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Excavations at Clatchard Craig, Fife | 121

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Excavations at Clatchard Craig, Fife | 121 Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1986)6 11 , 117-184, fich : B1-C1e1 4 Excavation t Clatchara s d Craig, Fife Joanna Close-Brooks* with contributions fro mHope-SimpsonR , Audrey Henshall, D Williams, J G McDonnell, R McCullagh, Lin Barnetson and others 'Hard adjoining to Denmil there is a great rock, on the top of the which stood a strong castle, doubly trenched' . Sir James Balfour, 17th century, quoted by Sibbald (1803, 70). SUMMARY The hillfort of Clatchard Craig occupied the prominent hill of that name above the small town of Newburgh, Fife. Some trenches across the multi-vallate defences were opened by P R Ritchie in the winter of 1953-4 and further rescue excavations undertaken by R Hope-Simpson in 1959 and 1960 which form basisthe of this report. Since then sitebeenthe has totally quarried away. excavationThe showed multi-period use of the site. Neolithic and Iron-Age pottery was found, but no structures. The multiple ramparts were all of Dark-Age date. Ramparts 1 and 3 were timber-laced and had been burnt. Radiocarbon dates from structural timbers suggest that these rampartstwo were constructed sixththe in or seventh century AD. Ramparts 3a to 6 probably represent further phases of fortification. The latest Dark-Age defence, Rampart 2, possibly also timber-laced, followed a different line. It incorporated mortared Roman stones make-up, stoneits its in facingand walls were partly preserved. Dark-Age finds from the site include a small metal disc decorated in hanging-bowl style, two sherds ofE-ware, a silver groupingot,a clayof and moulds castingfor penannular brooches eighth-centuryof typeand other objects. onlyThe significant structure interior pavedthe a in was hearth, post-dating claythe moulds, which probably withinlay rectangulara building. CONTENTS 1 Locatio Histord nan y ..........................................................8 .11 2 Descriptio Site th e f .........................................................no 0 .12 Excavatioe Th 3 1953-f no 4 ......................................................3 .12 Excavatione Th 4 1959-6f so 0 ....................................................3 .12 Neolithi Bronzd can e Age....................................................5 .12 The Ramparts ..............................................................5 .12 *6 North Head, Milford-on-Sea, Lymington, Hants, SO41 OLX 118 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1986 Interiore Th : Lower Enclosure................................................0 14 . The Interior: Upper Enclosure................................................. 142 Discussion .................................................................7 .14 Details of Trenches and Levels .......................................... fiche 1: B3 5 Catalogu Artefacts.........................................................f eo 0 15 . 6 Radiocarbon Dates. ............................................................ 175 7 Charcoal ........................................................... 176, fiche 1: B8 8 Mortar............................................................ 177, fiche 1: B12 9 Slag .............................................................. 1773 , fichB1 : e1 10 Animal Bones....................................................... 178, fiche 1: C6 1 1 Mare's Craig, Fife.............................................................9 17 . Acknowledgements.................................................................. 179 References ........................................................................0 18 . 1 LOCATIO HISTORD NAN Y extension A Ochie th f nlo Hills runs alon soute gth h Firtshore th Tay f hf o e o , formin fairlga y solid barrie wese th t ra end breakint ,bu intp gu o more isolated blocks toward easte s th numbe .A f ro hillforts are strung out along the steeper northern edge of this ridge. One of these was Clatchard Craig, NGR NO 243 178, sited on a prominent hill which rose to 390 ft (119 m) OD above the small town of Newburgh on the narrow coastal plain, about 1 km from the south shore of the Firth of Tay (illus 1,2) fore t.Th stooopee th ndn i mout vallea f ho y offering three good line communicatiof so n fro coase mth t throug Ochile hth s bacsouthe th k l thre o int t al w ,centr e n oeth no o f Fifd eo an e utilizerailwae th alse y roadoon y b d yb d frosan m Pert Kirkcaldyo ht . 