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Christianity's Impact on the Free Farmers During the 10 Century In Christianity’s impact on the free farmers during the 10th century in Norway Cornelia Maria Tarean Master of Philosophy Thesis in Nordic Viking and Medieval Culture UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Spring 2013 © Cornelia Maria Tarean 2013 Christianity’s impact on the free farmers during the 10th century in Norway Cornelia Maria Tarean http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo 1 Summary The purpose of my master thesis is to focus on the religious beliefs of the free farmers during the 10th century in Norway. I chose this particular century first and foremost because it represents the pitch of the Christianization process, because during this time Norway had both heathen and Christian rulers that influenced the free farmers in different ways, and because it probably was the time when Christianity had its biggest impact on people, on Norwegian soil. In order to be able to make plausible conclusions regarding Christianity’s impact on the Norwegian free farmers I made a thorough comparison between the old siðr and Christianity and I examined several helpful sources, from sagas to archaeological evidence, from skaldic poetry to law texts. I also analysed the first Christian elements on Norwegian soil and the farmers’ experiences under the dominion of three different rulers (a tolerant Christian king, a heathen earl and an intolerant Christian missionary king). Due to the time discrepancy and to the minimum amount of reliable sources, it is impossible to state anything regarding the free farmers’ views about the new religion with complete certainty. However I managed in my thesis to give plausible explanations and conclusions regarding the change of siðrand its impact on a social group that has not yet been the centre of focus in other scholarly works. 2 Acknowledgements I would like first and foremost to thank my supervisor Professor John McNicol. His patience, feedback, suggestions, guidance and advice made it possible for me to complete my master thesis in good time before the deadline. I would also like to thank Professor Terje Spurkland for helping me connect with my thesis supervisor and for sharing his knowledge about Norwegian runestones with me. Finally I want to express my gratitude to all the other faculty members that helped me achieve the necessary information to complete my master thesis. 3 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 Definition of key terms .......................................................................................................... 8 Sources ................................................................................................................................. 12 Historiography ..................................................................................................................... 14 Theory and Method .............................................................................................................. 15 Chapter I: A comparison between Norse heathendom and Christianity .................................. 18 Chapter I.1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 18 Chapter I.2: Polytheism and monotheism ............................................................................ 18 Chapter I.3: Tolerance ......................................................................................................... 19 Chapter I.4: Women and religion......................................................................................... 20 Chapter I.5: Heiðinn dómr and kristinn dómr ...................................................................... 21 Chapter I.6: Ethnic siðr and universal religion .................................................................... 21 Chapter I.7: Old and new ideas ............................................................................................ 23 Chapter I.8: Loyalty ............................................................................................................. 24 Chapter I.9: Slander ............................................................................................................. 25 Chapter I.10: Similar laws ................................................................................................... 25 Chapter I.11: The tree .......................................................................................................... 26 Chapter I.12: The apple........................................................................................................ 27 Chapter I.13: Seiðr ............................................................................................................... 27 Chapter I.14: Destiny and divine providence ...................................................................... 28 Chapter I.15: Child exposure ............................................................................................... 29 Chapter I.16: Slavery ........................................................................................................... 29 Chapter I.17: Oral tradition and book religion ..................................................................... 30 Chapter I.18: Burial rituals .................................................................................................. 31 Chapter I.19: Cult places...................................................................................................... 33 Chapter I.20: Cult leaders .................................................................................................... 33 Chapter I.21: The blót .......................................................................................................... 35 Chapter I.22: Missionaries ................................................................................................... 36 Chapter I.23: Christianity and the law ................................................................................. 37 Chapter I.24: Heathendom in the 10th century ..................................................................... 39 Chapter I.25: Conclusions .................................................................................................... 40 Chapter II: Early Christian influence in Norway ..................................................................... 43 4 Chapter II.1: Introduction .................................................................................................... 43 Chapter II.2: Missionary work in Norway ........................................................................... 44 Chapter II.3: Stone crosses .................................................................................................. 47 Chapter II.4: Graves ............................................................................................................. 49 Chapter II.5: Churches ......................................................................................................... 51 Chapter II.6: Crucifixes ....................................................................................................... 53 Chapter II.7: Runic inscriptions ........................................................................................... 55 Chapter II.8: Conclusions .................................................................................................... 56 Chapter III: The role of the ruler in Christianity’s impact on the Norwegian farmers ............ 60 Chapter III.1: Christianity’s impact on the Norwegian farmers under the reign of King Haakon the Good ................................................................................................................. 61 Chapter III.1.a: Winning Norway ......................................................................................... 61 Chapter III.1.b: Haakon the Good’s reign ............................................................................ 61 Chapter III.1.c: Haakon the Good’s fall ................................................................................ 66 Chapter III.1.d: Conclusions ................................................................................................. 68 Chapter III.2: Christian impact on the Norwegian farmers under the reign of Earl Haakon Sigurdsson of Lade .............................................................................................................. 69 Chapter III.2.a: The reign of Eirik Bloodaxe’s sons ............................................................. 69 Chapter III.2.b: Winning Norway ......................................................................................... 70 Chapter III.2.c: Earl Haakon’s reign ..................................................................................... 71 Chapter III.2.d: Earl Haakon’s fall ....................................................................................... 75 Chapter III.2.e: Conclusions ................................................................................................. 76 Chapter III.3: Christian impact on the Norwegian farmers under the reign of King Olav Tryggvason .......................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter III.3.a: Olav Tryggvason’s baptism ......................................................................... 77 Chapter III.3.b: Winning Norway ........................................................................................
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