

Eastern Suburbs – North Bondi – Tamarama – Bronte Bondi Beach – North Bondi Bondi Junction – Waverly Centennial Park Double Bay – Bellevue Hill Dover Heights Paddington – Moore Park Rose Bay – Vaucluse – Watsons Bay Woollahra Eastern Suburbs – South Coogee – Clovelly Kensington (NSW) Kingsford Malabar – La Perouse – Chifley Maroubra – North Maroubra – South Maroubra – West Randwick – North Randwick – South

Continued on next page NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 103

Broad geography SA3 boundaries SA2 – constituent areas

Sydney Inner City Darlinghurst Erskineville – Alexandria Glebe – Forest Lodge Newtown – Camperdown – Darlington Potts Point – Woolloomooloo Pyrmont – Ultimo Redfern – Chippendale Surry Hills Sydney – Haymarket – The Rocks Waterloo – Beaconsfield Botany Banksmeadow Botany Mascot – Eastlakes Pagewood – Hillsdale – Daceyville Port Botany Industrial Sydney Airport Ku-ring-gai* Gordon – Killara Lindfield – Roseville Pymble St Ives Turramurra Wahroonga (East) – Warrawee Chatswood – Lane Cove^ Chatswood (East) – Artarmon Chatswood (West) – Lane Cove North Lane Cove – Greenwich St Leonards – Naremburn Willoughby – Castle Cove – Northbridge North Sydney – Mosman^ Cremorne – Cammeray Crows Nest – Waverton Mosman Neutral Bay – Kirribilli North Sydney – Lavender Bay

* Upper North Shore ^ Lower North Shore 104 The Jewish population of NSW

Appendix 2. Jewish population Dover Heights is the most populous SA2 with change from 2011 to 2016 5,505a Jews, a slight increase from 2011 (up based on SA2 area boundaries 1.2%) (Table 62). In percentage terms, the largest increases were in Botany (46%), ‘Manly Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries are – Fairlight’ (44%), ‘Pagewood – Hillsdale – part of ABS’s ASGS boundary system. They “are Daceyville’ (44%), Marrickville (35%) and ‘Malabar designed to reflect functional areas that represent – La Perouse – Chifley’ (31%). a community that interacts together socially and economically.” Whole SA2s aggregate directly to The largest decrease in the top 50 most populous SA3s in the Main Structure. (ABS 2016 Census SA2 areas was St Ives (down 11%). Other Dictionary page 167). The SA2 is the smallest areas with large percentage decreases were area for the release of many ABS statistics, Lindfield – Roseville (-21%), Surry Hills (-18%), however, these boundaries are not necessarily ‘Willoughby – Castle Cove – Northbridge’ (-14%) commensurate with suburb boundaries people are and Turramurra (-12%). familiar with, hence the use of SSC boundaries in the main report.

Table 62. The biggest 50 SA2 areas by Jewish population size, 2011 and 2016 (estimated)

SA2 2011 2016 N change Percentage Change

Dover Heights 5,439 5,505 66 1.2%

Double Bay – Bellevue Hill 4,723 4,894 171 3.6%

Bondi Beach – North Bondi 3,504 3,544 40 1.1%

Rose Bay – Vaucluse – Watsons Bay 3,055 3,140 85 2.8%

St Ives 2,773 2,460 -314 -11.3%

Bondi – Tamarama – Bronte 2,153 2,061 -92 -4.3%

Bondi Junction – Waverly 1,928 1,948 20 1.0%

Maroubra* 1,936 1,914 -22 -1.1%

Randwick* 1,863 1,749 -115 -6.2%

Coogee – Clovelly 998 1,080 83 8.3%

Kensington – Kingsford 1,023 1,006 -16 -1.6%

Malabar – La Perouse – Chifley 612 802 190 31.0%

Woollahra 772 795 23 3.0%

Waterloo – Beaconsfield 707 639 -68 -9.6%

Gordon – Killara 550 544 -6 -1.0%

Paddington – Moore Park 473 490 17 3.5%

Lindfield – Roseville 593 470 -123 -20.7%

Willoughby – Castle Cove – Northbridge 529 456 -73 -13.9%

Continued on next page NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 105

