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El Arte Mural En San Francisco California, EEUU Como Expresión 1 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO Escuela Nacional de Artes Plásticas “El Arte mural en San Francisco California, E.E.U.U. como expresión artística y cultural de los inmigrantes latinoamericanos” Tesis para obtener el titulo de: Licenciado en Artes Visuales Presenta: Luis Alberto Flores Martínez Director de tesis: Maestro Jesús Macías Hernández. San Francisco California, E.E.U.U. 2013. UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. 2 Índice Agradecimientos……………………………………………………………………..…………………….………4 Introducción Sumario……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…5 Contexto histórico de la inmigración en California.…………………………………………………6 El movimiento chicano en los años 60……………………………………………………………….……8 El mural como fenómeno artístico………………………………………………………….…………….10 Capitulo 1 1.1. El muralismo: retrospectiva histórica..……………………………………………………….…..15 1.1.1 Huellas del mestizaje latinoamericano en Estados Unidos……..……………….…..21 1.1.2 La base del muralismo en el área de la bahía de San Francisco…………………….23 1.1.3 Problema de investigación: Influencia cultural de América latina como expresión artística en Estados Unidos (objetivos)………………………….………………27 1.1.4 Justificación de la investigación…………………………………………………….………………30 Capitulo 2 1. Análisis e interpretación del muralismo en San Francisco……………………...……..33 2.1.1 Tres murales ejemplares……………………………………………………………………………..35 2.2.2 “Inspire to Aspire” por Michael Ríos. 1987………………………………………………….36 2.2.3 “La llorona’s sacred waters” por Juana Alicia. 2004……………………………………..40 2.2.4 “Si se puede/Yes, you can” por Susan Kelk Cervantes, Juana Alicia, Elba Rivera, Gabriela Lujan, Margo Bors, Olivia Quevedo. 1995…………………………….47 3 Capitulo 3 3 Conclusiones Generales……………………………………………………………………………..….52 3.1 Análisis conclusivo………………………………………………………………………………………54 3.2 Significado e importancia de la investigación……………………………………………..56 3.3 Limitaciones……………………………………………………………………………………………….57 3.4 Conclusiones……..……………………………………………………………………………………….58 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………………………………………….60 4 Agradecimientos A mi esposa Jennifer Freeman por su apoyo constante e incondicional. Gracias a mis padres por su apoyo moral. Gracias tía Mara por darme tu soporte. ¡Los quiero mucho! 5 Introducción Sumario. Un día caminando hacia mi lugar de trabajo por la calle 24 en el barrio de la Misión temprano por la mañana, noté un gran mural plasmado sobre la pared en la parte posterior de una tienda de abarrotes en la esquina de York y 24. Hasta ese preciso momento, no había prestado atención de lo que pasaba a mi alrededor; un breviario cultural de América Latina, así como un anecdotario de distintos personajes que han pasado por esta ciudad son revelados por medio de estas imágenes que son la puerta de entrada a la vida de la gente que decidió compartir un trozo de sus vidas con los habitantes de la ciudad de San Francisco. La investigación de tesis que se presenta a continuación nos llevará por distintos puntos en la historia de la inmigración latinoamericana dentro de territorio estadunidense, del estado de California, el área de la bahía y en la ciudad de San Francisco, donde se centra esta investigación. A lo largo de esta investigación, que consta de una introducción, tres capítulos dentro de los cuales se ahondará en el tema de los murales en la ciudad, pero específicamente en el barrio por excelencia de origen mexicano, pero que ha abierto sus puertas a otros pueblos del continente americano. La investigación concluye con una serie de notas, imágenes y una lista bibliográfica que ayudará al lector a conocer la base de datos utilizada dentro de la investigación, que abarca distintos tópicos culturales y de la historia de los distintos pueblos latinos que convergen en el barrio de la Misión. 