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In Search of Meaning IN SEARCH OF MEANING LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN ON ETHICS, MYSTICISM AND RELIGION edited by Ulrich Arnswald Ulrich Arnswald (ed.) In Search of Meaning Ludwig Wittgenstein on Ethics, Mysticism and Religion Europäische Kultur und Ideengeschichte Studien. Band 1 Herausgeber: Bernd Thum, Hans-Peter Schütt, Institut für Philosophie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH) In Search of Meaning Ludwig Wittgenstein on Ethics, Mysticism and Religion edited by Ulrich Arnswald Impressum Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe c/o Universitätsbibliothek Straße am Forum 2 D-76131 Karlsruhe www.uvka.de Dieses Werk ist unter folgender Creative Commons-Lizenz lizenziert: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de/ Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe 2009 Print on Demand ISSN: 1867-5018 ISBN: 978-3-86644-218-4 Contents Preface Ulrich Arnswald ............................................................... vii List of Abbreviations of Frequently Cited References ...................... xi 1 The Paradox of Ethics—‘It leaves everything as it is.’ Ulrich Arnswald ............................................................................ 1 2 ‘There are, indeed, things that cannot be put into words.’ (TLP 6.522) Wittgenstein’s Ethics of Showing Dieter Mersch 25 3 ‘If there is any value that does have value, it must lie outside the whole sphere of what happens and is the case.’ (TLP 6.41) Liam Hughes ................................................................................... 51 4 Philosophy and Life Anja Weiberg ........................................... 67 5 Sense of Ethics and Ethical Sense Jens Kertscher ................... 87 6 The Convergence of God, the Self, and the World in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus John Churchill ............................. 113 7 ‘Objectively there is no truth’ — Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard on Religious Belief Genia Schönbaumsfeld ........................... 131 About the Contributors ..................................................................... 149 Index ...................................................................................................... 151 v Preface: The Most Important Aspects of Life — Ethics, Mysticism and Religion Ulrich Arnswald The aspects of things that are most important for us are hidden because of their simplicity and familiarity. (One is unable to notice something— because it is always before one’s eyes.) The real foundations of his inquiry do not strike a person at all.—And this means: we fail to be struck by what, once seen, is most striking and most power- ful. Wittgenstein, PI §129 The essays collected in this volume explore some of the themes that have been at the centre of recent debates within Wittgensteinian scholarship. This book is an attempt to express the difficult nature of ethics, mysti- cism and religion, their problematic status in the modern world, and the possible justifications for ethical and religious commitment. Naturally, it also discusses some of the main ideas of Ludwig Wittgenstein. His very personal and often aphoristic way of writing cannot simply be restated or interpreted. However, his philosophy is in need of interpretation, and interpretations are—as we all know—often rather controversial. The collected contributions aim, therefore, at bringing new insight into the essence of Wittgenstein’s ethical and religious beliefs by under- standing his concepts of thought and language in a more detailed way. In opposition to what we are tentatively inclined to think, the articles of this volume invite us to understand that our need to grasp the essence of ethical and religious thought and language will not be achieved by metaphysical theories expounded from such a point of view, but by focusing on our everyday forms of expression. The articles have in vii Preface common an understanding of Wittgenstein as not proposing meta- physical theories, but rather showing us the way to work ourselves out of the confusions we become entangled in when philosophizing. Thus, the authors show from a Wittgensteinian perspective that the standard modern approaches to ethics cannot justify traditional moral beliefs. The number of books and articles on Wittgenstein’s philosophy is extraordinarily large, and due to this, in this volume no attempt has been made to record all debts and disagreements. This anthology is written with the conviction that the structure of Wittgenstein’s ideas on ethics, mysticism and religion and the connections between them owe much to an imagination that is required for philosophy but can also very easily lead us nowhere. On the basis of a Wittgensteinian approach the authors put forward an alternative account of ethics and religion that avoids this contradiction and recognises that the central issues in the ethical and religious fields cannot be resolved by conceptual analysis alone. By following this alter- native account, we