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Conservation Biology and Management of the Twee River Redfin, Barbus Erubescens (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

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Conservation Biology and Management of the Twee River Redfin, Barbus Erubescens (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Conservation biology and management of the Twee River redfin, Barbus erubescens (Pisces: Cyprinidae) Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE of Rhodes UniversiJty by Michael Stephen Manriott January 1998 Adult Twee River redfm, Barbus erubescens ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................... "...................................................... v ABSTRACT ..................................................................... "...................................................... Vll CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2. STUDY AREA .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 3. CENSUS AND DISTRIBUTION .............................................. 12 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 12 Materials and 111ethods .......................................................................................... 13 Results ................................................................................................................... 16 Population census .................................................................................... 16 Distribution .............................................................................................. 18 Discussion .......................................................................... , .... ....... ............. .... ...... 24 CHAPTER 4. GENERAL BIOLOGy ................................................................. 27 Introduction ................................................... "...................................................... 27 Materials and Il1ethods ................................... "...................................................... 27 Reproduction ....... ......... ...... ...... ........ ............. ...... ..... .... ........................... 29 Feeding .............................................. "..................................................... 30 Age and growth ........................................................................................ 30 Habitat prej'erence ............................ "...................................................... 32 Results .................................................................................................................. 33 Morphometries andpopulation structure ................................................ 33 Sexual maturity and spawning seasonality .............................................. 35 Oogenesis ................................................................................................ 36 Spermatogenesis ...................................................................................... 37 Feeding .................................................................................................... 37 Age and growth ................................. "...................................................... 39 iii Habitat pre.ference ................................................................................... 40 Discussion ....... ........ ............. .......... ..... .......................... ... .... ...... ........ ............. ..... 41 CHAPTERS. CONSERVATION STATUS .................................................... 46 Introduction ...................................................,...................................................... 46 Materials and ITIethods .......................................................................................... 47 Results ................................................................................................................. 49 Possible threats ................................ "...................................................... 49 Discussion .......... ............ ........ .... ..... .............. ................. ...................................... 57 CHAPTER 6. MANAGEMENT ACTION ....................................................... 61 CHAPTER 7. GENERAL DISCUSSION .......................................................... 70 REFERENCES ................... .................................................................................. ................ 74 APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................... 85 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend our gratitude to the sponsors of the Twee River redfin project. The study was initiated and financed by Western Cape Nature Conservation, with additional funding provided by the Foundation for Research and Development. My sincere thanks go to Prof. Paul Skelton, my project supervisor, for guidance in the design and execution of the study. For his comments on the draft manuscript (md for remaining enthusiastic throughout, I am indebted. The direction and assistance given by Dr Jim Cambray and Roger Bills are also much appreciated. Many others were instrumental in the completion of this work. For their hospitality during field trips I thank: the landowners of the Twee River catchment, particularly Attie and Maurita Landman, and Johnie and Karin Hanekom for providing comfortable accommodation. Sally Terry played an integral role in field trip preparations. I thank my field assistants, Roger Bills, Niall Vine, Kelvin Haschick, Collins Jambo and Lynn Randell who maintained high spirits under sometimes trying circumstances. My brother, Ian, kindly interpreted theodelite readings which, although he denies it, I'm certain took some time. Rainfall data was collected by Sakkie du Toit. Dr Ferdie de Moor and Helen James identified prey items for gut contents analysis. SASS advice was given by Mandy Uys, and collections were identified by Kekere Soxujwa. Dr Patsy Goetsch assisted in the interpretation of the SASS results. Tony Booth and Dr Horst Kaiser helped me with statistical analyses. Dean Impson provided useful field insight. Linda Haschick and Ray Vogel are thanked for their respective contributions to the graphics in this document. v Finally, I express my gratitude to the staff and students of DIFS and the JLB Smith Institute, for their continued support throughout this study. A special thanks goes to my girlfriend, Sarah, and to my family, who have always been behind me, even in the toughest times. This thesis is a compilation reflecting the efforts and support of numerous individuals, and to all those who played a part, however small, I dedicate this work. vi ABSTRACT Agricultural practices and increasing levels of pollution, water abstraction and numbers of predatory exotic fishes gave rise to mounting concern for the survival of the already endangered Twee River redfin, Barbus erubescens. Numbers were believed to be dwindling and an urgent re-assessment of the species' conservation status and major threats was called for. Distribution and estimated numbers of B. erubescens were detennined from a census conducted in the Twee River catclunent, and baseline knowledge of age and growth, reproduction, diet and habitat preferences was gained from biological work on collected specimens. Such understanding was necessary to formullate management ideas. Although an estimated 40% reduction in area of occupancy has occurred in the middle reaches of the Twee River system, the known distribution of B. erubescens was extended into the upper Suurvlei River. Despite fragmentation, surviving redfin populations remained healthy and total population size was estimated at 8400 individuals, 4100 of which were considered mature .. Adults preferred pools with water exceeding 1 m in depth and tended to be associated with sandy or boulder substrates. Due to low numbers no such study was conducted on juveniles, although observations indicated a preference for the upper 50 em of the water column, in or around marginal vegetation. 13arbus erubescens spawn in summer and follow an asynchronous, iteroparous pattern. Males and females reach a maximum age of six years, maturing after two years at calculated SL of 45 mm in males and 42 mm in females. The diet was dominated by simulid and ephemeropteran larvae. Although the combined pressures of pesticide and fertiliser use, predation and competition from exotic species have undoubtedly had a negative impact on B. enibescens, the species has maintained viable populations. With continued expansion of these threats the focus of conservation attention may change but, at present, it is most likely agricultural water use, amounting to 7.43 x 106 m\-l, 15% of the entire catchment production, which poses the greatest irnrrediate threat to the survival of the species. Based on a deteriorating habitat and restricted area of occupancy, B. erubescens was rated Critically Endangered, and it is recommended that a conservation management plan be implemented in the Twee River catchment. The focus of such action should be on genetic preservation, with immediate projects including gamete cryopreservation and captive breeding and rearing progranunes. Catchment management, including education and rehabilitation programmes, must be the long-term aim of conservation, to ensure the survival ofB. eruhescens. Vlll CHAPTER! GENERAL INTRODUCTION One must agree with Allen et aI. (1982), there can be no doubt the modem human habitat is vast, drawing from a wide range of resources and extending to incorporate the entire biosphere. Allen et al. (1982) advise that the influence of such a lifestyle on the environment is so great
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