SA2 2011 2016 N change Percentage Change

Potts Point – Woolloomooloo 378 409 31 8.2%

Hunters Hill – Woolwich 386 385 -1 -0.2%

Pagewood – Hillsdale – Daceyville 260 374 114 4 4.1%

Lane Cove – Greenwich 388 352 -36 -9.2%

Chatswood (West) – Lane Cove North 327 328 1 0.2%

Cremorne – Cammeray 321 306 -15 -4.7%

Mosman 305 306 0 0.1%

Pymble 314 293 -21 -6.7%

Mascot – Eastlakes 274 290 16 5.8%

Botany 198 288 90 45.5%

Redfern – Chippendale 266 268 2 0.9%

Darlinghurst 208 240 31 15.0%

Chatswood (East) – Artarmon 237 228 -9 -3.9%

Turramurra 248 218 -30 -12.2%

Newtown – Camperdown – Darlington 172 207 35 20.2%

Crows Nest – Waverton 201 198 -3 -1.5%

Neutral Bay – Kirribilli 183 193 10 5.3%

Surry Hills 230 188 -42 -18.3%

Erskineville – Alexandria 141 183 41 29.2%

Leichhardt – Annandale 178 168 -10 -5.6%

Macquarie Park – Marsfield 178 162 -17 -9.3%

Mullumbimby 134 154 20 14.9%

Balmain 132 152 20 15.0%

Frenchs Forest – Belrose 147 144 -4 -2.4%

Sydney – Haymarket – The Rocks 127 133 6 5.1%

Marrickville 97 131 34 34.9%

Glebe – Forest Lodge 109 128 19 17.7%

Forestville – Killarney Heights 107 123 16 15.5%

Manly – Fairlight 83 119 37 44.2%

North Sydney – Lavender Bay 96 118 22 23.0%

Wahroonga (East) – Warrawee* 123 115 -8 -6.5%

Ryde 84 102 19 22.1%

*Notes: The 2016 Maroubra SA2 is the combination of three separate 2016 SA2s: North Maroubra, South Maroubra and West Maroubra as it was a single SA2 in 2011. The 2016 Randwick SA2 is the combination of North and South Randwick as it was a single SA2 in 2011. The Wahroonga (East) – Warrawee SA2 was slightly larger (Wahroonga – Warrawee) in 2011 but the numbers in the above table have been left unchanged for these areas in 2016 as they follow the general trend in those areas. The total in 2011 for Hornsby – Waitara and Wahroonga – Warrawee was 344a. These two areas were split into four in 2016 (Wahroonga (East) – Warrawee, Waitara – Wahroonga (West), Hornsby – West and Hornsby – East) and totalled 299a, a decrease of -12.9%. 106 The Jewish population of NSW

Appendix 3. Long term data show that over the 30-year period from 1986 population change to 2016, NSW’s Jewish population increased by 42%, from 28,197u to 40,099i which equates to an Long term data on Jewish population change are annual growth rate of 1.2% (Figure 70). However, available but must be assessed using unadjusted the decadal rate of growth has been steadily (enumerated) figures as there is no consistent decreasing over time, almost halving from a 17% approach to adjustment over time (albeit with an increase between 1986 and 1996 to a 9% increase interpolated number for the 2016 data45 ). The from 2006 to 201646.

Figure 70. Jewish population change 1986 to 2016 with percentage change per decade in parenthesis, NSW (enumerated, 2016 interpolated*)

45,000 40,099* 40,000 36,718 35,000 32,850 28,197 n 30,000 o

i (+9%) t a l

u 25,000

p (+12%) P o 20,000 h

s (+17%) i w

e 15,000 J 10,000

5,000

0 1986 1996 2006 2016

* The interpolated number has been used in 2016 for consistency of comparison with earlier enumerated numbers. This accommodates a change in presentation of the religion question in the 2016 Census.