0 1000 2000 3000ft Contours at 25m intervals ILLU S1 Clatchard Craig: locatiop nma CLOSE-BROOKS: EXCAVATION CLATCHART SA D CRAIG9 11 , FIF | E To the north the hill rose to a precipice some 60 m high, to the south-west it was joined by a low saddle to the higher summits of Ormiston Hill and Black Cairn Hill. There is a univallate fort on the latter. Below the site a small burn, the Pow of Lindores, drains Lindores Loch into the Firth of Tay. precipice base th th f eo t A e run railwaye sth y fore vie e easb shuo wess d th th f T t. w f an twa of t o t highe e sout th undulatin y ro hb t hills d an , gnorte countryth t appearho i t t n a bu ,hav o t sd eha uninterrupted view some distance up and down the Firth. Immediately across the burn another smaller hill, Mare's Craig, was destroyed by quarrying in 1920se th , when long cist burial smala d slan iron Celtic bell were found (see Section 11). Near thie sar ruine th f Denmylnso e Castle lata , e 16th-century tower house. Neare ruine coasth e f th se ro ar t Lindores Abbey importann a , t Tironensian house founde late th e n 12tdi h century. Clatchard Craig took its Gaelic name (clach - stone, ard - high, creag - rock) from a prominent geographical feature projectina , g(7-6t f pilla wide5 ) 2 0hig ) m roc f d rm o h,an 7 k know (2 som t f 0 en9 as the High Post, which 'rose in one columnar mass from the base to the summit of the craig', closely adjoining the precipice. This pillar was blown-up with dynamite in 1846 during construction of the Edinburgh and Northern Railway (Laing 1876,15, note 1). There are a few historical records of Clatchard Craig. The fort is first mentioned by Sir James Balfour of Denmilne and Kinnaird, Lord Lyon King at Arms to King Charles I and King Charles II in an undated manuscript (National Library of Scotland, Adv MS 33.2.34, f 13v). Speaking of Denmill Castle, he continues . har '. d adjoynin thais i t i grea ra o g t w(hi)ch e topte th rocth f eo n ko e stuid thai strangra e castell double trinshed leueiled with the ground by Martius Comander of the Thracian Choorts under the emperour Commodus, the ruine of thes Trinches may to this day be perceiued'. Sir Robert Sibbald (1711 believe) outpos,8 n a Romae a sit b e f dto eo th t nFirte porth f hn o to transcribee TayH . d Balfour's note reat ,bu d stron stranger gfo quotes ,a d above. Miller (1845) refers to 'the remains of a fortification similar to some of the outworks of the Roman camp at Ardoch'. He also mentions a cist containing an urn 'of rude workmanship' and a skull and some bones found at the foo f Clatcharo t d Craig. Laing (1876) describe 'Hige sth hdestructios Postit d an ' dynamitey nb alse .H o give plasa d nan sectio sitee th ,f nshowino g entrances throug outee hth r rampart ease th t n sideso , whic discussee har d below (1902a Re . ) give sketc sa hil e 192f th o l 0f froh p o showmma n beloi s6 a railway e wS th O e Th . rather summary version of the ramparts, but is important as it gives a complete contour survey of the ILLU S2 Clatchard Craig fro wese m th 195 n i t 9 120 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1986 hill befor quarryiny ean g took place uses completo wa dt ; p this ma metri e eth c contour illun so s 1. Another important record is the plan, section and description made for the Fife Inventory (RCAMS 1933, 3-6 71)g fi , . Unfortunatel railwae yth y remaine mora sitthreae da n th ei eo t tinsidiou s way. Clatchard Craig, like the Mare's Craig, was formed of andesite, a hard stone which has largely been used as ballast for railways, though it is also used for roadstone and concrete aggregate. A quarry began to eat int hille oth . Betwee Worlo tw e dn Warth Ministre sth Workf yo s mad application ea Ministre th no t y of Transport for the preservation of the fort on Clatchard Craig. This was unsuccessful, as the Ministry of Transport felt the stone was necessary for road metalling. Quarrying operations in the vicinity proceeded threasite e th eth gred o tt an ,w ever more acute. Nothing coul done db e durine gth 1950se quarre th th n s i wara , y t reachebu , sitee Ministredge e th dth th ,f eo Workf yo s initiated excavation, first a short investigation by P R Ritchie in the winter of 1954-5, and then a more extensive campaign by R Hope-Simpson in 1959 and 1960. The present report has been compiled by e writeth e Scottisbehaln o rth f o f h Development Department (Ancient Monuments) froe mth records and interim accounts prepared by the excavators, and with their full co-operation. Between approximately 1950 and 1980 the fort was totally quarried away. 2 DESCRIPTION presene Th t write followine th forte rd neveth an , w g rsa descriptio existinw nfe drawe gth n so records. The most important of these are the plan, section and description by Calder in the Fife Inventory (RCAMS 1933,3-6, fig 71), an air photograph taken by the RAF in 1932 (ibid, fig 10; this photograpr ai paper n a d , an illuh , takes4) Malcoly nb m Murray durin excavatione gth sprinn si g 1960, when the quarry had already destroyed the east side of the fort (illus 5). The present plan of the fort (illus 3) is based on that made by Calder in 1925 (RCAMS 1933, fig 71) with some modifications made by the excavators; no new survey was attempted.
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