Origin of Animals First Complex Animals the Burgess Shale Fossil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Origin of Animals First Complex Animals the Burgess Shale Fossil

2/14/13 Figure 26.21 Origin of Animals Eukarya Land plants Dinoflagellates Green algae Forams Ciliates Diatoms Red algae • Finish Flowering Plants Amoebas Cellular slime molds • Phylogenetic History Euglena Trypanosomes • Animal body plans Animals Leishmania – Tissue systems Fungi • Diversification in the pre- Sulfolobus Green Cambrian nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles (Mitochondrion) Spirochetes Halophiles Chlamydia COMMON ANCESTOR Green OF ALL sulfur bacteria LIFE Methanobacterium Bacteria Cyanobacteria Archaea (Plastids, including chloroplasts) Feb 15, 2013 Figure 25.T01-1 First complex animals 650 mya • Soft-bodied; radial & bilateral symmetry The fossil record – the Cambrian Explosion The Burgess Shale fossil bed (542-525 million years ago) Hallucinigenia 1 2/14/13 Burgess Shale! Is this your ancestor? Diversity! • Colonial Choanoflagellates are the sister group to all other animals Not fully multicellular organisms Simple Animal Phylogeny Sponges Individual choanoflagellate Choanoflagellates OTHER EUKARYOTES Sponges Animals Collar cell (choanocyte) Other animals Anatomy of a sponge It’s what’s between cells that defines multicellularity in animals. Fig 33.4 Integrin 2 2/14/13 Fig. 32-UN1 Common ancestor of all animals Tissue Compatibility Metazoa Sponges (basal animals) Ctenophora Eumetazoa Cnidaria Bilateria (most animals) True Acoela (basal tissues bilaterians) Deuterostomia Bilateral summetry Lophotrochozoa Three germ layers Ecdysozoa http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1982-56762008000500007&script=sci_arttext Fig. 32-7 Fig. 32-9 Protostome development Deuterostome development (a) Cleavage Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate Key (b) Coelom formation Coelom (a) Radial symmetry Ectoderm Mesoderm Archenteron Endoderm Coelom Mesoderm Blastopore Blastopore Mesoderm Solid masses of mesoderm Folds of archenteron split and form coelom. form coelom. (c) Fate of the blastopore Anus Mouth Digestive tube Mouth Anus (b) Bilateral symmetry Mouth develops from blastopore. Anus develops from blastopore. Figure 25.10 Coelom Most animals have Body covering (from ectoderm) Sponges a central body Tissue layer lining coelom Cnidarians Digestive tract and suspending cavity (from endoderm) internal organs (from mesoderm) Echinoderms (Coelom) (a) Coelomate Chordates Body covering (from ectoderm) Brachiopods Pseudocoelom Muscle layer (from mesoderm) Annelids Digestive tract (from endoderm) (b) Pseudocoelomate Molluscs Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue- Arthropods filled region (from mesoderm) PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian Wall of digestive cavity (from endoderm) 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 (c) Acoelomate Time (millions of years ago) 3 .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analyses Resolve Cnidarian Relationships and the Origins of Key Organismal Traits
Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses resolve cnidarian relationships and the origins of key organismal traits Ehsan Kayal1,2, Bastian Bentlage1,3, M. Sabrina Pankey5, Aki H. Ohdera4, Monica Medina4, David C. Plachetzki5*, Allen G. Collins1,6, Joseph F. Ryan7,8* Authors Institutions: 1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 2. UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France 3. Marine Laboratory, university of Guam, UOG Station, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA 4. Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 5. Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA 6. National Systematics Laboratory, NOAA Fisheries, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 7. Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL, USA 8. Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.3172v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access | rec: 21 Aug 2017, publ: 21 Aug 20171 Abstract Background: The phylogeny of Cnidaria has been a source of debate for decades, during which nearly all-possible relationships among the major lineages have been proposed. The ecological success of Cnidaria is predicated on several fascinating organismal innovations including symbiosis, colonial body plans and elaborate life histories, however, understanding the origins and subsequent diversification of these traits remains difficult due to persistent uncertainty surrounding the evolutionary relationships within Cnidaria. While recent phylogenomic studies have advanced our knowledge of the cnidarian tree of life, no analysis to date has included genome scale data for each major cnidarian lineage. Results: Here we describe a well-supported hypothesis for cnidarian phylogeny based on phylogenomic analyses of new and existing genome scale data that includes representatives of all cnidarian classes.