45 The interpolated number has been used in the analysis of 2016 Census data for consistency of comparison with enumerated figures from earlier censuses. This adjusts for the change in the presentation of the religion question in 2016. 46 As these percentages are based on unadjusted (enumerated) data (and interpolated data for 2016) they show a greater change than was recorded using adjusted data. The increase based on adjusted data for 2006 to 2016 is lower at 4.9% (see Table 3). NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 107

To examine long term change at more localised Vaucluse, Waverley and Bellevue Hill grew by levels, it is necessary to use postcode boundaries more than a third. By contrast, Bondi’s Jewish as these have remained fairly stable over the population has not grown over this period and long term. (ABS’s introduction in 2011 of a new is 10% smaller than in the mid-1990s (and has boundary system (ASGS) renders localised declined by 5% since 2006). Indeed, the 2016 comparisons before then untenable). Data are Census showed that the Jewish population of available from 1991 and show that although Vaucluse is now on par with that of Bondi, having Eastern Suburbs – North has consistently had been 30% smaller in the 1990s. the largest Jewish sub-population by a large margin, the rate of growth has been far stronger St Ives’ growth of 60% over the 25-year period in Eastern Suburbs – South (Table 63). That, and driven by South African migration in the however, noticeably changed in the most recent 1990s, peaked in 2006, declining by 14% period where the growth rates were almost the since then. same (2% in the north, 3% in the south). The Jewish population in the Upper North Shore The biggest changes that took place between and Lower North Shore reached their peak 2011 and 2016, were in Upper North Shore (down sizes in around 2006 declining by 17% and 10% 12%) with Lindfield declining by 21% and St Ives respectively, since then. declining by 11% and Ryde down 8% (Table 64). Growth, on the other hand, was greatest outside At a more detailed level, Table 64 shows that Sydney, in Rest of NSW (increasing by 28%) Maroubra tripled in size (up 196%) in the 25-year but inside Sydney, Maroubra grew by 9% and period between 1991 and 2016 and all other Edgecliff and Paddington both grew by 7%. Eastern Suburbs – South areas grew by over 75% (Botany is not included as historic data are unavailable). No areas within Eastern Suburbs – North grew by quite this much, although Rose Bay grew by 57% (and by 13% since 2006) and

Table 63. Jewish population size by year and percentage change, based on postcode subdivisions – Broad areas (estimated)

Percentage change

25 20 15 10 years years years years 5 years 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 Broad areas 1991* 1996* 2001* 2006 2011 2016 -2016 -2016 -2016 -2016 -2016

Eastern Suburbs – 18,256 20,686 20,388 22,160 22,549 22,915 26% 11% 12% 3% 2% North Eastern Suburbs – 3,190 4,079 4,751 5,800 7,040 7,245 127% 78% 52% 25% 3% South Lower North Shore 2,755 2,914 2,873 2,950 2,773 2,667 -3% -8% -7% -10% -4%

Upper North Shore 4,260 5,072 5,099 5,390 5,042 4,456 5% -12% -13% -17% -12%

Rest of Sydney 5,841 6,663 6,915 7,504 8,111 7,883 35% 18% 14% 5% -3%

Rest of NSW 1,327 1,440 1,535 1,702 2,055 2,633 98% 83% 72% 55% 28%

Total 35,629 40,854 41,561 45,505 47,570 47,800 34% 17% 15% 5% 0%

* 2001 data are from Eckstein G, 2003 Demography of the Sydney Jewish Community 2001, Jewish Communal Appeal, Sydney, Australia, p27; 1996 data from Eckstein G, 1999 Demography of the Sydney Jewish Community 1996, Jewish Communal Appeal, Sydney, Australia, p22; 1991 data from JCA/Monash University ACJC files and have been adjusted by 20% 108 The Jewish population of NSW

Table 64. Jewish population size by year and percentage change, based on postcode subdivisions – Narrow areas (estimated for 2006 to 2016)

Percentage change

Post- code 25 yrs 20 yrs 15 yrs 10 yrs 5 yrs Broad Narrow area 1991- 1996- 2001- 2006- 2011- areas areas (POA) 1991§ 1996‡ 2001* 2006 2011 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016

Bondi 2026 5,329 5,958 5,312 5,619 5,338 5,334 <1% -10% <1% -5% <1%

Bellevue 2023 2,206 2,501 2,501 2,712 2,972 2,979 35% 19% 19% 10% <1% Hill 2022 Waverley 1,645 1,949 2,125 2,302 2,247 2,254 37% 16% 6% -2% <1% 2024 Eastern 2025 Suburbs – Edgecliff 2027 2,131 2,316 2,233 2,479 2,287 2,443 15% 5% 9% -1% 7% North 2028 Rose Bay 2029 2,256 2,678 2,753 3,134 3,349 3,534 57% 32% 28% 13% 6%

