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CRIMINOLOGY 2021 | Chapter Showcase CRIMINOLOGY 2021 | Chapter Showcase LEXINGTON BOOKS An Imprint of Rowman & Littlefield LEXINGTON BOOKS CHAPTER SHOWCASE FROM THE EDITOR At its best, criminology can act as a spark, shedding light on the darker parts of our society, inspiring problem-solving solutions, or even igniting long needed change. Our goal at Lexington Books is to act as the platform for these important conversations by working with a dynamic and diverse community of authors who are dedicated to studying not only the nature of crime but the social roots and impacts as well. Lexington is proud to publish transcendent scholarship across disciplinary divides that utilizes a variety of methodological and theoretical frameworks to address crime and justice across international borders, communities, cultures, races, identities, and political lines. The selected chapters included in this showcase exemplify this tradition and are timely reminders of criminology’s notable contributions to academic as well as public thought. These chapters challenge policing practices in the twenty-first century, analyze the history of school shootings, explore the impacts gender has on fieldwork and research, and examine some hard truths about child-harming and the effects of growing up in an unsafe home. The unifying core of this set of chapters is the immense responsibility criminology as a discipline has to not only provide critical witness and critique to injustices within society, but to also offer realistic solutions and be the catalyst of change. I invite you to publish your next scholarly work with Lexington Books. We publish monographs, edited collections, and revised dissertations by emerging and established scholars, including interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary works. While we publish many standalone titles, we also publish books in series that bring together incisive scholarship around key subjects, such as Race, Crime, and Justice and Policing Perspectives and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Click here to see a full list of our series. Lexington Books offers an expedited decision-making process, peer review, and a rapid production process to ensure that your research is published quickly. We publish high-quality books with full-color covers and we market our new titles aggressively around the world. Our titles are regularly reviewed in scholarly journals and have received significant awards and honors for academic scholarship. To submit a proposal for a book project, please review our submission guidelines and email a full prospectus to me at [email protected]. Or, if you prefer to discuss your project with me first, please email me to set up a time for a phone call. I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, BECCA ROHDE BEURER Associate Acquisitions Editor LEXINGTON BOOKS contents 4-13 Xiaochen Hu and Nicholas P. Lovrich, “Electronic Community-Oriented Policing: Core Concepts and Strategies” in Electronic Community-Oriented Policing: Theories, Contemporary Efforts, and Future Directions Family 14-29 Kayla G. Jachimowski and Jonathon A. Cooper “Mental Health’s Implications for Policing” in Police Response to Mental Health Calls for Service: Gatekeepers and Street Corner Psychiatrists 30-46 Angelyn Spaulding Flowers and Cotina Lane Pixley, “Guns, Culture, and School- Based Mass Shootings: The Regional and State Context” in Twenty Years of School-based Mass Shootings in the United States: Columbine to Santa Fe 47-60 Jennifer A. Schlosser, “A Woman’s Place: A Critical Examination of Methodological Landmines in Prison Research” in Prison Stories: Women Scholars’ Experiences Doing Research Behind Bars, edited by Jennifer A. Schlosser 61-67 Limor Ezioni, “Preventing Abuse” in Unsafe Home: Child Harming within the Family The pagination of the original chapters has been preserved to enable accurate citations of these chapters. These chapters are provided for personal use only and may not be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without permission of the publisher. All rights reserved. Xiaochen Hu and Nicholas P. Lovrich, “Electronic Community-Oriented Policing: Core Concepts and Strategies” in Electronic Community-Oriented Policing: Theories, Contemporary Efforts, and Future Directions Family (Lanham MD: Lexington Books, 2020), pages 63-72. Series: Policing Perspectives and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. All rights reserved. Chapter 5 Electronic Community- Oriented Policing Core Concepts and Strategies The President’s Task Force on Twenty-First Century Policing (2015) specifically notes that the effectiveness with which information technol- ogy and social media are used by law enforcement agencies will determine in good part how capable the police are of building and maintaining good police-public relations and gaining the benefits of the coproduction of pub- lic order. One of the recommendations in the report regarding police use of technology and social media states that “law enforcement agencies should adopt model policies and best practices for technology-based community engagement that increases community trust and access” (The President’s Task Force, 2015, p. 36). As we noted in the previous chapter, it is our belief that the next, more mature generation of community-oriented policing has arrived on the contemporary policing scene. In this chapter, the concept of electronic community-oriented policing (E-COP) is introduced and explicated. An overview of the use of new technologies in policing is set forth to provide a foundation for understanding why use of new technologies has long served as the wheels under the policing enterprise wagon in the United States. Drawing upon well-established and broadly accepted theoretical founda- tions provided by theories originating in the fields of mass communication, social psychology, police organizational studies, and the philosophy of community-oriented policing, we propose the adoption of the concept of electronic community-oriented policing (E-COP). That done, we explain why we believe E-COP is likely to become one of the main policing strate- gies to be widely used in the United States and elsewhere around the world in the twenty-first century. 63 4 Lexington Books Criminology Chapter Showcase Hu & Lovrich_9781793607843.indb 63 11-07-2020 08:49:51 64 Chapter 5 TECHNOLOGY, POLICING STRATEGIES, AND THE POLICE In the history of policing strategy development, many advancements made in technology represent one of the primary factors pushing the evolution of policing practice (see Cox et al., 2013). From the first systematic uses of photography for personal identification beginning in the late 1850s to the recent use of drones for surveillance and documentation of traffic crashes (see Cox et al., 2013, pp. 335–345), “technology, in a very real sense, is transforming policing in fundamental respects” (Roberts, 2011, p. 72) on an ongoing basis. Contemporary policing strategies rely heavily on digital technology, especially computer technology (see Dempsey & Forst, 2016, pp. 458–469; Siegel & Worrall, 2016). According to the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey conducted in 2007, all large police departments (agencies that serve populations of more than 250,000) in the United States use computers to conduct crime mapping and carry out subsequent crime analysis (Roberts, 2011). Cameras of varying kinds, for example, are widely used in intelligence-led policing and situational crime prevention (Dempsey & Forst, 2016). Also, dash-mounted cameras in patrol cars and body worn cameras of growing sophistication are increasingly being used to both increase police officers’ safety and enhance account- ability for their actions in citizen/police contact situations (Cox et al., 2013). Geographic information systems (GIS) are widely applied in crime mapping, and are essential elements of hotspot policing. Fingerprints and DNA analysis, forensic tools with which citizens are familiar after watch- ing crime-related movies and TV shows (Surette, 2015), are widely used in criminal personal identification. National databases such as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) and the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) are commonly used in major crime investiga- tions throughout the country. New forms of media, such as social networking sites, have given police agencies large and small alike an excellent opportunity to bypass traditional mass media and communicate directly with the public they protect and serve (Mawby, 2010). Over the past decade these types of new communication technologies—in particular the development of cell phones, now the wide- spread use of smartphones, together with greatly expanded access to high- speed wireless Internet—have together reshaped the whole society in many ways. Smartphones are no longer used as a cell phone that only does texting and calling; in fact, they can be used to access email, take pictures and videos, send hyperlinks to others, listen to music, engage in gaming, and manage one’s bank accounts. Lexington Books Criminology Chapter Showcase 5 Hu & Lovrich_9781793607843.indb 64 11-07-2020 08:49:51 Electronic Community-Oriented Policing 65 For the police, the general public now has a new “tool” to monitor their behavior on the job—they can take pictures and/or record police actions in stressful situations. Without a high-speed cellular network, adverse impacts on the police may be limited because those potentially incriminating pictures and videos can only be disseminated within a small circle
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