[Show full text]
Sponges) and Phylum Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Sea Anemones and Corals
4/14/2014 Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Porifera (sponges) and Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) 1 4/14/2014 Animals have different types of symmetry AsymmetricalÆ Radial Æ Bilateral Æ Embryo development provides information about how animal groups are related Blastula: hallow with a single layer of cells Gastrula: results in two layers of cells and cavity (gut) with one opening (blastopore) Cavity reaches the other side and the gut is like a tube Some cells from a third layer of cells A second cavityyg forms between the gut and the outside of the animal 2 4/14/2014 Animals have different number of true tissue layers and different type of gut No true tissuesÆ Two tissue layers Æ Three tissue layersÆ No gutÆ Sac like gutÆ Tube like gutÆ Phylum Porifera: Simplest of Animals Sponges: No tissues, no symmetry Intracellular digestion, no digestive system or cavity Collar cells or choanocytes Support by spicules or spongin fibers 3 4/14/2014 Procedure 1 • Grantia sponge Locate osculum • Sponge spicules Bell Labs Research on Deep-Sea Sponge Yields Substantial Mechanical Engineering Insights 4 4/14/2014 Medications from Sponges Thirty percent of all potential new natural medicine has been isolated in sponges. About 75% of the recently registered and patented material to fight cancer comes from sponges. Furthermore, it appears that medicine from sponges helps, for example, asthma and psoriasis; therefore it offers enormous possibilities for research. Eribulin, a novel chemotherapy drug derived from a sea sponge, improves survival in heavily-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Phylum Cnidaria Coral Sea Anemone Man-of-war Hydra Jellyfish 5 4/14/2014 Phylum Cnidaria Tissues: Endoderm Ectoderm Type of gut: Symmetry: Radial Cnidocytes or Stinging cells Polyp or Medusa form Importance Some jellyfish are considered a delicacy Corals: Medicines cabinets for the 21st century cancer cell inhibitor Sunscreen 6 4/14/2014 Procedure 2 2.
[Show full text]
On Some Hydroids (Cnidaria) from the Coast of Pakistan
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 38(3), pp. 225-232, 2006. On Some Hydroids (Cnidaria) from the Coast of Pakistan NASEEM MOAZZAM AND MOHAMMAD MOAZZAM Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan (NM) and Marine Fisheries Department, Government of Pakistan, Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi 74900, Pakistan (MM) Abstract .- The paper deals with the occurrence of eleven species of the hydroids from the coast of Pakistan. All the species are reported for the first time from Pakistan. These species are Hydractinia epidocleensis, Pennaria disticha, Eudendrium capillare, Orthopyxis cf. crenata, Clytia noliformis, C. hummelincki, Dynamena crisioides, D. quadridentata, Sertularia distans, Pycnotheca mirabilis and Macrorhynchia philippina. Key words: Hydroids, Coelenterata, Pakistan, Hydractinia, Pennaria, Eudendrium, Orthopyxis, Clytia, Dynamena, Sertularia, Pycnotheca, Macrorhynchia. INTRODUCTION used in the paper are derived from Millard (1975), Gibbons and Ryland (1989), Ryland and Gibbons (1991). In comparison to other invertebrates, TAXONOMIC ENUMERATION hydroids are one of the least known groups of marine animals from the coast of Pakistan Haque Family BOUGAINVILLIIDAE (1977) reported a few Cnidaria from the Pakistani Genus HYDRACTINIA Van Beneden, 1841 coast including two hydroids i.e. Plumularia flabellum Allman, 1883 (= P. insignis Allman, 1. Hydractinia epidocleensis Leloup, 1931 1883) and Campanularia juncea Allman, 1874 (= (Fig. 1) Thyroscyphus junceus (Allman, 1876) from Keamari and Bhit Island, Karachi, respectively. Ahmed and Hameed (1999), Ahmed et al. (1978) and Haq et al. (1978) have mentioned the presence of hydroids in various habitats along the coast of Pakistan. Javed and Mustaquim (1995) reported Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816) from Manora Channel, Karachi. The present paper describes eleven species of Cnidaria collected from the Pakistani coast all of which are new records for Pakistan.