Vaucluse 2030 3,751 4,282 4,606 4,926 5,379 5,324 42% 24% 16% 8% -1%

2000 Paddington 2011 937 1,002 858 988 976 1,048 12% 5% 22% 6% 7% 2021

Randwick 2031 1,108 1,330 1,498 1,742 2,095 2,003 81% 51% 34% 15% -4%

Eastern 2018 Kingsford 1,052 1,492 1,703 1,976 2,161 2,196 109% 47% 29% 11% 2% Suburbs – 2032-34 South 2035- Maroubra 1,030 1,257 1,550 2,082 2,785 3,047 196% 142% 97% 46% 9% 2036 2010 Waterloo Waterloo 2016 602 1,030 1,102 1,149 1,173 1,102 83% 7% <1% -4% -6% 2017

Lower Lower 2060-68 2088-90 North North 2,755 2,914 2,873 2,950 2,773 2,667 -3% -8% -7% -10% -4% 2092- Shore Shore 96 2069 Lindfield 1,001 1,001 870 805 740 583 -42% -42% -33% -28% -21% 2070 Upper North St Ives 2075 1,538 2,214 2,543 2,875 2,774 2,460 60% 11% -3% -14% -11% Shore 2071-74 Gordon 1,721 1,857 1,686 1,711 1,527 1,413 -18% -24% -16% -17% -7% 2076-77 2110 - Ryde 1,086 1,095 1,188 1,162 1,135 1,045 -4% -5% -12% -10% -8% Ryde/St 2122 George 2205-14 St George 1,086 1,013 936 950 1,023 957 -12% -6% 2% 1% -6% 2216-34 Rest of Rest of Various 3,067 3,525 3,689 4,240 4,780 4,778 56% 36% 30% 13% <1% Sydney^ Sydney Rest of Rest of Various 1,327 1,440 1,535 1,702 2,055 2,633 98% 83% 72% 55% 28% NSW NSW TOTAL 35,629 40,854 41,561 45,505 47,570 47,800 34.2% 17.0% 15.0% 5.0% 0.5%

* 2001 data are from Eckstein G, 2003 Demography of the Sydney Jewish Community 2001, Jewish Communal Appeal, Sydney, Australia, p27; 1996 data from Eckstein G, 1999 Demography of the Sydney Jewish Community 1996, Jewish Communal Appeal, Sydney, Australia, p22; 1991 data from JCA/Monash University ACJC files and have been adjusted by 20% ^ Including Botany (postcode 2019) NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 109

Appendix 4. Age and sex in single years, Jewish population, NSW

Table 65. Age in single year cohorts by sex, Jewish population, NSW, 2016 (estimated)

Age Male Female Total Age Male Female Total Age Male Female Total

0 232 241 473 33 228 295 523 66 313 321 635 1 249 220 469 34 246 285 531 67 338 350 688 2 304 251 556 35 295 271 566 68 370 417 788 3 284 263 547 36 256 262 518 69 403 422 825 4 289 286 575 37 275 290 565 70 321 354 675 5 288 250 538 38 267 315 582 71 259 276 535 6 304 334 639 39 276 356 632 72 210 250 460 7 363 312 675 40 301 319 619 73 198 185 383 8 324 286 610 41 342 324 666 74 179 216 395 9 355 325 680 42 342 325 667 75 171 209 380 10 320 282 602 43 330 351 681 76 165 211 376 11 343 284 627 44 333 352 685 77 162 181 343 12 304 294 598 45 350 363 712 78 170 193 363 13 264 273 538 46 294 332 626 79 152 168 320 14 249 245 494 47 282 312 595 80 144 157 301 15 276 253 528 48 260 269 530 81 110 158 268 16 262 263 525 49 284 312 596 82 108 132 240 17 253 232 484 50 234 272 506 83 131 149 280 18 199 193 392 51 271 281 552 84 127 123 250 19 196 223 418 52 282 294 576 85 124 139 263 20 199 219 418 53 273 329 602 86 106 142 249 21 205 192 396 54 297 328 624 87 114 130 244 22 227 220 447 55 275 341 615 88 84 122 206 23 224 225 449 56 278 361 640 89 75 131 206 24 193 245 438 57 317 339 657 90 70 98 168 25 197 233 430 58 312 321 633 91 62 145 207 26 202 205 407 59 304 312 617 92 69 93 162 27 198 194 392 60 299 346 645 93 47 89 136 28 209 277 486 61 316 328 644 94 38 79 117 29 212 256 469 62 295 358 653 95 40 58 98 30 236 267 503 63 359 335 694 96 19 36 56 31 194 281 475 64 339 307 646 97+ 36 53 89 32 262 269 531 65 321 347 668 Total 23,055 24,745 47,800 110 The Jewish population of NSW