become aware of ethical theories and belief justifica- tions that rest on overly simple accounts of the essence of human life. The articles that have emerged are published in English for the first time and criticize more recent standard interpretations of Wittgenstein’s work within the Anglo-Saxon academic community. This book is in- tended to be of interest both to those who are professional philosophers and those who are not. Works cited from Wittgenstein’s writings are quoted in their published English abbreviations. At the beginning of the book a list of abbreviations of frequently cited references can be found. This volume is a result of a project of the European Institute for Inter- national Affairs. The European Institute for International Affairs was founded as an independent, non-profit and non-partisan scholarly orga- nisation whose main task includes encouraging the exchange of ideas and research in the domains of the social sciences and the humanities. This volume came together under the auspices of the University of Karlsruhe and the European Institute for International Affairs, Heidelberg. I am grateful to the EuKlId-series editors, Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Schütt and Prof. Dr. Bernd Thum, both of the University of Karlsruhe, who invited me to publish this book in their series. My gratitude also ex- viii Preface tends, of course, to all the contributors to this volume for having ac- cepted the invitation to think about Wittgenstein’s ideas on ethics, religion, and mysticism. I am also indebted to Regine Tobias, Brigitte Maier and Sabine Mehl, at Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe, as well as Prof. Lawrence K. Schmidt at Hendrix College, Arkansas, for their support and suggestions. Finally, I would like to express my special gratitude to Jutta Gemeinhardt who gave assistance during the preparation of this volume. Heidelberg / Karlsruhe, July 2009 ix List of Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Reference AWL Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Wittgenstein’s Lectures 1932-1935, from the Notes of Alice Ambrose and Margaret Macdonald, ed. by Alice Ambrose, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1979. BB — The Blue and Brown Books. Preliminary Studies for the “Phi- losophical Investigations”, generally known as The Blue and Brown Books, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1958, ²1964. CV — Culture and Value, ed. by Georg Henrik von Wright in collaboration with Heikki Nyman, transl. by Peter Winch. Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1980. LC — Lectures and Conversations on Aesthetics, Psychology and Re- ligious Belief, compiled from notes taken by Yorick Smythies, Rush Rhees and James Taylor, ed. by Cyril Barrett, Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1966. LE — “Wittgenstein’s Lecture on Ethics”, in: The Philosophical Re- view, lxxiv, 1965, 3-12. LvF — Letters to Ludwig von Ficker, transl. by Allan Janik, in: Charles Grant Luckhardt (ed.), Wittgenstein. Sources and Per- spectives, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 1979, 82-98. LWL — Wittgenstein’s Lectures 1930–1932, from the notes of John King and Desmond Lee, ed. by Desmond Lee, Oxford 1980: Basil Blackwell. MT — Movements of Thought: Diaries 1930-1932, 1936-1937, in: Ludwig Wittgenstein. Public and Private Occasions, ed. by James C. Klagge and Alfred Nordmann, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2003, 3-255. NB — Notebooks 1914-1916, ed. by Gertrude Elizabeth M. Ans- combe and G.H. von Wright, transl. by Gertrude Elizabeth Margret Anscombe. Oxford 1961: Basil Blackwell. OC — On Certainty, ed. by G. E. M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright, transl. by Denis Paul and G.E.M. Anscombe. Ox- ford 1969: Basil Blackwell. xi List of Abbreviations of Frequently Cited Reference PG — Philosophical Grammar, ed. by Rush Rhees, transl. by An- thony Kenny, Oxford 1974: Basil Blackwell. PI — Philosophical Investigations, ed. by G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright, transl. by G.E.M. Anscombe, Oxford 1953: Basil Blackwell. TLP — Tractatus logico-philosophicus, transl. by David F. Pears and Brian McGuinness, introd. by Bertrand Russell, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1961, rev. ed. 1963. WVC — Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, conversations recorded by Friedrich Waismann, ed. by B. McGuinness, transl. by Joachim Schulte and B. McGuinness, Oxford 1979: Basil Blackwell. Z — Zettel, ed. by G.E.M. Anscombe and G.H. von Wright, transl. by G.E.M. Anscombe, Oxford 1967: Basil Blackwell. xii The Paradox of Ethics — ‘It leaves everything as it is.’ Ulrich Arnswald […] if a man could write a book on Ethics which really was a book on Ethics, this book would, with an explosion, destroy all the other books in the world. Ludwig Wittgenstein, LE This essay attempts to approach Wittgenstein’s ethics with reference to its different facets. Perhaps, it is better to say with Wittgenstein that “[t]he
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