6 Contexto histórico de la inmigración a California. El marco histórico en Estados Unidos de América, comunidades de todo el mundo han buscado preservar sus raíces, por medio de su idioma, música o culinaria. La herencia cultural e histórica importada por los inmigrantes, forma parte de la de una nueva cultura entre las poblaciones y urbes de esta nación. En la costa occidental del país, existe una diversidad importante de inmigrantes de América Latina, mexicanos en su mayoría; sin descartar a la América Central y Sudamérica. El crecimiento demográfico del pueblo latinoamericano en el año 2011 en el estado de California de acuerdo con “PEW RESEARCH” fue de 14,358,000 de latinoamericanos, y representan el 38% de la población total del estado. Cultural e históricamente hablando, el estado de California ha estado a la par con la historia de México. Martha Ortega Soto escribe que la región tuvo la ultima empresa colonizadora emprendida por la corona española ahora parte del territorio estadunidense y se que se aferra con fuerza a su pasado hispano. (2001, p.12). California fue parte del territorio nacional hasta su adquisición por el gobierno de Estados Unidos en el año de 1848, gracias al tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo, por la derrota del ejercito mexicano en la intervención estadounidense en México (2001, p.13). A raíz de la anexión de California a Estados Unidos, la cultura dominante, en este caso; la cultura mexicana, comenzó una transformación lingüística, cultural e idiosincrática sin precedente en el nuevo estado. La cultura mexicana que anteriormente imperaba en la región comenzó su descenso hasta prácticamente quedar desplazada por la nueva cultura anglo-sajona y conquistadora en la ultima mitad del siglo XIX. El siglo XX ha marcado de manera poderosa la sociedad contemporánea californiana y de México. 7 Esta transformación se ha dado en su gran mayoría gracias a la inmigración de nacionales mexicanos a este estado, con vastas tierras para el cultivo, donde el dinero rinde incluso para enviar estas remesas a sus familias dejadas atrás en México para que estas puedan tener una vida mas digna, otorgar educación a hijos o hermanos mas jóvenes e inclusive financiar la construcción de los cimientos de lo que será su casa y/o negocio. Estos inmigrantes han llevado consigo sus raíces, su idioma, sus historias y creencias, de tipo religioso o cultural. El nuevo “mestizaje” racial y cultural comienza a expresarse y a darse las primeras manifestaciones artísticas en las calles de todo tipo de urbes, escuelas y edificios habitacionales. Personas comunes y corrientes, con trabajos simples o en otros casos complicados, con vidas ocupadas en más de un trabajo, jornadas largas y agotadoras, pero sin embargo; con una riqueza verbal de su historia, la que cuentan a sus descendientes, la novísima generación de México-estadounidenses, aquellos que se debaten entre México, el país de sus padres y del país que los ha visto nacer y formarse como los nuevos ciudadanos con dos fuentes de cultura y lengua tan amplias, complejas y paradójicas. En otros términos, podemos asegurar que la cultura latina en Estados Unidos es muy fuerte, como describe Elizabeth Martínez cuando explica que ciudadanos de otras naciones latinoamericanas como guatemaltecos y salvadoreños enriquecen la cultura latina en este país. (1991, p.vii). Esta complejidad de lengua y cultura se ve transformada en las poblaciones de habla castellana con una marcada herencia indígena que se convierte en un nuevo hibrido o se hace mestiza dentro de la misma comunidad, sin negar que existe una conexión con otras facciones de la población y navegando de manera activa entre la cultura, la política y el medio social distintos (Latorre, 2009, p.4) dentro del “nuevo” territorio estadunidense, aferrándose al tiempo e integrándose a la nueva cultura colonizadora que da paso al nuevo mestizaje. 8 El movimiento chicano de los años 60. Los chicanos se conforman por los hijos de los inmigrantes mexicanos nacidos en territorio estadunidense. Los chicanos comienzan a integrarse como un grupo político y cultural que les brindó la oportunidad de alzar sus voces, conocer más de si mismos, de la cultura de sus padres y afianzar su identidad como México-americanos. Tere Romo escribe que el movimiento chicano surge por una demanda apabullante de formar un nuevo y positivo sentido de identidad para la población de origen hispano en California (2003, p.75). Durante la década de los 60, campesinos y trabajadores de origen mexicano nacidos en California comenzaron a manifestar descontento por los abusos cometidos a sus derechos humanos por las empresas que los habían contratado. Cesar Chávez y Dolores Huerta, entre otros lideres sindicales surgieron como íconos de lucha para aquellos que no tenían quien los representara y peleara por ellos (Cayton, 2000, p.597). El valle central de California vio nacer el movimiento chicano a mitades de los años 60, concentrando grupos grandes de mexicanos y descendientes de mexicanos con la intención de solidificarse como una fuerza política y de oposición al gobierno y a las empresas respaldadas por este último (Cayton, 2000, p.597). Tere Romo
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