Appendix 5. Change in total But an alternative approach is to use the Jewish households, 2011 to 2016 household reference person (HRP) to identify Jewish households. The HRP is “the person who In our 2011 Census report47, a Jewish household is used as the basis for determining the familial was defined as “any household with at least one and non-familial relationships within a household. Jewish person but where all other people either It is usually the person who has identified reported Jewish or No Religion or their religion himself/herself as Person 1 on the Household 48 was Not stated (14,900u Jewish households).” In form.” The disadvantage of this approach is other words, this was a slightly narrower definition that it misses out any households where Person than has been applied in this report since it 1 did not state their religion as Jewish when excludes households where Jews live with non- other people in the household did do so, but the Jews. (Such information could be largely inferred advantage is that it simplifies the definition of from intermarriage data.) This, however, limits the Jewish household, and, because it is based on possibility of making temporal companions. an individual, the relevant adjustment factors can be applied, potentially allowing for more reliable In order to overcome this, we apply the more temporal comparisons. limited 2011 definition to the 2016 data and apply the interpolation factor to the 2016 data. In doing Using this ‘HRP approach’ we find slightly so, we see that the number of Jewish households fewer (2%) Jewish households in NSW in 2016 in NSW increased by 1.9% from 14,900u to (14,890u). However, this is an unadjusted figure 15,178 i from 2011 to 2016 (Table 66). Regionally, and if we apply the adjustment factor it suggests the largest increase occurred in the Rest of NSW there were 19,287a Jewish households in NSW (12.8%), followed by Eastern Suburbs – South in 2016. Applying the relevant factors to 2011 (5.4%) and Eastern Suburbs – North (3.4%). and 2006 data indicates little change in the total The largest decreases were on the North Shore number of Jewish households since 2011 but a (-9.2% in Chatswood – Lane Cove and -7.4% in 4.3% increase since 2006 (Table 67). Ku-ring-gai).

Table 67. Jewish households in NSW, HRP Table 66. Jewish households* by location, method (see text), 2006 to 2016 2011 (enumerated) and 2016 (interpolated) Estimated 5 year 10 year Unadjusted (adjusted) change* change* 2011 2016 % Change 2006 14,902 18,498 - - Eastern Suburbs – North 7,097 7,338 3.4% 2011 16,076 19,251 4.1% - Eastern Suburbs – South 1,819 1,918 5.4% 2016 14,890 19,287 0.2% 4.3% Sydney Inner City 1,102 1,136 3.0% Chatswood – Lane Cove 1,208 1,118 -7.4% * based on adjusted data Ku-ring-gai 524 476 -9.2% North Sydney – Mosman 431 438 1.6% Ryde – Hunters Hill 193 189 -2.0% Rest of Greater Sydney 1,867 1,822 -2.4% Rest of NSW 659 743 12.8% Total 14,900 15,178 1.9%

* Jewish household defined as any dwelling with at least one Jewish person but where all other people either reported Jewish or No religion or their religion was Not Stated

47 Graham D 2014 The Jewish Population of Australia: Key findings from the 2011 Census, JCA and Monash University 48 ABS 2016 Census Dictionary, p148 NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 111