[Show full text]
Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans
biology Review Cnidarian Immunity and the Repertoire of Defense Mechanisms in Anthozoans Maria Giovanna Parisi 1,* , Daniela Parrinello 1, Loredana Stabili 2 and Matteo Cammarata 1,* 1 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.G.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) Received: 10 August 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: Anthozoa is the most specious class of the phylum Cnidaria that is phylogenetically basal within the Metazoa. It is an interesting group for studying the evolution of mutualisms and immunity, for despite their morphological simplicity, Anthozoans are unexpectedly immunologically complex, with large genomes and gene families similar to those of the Bilateria. Evidence indicates that the Anthozoan innate immune system is not only involved in the disruption of harmful microorganisms, but is also crucial in structuring tissue-associated microbial communities that are essential components of the cnidarian holobiont and useful to the animal’s health for several functions including metabolism, immune defense, development, and behavior. Here, we report on the current state of the art of Anthozoan immunity. Like other invertebrates, Anthozoans possess immune mechanisms based on self/non-self-recognition. Although lacking adaptive immunity, they use a diverse repertoire of immune receptor signaling pathways (PRRs) to recognize a broad array of conserved microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMP). The intracellular signaling cascades lead to gene transcription up to endpoints of release of molecules that kill the pathogens, defend the self by maintaining homeostasis, and modulate the wound repair process.
[Show full text]
Current Understanding of the Circadian Clock Within Cnidaria 31
Current Understanding of the Circadian Clock Within Cnidaria 31 Kenneth D. Hoadley , Peter D. Vize , and Sonja J. Pyott Abstract Molecularly-based timing systems drive many periodic biological processes in both animals and plants. In cnidarians these periodic processes include daily cycles in metabolism, growth, and tentacle and body wall movements and monthly or yearly reproductive activity. In this chapter we review the current understanding of biological clocks in the cnidaria, with an empha- sis on the molecular underpinnings of these processes. The genes that form this molecular clock and drive biological rhythms in well-characterized genetic systems such as Drosophila and mouse are highly conserved in cnidarians and, like these model systems, display diel cycles in transcription levels. In addition to describing the clock genes, we also review potential entrain- ing systems and discuss the broader implications of biological clocks in cnidarian biology. Keywords Circadian rhythms • Biological clocks • Reproductive timing • Non-visual photodetection • Light perception 31.1 Overview of studies focusing on the molecular basis of the circadian clock . Across species, from bacteria, to fungi, to plants and Entrainment of physiological rhythms to environmental cues animals, this molecular circadian clock involves transcription is ubiquitous among living organisms and allows coordination and translation feedback loops with a self-sustained period of of biology and behavior with daily environmental changes . about 24 h (reviewed in Dunlap 1999 ). Investigation in the This coordination improves survival and reproductive fi tness , model genetic species, mouse and fl y, has identifi ed a core set and, thus, it is not surprising that an endogenous “clock” has of genes that form the central oscillator in animals (reviewed evolved to maintain rhythmicity over a circadian (24 h) period.
