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Transformative Travel Experiences of Gender Perspectives: Latin American Women in Solo, Independent and Cross-Cultural Travel

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Transformative Travel Experiences of Gender Perspectives: Latin American Women in Solo, Independent and Cross-Cultural Travel Does travel provide transformation? Transformative travel experiences of gender perspectives: Latin American women in solo, independent and cross-cultural travel Does travel provide transformation? Transformative travel experiences of gender perspectives: Latin American women in solo, independent and cross-cultural travel Master Thesis Submitted by Erika Hernando Terán (ID 881201329070) Student at Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Environmental Sciences Cultural Geography Chair Group MSc Leisure, Tourism and Environment Year of registration: 2014 Course: GEO-80436 Supervisors: PhD LIN Chih-Chen Trista Examiner: Prof. dr. V.R. van der Duim August 2016 This thesis is submitted by Erika Hernando Terán, student at Wageningen University, in order to meet the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the MLE programme. “We the women here, take a trip back into the self, travel to the deep core of our roots to discover and reclaim our coloured souls, our rituals, our religion. We reach a spirituality that has been hidden in the hearts of oppressed people under layers of centuries of traditional god-worship.” "El Mundo Zurdo: The Vision" (1981) Foreword and Acknowledgements There is no appropriate word to define well enough the contributions of many minds, their time and effort to the product of this research and the course of this study. I was born in a small town in the middle of the Huastecan jungle on the northeast side of Mexico. Many limitations attached to my gender and class were the daily bread; however, I was fortunate to follow my dreams, pursuing my own experiences and walking my own path. I want to thank my parents, Roberto Hernando Farfán and Elodia Terán Juárez for their unconditional love and support throughout my entire life. They have shown me to always stay strong and to believe in myself, especially in the most difficult moments. In order to study a master in Wageningen University, I applied to a national governmental scholarship competition (Conacyt) which took me 3 years to achieve. For this, I want to thank my family; Jessica, Beto, Jorge, Valentín, Martín, Mauro, and Fanny who supported me in simple ways which without them I wouldn’t be able to achieve this opportunity. I want to thank professors at UASLP; Griselda Meráz, Irma Suárez, and Héctor Picazo for their help, inspiration and guidance. I want to thank Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Conacyt) for their economic support which allowed me to live this experience. Conducting my studies at Wageningen entailed challenge after challenge. I want to thank the professors at the Cultural Geography Group; especially to Chin Ee Ong and Maarten Jacobs, who inspired me and helped me develop skills that I never thought I would have. Studying a Master in Wageningen was if not, one of the most challenging experiences in my life. I also want to thank Adriana Zacarias from UNEP for the opportunity to experience an internship in the Regional Office of Latin America and the Caribbean in Panama. After this internship, the last stage of this adventure took place while writing my thesis. I want to thank Trista, Chih-Chen LIN my thesis supervisor, to support me, challenge me and guide me in this research. I also want to thank the participants in this study for their trust, opening their hearts, and for their eagerness to participate in this study. I want to thank Rob, my partner, and supporter who reminded me of my strength, giving me unbelievable patience and support in every way and in every step of this master and especially on the last chaotic year. I want to thank myself, my body, mind and my superior self because while this research may be the culmination of a multifaceted and transformative experience, this thesis is a product of love, time, sacrifice and great effort from my side and others. I want to thank you for taking the time to read this page and read this thesis because I hope all this effort, love, sacrifice, and knowledge may be useful for science and development on Latin American females as active and independent avid travellers. INDEX Foreword Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Problem statement........................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Scientific relevance and objectives.................................................................................. 6 1.3 Thesis structure ................................................................................................................ 7 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 The Independent and solo traveller ............................................................................... 9 2.2 Women and Travel ......................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Latin American women and the travel experience: a historical approach ...... 13 2.2.2 Latin America: gender and mobility .................................................................... 15 2.2.2.1 Contemporary Latinas and solo independent travel ................................. 17 2.3. Women’s roles in Latin American patriarchal societies .............................................. 20 2.3.1 The Latin American context: women .................................................................. 20 2.3.2 Patriarchal gender paradigms and women’s roles ............................................. 21 2.3.2.1 Motherhood and family .............................................................................. 22 2.3.2.2 Personal freedom and Self-determination ................................................ 26 2.4 Transformational travel experiences ............................................................................ 29 2.4.1 What is Transformation and who are transformed? ......................................... 29 2.4.2 Transformation potential of travel experiences ................................................ 31 2.4.2.1 Does travel provide a transformation? ...................................................... 32 3. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 36 3.1 Transformative Learning Theory: Background ............................................................. 36 3.2 Transformative Learning Process .................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Frames of reference or Meaning schemes ......................................................... 39 3.2.1.1 Dimensions of frames of reference ........................................................... 40 3.2.2. Key components that trigger Transformation ................................................... 42 3.2.2.1 Disorienting Dilemmas................................................................................. 42 3.2.2.2 Critical Reflection ......................................................................................... 43 3.2.2.3 Affective Learning ....................................................................................... 44 3.3. Scientific relevance ........................................................................................................ 45 3.3.1 Research questions .............................................................................................. 45 4. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 46 4.1 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 46 4.1.1 Online Survey ....................................................................................................... 47 4.1.2 Narratives and Interview guide ........................................................................... 48 4.2 Sample population ......................................................................................................... 50 4.2.1 Websites and Social media travel groups ........................................................... 50 4.2.2 Female solo travellers in qualitative narratives ................................................. 51 4.3 Data Analysis Design ....................................................................................................... 53 4.3.1 Online survey design ............................................................................................ 53 4.3.2 Narrative design: Coding and themes................................................................. 53 4.4 Positionality .................................................................................................................... 54 5. Analysis of Data ..................................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Profile and motivations of solo independent Latin American female travellers ....... 56 5.2 Solo and independent travel narratives of transformation ........................................ 59 5.2.1 Solo Travel as a consequence.............................................................................. 60 5.2.1.1 Alondra ........................................................................................................
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