Applying the HRP approach, it can be seen that Appendix 6. 2016 Census whilst the number of households has remained adjustment methodology stable overall between 2011 to 2016 (increasing by 0.2%), there were increases in Eastern A full and detailed description of the approach Suburbs – South (1.7%), Rest of NSW (8.4%) taken to adjusting the 2016 Census data can and Rest of sydney (5.2%) (Table 68). The largest be found in our report on the 2016 Census for decreases were on the North Shore (-9.3% in Australia49. The following is a brief summary of Ku-ring-gai, -6.6% in Chatswood – Lane Cove and the steps taken to derive the adjustment factor of -6.5% in North Sydney – Mosman). 29.5% for 2016. This adjustment has been jointly agreed by JCA in Sydney and The Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation (ACJC) at Monash Table 68. Jewish households by location, University in Melbourne. 2011 and 2016, HRP method (see text) (estimated) Finally, the incorporation of an additional ‘ERP’* step necessitates the revision of adjustment 2011 2016 Change procedures and factors implemented for 2006 Eastern Suburbs – North 8,863 8,925 0.7% and 2011 since these did not take ERP data Eastern Suburbs – South 2,306 2,346 1.7% into account. Sydney Inner City 1,358 1,308 -3.7% Chatswood – Lane Cove 686 641 -6.6% The adjustment methodology applied to Ku-ring-gai 1,538 1,395 -9.3% enumerated 2016 Census data for Jews North Sydney – Mosman 582 544 -6.5% incorporates a 3-stage procedure which jointly Ryde – Hunters Hill 253 250 -1.1% adjusts for: Rest of Greater Sydney 2,734 2,876 5.2% Rest of NSW 924 1,003 8.4% Stage 1 – the unique circumstances of the 2016 Total 19,244 19,287 0.2% Census: 1) negative media attention relating to privacy in the run to the census; 2) the introduction of an online first approach to the census; 3) a change in the presentation of the religion question giving high prominence to the category No religion; 4) a denial of service attack on census night;

Stage 2 – undercount due to the religion question being voluntary and some Jews reporting their identity through census questions other than religion;

Stage 3 – the ERP estimate, an estimate of the population that did not take part in the census due for example to being away on census night

The census adjustment factor is derived using Australia wide data and is not itself adjusted for any differences that may occur at state level.

49 Graham and Narunsky 2019 op. cit. 112 The Jewish population of NSW

Table 69. The three-stage 2016 Census adjustment procedure for the Jewish population*

Row

Stage 1 (ACLD) 1 Jewish population enumerated in the 2016 Census 91,023 2 Estimated net Jewish loss to No religion (4,532) and religion Not stated (4,848) 7,887 based on ACLD analysis 3 Interpolated Jewish population (row 1 + row 2) 98,910 4 Interpolated inflation factor (row 3 / row 1) 1.0866 5 Interpolated inflation factor (row 4) as a percentage ((row 3 – row 1) / (row 1) 8.66% Stage 2 6 2011 Census Stage 1 inflation factor^ 1.15 (2011 Stage 1) 7 Interim adjusted Jewish population (row 3 x row 6) 113,837 Stage 3 (ERP) 8 ERP adjustment (3.57%) 1.036 9 ERP adjustment (row 7 x row 8) 117,903 Deriving the 10 Difference between enumerated and adjusted (row 9 – row 1) 26,880 inflation factor 11 Stage 2 Adjustment factor – direct inflation (row10 / row 1) 29.53% 12 Direct Stage 2 inflation multiplier (row 11 + 1) 1.30

Source: Graham D with Narunsky L 2019 op. cit. p70 ^ see Graham D 2014 The Jewish Population of Australia: Key findings from the 2011 Census, JCA and Monash University p41. * Notes: ACLD = The Australian Census Longitudinal Dataset (ACLD) is produced by ABS and tracks an anonymised 5% random sample of respondents directly from one census to the next. Interpolated = An estimate of the enumerated census number had the religion question format and circumstances of the 2016 Census matched those of the immediately preceding censuses. 2011 Census Stage 1 inflation factor = factor that was applied to 2011 census data in 2011. ERP = Estimated Resident Population – an adjustment made by ABS to rebase the enumerated census figure to account for people who were missed by the census, for example those who were overseas on census night. It is applied here following a suggestion from Emmanuel Gruzman, PhD candidate at the Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation (ACJC) at Monash University