[Show full text]
Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide
EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide BASAL METAZOANS Dirk Erpenbeck Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Simion Paul and Michaël Manuel Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, France. Paulyn Cartwright University of Kansas USA. Oliver Voigt and Gert Wörheide Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Keywords: Metazoa, Porifera, sponges, Placozoa, Cnidaria, anthozoans, jellyfishes, Ctenophora, comb jellies Contents 1. Introduction on ―Basal Metazoans‖ 2. Phylogenetic relationships among non-bilaterian Metazoa 3. Porifera (Sponges) 4. Placozoa 5. Ctenophora (Comb-jellies) 6. Cnidaria 7. Cultural impact and relevance to human welfare Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Basal metazoans comprise the four non-bilaterian animal phyla Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (anthozoans and jellyfishes), Placozoa (Trichoplax) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The phylogenetic position of these taxa in the animal tree is pivotal for our understanding of the last common metazoan ancestor and the character evolution all Metazoa,UNESCO-EOLSS but is much debated. Morphological, evolutionary, internal and external phylogenetic aspects of the four phyla are highlighted and discussed. SAMPLE CHAPTERS 1. Introduction on “Basal Metazoans” In many textbooks the term ―lower metazoans‖ still refers to an undefined assemblage of invertebrate phyla, whose phylogenetic relationships were rather undefined. This assemblage may contain both bilaterian and non-bilaterian taxa. Currently, ―Basal Metazoa‖ refers to non-bilaterian animals only, four phyla that lack obvious bilateral symmetry, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide These four phyla have classically been known as ―diploblastic‖ Metazoa.
[Show full text]
CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
[Show full text]
Animal Diversity Part 2
Textbook resources • pp. 517-522 • pp. 527-8 Animal Diversity • p. 530 part 2 • pp. 531-2 Clicker question In protostomes A. The blastopore becomes the mouth. B. The blastopore becomes the anus. C. Development involves indeterminate cleavage. D. B and C Fig. 25.2 Phylogeny to know (1). Symmetry Critical innovations to insert: Oral bilateral symmetry ecdysis mouth develops after anus multicellularity Aboral tissues 1 Animal diversity, part 2 Parazoa Diversity 2 I. Parazoa • Porifera: Sponges II. Cnidaria & Ctenophora • Tissues • Symmetry I. Outline the • Germ Layers III. Lophotrochozoa unique • Embryonic characteristics Development of sponges IV. Ecdysozoa • Body Cavities • Segmentation Parazoa Parazoa • Porifera: Sponges • Porifera: Sponges – Multicellular without – Hermaphrodites tissues – Sexual and asexual reproduction – Choanocytes (collar cells) use flagella to move water and nutrients into pores – Intracellular digestion Fig. 25.11 Animal diversity, part 2 Clicker Question Diversity 2 I. Parazoa In diploblastic animals, the inner lining of the digestive cavity or tract is derived from II. Cnidaria & Ctenophora A. Endoderm. II. Outline the B. Ectoderm. unique III. Lophotrochozoa C. Mesoderm. characteristics D. Coelom. of cnidarians and IV. Ecdysozoa ctenophores 2 Coral Box jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Cnidarians – Coral; sea anemone; jellyfish; hydra; box jellies • Ctenophores – Comb jellies Sea anemone Jellyfish Hydra Comb jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora Fig. 25.12 Coral Box jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Tissues Fig. 25.12 –
[Show full text]
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum ANNELIDA by J
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum ANNELIDA by J. R. Finnerty Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA “BILATERIA” (=TRIPLOBLASTICA) Bilateral symmetry (?) Mesoderm (triploblasty) Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA “COELOMATA” True coelom Coelomata gut cavity endoderm mesoderm coelom ectoderm [note: dorso-ventral inversion] Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA PROTOSTOMIA “first mouth” blastopore contributes to mouth ventral nerve cord The Blastopore ! Forms during gastrulation ectoderm blastocoel blastocoel endoderm gut blastoderm BLASTULA blastopore The Gut “internal, epithelium-lined cavity for the digestion and absorption of food sponges lack a gut simplest gut = blind sac (Cnidaria) blastopore gives rise to dual- function mouth/anus through-guts evolve later Protostome = blastopore contributes to the mouth Deuterostome = blastopore becomes the anus; mouth is a second opening Protostomy blastopore mouth anus Deuterostomy blastopore
[Show full text]
Animal Evolution: Trichoplax, Trees, and Taxonomic Turmoil