The incorporation for the first time of the ERP factor (2006 = 1.044; 2011 = 1.041; 2016 = 1.036) factor into the 2016 adjustment procedure and subtracting the adjusted Jewish remainder. necessitates a retroactive change or rebase of Note an ERP adjustment is not required when the the 2006 and 2011 factors for comparability as comparison is with enumerated Jewish data. this did not form part of these procedures. This derives an inflation factor of 1.24 for enumerated Census data on Jewish families and households 2006 Census data on Jews and 1.20 for 2011 have not been adjusted. That is because the data. The rebased population sizes are 110,264 for adjustment procedure is based on individuals and 2006 and 116,563 for 2011 having previously been is not applicable to households since an inflation estimated at 105,578 and 112,025 respectively. factor for households requires knowledge of the distribution of Jewish non-respondents among An important implication of the inclusion of the all households and this is not known. A full ERP adjustment into this methodology is that the explanation is provided in our previous report general population must also be adjusted because on Australia50. the ERP is applicable to all residents regardless of religion. Therefore, any comparisons that are made between the estimated Jewish population and the general population (or remainder) must take this into account by multiplying the population total by the relevant ERP inflation

50 Graham and Narunsky 2019 op. cit. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 113

Appendix 7. Glossary

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

ACLD Australian Census Longitudinal Dataset. This is a randomly selected 5% sample produced by ABS that links individual anonymised responses from the 2006 Census to the 2011 Census and then to the 2016 Census. This facilitates a direct assessment of change.

ACT Australian Capital Territory

ASGC Australian Standard Geographical Classification (boundary system used by ABS from 1984 to 2006)

ASGS Australian Statistical Geography Standard (boundary system used by ABS from 2011)

De facto A de facto marriage exists when the relationship between two people (of the same or opposite sex, who live together in the same household), is reported as either: de facto, partner, common law husband/wife/spouse, lover, boyfriend, or girlfriend (ABS).

Dependent child A dependent child is a person who is either a child under 15 years of age, or a dependent student. To be regarded as a child the person can have no identified partner or child of his/her own usually resident in the household (ABS).

Enumerated The number, or count, as reported by ABS (after perturbation for small cells). It is

denoted by a subscript u (unadjusted) in this report.

ERP Estimated Resident Population – an adjustment made by ABS to rebase the enumerated census figure to account for people who were missed by the census, for example those who were overseas on census night.

Estimated An estimated census figure is an enumerated figure that has been adjusted to account of the likely effects of non-response as well as changes to the

wording of the religion question in 2016. It is denoted by a subscript a (adjusted) after the number.

FSU Former Soviet Union. This consists of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan 114 The Jewish population of NSW

Interpolated An estimate of the enumerated census number had the religion question format and circumstances of the 2016 Census matched those of the immediately preceding censuses. The interpolated figure can be directly compared with

enumerated data from earlier censuses. It is denoted by a subscript i (interpolated) after the number.

Jewish family A Jewish family comprises any Jewish household in which at least one occupant reported Jewish and in which at least two or more people are related. It excludes Jewish lone persons and Jewish group households.

Jewish Any household in which at least one occupant reported Jewish and with group household two or more unrelated people where all persons are aged 15 years and over. This excludes couple relationships, parent-child relationships or other blood relationships.

Jewish household Any household in which at least one occupant reported Jewish regardless of the religion responses of other household members.

LGA Local Government Area

Married ABS distinguishes between Registered and Social Marital Status. The former is based on the question ‘What is the person’s present marital status?’, whereas the latter is derived from both this question and a question on household relationships. The counts of people in marriages differ depending on which variable is used.

No religion In 2016 the full label for No religion was: ‘Secular Beliefs and Other Spiritual Beliefs and No Religious Affiliation’.

Non-Private Any establishment which provides a communal type of accommodation Dwelling (NPD)

NSW New South Wales

SA2, SA3, SA4 Statistical Area Levels within the ASGS system. These are a set of hierarchical functional areas that directly integrate with each other. The smallest area (for which data are published) is the SA1 and there are 17,895 such areas in NSW but they are only identifiable by numerical code. These SA1s ‘mesh’ into 540 SA2s, which then mesh into 93 SA3s and finally these mesh into 30 SA4s.

SSC State Suburb Code – a boundary system used by ABS to more closely match neighbourhood boundaries that most people are familiar with. In particular they are more intuitive than the equivalent SA2 boundaries but they do not mesh with the SA hierarchical system. NSW 2016 Census and Gen17 Report 115 116 The Jewish population of NSW JCA All rights reserved 140-146 Darlinghurst Rd © JCA 2020 Darlinghurst NSW 2023 This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia of it may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. www.jca.org.au Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction rights should be directed to the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-646-82535-9