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Dispatch R1003 Dispatches Animal Evolution: Trichoplax, Trees, and Taxonomic Turmoil The genome sequence of Trichoplax adhaerens, the founding member of the into the same major classes (C, E/F enigmatic animal phylum Placozoa, has revealed that a surprising level of and B) as do those described from genetic complexity underlies its extremely simple body plan, indicating either Amphimedon [4]. Consistent with that placozoans are secondarily simple or that there is an undiscovered a more derived position, however, morphologically complex life stage. Trichoplax has a number of Antp superclass Hox genes that are absent David J. Miller1 and Eldon E. Ball2 but no other axial differentiation, from the sponge Amphimedon. resembling an amoeba. Grell [3] who These include the ‘ParaHox’ gene With the recent or imminent release formally described these common but Trox-2 [5] and the extended Hox of the whole genome sequences of inconspicuous marine organisms as family gene Not [6] known from a number of key animal species, this belonging to a new phylum, assumed previous work. Particularly intriguing is an exciting time for the ‘evo-devo’ that their simplicity is primary, and is the discovery in Trichoplax of many community. In the last twelve months, that they therefore must represent genes associated with neuroendocrine whole genome analyses of the a key stage in animal evolution. This function across the Bilateria; in cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, view is still held by several prominent common with Amphimedon [7], many the choanoﬂagellate Monosiga Trichoplax biologists, but has always elements of the post-synaptic scaffold brevicollis and the cephalochordate been contentious; the view that it is are present, but so too are channel Branchiostoma ﬂoridae (commonly derived from a more complex ancestor and receptor proteins not known from known as amphioxus) have been has recently been gaining momentum sponges.
[Show full text]
Genomic Data Do Not Support Comb Jellies As the Sister Group to All Other Animals
Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals Davide Pisania,b,1, Walker Pettc, Martin Dohrmannd, Roberto Feudae, Omar Rota-Stabellif, Hervé Philippeg,h, Nicolas Lartillotc, and Gert Wörheided,i,1 aSchool of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; bSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; cLaboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France; dDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany; eDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; fDepartment of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’ Adige 38010, Italy; gCentre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, USR CNRS 2936, Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis 09200, France; hDépartement de Biochimie, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; and iBayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich 80333, Germany Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved November 2, 2015 (received for review September 11, 2015) Understanding how complex traits, such as epithelia, nervous animal phylogeny separated ctenophores from all other ani- systems, muscles, or guts, originated depends on a well-supported mals (the “Ctenophora-sister”
[Show full text]
A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria
marine drugs Review A Review of Toxins from Cnidaria Isabella D’Ambra 1,* and Chiara Lauritano 2 1 Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy 2 Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-5833201 Received: 4 August 2020; Accepted: 30 September 2020; Published: 6 October 2020 Abstract: Cnidarians have been known since ancient times for the painful stings they induce to humans. The effects of the stings range from skin irritation to cardiotoxicity and can result in death of human beings. The noxious effects of cnidarian venoms have stimulated the definition of their composition and their activity. Despite this interest, only a limited number of compounds extracted from cnidarian venoms have been identified and defined in detail. Venoms extracted from Anthozoa are likely the most studied, while venoms from Cubozoa attract research interests due to their lethal effects on humans. The investigation of cnidarian venoms has benefited in very recent times by the application of omics approaches. In this review, we propose an updated synopsis of the toxins identified in the venoms of the main classes of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa and Anthozoa). We have attempted to consider most of the available information, including a summary of the most recent results from omics and biotechnological studies, with the aim to define the state of the art in the field and provide a background for future research. Keywords: venom; phospholipase; metalloproteinases; ion channels; transcriptomics; proteomics; biotechnological applications 1.
[Show full text]